Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bois tropicaux'
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Febvre, François. "Importations et utilisations des bois tropicaux en France : analyse des marchés des bois tropicaux et des filières d'utilisation." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON10002.
Full textIn 1986, more of 1. 5 million cubic meters (eq logs) of logs and sawnwoods were imported in france. Most of them are used by industrial firms producing plywoods or joineries. Tropical woods were necessary to the industrialization of these sectors when the demand of building and furniture activities had increased a lot. When the demand had brought down and changed, they were used for the innovation of other products. Their importation was possible because there are some actors, between the tree in the tropical country and the wood sold in france, forming a chain. This system, dominated by industrial sub-system firms (the wood-traders) adapts the imported quantities to the demand's variations. These latter are determined by those of the g n p. The firms of the system make a choice between the different imported species. Their prices are determined by the world market (when asia is price taker). They mustn't exceed the evolution of the building material costs and the general price index
Febvre, François. "Importations et utilisations des bois tropicaux en France analyse des marchés des bois tropicaux et des filières d'utilisation /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37613575k.
Full textBlanc, Patrick. "Biologie des plantes des sous-bois tropicaux." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066054.
Full textDlouhá, Jana. "Comportement viscoélastique longitudinal du bois vert : diversité et prédiction à long terme." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20054.
Full textThe aim of the study was to predict the long-term creep behaviour of green wood in longitudinal direction for a period corresponding to a tree life and explore the variability of this behaviour. The study took place in two steps: first, a screening of vibration properties was done on a large sample of ten tropical species including different wood types, the reaction wood included. Second, a small selection was used for an in-depth analysis of the long-term creep properties. Further, the relation with structural parameters such as basic density, microfibril angle and percentage of anatomical elements was investigated. A testing procedure was developed to assess the long-term viscoelastic properties based on short-term creep tests performed at different temperatures. Occurrence of physical aging phenomenon, subsequent to a quench from a temperature above the temperature of glassy transition, was evidenced. Direct applicability of the time-temperature equivalency was questioned by discrepancies observed in the approximated complex plane (ACP). Additional assumption of the temperature dependency on the initial compliance, similar to the entropic elasticity in amorphous polymers, was suggested and successfully applied to obtain reliable long-term creep predictions. Thermo activated creep behaviour along with the physical aging was described by a parabolic Maxwell model identified from the representation of experimental data in the ACP. Finally, the hypothesis of a key role played by the middle lamella in the long-term creep was suggested to explain the weakness of the correlations observed between the amount of relative creep and the structure of the cell wall
Ngohe-Ekam, Paul-Salomon. "Etude expérimentale des propriétés thermophysiques des bois tropicaux." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10146.
Full textOdounga, Bernard. "Etude de la fissuration des bois tropicaux par mesures des champs." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC015/document.
Full textThe objective of the present work is to study experimentally and numerically the crackingbehavior of tropical woods from the Gabonese forest, namely : Milicia excelsa (iroko), Aucoumeaklaineana pierre (okume) and Pterocarpus soyauxii (padouk). This study focuseson the crack growth process in crack opening mode and mixed mode of these three speciesusing Modified Tension Shear (CTS) and Mixed Mode Crack Growth (MMCG) specimens.The specimens are mounted in an Arcan system and placed in an electromechanical testingmachine. The grid method is used to measure the displacement and strains fields near the tipcrack. These maps make it possible to obtain the opening and the length of the crack duringthe tests. The curves force showing the face as a function of the crack opening are deducedfrom the measurements. The experimental critical energy release rate G is evaluated by thecompliance method in imposed displacement. The results show an effect of the thickness oncracking. These results also made it possible to demonstrate a proportionality of the densitywith the parameters of rupture of these species. In mixed mode, after decoupling the modes(separation of mode 1 and mode 2), the values of G are presented as a function of to the cracklength. For Okume, for example, it was observed that the ratios of the energy release ratesof the two modes are constant, which justifies the intrinsic character of the cracking parameterswere obtained. Comparisons made with results from the literature review on temperatespecies of the same density showed similarities
Rangsri, Wetchayan. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de l'essai d'indentation du bois." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20079.
Full textZamble, Bi Gouresser Lambert. "Une analyse historique et prospective de l'économie mondiale des bois d'œuvre tropicaux à l'aide d'un modèle économétrique." Paris 9, 1993. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1993PA090056.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is the conception of an explanatory and estimated econometric model of tropical timbers main exchanges flows and prices evolution mechanisms and the determination, with this model simulation, of this trade impact on the concerned developing countries economic development
Madelaine, Jean-Luc. "Étude cinétique de l'hydrolyse acide de deux espèces de bois tropicaux." Compiègne, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987COMPD075.
Full textSafou-Tchiama, Rodrigue. "Caractérisation physico-chimique stabilité supramoléculaire et réactivité chimique de quelques essences tropicales." Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR13095.
Full textFoeh, John E. H. J. "L' Asie du Sud-Est dans les échanges internationaux de bois tropicaux." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPL025N.
Full textBakouma, Jean. "Tendances et perspectives du commerce des sciages africains : contribution à l'élaboration d'un modèle d'échanges intra-africains." Nancy 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN20010.
Full textTHE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN TROPICAL TIMBER IS LIMITED BY TRANSPORTATION COST AND INCREASINGLY, BY ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS. AS MANY DEVELOP COUNTRIES BEGIN TO REDUCE THEIR IMPORTS OF TROPICAL TIMBER, PRODUCERS WONDER WHETHER IT IS POSSIBLE TO FIND ALTERNATIVE MARKETS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. THIS QUESTION IS PARTICULARLY RELEVANT FOR AFRICAN SAWNWOOD, WICH GENERALLY APPEARS LESS COMPETITIVE THAN SIMILAR PRODUCTS FROM ASIA, EVEN IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WHICH ARE ITS TRADITIONAL MARKET. SO, THIS research TRIES TO ANSWER THE QUESTION OF A POSSIBLE REDEPLOYMENT OF EXPORT FLOWS OF AFRICAN SAWNWOOD IN THE MARKET OF SOME AFRICAN IMPORTING COUNTRIES. USING AN ECONOMETRIC MODELISATION, BASED ON THE AVAILABLE INTERNATIONAL STATISTICS, TWO ECONOMETRIC MODELS WERE MADE : ONE ON SUPPLY, AND ONE ON DEMAND. THEY WERE ESTIMATED BY ORDINARY LEAST SQUARE METHOD WITH TIME SERIES DATA, AND BY THE METHOD OF COVARIANCE ANALYSIS WITH CROSS-SECTION DATA. THE SIMULATIONS WICH HAVE BEEN CARRIED ON WITH THESE MODELS HAVE SHOWN THAT AN INCREASE OF INTRA-AFRICAN TRADE OF SAWNWOOD IS NOT UNREALISTIC. FINALLY, THESE TWO MODELS ALLOWED TO CONSTRUCT A MODEL OF A SINGLE-PRODUCT SPATIAL EQUILIBRIUM MARKET BY THE ADEQUACY OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY. SUCH TRADE MODEL IMPLIES ON THE ONE HAND THE REQUIREMENT TO PROMOTE AFRICAN SAWNWOOD EXPORTS, AND ON THE OTHER HAND, AN INCREASING CO-OPERATION BETWEEN AFRICAN COUNTRIES IMPORTING AND EXPORTING SAWNWOOD
BRANDAO, ALCIR. "Classification des bois tropicaux vis-a-vis du sechage : la methode flying wood." Paris, ENGREF, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENGR0028.
