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Journal articles on the topic 'Boko Haram'
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1
Okwara, Emmanuel Chukwuma. "Boko Haram Insurgency and its implications on Nigeria’s National Security." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 10, no. 01 (January 14, 2023): 7577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v10i01.03.
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Boko Haram has been a security challenge to Nigeria since at least 2009, and recently it has posed considerable challenges to the African Sub-Region because of its international linkage with the al-Qaeda terrorists’ network. The aim of this study is to examine the implications of the Boko Haram Insurgency on Nigeria’s National Security. We use secondary sources of data drawn from textbooks, and journals, internet sources among others while content analysis was used to analyze the data. This study is situated within the framework of both the internal and external perspectives on the origin of the Boko haram insurgency to be able to get a better understanding of the security challenges posed he Boko Haram on Nigeria’s national security. Moreover, we discovered that the implications of Boko Haram on Nigeria’s national security are enormous such that it activities have generated national and international condemnation such as targets such as the United Nations building in Abuja in August 2011. In November 2011, the U.S. Department of State issued an alert for all U.S. and Western citizens in Abuja to avoid major hotels and landmarks, based on information about a potential Boko Haram attack. Besides, from received training in bomb-making and other terrorist tactics from al-Qaeda-affiliated groups and their mode of operations ranges bombing, kidnapping, maiming etc. However, we discovered that poverty, bad governance, deepen crisis, and are among the causes of the Boko Haran insurgency. Lastly, political will, international collaboration, strategic training, are among key recommendations in this study.
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Oghuvbu, Ejiroghene Augustine. "BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY AND THE INTERPLAYBETWEEN RELIGION AND POLITICS IN NIGERIA." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0435.
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This study examines the roles religion and politics play in the “boko haram” insurgency. In Nigeria, politics and religion occupy a central space. While the two individually generate a plethora of events of varying levels and implications for Nigeria, religion and politics often create a mixture of circumstances and occurrences. The boko haram insurgency is one of the many entities that represent the combustible nature of politics and religion in Nigeria. Its activities in the North-East have constituted a challenge to Nigeria’s security. The study adopts the human needs theory to explain boko haram insurgency and its effects on reli-gion and politics in Nigeria. The study employs the qualitative method and relies on sec-ondary sources of data. Specifically, the study draws data from books, book chapters, jour-nals, conference proceedings, newspapers, and online sources. These data are analysed with the use of thematic analysis, to structure the arrangement of the data retrieved by follow-ing the objectives of the study. The findings of the study reveal that corruption, radical islam, and poor governance played salient roles in the development of the boko haram sect. In line with these findings, the study recommends that the government must curtail and ultimately defeat the boko haram insurgency. The author recommends that the govern-ment intensifies its intelligence activities in order to fighting boko haram.
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Courtin, Nicolas. "Comprendre Boko Haram." Afrique contemporaine 255, no. 3 (2015): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/afco.255.0013.
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Emeasoba, Nneka Charity, and Iro Dikko Mani. "Boko Haram Activities." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, no. 9 (September 30, 2015): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss9.429.
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Nigeria has witnessed insurgency from this terrorist group called Boko Haram from 2009. They unleash terror and fear in the minds of every Nigeria. There is mass destruction of government properties, bombing of churches, Mosques and other public places, assassination of prominent individuals, burning of schools occasioned by sporadic shooting of innocent citizens. The Federal Government of Nigeria saw these demands as treasonable, unreasonable and unaccepted and in an attempt to purge the group of its excesses, Mohammed Yusuf the leader was killed in 2009 which brought about violence and bombardment of northern Nigeria. This paper therefore looked at some of the challenges posed by this group to business education programme in Northern Nigeria and also proffered recommendations.
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Oliver, Coates. "Understanding Boko Haram." African Affairs 119, no. 476 (May 29, 2020): 493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adaa006.
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Nolte, Insa. "Boko Haram explained." Political Quarterly 90, no. 2 (March 27, 2019): 324–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-923x.12673.
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E. E. Anugwom, Edlyne. "ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN NIGERIA: REFLECTIONS ON THE BOKO HARAM INSURGENCE." POLITICS AND RELIGION JOURNAL 12, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 225–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54561/prj1202225a.
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The paper examines the nature, operations and driving force behind the Boko Haram insurgence in Nigeria. It argues that while portending Islamic fundamentalist credentials, Boko Haram is also representative of the socio-economic aspirations of most ordinary citizens in the Northeast of Nigeria who are excluded from the socio-economic spheres in modern Nigeria. Boko Haram posits both the irrelevance and decadence of the state and the need for its violent overthrow and establishment of pure Islamic society. It argues that even though Boko Haram cannot be fully explained by socio-economic factors, extant structural and socio-economic conditions in the Northeast produce many frustrated and deprived young people who feed into the fundamentalist aspirations of Boko Haram. Thus, the coincidence between socio-economic conditions in the Northeast which compares unfavorably with other zones in Nigeria; the structural deficiencies of the state and a long history of Islamic fundamentalism creates the conducive atmosphere for violent extremism represented by Boko Haram.
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Sulaiman, Raziyu Lawal, Umar Uba Tofa, and Idris Shehu. "Khidā’ al-Mutaṭarrifīn fī Istikhdām al-Lugah al-‘Arabiyyah Wasīilah li al-Taṭarruf." Aphorisme: Journal of Arabic Language, Literature, and Education 4, no. 2 (October 10, 2023): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37680/aphorisme.v4i2.3930.
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This research attempts to explain and clarify the relationship between Boko Haram and the Arabic language and its use of Arabic, especially under a religious slogan, and that this relationship is arbitrary, neither a religious nor an Arabic linguistic relationship. It also addresses the discovery of Boko Haram as a terrorist sect financed by a terrorist group in a hidden guise to achieve an aim they seek. The research includes three axes after the introduction. The first axis is limited to introducing Boko Haram, the second axis talks about Boko Haram and its use of the Arabic language under a religious slogan, the third axis is the negative effects left by the Boko Haram group, and then the conclusion, which mentions the findings and results of the research.