Full textEyma, Florent. "Caractérisation des efforts de coupe de différentes essences de bois à l'aide de leurs paramètres mécaniques." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10186.
Full textFor wood industries, a better knowledge of material behaviour during machining became an obligation for economical and productive reasons : with equipment adapted to manufactures needs. Woodworking machinery and tools manufacturers, as well as their users, urgently require reliable information on the main factors influencing wood cutting and above all on the magnitude of the force required to separate a chip, i. E the cutting force and its variations in different cases. In fact, the control of cutting forces during wood machining is something absolutely essential : to estimate wood behaviour and surface quality; to work in respect of tool capability; to optimised cutting conditions. However, today, to estimate cutting forces, a factor remains difficult to take in consideration : the influence of wood species. The aim of this study is to approach the influence of "the wood species" factor on cutting forces involved during machining, to give more precision to the relation. These investigations deals with the study of fourteen exotics wood species in the 90-0 cutting process. The influence of mechanical characteristics generally described in the literature and involved in this cutting process (hardness, tenacity, compression and shearing parallel to the grain) was studied and some formulations was obtained which allowed to estimate more precisely strains involved and general behaviour of wood during machining (with an explanation of more than 80% of the variation of cutting forces). These mechanical characteristics seems to be an easy solution to understand the general mechanical behaviour of each wood species studied during machining. In addition of this work, another method was used to estimate easily and quickly cutting forces involved during machining : Chardin's pendulum. Results obtained are promising but give less precision than mechanical parameters. Finally, in the fourth part of this memory, an application of all these results to the methodology of the Couple Tool Material (COM) was realised, and allowed to give more precision in the estimation of good cutting conditions and in the optimisation of machining parameters
Ouabari, Joseph. "Bois et chantiers forestiers du Congo." Bordeaux 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR30041.
Full textAlkadri, Ahmad. "Caractérisation et procédés de séchage de bois tropicaux pour la facture d'instruments à vent." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTS039.
Full textThis thesis, the result of a collaboration between the Henri Selmer Paris company and the Laboratory of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, University of Montpellier--CNRS UMR 5508, has the main objective of designing and proposing a new drying protocol for grenadilla wood, or textit{Dalbergia melanoxylon}, used in the manufacture of clarinet. The document starts with a state of the art on the models used to describe the phenomenon of wood drying, in particular the sorption and diffusion of water in wood. In order to design the drying protocol, we first measured the hygromechanical properties of the wood used: density, diffusion coefficients, sorption isotherms, shrink-swelling coefficients and elastic constants. This experimental work shows that grenadilla has low diffusion coefficients compared to other species, as well as sorption isotherms significantly different from temperate woods (hardwood and softwood) with a very low fibre saturation point. Using a non-destructive ultrasonic measurement method, we also determined all its elastic constants: elastic and shear moduli, Poisson's ratios. These elastic properties are very different from the values estimated by density-based empirical models. This wood has a very high proportion of extractives whose effects on the hygromechanical behaviour are poorly known. We therefore proceeded to extract them and measured a very high content, comparable to the results of previous studies. Our results seem to indicate that extractives are mostly present in lumens. The hygromechanical behaviour of wood samples without extractives was characterized and compared to the raw wood. The effect of this extraction on the sorption curves and the elastic behaviour is very marked, the wood without extractives tends to have a more usual behaviour. The physical origin of these results is not yet clearly established. Finally, the hygrothermal conditions undergone by the pieces of wood, from their entry into the factory to the finishing of the clarinets, were measured and modeled. Coupled with numerical simulations of diffusion, these models allowed us to estimate the variations in the moisture content of the wood throughout its storage, drying and then the manufacturing process of a clarinet, and to show that the procedure currently used in the company could be improved. All the data obtained during the thesis and the various simulations set up were finally mobilized in order to propose new drying protocols to reduce the strains and stresses in the wood during the entire process of manufacturing in the company Henri Selmer Paris
Pontin, Michele Geovana. "Propriétés physico-mécaniques de trois bois tropicaux au-dessous et au-dessus de la saturation des membranes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22908/22908.pdf.
Full textNkene, Mezui Estelle. "Influence du tempérament écologique sur les propriétés technologiques des bois d'essences d'origine gabonaise." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UCFA0117.
Full textTrees need light for their growth and development. However, some species have the capacity, or preference, to tolerate shade without this being detrimental to their development. This ecological preference leads to different strategies in these species, resulting in a compromise between performance and safety, in terms of mechanical support, conduction and protection against bio-aggressors. Grouping together forest species that share common growth strategies is essential if wood is to be used wisely, responsibly and profitably. The study of ecological strategies and associated functional traits provides a better understanding not only of biodiversity but also of the development of wood quality in terms of technological properties useful to man. Three ecological strategies linked to light temperament were studied. They include species that are light-demanding (pioneer), species that grow in full sun but can tolerate temporary shade (hemi-heliophilous) and species that can grow with little light (shade-tolerant). The species studied are tropical hardwoods from Gabon that have been tested in the laboratory and characterised anatomically, physically, mechanically and chemically. The methods used include academic methods and new rapid, non-destructive methods for determining wood properties. The results obtained were first compared with the results of CIRAD's physical and mechanical database in relation to the ecology of the species. Similarities and some differences were observed. Secondly, relationships were established between the anatomy, chemistry, physics and mechanics of wood. The results show that shade species have better physical and mechanical performance and therefore better mechanical support. They also have low anisotropy, which translates into good dimensional stability. This high performance is linked to their very thick walls, numerous vessels, smaller vessel diameters than hemi-heliophiles, high wood density and high levels of lignin and hemicelluloses. The high density of these species is linked to their very thick walls. These species can be used in materials engineering in heavy construction or load-bearing structures and in aesthetic design, for example. Pioneer species were found to have a significant amount of extractables compared with hemiheliophilic species, giving them good protection against bio-aggressors. They could therefore be used for outdoor constructions. However, they were more sensitive to dimensional variations due to variations in humidity. There was no significant difference between the extractives content of pioneer and shade-tolerant species. Overall, hemi-heliophilic species were not statistically different from pioneer and shade-tolerant species. No significant differences were found between the fibre lengths and cellulose content of the three temperaments. Lesser-known shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant secondary species were identified as potential substitutes for heavily exploited species in terms of the quality of their wood
Mvogo, Jean Kisito. "Regroupement mécanique par méthode vibratoire des bois du bassin du Congo." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13790/document.
Full textThis Ph.D. work deals with a non-destructive experimental approach organizing the species of the Congo basin in four groups according to the likeness of their main mechanical properties, and to guarantee for each group the 5th percentile characteristic value of mechanical properties such as the modulus of elasticity (MOE). For the sustainable management of forest and conservation of exotic biodiversity of the Congo basin, it is necessary to promote the exploitation of less-consumed species with equivalent mechanical characteristics. The aim of the present work is to propose a scheme for grouping species with similar values of modulus of elasticity (MOE) obtained through vibratory method. Only small clear specimens are tested. The assignment of a given specie to one of the four groups takes place in return for a homogeneity test of comparison of the random variables of species to the random variable of the group. Results of the present grading show that some species can be interchangeably consumed in the construction industry and that the procedure must include more species of the Congo basin. This property grouping will facilitate substitution of underutilized species for ones that are being more exploited. Thus, wood designers and constructors might have a wide variety of choices in their decision-making while promoting less-consumed species and reducing the demand of traditionally most wanted extinguishable species. The MOE obtained by intrinsic vibration of wood versus is not influenced by moisture content. So, the non destructive method bases on longitudinal vibrations can be used in industrial production of timber to certify the modulus of rupture (MOR) at 12% moisture content of green wood by direct correlation. Finally, we propose a grading system of tropical wood
Bardet, Sandrine. "Comportement thermoviscoélastique transverse du bois humide : application à une essence tropicale dense : Bocoa Prouacensis Aubl." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20195.
Full textBourreau, Damien. "Etude de faisabilité d'un lamellé-collé endémique en Guyane française." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0484/document.
Full textA feasibility study of glued-laminated timber beams was carried out in French Guiana using local wood species. The aim of the study was to evaluate the gluing parameters that could ensure good mechanical properties for the manufactured glued-laminated beams in tropical climates. Three abundant wood species with different specific gravity were selected for the study. Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde and Resorcinol-Phenol-Formaldehyde resins were used for gluing. The three gluing parameters considered are: adhesive spread rate, closing assembly time and gluing pressure.Using European standards, several laboratory tests were performed on normalized samples. The evaluation of a successful lamella’s gluing was done by using elementary tests of delamination and shearing. A delamination test consists of two cycles of water immersion at high pressure and drying which induces severe hygroscopic variation in wood thus causing joints opening. The finger-joints are made using a standard tool usually used for cutting softwoods. The performed tests revealed the influence of wood properties and the gluing parameters on the joint resistance and the mechanical properties of the product. Results show that wood properties such as specific gravity, shrinkage coefficient, and permeation, have a high degree of influence on the gluing step especially on the gluing pressure and on the adhesive spread rate needed to produce a commercial product. Furthermore, wood with medium specific gravity needs more adhesive and more pressure than the one with high specific gravity. Additionally, the effects of other manufacturing parameters, such as planning, double or simple side glue spreading and lamellae thicknesses, on the glue joint resistance were demonstrated. Finally, the common tools used for softwoods are not adapted to making the finger joints with tropical hardwoods.In conclusion, optimal gluing parameters for manufacturing glued-laminated timber beams in French Guiana were established and an economical study using standard glued-laminated timber beams revealed the economic conditions under which a successful manufacturing of these local beams can be implemented in French Guiana
Audigeos, Delhine. "Relations entre diversité génétique et environnement : quels sont les processus évolutifs mis en jeu? : cas d'une espèce d'arbre tropical, Eperua falcata Aublet." Antilles-Guyane, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AGUY0354.
Full textThe tropical forest is characterized by a strong specificdiversity and an elevated level of competition for the space occupation especially at the youthful stages. The occupation strategies of space are related to the methods of seeds dispersion, but probabilities of seed survival until the reproductive age rely on their potential of adaptation to their environment. In this context, i was interested in studying Eperua falcata, one of the dominant tree species in fFrench Guiana, which shows a water-soil-content-related ecological comportment. For this purpose, i decided to explore and compare genetic diversity in candidate genes with known functions (aquaporins, catalase and farnesyltransferase) to the one in randomly picked genomic sequences. First, i described aquaporins geneticdiversity at a regional scale; then i tested interactions between genetic diversity (neutral and adaptative) and the environment (water-soil content) and finally i performed the phylogeographic study of E. Falcata at French Guiana scale
Thomas, Frédéric. "La forêt mise à nu : essai anthropologique sur la construction d'un objet scientifique tropical : "forêts et bois coloniaux d'Indochine" : 1860-1940." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0123.
Full textThe end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century represent a milestone in the formation of those colonial sciences concerned with tropical environments. The following dissertation examines this process of construction from a specific focal point, I. E. , colonial forestry in Indochina. First perceived by the colonialists as being void of inhabitants, tropical forsts were rapidly appropriated and exploited intensively. This process of mise en valeur, however, was challenged by the indigenous populations who could and did indeed oppose their own forest uses and values. How did such encounters take place? Did they lead to the mere confrontation of two irreconcilable systems of knowledge and practices, or to various forms of adaptation and compromise, or to effective procedures of hybridization? This essay provides answers to such questions that seek to challenge the diffusionist model of modern european science rolling over the world, utterly impervious to foreign influence. A somewhat different image of colonial technoscience thus emerges. If indeed vernacular knowledges were more often than not disqualified, it is argued that they did exert some influence on in situ colonial forestry
Brémaud, Iris. "Diversité des bois utilisés ou utilisables en facture d'instruments de musique : étude expérimentale des propriétés vibratoires en direction axiale de types de bois contrastés en majorité tropicaux : relations à des déterminants de microstructure et de composition chimique secondaire." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00548934.
Full textManfoumbi, Boussougou Nicaise. "Contribution à l’adaptation de l’Eurocode 5 aux essences tropicales dans leur environnement." Limoges, 2012. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/0551f36f-4466-48f1-8fa4-7f52805a085f/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4005.pdf.