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Awah, Jeremaih Acuro, Furong Xue, Sophie tatiana Ngoye, and Ethel CHinwe Achonwa. "The evolution and impact of Boko Haram in the Lake Chad Basin in a Multipolar world." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 2 (February 2024): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2024.2.70646.
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The Boko Haram insurgency is a security threat to the countries of the Lake Chad Basin Region made up of Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger. This article portrays an analysis on the origin and regionalization of Boko Haram. More importantly, this study also attempts to highlight the pivotal role that cooperation with friendly external partners (such as Russia, and China) can play in the fight against terrorist groups such as Boko Haram in Africa. Our analysis argues that, Boko Haram's terrorism in the Lake Chad region is driven by the combination of overlapping and self-complementing factors like political and economic interests, rather than religion, with implications for security and counterterrorism efforts. In the the end, recommendations were suggested on how to overcome this terrorist organisation. This article utilizes a combination of social conflict theory and terrorism studies to analyze the origins and impact of Boko Haram. Social conflict theory helps to explain how economic inequality and political instability can contribute to the rise of extremist groups like Boko Haram. Terrorism studies provide insight into the tactics and strategies used by Boko Haram to achieve their goals. This article employs a multidisciplinary approach, drawing on a range of primary and secondary sources, including academic literature, government reports, and media sources. The methodology includes qualitative analysis of historical and contemporary data to provide insights into the origins and evolution of the Boko Haram activities, as well as the impact it has had on the affected communities and the countries of the Lake Chad Basin Region. This analysis gave the opportunity to suggest recommendations on how to overcome the Boko Haram and terrorism in Africa in general.
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Ayodeji, Adewuyi Aremu. "World without a Word: Reading Silence in Selected Recent Nigerian Poetry." Journal of Language and Literature 22, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/joll.v22i1.3396.
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Trauma is not a recent motif in Nigerian literature. Literary critics have copiously investigated into the trauma of Nigerian Civil War. However, the Boko Haram insurgency, which has ravaged many communities majorly in the North-East of Nigeria, has introduced a new dimension of exploring trauma into Nigerian literature. The literary dimension is patterned around what, in a broad term, may be called ‘trauma of Boko Haram’. The inability of traumatized Nigerian female victims of the Boko Haram insurgency to unequivocally express the extent of atrocities perpetrated against them by those who should ordinarily be their saviours, confidants or helpers (after the attack) is the main focus of this study. Trauma theory was used to analyse the selected poems taken from a book edited by Ojaide et al. (2019), The Markas: An Anthology of Literary Works on Boko Haram. It was established, on the one hand, that these ‘doubly’ traumatised women are forced to subsist merely in a world of silence – the sole response to the second phase of trauma – by these ‘traumatising tools’. On the other hand, the women’s silence is sustained or prolonged by the subconscious awareness of loss of hopes of recovery. It can be concluded, then, that all the ‘artificial situations or measures’ created to silence the crying voice of the female victims of the Boko Haram insurgency accordingly aggravate their traumatic memory.
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Svoboda, Daniel. "ALTERNATIVES OF BOKO HARAM TO THE CONTEMPORARY MODERN NIGERIAN STATE." Obrana a strategie (Defence and Strategy) 20, no. 2 (December 16, 2020): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3849/1802-7199.20.2020.02.041-060.
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This article examines Boko Haram’s alternatives to the contemporary secular Nigerian state of Westphalian style. This article is focused on analysing the relationship between Boko Haram and the secular state that they reject. The reality of what Boko Haram in Nigeria has managed to create, rather than a caliphate, corresponds to a terrorist semi-state (TSS). Therefore, the article also performs an analysis of Boko Haram from the perspective of the TSS concept.
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Svoboda, Daniel. "ALTERNATIVES OF BOKO HARAM TO THE CONTEMPORARY MODERN NIGERIAN STATE." Obrana a strategie (Defence and Strategy) 20, no. 2 (December 16, 2020): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3849/1802-7199.20.2020.02.045-064.
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This article examines Boko Haram’s alternatives to the contemporary secular Nigerian state of Westphalian style. This article is focused on analysing the relationship between Boko Haram and the secular state that they reject. The reality of what Boko Haram in Nigeria has managed to create, rather than a caliphate, corresponds to a terrorist semi-state (TSS). Therefore, the article also performs an analysis of Boko Haram from the perspective of the TSS concept.
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Ferrer, Jadalaine, and Jillian Wisniewski. "Modeling the Growth of Boko Haram Using System Dynamics." Industrial and Systems Engineering Review 6, no. 2 (March 7, 2019): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37266/iser.2018v6i2.pp109-117.
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This study uses a systems dynamic approach to understand how the attacks conducted by Boko Haram influence the group’s growth. Boko Haram originated in the early 2000s under Muhammad Yusuf, but the group did not become known for its violence until 2009 (Oftedal, 2013). In 2013, the United States designated Boko Haram as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (U.S. Department of State, 2013). The Nigerian government’s efforts to eliminate the group’s influence in northern Nigeria and neighboring countries has not been successful. As Africa enters the world spotlight, the need for curbing the influence of Boko Haram strengthens. The system dynamics modeling process provides a method of understanding the relationships within the underlying structures that drive the scope of influence of Boko Haram, including organizational growth, media coverage, and attack efficacy. A formalized system dynamics model provides a basis for policy recommendations to counteract the group’s efforts.
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Oyedeji, Gideon Abioye, and Ebenezer Oluseun Ogungbe. "A critical study of ideologies in selected Boko Haram videos." Journal of Languages, Linguistics and Literary Studies 3, no. 1 (April 25, 2023): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.57040/jllls.v3i1.397.