Full textThe present report makes a contribution to adapt Eurocode 5 for timber constructions using tropical hardwoods in tropical climate. This approach requests to well know the mechanical behavior in variable environment. In a first time, an experimental study is presented for decoupling postponed phenomena from a longitudinal four-point creep bending, under controlled climate on small samples by measuring upper and lower deflections. The result of this original experimental protocol allows separating and illustrating different phenomena met on creep evolution of timber beams: swelling-shrinkage effects, hygro-lock effect, orthotropic mechanosorption and viscoelasticity. In second time, longitudinal four-point creep bending tests were realised, in the scale of structure, in tropical atmosphere to Franceville in Gabon, in two tropical hardwoods: Moabi and Ozigo. The experimental device was led on three sites corresponding to three different climatic environments according to specific service classes of Eurocode 5: an atmosphere temporarily air-conditioned, a sheltered outside atmosphere and an outside atmosphere non-sheltered. The obtained results show that tropical wood have a deferred behaviour stressed by the strong variation of humidity for little significant temperature variations. To define new classes of service appropriated for the tropical atmospheres, it is important to characterize the diffusion process. Following this objective, a complete experimental device was led, in the scale of material, in order to determinate the sorption isotherms and diffusion parameters needed to study the mechano-sorptive behavior in real condition. In a last time, others tests of creep and relaxation, in the scale of material, were realized under controlled atmosphere, in the same species. This study, led in low and high relative humidity, shows that the creep is more significant for the wet beams and the recovery is more important when beams are dry. A modeling of the creep-recovery under low and high relative humidity is proposed and allows the determination of the viscoelastic parameters of the studied beams. At the end, a comparative study of creep coefficients, obtained on the laboratory samples and the beams in real environment, shows that the mechanic-sorptive effects are dominating, with an importance of longitudinal swelling-shrinkage effects, not insignificant in the scale of structure
Amusant, Nadine. "Durabilité naturelle et couleur des bois de Guyane : mesure, variabilité, déterminisme chimique : applications à Dicorynia guianensis (Angélique), Sextonia rubra (Grignon), Eperua falcata (Wapa) et Eperua grandiflora (Wapa courbaril)." Paris, ENGREF, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENGRA001.
Full textThere is a great variability of durability of tropical species against decay, which should be controlled to increase utilisations, especially in Guyana. This thesis deals with two topics : what are the structures of intraspecific variability (inter and intra-tree) of resistance to basidiomycetes fungus on some durable and very variable species? What is the role of the various extractives on natural durability thought the example of close species (Eperua falcata and Eperua grandiflora), that have not the same durability (respectively very durable, durable and variable). The wood resistance to fungi decay was studied from different kinds of tests. In the stem, the natural durability is little influenced by height, but decreases from the outermost heartwood to the innermost heartwood. There is a significant but not very narrow correlation between colour of wood and natural durability. Durability of Angelique is related to the "a*" parameter (axis red-green of system CIELAB). In the same way for Wapa courbaril, trees with highest values of "a*" are more resistant. Lastly, by using chemical analysis and in-vivo bioassays, we found that only diterpenoïc compounds from Wapa presented an antifongic activity. While the polyphenolic compounds for the same species play an important role in the mecanism of natural durability for both species. Theses analysis are helpful to explain the structures of variability of durability and colour observed in Eperua grandiflora
Bossu, Julie. "Potentiel de Bagassa guianensis et Cordia alliodora pour la plantation en zone tropicale : Description d'une stratégie de croissance optimale alliant vitesse de croissance et qualité du bois." Thesis, Guyane, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015YANE0002/document.
Full textThe forests of French Guiana occupy a central part of the region’s potential resource base, but as yet remain almost completely unexploited. This stems from the forestry industry struggling to valorize wood stocks of a high diversity with an extremely heterogeneous distribution. Indeed, identifying essences for future propagation is an issue of both environmental and socio-economic importance for the region. Bagassa guianensis Aubl. and Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken. go against conventional models, in that they display the life history characteristics of rapid growth and wood of high quality, and thus are species of high potential for future plantations. Firstly, our study of growth characteristics reveals a defined strategy half way between long-lived species and pioneer species. It is the variability of basic density of wood which is a key trait allowing for such a development, favoring rapid growth in initial years whilst allowing for tree longevity. Secondly, the analysis of a range of wood properties (shrinkage, modulus of elasticity, durability) in relation to tree growth confirms the technologic quality of the two species. It also enables the emergence of new results like the effect of extractives on wood stability, the control of growth as a result of basic density variation, the evolution of leaf traits throughout tree development or the improvement of trunk maintenance thanks to interlocked grain. The knowledge gained in relation to the developmental traits of these two species, and to the quality of their wood allows for the elaboration of plantation projects and what will be required for their success. The results of this study can orientate future studies on novel species for commercialization in French Guiana
Roda, Jean-Marc. "Réseaux d'entreprises et stratégies industrielles dans les forêts tropicales." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011300.
Full textDe nouveaux systèmes de production flexible se développent depuis les années 1990. Ils sont basés sur des réseaux d'entreprises, très mobiles et très réactifs, et montrent des spécialisations spécifiques de leurs marchés. Ils sont surtout le fait de communautés de Chinois d'Outremer, d'Indiens, de Libanais et d'Italiens. Ces quatre types de réseau sont en fait très semblables dans leur organisation. Les entreprises concernées sont simultanément en coopération et en compétition, d'où le concept de coo-pétition. Leur compétitivité se base sur l'échange d'information et la minimisation des coûts de transaction.
A la croisée de l'économie, de la géographie, des sciences régionales et de gestion, un modèle théorique généralisé de la production en réseau explique tous ces différents réseaux d'entreprises. La confiance et la réputation sont institutionnalisées. L'intermédiation entre les acteurs a ont un rôle essentiel. Le concept de dimension de la transaction est proposé. Dans cette dimension, les entreprises optimisent leur localisation grâce la hiérarchisation des relations entre acteurs et leur communautarisme. Le modèle explique aussi la dynamique des réseaux, la résilience de leurs propriétés, l'emboîtement de leurs échelles de structuration.
Des systèmes multi-agents basés sur Visual-Basic et sur Cormas permettent de valider expérimentalement le modèle, en simulant les réseaux d'entreprises et leurs dynamiques.
Ella, Nkogo Ley-Fleury. "Caractérisation des extractibles des bois de Petersianthus macrocarpus et Letestua durissima : une approche multicritère pour comprendre leur durabilité naturelle et explorer de nouvelles opportunités de valorisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LORR0087.
Full textThis study focused on two main axes : the characterization and study of the properties of extractable substances from two secondary species of the Gabonese forest with a view to possible valorization, Letestua durissima and Petersianthus macrocarpus, as well as the analysis of the factors influencing the natural durability of wood. The research began with successive extractions by maceration and Soxhlet (using cyclohexane, dichloromethane, acetone, toluene/ethanol mixture and water) of the bark, sapwood and heartwood. The results revealed high concentrations of extractables, particularly in the barks of both species, with phytochemical analysis highlighting the presence of various chemical families such as phenolic compounds, fatty acids, terpenes and terpenoids. Infrared analyzes confirmed the presence of these compounds. Additionally, the use of GC-MS and LC-MS allowed us to identify compounds such as catechin, gallocatechin, gallic acid, vanillin, etc. promising against brown and white rot fungi, as well as antibacterial activity, particularly against Escherichia coli, with Letestua durissima extracts particularly standing out. The extracts also showed anti-termite properties. Finally, a broader study concerning the study of different factors influencing the natural durability of wood highlighted a strong correlation between parameters such as density, humidity rate, wettability, extract rate and sugar/lignin ratio and sustainability
Alvarado, Swanni Tatiana. "Evaluation du rôle des feux de brousse sur la composition, la structure, la phénologie, et la résistance de la végétation des bois de tapia (Uapaca bojeri) du massif d’Ibity, Nouvelle Aire Protégée, en vue de sa gestion durable." Thesis, Avignon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AVIG0323/document.
Full textCurrently loss and transformation of habitats are the main threats which cause the decrease of biological diversity. In Madagascar, 90% of plants species are endemic of the island and most of the plant formations types are at present strongly degraded or replaced by secondary formations resulting from human activities. Tapia woodland, dominated by the endemic tree Uapaca bojeri, is a sclerophyllous vegetation type limited in the Malagasy highlands. This vegetation type, adapted and resistant to the natural fire regime, is very fragmented today, covering a surface equivalent to 132 255ha on the island. In order to increase the protection of tapia woodland, a new protected area was established on Ibity massif. The current state of the woody vegetation is the result of the interaction of some factors as soil type, climate, human traditional practices and fire. Although fire is one of the phenomena that determine the dynamics of this vegetation, the current fire regime is also one of the main causes of degradation. The objective of this thesis is to study the role of fire on the demographic cycle and on some main processes for installation and recruitment. Thus, germination, plant phenology and seedlings resistance after burnt were studied. This research shows that the current problem of tapia woodland are 1) the reduction of flowering and fruiting by high fire frequencies; 2) the reduction of germination percent after seed exposure with high temperatures, and 3) high seedlings mortality after burnt, in particular when the quantity of fuel is raised. Installation and recruitment of woody species are limited by fire, which has a negative effect on natural regeneration. Fire management around the protected area is thus necessary for its conservation
Zaremski, Clara. "Pour une production contrôlée d’agarwood d’Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte en Guyane : Approches métagénomique, biochimique et histologique A review of the conditions of worldwide agarwood production and development prospects in French Guiana Caractérisation des communautés fongiques associées à Aquilaria Crassna Pierre ex Lecomte en plantation en Guyane française Composition chimique de l'agarwood d'aquilaria Crassna Pierre Ex. Lecomte des plantations de Guyane, en fonction du mode d'induction Détection rapide de l'agarwood et évaluation de sa composition chimique par spectrométrie proche infrarouge (SPIR) Etude histologique des cals d'aquilaria crassna colonisés par les champignons lignivores pycnoporus sanguineus gloeophyllum trabeum et antrodia vaillantii." Thesis, Guyane, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020YANE0002.
Full textTrees of the genus Aquilaria Lam. (Thymelaeaceae) in response to mechanical stress produce, in interaction with microorganisms, a wood transformed by its high content of secondary compounds: agarwood (AW). It is appreciated in perfumery for its woody fragrance. Faced with strong global demand, farmers have carried out experimental plantations of Aquilaria in French Guiana (Aquil@Guyane project) in order to produce an essential oil with a controlled chemical composition, respectful of the biology of the tree and the environment. In this context, we have produced academic knowledge to contribute to the development of AW production of Aquilaria crassna in French Guiana. After characterization of the fungal communities present in A. crassna trees in French Guiana, revealing the role of Basidiomycetes in the production of AW, two methods of induction of AW were compared: 1- lifting of bark and application of the soil of the plantation on the wound; 2- inoculation of Guyanese strains of Basidiomycetes. The latter is the most effective for obtaining a quality AW close to a reference AW. Near Infrared Spectrometry (NIRS) has been used to differentiate healthy wood from AW and different chemical compositions of AW. The results obtained are consistent with those of the biochemical analysis after hydrodistillation: using NIRS to sort and control the quality of AW is possible. An Aquilaria callus culture method has been developed to understand the molecular mechanisms of AW production. The results indicate the production of terpenes by Aquilaria callus inoculated with fungal strains
Jaouen, Gaëlle Fournier Djimbi Meriem. "Etude des stratégies biomécaniques de croissance des jeunes arbres en peuplement hétérogène tropical humide." S. l. : S. n, 2007. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2007_0118_JAOUEN.pdf.
Full textGhislain, Barbara. "Diversité anatomique et efficience du bois de tension des arbres de forêt tropicale humide." Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0012/document.
Full textTension wood is a tissue developed by angiosperms to upright or maintain their vertical position. This tissue generates a strong tensile stress able to curve the stem upwards. In the literature, tension wood anatomy is characterized by the presence of an unlignified gelatinous layer (G-layer) in the fibre cell wall. The aims of this thesis are to study the anatomical diversity of tension wood as well as the associated mechanisms of tensile stress generation and eventual variations of uprighting efficiency in order to understand how trees upright. This thesis relies on anatomical observations of 291 tropical species, on estimations of maturation strain on adult trees and on estimations of maturation strain on artificially tilted young trees tied to a pole in a greenhouse. Our results show that the G-layer is present in the majority of the species, although it is mainly hidden by lignin. The G-layer is absent in tension wood of a few number of species. In these species, the mechanism of tensile stress generation involves the interaction of wood and bark. Although tensile stress is generated in separated tissues (wood and/or bark), these two mechanism of tensile stress generation show a similar efficiency of uprighting in juvenile trees. Results of this study open new prospects of research, including on functional role of lignin in the G-layer
Gastal, Daniela Wetzel. "Características da adaptação genética da lactopoiese em condições tropicais de exploração do gado bovino." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10019.
Full textAs alterações climáticas em curso têm induzido elevações globais de temperatura e uma escassez de recursos de água que tendem a atingir regiões tropicais e de clima temperado. Estas alterações ambientais têm um impacto significativo nas produções agrárias, em particular nas que exigem o consumo de volumes significativos de água e de energia, como a produção de leite. Estes factos têm induzido estudos genómicos da adaptação ao stress abiótico de plantas e animais nomeadamente relativos à produção de leite nas regiões temperadas (região Mediterrânea) e tropicais. No entanto poucos estudos têm sido feitos relativamente à adaptação genética e fisiológica da glândula mamária a condições de stress abiótico em ambientes tropicais. O nosso trabalho pretende estudar a eventual aclimatização de animais de raça Holstein ao ambiente tropical com particular incidência nos perfis genómicos da glândula mamária, comparando-os com animais de 2 grupos genéticos diferentes e com animais da raça Holstein submetidos a ambientes temperados. Para este objectivo identificamos expressões genéticas diferenciais, através de microarrays e PCR em tempo real, da glândula mamária dos animais em experiência. O trabalho foi dividido em dois estudos. No primeiro utilizaram-se vacas lactantes de três grupos genéticos (Holstein Brasil, Gyrolando e Gyr) submetidos a ambientes tropicais, e sob as mesmas condições de maneio e dieta. Foram identificados 14 genes com expressão diferencial na glândula mamária de pelo menos um dos três grupos associados a funções de desenvolvimento da glândula mamária, tolerância ao stress térmico e composição do leite. No segundo estudo foram utilizadas vacas Holstein em dois grupos experimentais, sendo um relativo a um ambiente tropical (Brasil) e outro a um ambiente temperado (Portugal). Os dois grupos em experiencia foram submetidos aos mesmos sistemas de maneio e dietas com mesmo nível nutricional. Identificaram-se neste estudo 12 genes com expressão diferencial nos dois grupos experimentais relativos à composição do leite, desenvolvimento da glândula mamária e tolerância ao stress térmico. Conclui-se dos dois estudos e sem prejuízo do seu aprofundamento, que o grupo Holstein mantidos em condições tropicais de exploração apresentaram perfis compatíveis com um processo de aclimatização a ambientes tropicais tendo sido identificados transcritos com função relevante neste processo.