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Boko Haram insurgency has threatened the existence of Nigeria as the group has wrecked serious havoc on different parts of the country. This group has constantly claimed to stand against some issues, ideas, people, doctrines, and systems. They have demonstrated this in their activities. To further their engagements, they periodically release videos to the public and these videos communicate layers of meaning and ideologies. This study, therefore, highlights and discusses the ideologies inherent in Boko Haram Video. A total of five videos were selected from the Sahara Reporters TV, Premium Times, and legit.ng using a purposive sampling technique. The study adopted Fairclough’s Three Dimensional model of Critical Discourse Analysis as its theoretical leaning. Findings revealed that Boko Haram used both verbal and nonverbal semiotic resources in conveying their ideologies. Words like “infidels, tyrants, idiots, pagans and thieves” are used by Abubakar Shekau to show the negative out-group polarity of others while discourse elements like “we follow Allah, we obey Qur’an” are used to show positive in-group polarity. Various shots and expressions convey Boko Haram ideologies including monotheism, absolutism, anti-westernism, and masculinism. The study concludes that the semiotic resources used in Boko Haram videos covertly convey ideologies, power, (mis)representation and hegemony. Therefore, it is cogent that Nigeria’s federal government and the Nigerian military pay attention to the understanding of the operational ideologies of Boko Haram for effective deradicalisation of the sect and successful eradication of Boko Haram insurgency.
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Botha, Sven. "Boko Haram’s Terrorist Campaign in Nigeria." African Journal of Political Science 11, no. 1 (February 9, 2024): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/jfp2wa22.
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Boko Haram has fast become one of the world’s most notorious terrorist groups. The longevity of Boko Haram, coupled with its dynamic nature, necessitates that scholars keep abreast with a vast and intersectional array of developments. As a result, much ink has been spilt providing analysis and insight into the group’s motives, activities, internal politics, tactics, and future trajectories. Boko Haram’s ever-green endurance both in Nigeria and the wider West African region paves the way for a scholarly momentum which Oriola, Onuoha and Oyewole’s edited collection aligns with. The book has 12 chapters which are split across five thematic areas, namely: gender, the media, displacement, non-state actors, human rights, and non-state actors. It is beyond the scope of this review to place each chapter under the microscope. Instead, the reviewer will highlight some of the most important contributions the book makes to the academic discourse on Boko Haram. Chapter three (by Oyewole and Onuoha) provides the reader with a comprehensive account of the Dapachi Kidnapping of 2018; this contribution is significant as much scholarship as focused on the Chibok Kidnappings of 2014. Oyewole and Onuoha unpack why the Dapachi Kidnappings took place, placing an emphasis on the need for Boko Haram to portray itself as a resilient origination so as to appear appealing to prospective members, to raise funds (by means of hostage negotiations), and rewarding hardworking foot solders with ‘wives’ and sex slaves. Furthermore, context is given to Dapachi’s geographical and political vulnerability vis-à-vis Boko Haram’s terrorist campaign.
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Thurston, Alex. "Nigeria’s Mainstream Salafis between Boko Haram and the State." Islamic Africa 6, no. 1-2 (July 6, 2015): 109–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21540993-00602007.
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This article examines northern Nigeria’s mainstream Salafis – figures who advocate exclusive, literalist, exoterically-minded readings of scripture, but who oppose the violence of the fringe Salafi sect Boko Haram. The article argues that the emergence of Boko Haram has placed mainstream Salafis in a complicated position vis-à-vis both Salafi-leaning audiences and the state. In the face of accusations by state and society that all Salafis are connected to Boko Haram, mainstream Salafis have worked to undermine Boko Haram’s messages and Salafi credentials in order to maintain influence over Salafi-leaning youth. Along with other voices in northern Nigeria, mainstream Salafis have also externalized blame for Boko Haram’s violence, attributing Boko Haram’s existence to the state, to Christians and Jews, and/or to Western powers. They have also criticized the state’s response to Boko Haram. Finally, they advocate for perceived northern Muslim interests but attempt to avoid being seen as pro-government.
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Fahm, AbdulGafar Olawale. "Boko Haram’s Claim to an Islamic Caliphate: Is it Creditable?" ICR Journal 8, no. 3 (July 15, 2017): 386–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v8i3.181.
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As Boko Haram tries to establish a new caliphate, while imposing Shariah law and persecuting and kidnapping young girls, it is timely to enquire into both the workings of the early caliphate and the role an Islamic state should play in the world. The aim of this paper is both to counter Boko Harams approach to the caliphate and examine the administration of Umar bin Abdul Aziz (715-717CE). The article is qualitative, permitting a descriptive and historical approach. This study examines Umar bin Abdul Aziz as a devoted Muslim who set new standards for what a Muslim ruler should be like. This study suggests that, despite Muslim dreams of a return of the caliphate, this concept means different things to different people. While Boko Haram violently struggles for power, Islam encourages sovereignty based on honour and gained through better actions and faith.
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Izak, Krzysztof. "Book review: Marta Sara Stempień, Boko Haram 2002–2020. Czarne flagi nad Nigerią." Terroryzm, no. 4 (4) (September 15, 2023): 447–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/27204383ter.23.033.18335.
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Brigaglia, Andrea. "“SLICING OFF THE TUMOUR”: THE HISTORY OF GLOBAL JIHAD IN NIGERIA, AS NARRATED BY THE ISLAMIC STATE." POLITICS AND RELIGION JOURNAL 12, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 199–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.54561/prj1202199b.
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This paper provides a detailed summary and analysis of “Slicing Off the Tumour,” a text written by two sons of Muhammad Yusuf (d. 2009), founder of the Nigerian Jihadi movement known as “Boko Haram,” and recently (2018) published by the Islamic State. The paper argues that although obviously biased, this book provides important insights into the history of Jihad in Nigeria as seen through the lenses of Global Jihadi actors, which the analysts should not dismiss. In the conclusion, the author questions the heuristic usefulness of the term “Boko Haram” in the literature on local and global manifestations of Jihad in contemporary Nigeria. Finally, the author locates his position in the recent debate around the nature of the global links entertained by Nigerian Jihadi actors and around the role of these links in the development of the “Boko Haram phenomenon.”
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CHIANGI, Michael Aondona. "NIGERIA: RELIGIOUS CONFLICT AND THE BOKO HARAM." Conflict Studies Quarterly, no. 37 (October 5, 2021): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/csq.37.1.
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"Religious conflicts have increased interfaith suspicion between Christians and Muslims in Nigeria with each group being determined to outshine the other in the propagation of its religious beliefs. In fact, even Islamic sect Boko Haram was formed on the belief in the superiority of Islam as a monotheistic religion and with a divine mandate to purge Islam of Western influences. This paper examines the complex issues surrounding the advent of the Boko Haram sect in Nigeria. It argues that religious conflict in Nigeria results from the propagation of radicalized exegeses and the use of religious sentiments for gain political advantage. Government’s failure to act decisively also accounts for religious conflict in Nigeria and the Boko Haram in particular. Keywords: Boko Haram, conflict, religion, ideology, violence, Islam."