ABSTRACT - Ongoing climate change is inducing global temperature increases and a shortage of water resources which tends to reach temperate and tropical regions. These environmental changes have a significant impact on agricultural production, particularly the ones requiring the consumption of significant amounts of water and energy, as milk production does. These facts have induced genomic studies of adaptation to abiotic stress of plants and animals namely regarding increased of milk production in temperate (Mediterranean region) and tropical regions. However few studies have been made on the genetic and physiological adaptation of the mammary gland to abiotic stress conditions concerning tropical environment. Our study aims at studying the eventual acclimatization of Holstein animals to tropical environment with specific incidence of mammary gland genomic profile, comparing it with two different genetic groups and with Holstein bovines submitted to temperate environments. For this purpose we identified differential gene expressions, through microarray and real-time PCR, within the mammary gland of experimental animals. Our work was divided in two studies. On the first one three genetic groups (Holstein Brasil, Gyrolando and Gyr) lactating bovines submitted to tropical environment and to the same diet and managing conditions were used. We identified 14 genes with differential expression in the mammary gland in at least one of the three groups, associated with the function of mammary gland development, thermal stress tolerance and milk composition. In the second study, Holstein cows were used in two experimental groups, one concerning tropical environment, (Brazil), and the other regarding temperate climate (Portugal). All animal had same management system and nutritional levels. In this study we identified, within the two experimental groups, 12 genes with differential associated with milk composition, mammary gland development and heat stress tolerance. From these studies and without neglecting further work, we concluded that the Holstein breed animals kept in tropical conditions of production, presented profiles which are compatible with a acclimatization process to tropical environment. Transcripts that can have a relevant role in this process were identified.
Cassagne, Bernard. "Le problème du bois de feu dans les villes d'Afrique tropicale : le cas de Bangui (RCA)." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20210.
Full textBia, Zafinikamia Marie-Luce. "Three essays on tropical forest economics : the case of Gabon." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E021/document.
Full textThe following three essays focus on forest use in Gabon. The heterogeneity of countries and contexts does not allow for a single model of forest land allocation or forest land management. As a result, the external validity of country-specific research findings is fragile. However, the difficulty of obtaining general results should not hinder monographic research, as forest policies must be evaluated in their national context. That’s why this research work focuses on one country : Gabon. It proposes, through three essays, a reflection on the difficult reconciliation of economic development issues and the allocation of forest resources. The thesis is structured as follows : a first chapter analyzes the policy of log export ban and its results, the second chapter studies the link between logging companies the practices and their impacts on the local population, finally the last chapter examines the situation of the workers in the natural rubber production sector and the one of the out growers
Adel, Mouloud. "Détection de défauts de placages d'okoumé par traitement d'images couleur et analyse de texture." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL010N.
Full textDantas, Neto Abílio Bezerra. "Alimentação do peixe-voador Hirundichthys affinis (Gunther, 1866) no Atlântico Sudoeste Tropical." Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, 2017. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/837.
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The study of species feeding helps in understanding aspects of their biology and population dynamics. The purpose of the present research was to analyze the food content, characterizing the feeding of the flying fish Hirundichthys affinis collected in two sites in the Atlantic Ocean Southwest Tropical. The surveys were carried out in July 2016 in the vicinity of the PIRATA Program buoy located in the western equatorial Atlantic, distant 323 nautical miles from the Areia Branca - RN, and in the slope off Macau – RN in January of 2017. Stomachs and guts contents were analyzed by the identified categories, regarding frequency and volumetric frequencies, which were combined in the calculation of Alimentary Index (IAi). The prey item volumes were ordered in NMDS and their significant differences tested by PERMANOVA, while the contribution of each food item to the differences between the sites was evaluated through the SIMPER analysis. However, morphometric, spatial and temporal factors influenced in a relevant way the diet of the species at each point, classifying H. affinis collected in the vicinity of the PIRATA float as carcinophagous and individuals caught off the coast of Macau as piscivorous tending to carcinophagous
O estudo da alimentação das espécies ajuda na compreensão dos aspectos da biologia e da dinâmica populacional. A proposta do presente trabalho foi analisar o conteúdo alimentar, caracterizando a alimentação do peixe voador Hirundichthys affinis coletado em dois pontos no Oceano Atlântico Sudoeste Tropical. As coletas foram realizadas no mês de julho de 2016 nas proximidades da boia do Programa PIRATA localizada no Atlântico Oeste Equatorial, distante 323 milhas náuticas do cais de origem, Areia Branca - RN e na costa do município de Macau - RN no mês de janeiro de 2017. Estômagos e intestinos foram analisados, das categorias identificadas, foram obtidas as frequências de ocorrência e volumétrica, combinadas no cálculo de Índice Alimentar (IAi). Os volumes dos itens foram ordenados em NMDS e as suas diferenças testadas em PERMANOVA, a contribuição de cada item alimentar para as diferenças entre os pontos foi avaliada através da análise SIMPER. As análises dos conteúdos alimentares permitiram o enquadramento da espécie na categoria trófica de carnívora com tendência a carcinofagia, contudo, fatores morfométrico, espacial e temporal influenciaram de forma relevante na dieta da espécie em cada ponto, classificando H. affinis coletado nas proximidades da boia PIRATA como carcinófago e os indivíduos capturados na costa de Macau como piscívora com tendência a carcinofagia
2018-03-28
Ruelle, Julien. "Analyse de la diversité du bois de tension de 3 [trois] espèces d'angiospermes de forêt tropicale humide de Guyane française." Antilles-Guyane, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AGUY0155.
Full textCassagne, Bernard. "Le Problème du bois de feu dans les villes d'Afrique tropicale le cas de Bangui (RCA), approche d'une solution agroforestière /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376036671.
Full textMazzei, De Freitas Lucas. "Durabilité écologique et économique de l'exploitation forestière pour la production de bois d'œuvre et pour le stockage du carbone en Amazonie." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00611175.
Full textTaniwaki, Ricardo Hideo. "Effects of intensive agriculture in the structure and functioning of tropical headwater streams." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-15082016-133412/.