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Badar, Mohamed Elewa, ElSayed M. A. Amin, and Noelle Higgins. "The International Criminal Court and the Nigerian Crisis." International Human Rights Law Review 3, no. 1 (June 4, 2014): 29–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00301001.
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Since its foundation in 1999 Boko Haram has carried out numerous acts of violence on the territory of Nigeria constituting gross violations of human rights. The Office of the Prosecutor (otp) of the International Criminal Court (icc) has been monitoring the violence between Boko Haram and Nigerian armed forces as part of a preliminary investigation. It has stated that the violence between Boko Haram and the armed forces has reached the level of a non-international armed conflict and that there is reason to believe that Boko Haram is responsible for war crimes and crimes against humanity. This article assesses certain types of behaviour of Boko Haram from an Islamic law perspective and examines whether Islamic law condemns or justifies such acts. Arguably, it would help the icc in asserting the legitimacy of its judgments, if it was able to prove that such judgments are compatible with the legal and belief system recognised by the actors at trial. In turn it would enable the Court to deal with at least some of the criticisms aimed at it for being an imperialistic institution.
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Maina, Muhammed Bukar, Babakura Muhammed Abba, Musa Maiva Isa, and Nura Khalil Umar. "COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVE OF BOKO HARAM REPENTANT TERRORIST IN MAIDUGURI METROPOLITANS COUNCIL BORNO, NIGERIA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 6, no. 4 (September 3, 2022): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2022-0604-1070.
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The study assessed people's willingness to accept repentant Boko Haram and the role of Government and Non-Governmental organizations toward public risk-free coexistence campaigns. Primary and secondary roots of data were used for this study. First, a structured questionnaire was used to source data from 382 sampled respondents. The results revealed that most respondents were affected by Boko haram, 74%, while 26% were not. Furthermore, the study also showed that most respondents are not ready to accept Boko Haram Repentance, with 79% because they killed their relatives, burned their social environments, caused hardship, and migrated. Also, they fear that when the Government fails to fulfil their promise, they can rejoin the group because they are not to be trusted. At the same time, with few people, 21% are ready to accept the Boko Haram repentance because they believe peace will be restored. Some of the reasons are some were forced to join the group, some were their relatives, and lastly, some were brainwashed. Finally, the following recommendations were proffered. Firstly Government and NGOs should increase their efforts to enlighten the people to accept Boko Haram because, based on the findings, enlightenment camping is not enough. Secondly, the Government should ensure they fulfilled their promise to Boko Haram repentance after they were integrated because if they fail, they can rejoin the group again.
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Lock, Etienne. "NIGERIA: UNDERSTANDING BOKO HARAM." Conflict Studies Quarterly, no. 30 (January 5, 2020): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/csq.30.4.
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KOUMA, J. G. "CAMEROON FIGHTING BOKO HARAM." Vestnik RUDN International Relations 17, no. 4 (2017): 727–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2017-17-4-727-737.
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Iocchi, Alessio. "The Boko Haram pluriverse." Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 21, no. 1 (April 2021): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sena.12340.
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Azumah, John. "Boko Haram in Retrospect." Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 26, no. 1 (November 24, 2014): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2014.967930.
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Pricopi, Marius. "Tactics Used by the Terrorist Organisation Boko Haram." Scientific Bulletin 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsaft-2016-0035.
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Abstract Boko Haram is no regular terrorist organization; although not as widely-known as the Islamic State or Al-Qaeda, Boko Haram has been declared the deadliest terror group of 2014. Fortunately, the organization seems to currently be on the run; and the successes of the Nigerian government in countering it have been founded on a timely understanding of its modus operandi. This paper represents an inventory and an analysis of the main tactics employed by Boko Haram in Nigeria and Cameroon during the spike of its insurgence, between the years 2009-2014. Acknowledging these tactics in a timely manner did not only contribute in a significant manner to the present defeat of Boko Haram, as it may also be of use to governments from other countries in anticipating and efficiently thwarting future terrorist plots.
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Ukah, Chinomso, and Sunday Peter Ejaro. "The Socioeconomic Impacts of Boko Haram Activities on the Host Community of Yankari Game Reserve, Bauchi State, Nigeria." Advanced Journal of Social Science 5, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ajss.5.1.37-44.
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The study examined the socioeconomic impacts of Boko Haram activities on the host community of Yankari Game Reserve, Bauchi State, Nigeria. Data for this study were gathered from primary and secondary sources. The data sought was on the level of socioeconomic activities before and after the emergence of Boko Haram, among others. However, in order to achieve the aim, 142, 40 and 327 of staff, tourists and host community members were respectively identified and successfully administered questionnaire copies. The responses obtained from the questionnaire were further analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. For the community, farming and rearing (86.4%) is the most important occupation in the community followed by trading, civil servant and others. In terms of buying and selling in the community, 90.3% of the respondents stressed that patronage level was very high before the emergence of Boko Haram but crumbled after the emergence of Boko Haram as alleged by 97.1% of the respondents. 65% of the respondents were of the opinion that since the emergence of Boko Haram, many of their youths have been relieved of their duties (jobs) in the game reserve and other places as a result of low patronage in the area while, 35% of the respondents believed that employment level in the community is still high even with the emergence of Boko Haram. The hypothesis was tested using bivariate regression analysis. F = 26.525, p<0.05 indicated that Boko Haram activities have significant influence on the local livelihood of adjoining community. It is recommended that the government should step up with their poverty alleviation programs especially in the northeastern part (Alkaleri L.G.A to be précised) of the nation because poverty and unemployment level are still relatively high in the area which can result to security uproar.
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Concilio, Joan, Gavin Macgregor-Skinner, Benjamin Suleiman Tswabki, and Eugene Lengerich. "A Mixed-Methods Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Relationship Between Boko Haram Activity and Lassa Fever Incidence in Nigeria 2017-2018." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19003376.
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Introduction:Two major public health issues facing Nigeria in 2017 and 2018 were the terrorist activity by the Boko Haram Islamist group and an unprecedented outbreak of Lassa fever.Aim:To determine if Boko Haram activity was temporally or spatially related to the incidence of Lassa fever in Nigeria and if so, to identify potential concurrent causes and mitigation measures.Methods:The study was a mixed-methods design. First, we conducted a secondary analysis of the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data (ACLED) Project for all known Boko Haram activity and of the weekly Nigeria Centre for Disease Control reports for suspected Lassa fever cases. Data were analyzed for January 2017 through June 2018. The ACLED data were spatially overlaid with suspected Lassa cases for each of Nigeria’s 36 states. Secondly, we conducted interviews with six aid workers in Nigeria regarding Boko Haram activities and Lassa fever cases.Results:In the study period, 596 Boko Haram activities occurred in 13 states (36.1%): 416 in 2017 and 180 between January and June of 2018. During the same period, 3,137 suspected Lassa cases were reported from 21 states (58.3%): 1,022 in 2017 and 2,115 in January through June 2018. Only one state, Sokoto, was unaffected by either issue. Aid workers reported a positive relationship between Boko Haram activity and increased negative health outcomes.Discussion:The investigation found little geographic overlap in Nigeria between Boko Haram activity and the 2018 Lassa fever outbreak, suggesting independence of these two issues. However, unmeasured factors, such as public fear and mistrust of governmental activities, may affect both issues. It is also critical to note that widespread co-occurrence (97.2% of 36 states) of these two issues presents significant public health, medical, and security challenges for Nigeria, calling for overarching solutions such as governmental stability and economic stimulus.
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Dele-Adedeji, Ini. "Scarcity in the Study of Boko Haram in Nigeria: Notes from the Field (2013-2016)." Sources of Violence 2 (2021): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/11taa.
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Since the national and subsequent international spotlight has been put on Boko Haram in 2009, the Nigerian sect has piqued the curiosity of the academic and non-academic worlds. The continuous stream of scholarly, media and general audience writings focusing on Boko Haram is testament to this. The skirmishes between Boko Haram fighters and the Nigerian security forces in north-eastern Nigeria in July 2009, leading to the extra-judicial killing of Mohammed Yusuf, the sect’s leader, proved to be epochal in shaping and changing the history of the movement—turning it from a fringe radical Islamic sect to an insurgent movement. In the years that have since followed, the multiple narratives that have emerged on various topics relating to Boko Haram have attempted to shape public opinion based on the limited data available on the sect’s activities. Drawing upon an analysis of relevant scholarship and fieldwork data, this article argues that the post-July 2009 policy of the Nigerian government and military has engendered an economy of data scarcity on Boko Haram. This scarcity, which has negatively affected the quality of the outputs disseminated on the sect, can only be addressed through the collection, production and use of more primary data from the field. This article draws upon ethnographic data collected during fieldwork in 2013-2015 in northern Nigeria, and north-eastern Nigeria in particular, to make the argument that the absence of a wider stream of ethnographic data on Boko Haram has encouraged the use of derivative data, and in some cases of no data at all. The anthropological sources of data have to be emphasized in order to fill the glaring gaps which the economy of data scarcity is responsible for, thus affecting the study of Boko Haram.
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Lawrance, Benjamin N. "Boko Haram, Asylum, and Memes of Africa." Hawwa 13, no. 2 (September 4, 2015): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341276.
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This opinion piece examines evidence that Boko Haram is being invoked in asylum and refugee contexts. The author suggests that Boko Haram has emerged a meme of contemporary Africa, insofar as it appears to have become a cultural reference tool for wider anxieties and jeopardies, one that is transmitted by repetition and replication. The Boko Haram meme may benefit asylum-seekers and refugees who struggle to document their experiences or sustain their narratives of persecution, and has implications well beyond Nigeria and the continent of Africa.
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Mulegi, Tom, Usman Bappi, Mohammed Banga, and Shakiro Iluku Joyce. "Impact of Boko Haram Insurgency on Educational Infrastructure Development in Potiskum Local Government Area, Yobe State, Nigeria: A Perception Study." IAA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 10, no. 1 (March 2, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/iaajss/2024/10.1.19000.
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Security threat is a phenomenon that is currently drawing the attention of everybody across the globe. However, the activities of Boko Haram insurgency in north-eastern Nigeria in recent time have significantly affected educational activities in the region. This paper focused on the Perception of secondary school teachers on the impact of Boko Haram insurgency on Government Senior Secondary School Infrastructure development in local Government in Potiskum, Yobe State. The study adopted survey research design. The population of the study comprised all teachers and school administrators in Government Senior Secondary Schools in Potiskum which amounted to 729. Samples of 248 respondents were randomly selected from the population. Questionnaire designed along a Likert scale was used for data collection. The data collected were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics, the descriptive statistics used include; mean, standard deviation and percentage, while graphs and charts were used to present the data. The Inferential statistics used was Paired-tTest. The findings of the study revealed that, Boko Haram insurgency has negatively affected the school infrastructure in Government Senior Secondary Schools in Potiskum. Besides, the hypotheses tested at 5% were significant (sig-v. >P = 0.05). The study thereby concluded that, infrastructures, in Government Senior Secondary Schools in Potiskum have been affected by activities of Boko Haram. Finally, the study recommended that, government should make provision for infrastructures destroyed by Boko Haram insurgency. Keywords: Boko Haram, Security threat, Perception, insurgency, infrastructure
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M. Awa, Peculiar. "Family and Community Dynamics That Contribute to Female Involvement in Terrorist Activity in Nigeria." International Journal of Law and Public Administration 4, no. 2 (December 7, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijlpa.v4i2.5419.