Full textAs regiões tropicais possuem os ecossistemas mais biodiversos do planeta. Apesar da sua importância na manutenção da biodiversidade, as atividades antrópicas estão degradando esses ecossistemas, gerando consequências negativas para sua estrutura e funcionamento. Entre os diversos ecossistemas tropicais, as águas doces chamam a atenção por ocupar uma pequena área em comparação com ecossistemas terrestres, porém, representam grande importância para a sobrevivência e desenvolvimento humano. Os riachos de cabeceira representam a maior parte dos corpos aquáticos em uma microbacia e, portanto, sua conservação é essencial para a saúde de toda a rede de drenagem de água doce. Diversos riachos de cabeceira estão inseridos em ecossistemas agrícolas, sofrendo as consequências da agricultura intensiva. Nesse sentido, esta tese foi desenvolvida com o intuito de entender quais são os principais impactos que os riachos de cabeceira tropicais vêm sofrendo, globalmente e localmente na bacia do rio Corumbataí (SP, Brasil). O primeiro capítulo contribui para entender quais os principais problemas que riachos tropicas estão sofrendo, focando nos múltiplos estressores advindos da agricultura e efeitos de mudanças climáticas. O segundo capítulo analisa como a conversão de pastos para cultivo de cana de açúcar modifica a qualidade da água em riachos da bacia do rio Corumbataí e também analisa o quão fundamentais são as florestas nas áreas de nascente para manter a qualidade da água em plantios de cana de açúcar. O terceiro capítulo analisa como a qualidade da água e características climáticas influenciam biofilmes bentônicos em riachos de cabeceira na bacia do rio Corumbataí. Os resultados demonstraram a existência de diversos tópicos que necessitam de maior entendimento, principalmente relacionados às mudanças climáticas e estressores múltiplos e a falta de políticas e estratégias de mitigação para os efeitos de mudanças climáticas. Em relação à qualidade da água, demonstrou-se que a conversão de pastos para cultivo de cana de açúcar reduz a qualidade da água. A presença de florestas nas nascentes demonstrou ser essencial na manutenção da qualidade da água em plantios de cana. Os biofilmes bentônicos demonstraram ser controlados principalmente por características sazonais e não pela disponibilidade de nutrientes como observado em riachos temperados. Portanto, essa comunidade será severamente afetada diante das mudanças climáticas, com consequências no funcionamento de riachos de cabeceira tropicais. Para reduzir os efeitos negativos da agricultura intensiva e das mudanças climáticas, recomenda-se a implementação de florestas ripárias, com especial atenção às áreas de nascentes. Também se recomenda a implementação de boas práticas agrícolas na agricultura para garantir a sustentabilidade dos recursos hídricos tropicais.
Jaouen, Gaëlle. "Etude des stratégies biomécaniques de croissance des jeunes arbres en peuplement hétérogène tropical humide." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00272100.
Full textNoyer, Estelle. "Réponses des perches de hêtre (Fagus sylvatica L.) à l’ouverture de la canopée : approche multidisciplinaire et multi-échelle." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AGPT0008.
Full textOpening of the canopy exhibits advantages (resources availability) but also new constraints (wind, higher evaporative demand). Rather well documented in saplings, response dynamics to canopy opening is less known in large trees. The thesis aims to identify the dynamics of responses to canopy opening in beech trees suppressed during long periods. Adopted approach is multi-disciplinary and multi-scale, based on a retrospective analysis of axial and radial growth, anatomy and biomechanical traits. For suppressed trees, the competition for light results in preferential allocation of biomass to axial growth in comparison with radial growth resulting in trees with high slenderness. Moreover, one third of suppressed trees are sagging. After the release, high slenderness presents a biomechanical risk: 15 from 36 trees are broken by the wind two years after the release. To increase their safety against the wind-break, trees reduce their axial growth during four years after the release and boost their radial growth reaching a stabilisation plateau after two years likely due to the size and resources limitations. Trees with lean angle higher than 6° up-right after the release. The tree ring hydraulic conductivity increases and stabilises after two years also. The dynamics of responses to canopy opening are therefore clearly trait dependent. Moreover, integrative approach highlighted the importance of size in the responses to canopy opening: while saplings adjust both wood tissue properties and tree geometry, large trees rely only on geometry adjustments
Dussol, Lydie. "Feux et forêts mayas : usages et gestion des combustibles ligneux dans les Basses Terres centrales mayas à la période Classique : le cas du site de Naachtun, Petén, Guatemala : approche anthracologique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H072.
Full textThe rise and development of ancient Maya societies in the tropical forests of the Maya Lowlands, a demanding environment, have raised important questions, most of which remain unanswered due to a lack of empirical data. Models describing Maya forest exploitation, landscapes impact and adaptation to environmental changes over three millennia of occupation mostly rely on palynological and sedimentological data. Archaeological or archaeobotanical data has conversely very rarely been used to test these models. Specifically, no attempt has been made to reconstruct systematically the global wood economy of ancient Maya cities. Wood was an indispensable resource for the Maya, as for all pre-industrial societies, and thus constitutes a key economic and ecological indicator for understanding socio-environmental interactions over time. This doctoral study therefore aims to conduct a systematic and diachronic anthracological study at a Maya site, in order to reconstruct domestic firewood collection strategies and analyze cross relations between human activities and woodland changes throughout the whole length of the occupation. This research has been carried out at the site of Naachtun, a Classic period city (AD 250-950) located in northern Petén, Guatemala. The development of the city over eight centuries≈ ( AD 150 -950/1000), with non-linear population dynamics, and its resilience during the Terminal Classic crisis, made the site of Naachtun a relevant candidate for the study of the interactions between the ancient Maya and the forest on a long-term scale. This required beforehand the compilation of a wood reference collection for the Central Maya Lowlands, which now comprises 231 taxa belonging to 52 families, physical and numerical materials included. Two other lines of research have been developed in this project. The first focuses on the impact of taphonomic processes on the preservation of archaeological charcoal at Maya sites, by means of an experimental study of the combustion of five tree species of the Maya forest. The second one deals with the use of fire and ashes in the ritual practices of the ancient Maya. Ash and charcoal deposits resulting from ritual actions are examined through a spatial approach in order to reconstitute the human gestures that are responsible for their formation. These three interdependent lines of research allow us to demonstrate the usefulness of anthracology in the study of the socio-environmental dynamics and human behaviors in the Maya Lowlands
Rozak, Andes. "Vers une meilleure estimation des stocks de carbone dans les forêts exploitées à Diptérocarpées de Bornéo." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AGPT0008/document.