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Since 2013, Boko Haram has significantly contributed to gendered violence against women. This study examines the experiences of 16 women and girls who lived in the Boko Haram camp from 2014-2018 and had varying levels of engagement in the organization's activities. The study employs a qualitative phenomenological in-depth interview methodology. Semi-structured interviews conducted in Nigeria yielded data on the respondents' experiences before, during, and after their times with Boko Haram. Based on the analysis of interview responses and field notes, several themes emerged. Overall findings suggest that family and community dynamics play a significant role in terrorism in Nigeria. More specifically, early child marriage and the lack of access to education increase girls' vulnerability to abductions by Boko Haram, which, in turn, contributes to involvement in terrorism. Boko Haram members take control over the most disadvantaged and vulnerable victims and, through direct threats or non-consensual marriage, force these women to succumb to their pressure. Respondents reported facing barriers to reintegration into the community, although those with more formal education tended to fare better. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for future research and counter-terrorism efforts in Nigeria.
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Galadima, Zanna. "An Assessment of Boko Haram Crisis and the Socio-Political Development of Borno State, Nigeria." Journal of Public Policy and Administration 8, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 32–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jppa.1795.
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Purpose: This research work attempt to examine the Boko Haram crisis in Borno State and how it undermines socio-political development, with Maiduguri being our case study. The work has five chapters, each chapter structured in analysing the Boko Haram crisis in Nigeria and how it affects the socio-political development of Borno State.
Methodology: the research developed twelve questions, these questions were administered in form of questionnaires to 400 people who were selected as a sample of the population primary and secondary data were used as a source of data while tables and percentages were used in organizing and presenting the data collected.
Findings: The data analysis revealed that Boko Haram crisis has created so many backwardness, hatred, national disintegration and lack of unity in Nigeria.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The researcher therefore recommended that for Boko Haram crisis to be prevented, the government should take adequate measures to shut down any training terrorist camps operated by the Boko Haram sect. Then, the nation will start experiencing peace, oneness, security, national unity, development and progress for the betterment of all Nigerians.
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Loimeier, Roman. "Boko Haram: The Development of a Militant Religious Movement in Nigeria." Africa Spectrum 47, no. 2-3 (August 2012): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971204702-308.
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Since 2009, the radical Muslim movement in northern Nigeria known as Boko Haram has become widely known in Western media for both its militant actions and its ultra-fundamentalist programme. This analysis examines Boko Haram from a historical perspective, viewing the movement as a result of social, political and generational dynamics within the larger field of northern Nigerian radical Islam. The contribution also considers some of the theological dimensions of the dispute between Boko Haram and its Muslim opponents and presents the different stages of militant activity through which this movement has gone so far. The article shows that movements such as Boko Haram are deeply rooted in northern Nigeria's specific economic, religious and political development and are thus likely to crop up again if basic frame conditions such as social injustice, corruption and economic mismanagement do not change.
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Omenma, J. Tochukwu. "Untold Story of Boko Haram Insurgency: The Lake Chad Oil and Gas Connection." Politics and Religion 13, no. 1 (May 20, 2019): 180–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048319000166.
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AbstractThis article makes a case for the nexus between water resources and terrorism. Using Boko Haram activities in the Lake Chad region, I question the conventional arguments linking religion to the root cause of terrorism. I argue that there is an economic dimension of Boko Haram terrorism, which is based on two interrelated indicators: the attack on the Nigerian oil exploration team in the Lake Chad basin, and the continuous exploitation of oil and gas by Chad, Niger, and Cameroon in the region. Building on economic incentives and natural resources theoretical debates along with a historical enquiry into Boko Haram, the article concludes that economic interests, rather than religion, are partly the impetus to the activities of Boko Haram. The findings have significant implications for both the security of the Lake Chad region and counterterrorism at large.
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OMOTOSO, Ph.D, Sharon, Mutiat OLADEJO,Ph.D, and Temitope BELLO, Ph.D. "Female Mob Encounters and Boko-Haram in the North-East of Nigeria, 2009-2019." BULLETIN OF "CAROL I" NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY 12, no. 3 (October 6, 2023): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-23-30.
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As African states grapple with the challenges of democratic governance, there are postcolonial experiences of mob-related violence. Such is manifest in the extrajudicial reaction of citizens across North-East Nigeria to suspected attacks by agents of the Boko Haram insurgency. Scholarly contributions have established various dimensions of the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. However, little attention is given to the nuances of gender and mob-induced violence and their implications for the security and development of women. Thus, this work examines the contexts of mob justice meted out to women webbed in Boko Haram-instigated suicide bombing. Findings from the study reveal that female suicide terrorism and the resultant social sanctions have further positioned women as vulnerable instruments of terror and subsequently as bearers of the security burdens that accompany mob justice perpetration within contexts of the Boko Haram insurgency.
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Mashio, Umar B., and Yusuf A. Zoaka. "Terrorism and regional trade: a study of Boko Haram in the Lake Chad region from 2012- 2020." Journal of Global Social Sciences 4, no. 16 (December 1, 2023): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.58934/jgss.v4i16.224.
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This study examines how terrorist actions, namely those of Boko Haram (BHT), have impacted regional commerce in the Lake Chad Region. This article looks at the terrorist actions and insurgency of the Islamic fundamentalist group Boko Haram in the states of Western and Central Africa. Boko Haram wants to topple the governments of Nigeria and Chad in order to impose a harsh version of Sharia rule over the nation, which is home to over 230 million people of all ethnic backgrounds. Boko Haram started an extremely aggressive insurgency in 2009, which has resulted in the deaths of almost 18,000 people and the destruction of property valued at millions of dollars via explosives and massacres. This has severely harmed the region's economy by affecting trade ties between neighbouring countries in the Lake Chad region and the rest of the globe. The primary focus of the paper is on the political, military, and legal responses of Nigeria and its neighbouring countries to the hazardous acts of Boko Haram, which they see as the most effective means of putting an end to the insurgency. It also discusses Boko Haram's demands and ideology in short. The paper employs a qualitative methodology to examine international relations, with a particular emphasis on the concept of political economics of terrorism. This theory looks at the relationship between economic problems including poverty, inequality, and resource availability and how it relates to terrorism. Scientists with expertise in economics, political science, and sociology collaborated to develop the concept of the political economy of terrorism. According to the report, the insecurity threat posed by Boko Haram assaults prevents foreign investments and significantly halts local business and economic operations.
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Akingbade, Adewale, Afolabi Olabamiji, and Olayinka Ajala. "Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Boko Haram Attacks and its Effects on Education in Northern Nigeria (2009-2020)." Interdisciplinary Journal of Sociality Studies 2 (January 1, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51986/ijss-2022.vol2.01.
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The persistent attacks from Boko Haram have been issues of concern to the Nigerian government and its citizens. The study assessed spatio-temporal pattern of attacks by Boko-Haram insurgents and its effects on education in the Northern Region of Nigeria between 2009 and 2020 with specific objectives of ascertaining the pattern of the attacks, and appraising the trend of attacks’ fatalities over time, and reviewing the effects of the attacks on education. The study covered all three geopolitical zones (19 States with FCT) in the Northern Region of Nigeria. Data on Boko-Haram attacks were obtained from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) database. Nearest Neighbourhood Analysis and Geographically Weighted Regression on ArcGIS 10.8 were analytical techniques adopted in this study. Results with a negative Z-value of -88.62 indicated the clustered pattern of Boko-Haram at an observed mean distance of 1213 metres from one attack to another. There were 28 792 reported fatalities due to Boko-Haram attacks from 2009 and 2020. Boko Haram has affected the education system of the Northern Region of Nigeria through attacks and abduction of students. The study revealed that geospatial technology has the potential to analyse and monitor insecurity issues, and it is thus recommended that geospatial technology need to be integrated into security surveillance and operation to curb the challenges of insecurity on education, not only in the northern region but the entire space of Nigeria, so that Sustainable Development Goal Four (quality education for all) can be achieved.
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Oriola, Temitope B. "Nigerian Soldiers On The War Against Boko Haram." African Affairs 120, no. 479 (March 29, 2021): 147–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adab003.
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Abstract This study explores two main questions: What are the experiences of soldiers who have fought against Boko Haram? What can these experiences teach us about the seeming incapacity of the Nigerian military to defeat Boko Haram? Six major themes are explored. These are perspectives on the mission, morale of troops, military equipment and weapons, suicide and murder–suicide among troops, intelligence leaks, and relationships of troops with the Civilian Joint Task Force, an extralegal militia. Soldiers’ discourses on the mission against Boko Haram reveal three overlapping dimensions. First, there are suspicions about the sponsors and political godfathers of Boko Haram. This suggests a belief that Boko Haram is a conspiracy involving the government and top brass of the military. Second, the patronage system involved in deployment into key positions on the war front. Third, participants believe that the war is being deliberately prolonged because it is a moneymaking machinery for the political and military elites. The evidence suggests that availability of weapons varies by unit and the agency of commanders—their networks and influence within the military and willingness to disobey orders from superiors if their demands are not met. This situation produces radically variegated wartime experiences among troops. Non-commissioned soldiers believe senior commissioned officers perpetrate intelligence leaks and are responsible for the protracted war. Senior Army Generals interviewed in this study support this perspective. The study has major policy implications for successful operations against Boko Haram in the Lake Chad Basin area and the broader war against terrorism in the Sahel.
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Adesoji, Abimbola. "The Boko Haram Uprising and Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria." Africa Spectrum 45, no. 2 (August 2010): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971004500205.
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From the 1980 Maitatsine uprising to the 2009 Boko Haram up-rising, Nigeria was bedevilled by ethno-religious conflicts with devastating human and material losses. But the Boko Haram uprising of July 2009 was significant in that it not only set a precedent, but also reinforced the attempts by Islamic conservative elements at imposing a variant of Islamic religious ideology on a secular state. Whereas the religious sensitivity of Nigerians provided fertile ground for the breeding of the Boko Haram sect, the sect's blossoming was also aided by the prevailing economic dislocation in Nigerian society, the advent of party politics (and the associated desperation of politicians for political power), and the ambivalence of some vocal Islamic leaders, who, though they did not actively embark on insurrection, either did nothing to stop it from fomenting, or only feebly condemned it. These internal factors coupled with growing Islamic fundamentalism around the world make a highly volatile Nigerian society prone to violence, as evidenced by the Boko Haram uprising. Given the approach of the Nigerian state to religious conflict, this violence may remain a recurring problem. This paper documents and analyses the Boko Haram uprising, as well as its links with the promotion of Islamic revivalism and the challenges it poses to the secularity of the Nigerian state.
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Idris, Saminu, and Musa Adam. "Understanding Boko Haram’s Hybrid Operational Methods in Northwestern Nigeria." African Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajpas.v16i1.30.
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This paper investigates the hybrid operational character of Boko Haram within the contexts of methods, strategies, and organizational affiliations in the northwestern region. This is due to the continued expansion of Boko Haram into the region since the military reinvigoration in the northeast. The new military operations in the region have caused serious disorientation in the ranks of Boko haram, which necessitated a move to other regions to avoid defeat by the Nigerian military. This study uses qualitative methods to demonstrate the vast range of techniques connected with bandits and other groups in the area based on the operational nexus. The materials used were content analyzed thematically. This study is predicated on Makarenko’s crime-terror nexus model for the analysis. The theory highlighted levels of alliances, convergence, and operational tools armed groups adopt to achieve their goals. The paper finds that Boko haram has developed hybrid operational strategies to expand its operational areas for a continued existence. The hybrid operational character was developed based on alliances and the adoption of operational tools. The study recommends that Nigeria first understand this development as a new hybrid threat to deal with and contain Boko Haram and other groups of similar style in Nigeria.
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Hansen, William. "Boko Haram: Religious Radicalism and Insurrection in Northern Nigeria." Journal of Asian and African Studies 52, no. 4 (December 17, 2015): 551–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909615615594.
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This article is interested in shedding light on why a phenomenon such as Boko Haram came into existence and why it poses a threat to the very existence of the Nigerian state. The Boko Haram phenomenon, I argue, can only be understood as a reaction to more than a half century of corruption, venality, poverty, and abuse by the state predator class. My argument is that Boko Haram is the entirely logical consequence of more than five decades of the post-colonial Nigerian state ruled by a parasitic predator class that is itself a by-product of the colonial state.
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Wild, Hannah. "Unmasking Boko Haram and The Boko Haram Insurgence in Nigeria: Perspectives from Within." Terrorism and Political Violence 33, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2021.1864971.
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Pereira, Charmaine. "Beyond the Spectacular." Meridians 17, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 246–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15366936-7176417.