Full textTropical forests are a major reservoir of biodiversity and carbon (C), playing a pivotal role in global ecosystem function and climate regulation. However, most of the tropical forests, especially Bornean forests in Southeast Asia, are under intense pressure and threatened by anthropogenic activities such as logging, mining industry, agriculture and conversion to industrial plantation. In 2010, the area of production forests in Borneo was 26.8 million ha (approx. 36% of the total land area of Borneo) including 18 million ha (approx. 24%) of logged forests. Production forests are thus emerging as a dominant land-use, playing a crucial role in trading-off provision of goods and maintenance of ecosystem services, such as C and biodiversity retention.Selective logging is known to reduce both above- and below-ground biomass through the removal of a few large trees, while increasing deadwood stocks through collateral damages. By creating large gaps in the canopy, microclimates in the understory and on the forest floor change locally speeding up the decomposition of litter and organic matter. The extent of incidental damages, canopy openness, as well as the speed of C recovery, was shown to be primarily related to logging intensity. However, empirical evaluations of the long-term effect of logging intensity on C balance in production forests remain rare.The present thesis aims to assess the long-term effect of logging intensity on C sequestration in a north Bornean Dipterocarp forests (Malinau District, North Kalimantan) logged in 1999/2000. Five main C pools, namely above-ground (AGC) and below-ground (BGC) carbon in living trees, deadwood, litter, and soil organic carbon (SOC) were estimated along a logging intensity gradient (ranging from 0 to 57% of initial biomass removed).Our result showed that total C stocks 16 years after logging, ranged from 218-554 Mg C ha-1 with an average of 314 Mg C ha-1. A difference of 95 Mg C ha-1 was found between low logging intensity (<2.1% of initial biomass lost) and high logging intensity (>19%). Most C (approx. 77%) was found in living trees, followed by soil (15%), deadwood (6%), and a minor fraction in litter (1%). The imprint of logging intensity was still detectable 16 years after logging, and logging intensity thus was the main driver explaining the reduction of AGC>20, BGC>20, deadwood, and total C stocks and an increase in deadwood. Solely, logging intensity explained 61%, 63%, 38%, and 48% of variations of AGC>20, BGC>20, deadwood, and total C stocks, respectively. Logging intensity also significantly reduced SOC stocks in the upper 30 cm layer. For total SOC stocks (0-100 cm), the negative influence of logging intensity was still perceptible, being significant in conjunction with other variables.Our results quantify the long-term effect of logging on forest C stocks, especially on AGC and deadwood. High logging intensity (50% reduction of initial biomass) reduced total C stocks by 27%. AGC recovery was lower in high logging intensity plots, suggesting lowered forest resilience to logging. Our study showed that maintaining logging intensity, below 20% of the initial biomass, limit the long-term effect of logging on AGC and deadwood stocks
Senterre, Bruno. "Recherches méthodologiques pour la typologie de la végétation et la phytogéographie des forêts denses d'Afrique tropicale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210954.
Full textII. Field data consisted in phytosociological homogeneous sample plots localized within different recognized phytogeographical entities, in a region of tropical Africa where these entities are known to be well conserved. A total of 37 such plots were inventoried in the region extending from the littoral forests of Ndoté, Equatorial Guinea, which are wet evergreen forests, to the continental forests of the Dja, Cameroon, known as evergreen seasonal forests. The studied region also included the oriental Atlantic forests of Equatorial Guinea, known as moist evergreen forests or caesalp forests. In various parts of this continentality gradient, some plots were localized within climax non-zonal formations, namely the submontane rain forests. The emphasis was put on the vegetation of the Monte Alén National Park.
The sampling methodology was willing to be as "complete ", including all strata, "quantitative ", enumerating all individuals, and "representative ", within each stratum, as possible. These multi-layers plots were realised using nested sub-plots, with a sampling size of 100 individuals for every ligneous stratum recognized (dominant trees, dominated trees and shrubs) and a sampling size of 200m² for the herbaceous and suffrutex stratum.
Forest types were defined independently for each stratum and the differences were analysed. A method was proposed for the simultaneous analysis of all floristic data, converting and standardizing the values from ligneous strata, on the one hand, and from understorey strata, on the other hand.
III. Ten forest types were described using IndVal and discussed in the general context of the guineo-congolian region, from a syntaxonomic view point (agglomerative classification) and from a phytogeographical view point (divisive classification). Homologies between these two approaches are described. The proposed phytogeographical system is based on an "open " conception of hierarchical classifications, combining advantages of agglomerative and divisive classifications. In concrete terms, the non-zonal criteria, for example the submontane variants, are categorised separately and in analogy with the zonal criteria, related to the usual phytochoria.
Analysis of ecological relationships for the 10 communities showed that the main variables related to the floristic variability in our mainland rain forests are elevation, rainfall, hygrometry (estimated using bryophytes cover levels) and distance to the ocean. The two extremes on the vertical microclimatic gradient, dominant trees stratum and herbaceous stratum, give similar typologies, however canonical analysis showed that for the herbaceous layer, non-zonal variables (hygrometry and elevation) were gaining more importance when the influence of the two zonal variables was attenuated. In every case, spatial autocorrelation was less important than the environment in explaining floristic variability but its role increased in the spatial arrangement of understorey species, whose dispersal capacity is generally lower than canopy trees. The phytosociological, phytogeographical and ecological description of forest types is accompanied by a physiognomical description using biological types spectrum, as well as architectural models, leaf sizes, etc.
With regard to diversity, we have demonstrated that species richness was higher from upper to lower strata because of the accumulation in lower strata of species from various strata. On the other hand, the proper stratum diversity, i.e. the structural set, decreased from dominant trees to shrubs. The proper diversity of the herb layer showed relatively high figures mainly due to the higher individual density in relation to the existence of microstrata. Within the 37 sample plots, 1,050 taxa have been identified to species or morpho-species levels, for a total of 25,750 individuals. These taxa represent 442 genus among 104 families. The richest forest type is found on the foothills of the Niefang range, on the windward side. This forest type is also characterised by a high number of oligotypic genus and by species belonging to functional types indicators of glacial refuges. These functional types are defined on the basis of the dispersal capacity and on kind of stand needed for effective germination. We formulated the hypothesis that this kind of "foothills refuge ", characterised by his zonal nature, could have been one of the rare refuges for species from mainland rain forests, while montane and fluvial refuges would mainly have preserved species from non-zonal forest types: (sub)montane and riverine.
Based on indicator species of submontane forests, a potential distribution map of this forest type has been realised at the Atlantic central African scale. More than 400 submontane forest localities have been mapped. These forests begin at 400m of altitude near the ocean, and progressively at higher altitude for increasing distance to the ocean. Many lowland localities also comprised submontane species, which could indicate the existence of ecological transgressions. These transgressions would allow migratory tracks for submontane species between isolated mountain ranges, not only during glacial periods, through heights at the northern and southern borders of the congo basin, but also contemporarily through the lowland riverine forest network, in the centre of this basin. Finally, a special attention has been attributed to littoral forests and to some cases of choroecological transgressions, coupled to the ecological equalization phenomenon.
Doctorat en sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
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