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AbstractThe aim of this essay is to interrogate gender relations in the wake of the Boko Haram insurgency in a way that recognizes continuities as well as discontinuities across multiple dimensions of social relations. The essay begins by outlining the changing trajectory of the Boko Haram insurgency and scholarly efforts to understand it as a social phenomenon. The second section discusses how research and media recognition of Boko Haram’s violence in relation to women led to a focus on spectacular events, such as mass abductions and suicide bombings. It is critical to recognize the politics of visibility and nonvisibility regarding women in the gendered dynamics set in motion by Boko Haram’s spectacles of violence. Finally, the essay points to ways in which feminist analyses of conflict and militarism throw light on the more suppressed yet critical dimensions of gender relations that surface in the wake of the Boko Haram insurgency.
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Kingah, Stephen. "Legal Treatment of Boko Haram Militants Captured by Cameroon." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 26, no. 1 (February 2018): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2018.0219.
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This study considers the nature of the challenges posed by Boko Haram militants in Cameroon. It presents the government's legal responses. The article equally considers the various ways in which militants can adhere to international law relating to the non-international armed conflict between Cameroon and Boko Haram militants.
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Alexandrine, Malé M. "From the Loss of Identity to the Martyrization of Peasants in the Boko Haram Era: A Study Based on the Displaced Peasants of Mora in Mayo-Sava." European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 5 (September 29, 2022): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejsocial.2022.2.5.317.
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The outbreak of terrorism in the Lake Chad basin results from the various social, economic and security changes observed. Boko Haram has infiltrated this sub-region and is spreading terror in the main border areas. Gradually, a net depopulation due to the massive mobility of populations was noticed. This study focuses on the direct effects of the expansion of terrorism by Boko Haram on internally displaced peasants who are the main victims. It therefore relies on displaced people from the Mayo-Sava department in the Far North of Cameroon; in a context of belonging to a group in which an individual is identified by his own habits and customs. Thus, this research tries to solve the following hypothesis: the attacks perpetrated by Boko Haram in the border areas of Cameroon, lead to a loss of identity of the peasants who in reality are full victims of the crisis generated by Boko Haram. To verify this hypothesis, random surveys were carried out with a representative sample of 300 people, all displaced from the department. In addition, interviews with target persons were carried out. Thus, it appears that peasants confronted with Boko Haram are losing their identity. Uprooted from their origins in the quest for security, adapting to a new social living environment is still not favorable to them. This rupture represents this loss of identity.
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Aroyewun, Temitope Folashade, Helen Osinowo, Asma Perveen, and Khadijah Aroyewun-Adekomaiya. "A Description of MMPI-2-RF Profile of Eleven Boko Haram Terrorists." TAZKIYA Journal of Psychology 11, no. 2 (October 31, 2023): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/tazkiya.v11i2.32582.
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Nigeria, the largest country on the continent of Africa, has been fighting wars with the proclaimed terrorist group Boko Haram. Currently, Boko Haram has between 1,500 and 2,000 fighters; most documentation about them is either a position paper or a situation review. There is scanty data on the personality and psychological assessment of Boko Haram terrorists using a standardized self-report inventory. Hence, this study aims to describe and explore the profile of the Boko Haram suspects on all the scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form. Eleven respondents were purposefully recruited because they were the only ones incarcerated at the ‘Kiri-kiri’ Prison facility at the time of this research. Their scores on the inventory were descriptively analyzed. More of these terrorists endorsed significant scores or symptoms of emotional/internalizing dysfunction (EID), somatic complaints (RC1), antisocial behavior (RC4), ideas of persecution (RC6), gastrointestinal complaints (GIC), neurological complaints (NUC), suicidal/death ideation (SUI), anxiety (AXY), shyness (SHY), and disaffiliativeness (DSF), while elevated scores or severe symptoms were reported on stress/worry (STW) and psychoticism (PSYC-r). This research provides personality and psychological assessments of Boko Haram terrorists for the first time using MMPI-2-RF, though it is limited by sample size. Therefore, a larger sample size may be needed for further studies and the ability to make inferences and generalizations.
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Adela, Gershon. "“Small Fires Causing Large Fires”: The rise of Boko Haram in Northeastern Nigeria and its Transnational Posture in the Lake Chad Basin." Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare 4, no. 2 (November 23, 2021): 46–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21810/jicw.v4i2.2952.
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The Islamist group, Jama’atul Alhul Sunnah Lidda’wati wal Jihad, translated as “people committed to the propagation of the Prophet’s teachings and jihad”, is commonly known as Boko Haram, which means “Western education is forbidden.” It originated in Nigeria’s northeastern state of Borno in 2002, but its violence extends into neighboring Cameroon, Chad, and Niger in the Lake Chad Basin. This article provides an overview of the factors that led to the emergence of Boko Haram, its resort to violence, and rapid expansion in the Lake Chad Basin. The article argues that the Boko Haram insurgency is the result of the combination of overlapping and self-complementing factors. The similarity of these factors across Nigeria’s neighboring countries in the Lake Chad Basin has led to the rapid escalation of Boko Haram’s conflict.
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W. A. Duyile. "A Prelude to the Boko Haram Insurgency: A Doctrinal Interrogation." Matondang Journal 2, no. 2 (June 19, 2023): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/matondang.v2i2.922.
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This study looked at Northern Nigeria prior to the origination of Boko Haram in the 21st Century. The research also traced the activities of Islamic sects from the 19th century and the factors that preluded the Boko Haram war. A retrospect and review of the facts was made, in order that scholars would have an insight on the doctrinal influences of sect activities on clandestine groups like Boko Haram. The research examined the perceptions, as well as doctrines, philosophy and influence. The study relied on documentary data. The documentary data were sourced from newspapers, journal papers, internet sources and correspondence. The documentary was subjected to internal and external criticism for authentication, and then to textual and contextual analyses. This crisis in Northern Nigeria correlates very much to the sectarian interpretations. The undefined Nigerian border with Cameroon, Chad, and Niger in the North allowed for interaction among the people of both nations. It is this lacuna that made Boko Haram evasive in strategic terms. It is also the core reason for insecurity and terrorism.