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Journal articles on the topic 'Bombing, Aerial – Germany'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Garon, Sheldon. "On the Transnational Destruction of Cities: What Japan and the United States Learned from the Bombing of Britain and Germany in the Second World War*." Past & Present 247, no. 1 (2020): 235–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtz054.

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Abstract How did it become ‘normal’ to bomb civilians? Focusing on the aerial bombardment of China, Germany, Britain, and Japan in 1937-45, this essay spotlights the role of transnational learning in the construction and destruction of ‘home fronts’. Belligerents vigorously studied each other's strategies to destroy the enemy's cities and ‘morale’, while investigating efforts to defend one's own home front by means of ‘civilian defence’. The inclusion of Japan, as bomber and bombed, contributes to a more global, connected history of the Second World War. Japan's sustained bombardment of Chines

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2

Mehring, Sigrid. "The Judgment of the German Bundesverfassungsgericht concerning Reparations for the Victims of the Varvarin Bombing." International Criminal Law Review 15, no. 1 (2015): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01501005.

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In August 2013, the German Federal Constitutional Court affirmed its stance against claims by individuals for reparations for violations of international humanitarian law that it had developed in previous case law. It denied reparation and compensation to be paid by the Federal Republic of Germany to the relatives of killed civilians and to civilians wounded as a consequence of the destruction of a bridge in the Serbian city of Varvarin. The bridge had been destroyed on 30 May 1999 in the course of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s (nato) aerial action “Allied Force” against the Federal

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3

Oppenheimer, Andrew. "Air Wars and Empire: Gandhi and the Search for a Usable Past in Postwar Germany." Central European History 45, no. 4 (2012): 669–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938912000647.

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A manWho sets a house ablaze is anArsonist who is prosecuted and punishedUnder the law.A manWho turns entire cities toDebris and ash is aConquerorWho is hailed as a hero.This poem, published in an early postwar edition of the German-language pacifist journalDer Friedensbote, encapsulates a vision of modern war that circulated among German peace activists during the late 1940s and early 1950s. It is an image of war as arson on a massive scale, of strategic bombing campaigns that burned cities and civilians to ashes. Of course, the less than subtle allusion here is to the aerial assaults carried

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4

Delori, Mathias. "The Positivist, the Keynesian, the Poet, and the Bombs." Political Anthropological Research on International Social Sciences (PARISS) 4, no. 1 (2023): 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1163/25903276-bja10043.

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Abstract In the aftermath of World War ii, the U.S. government commissioned a survey in order to assess the effects of the massive aerial bombing of German cities. The United States Strategic Bombing Survey (ussbs) included two teams of social scientists which reached opposite conclusions regarding the effects of the bombing on civilian “morale”. The team led by Keynesian economist John K. Galbraith concluded that the bombings had the opposite effect of what was intended: they remobilized the civilian population against the aggressors. The team of positivist psychosociologist Rensis Likert, on

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5

Meixner, P., and M. Eckstein. "MULTI-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF WWII RECONNAISSANCE PHOTOS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 24, 2016): 973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-973-2016.

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There are millions of aerial photographs from the period of the Second Wold War available in the Allied archives, obtained by aerial photo reconnaissance, covering most of today’s European countries. They are spanning the time from 1938 until the end of the war and even beyond. Photo reconnaissance provided intelligence information for the Allied headquarters and accompanied the bombing offensive against the German homeland and the occupied territories. <br><br> One of the initial principal targets in Bohemia were the synthetized fuel works STW AG (Sudetenländische Treibstoffwerke

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Meixner, P., and M. Eckstein. "MULTI-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF WWII RECONNAISSANCE PHOTOS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 24, 2016): 973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-973-2016.

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There are millions of aerial photographs from the period of the Second Wold War available in the Allied archives, obtained by aerial photo reconnaissance, covering most of today’s European countries. They are spanning the time from 1938 until the end of the war and even beyond. Photo reconnaissance provided intelligence information for the Allied headquarters and accompanied the bombing offensive against the German homeland and the occupied territories. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; One of the initial principal targets in Bohemia were the synthetized fuel works STW AG (Sudetenländische

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7

Maier, Charles S. "Targeting the city: Debates and silences about the aerial bombing of World War II." International Review of the Red Cross 87, no. 859 (2005): 429–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383100184322.

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AbstractThe article goes back to the early discussions of the morality of city bombing which took place before and during World War II and attempts to analyze both the moral argumentation and its historical context from the 1940s until today. The development of the doctrine of “collateral damage” which recognized that attacking enemy factories was permissible even if it cost the lives and homes of civilians was soon widened beyond its original notion. After the war, the dropping of the atomic bombs became an issue in its own right, to be considered separately from the earlier recourse to conve

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8

Capps Tunwell, David, David G. Passmore, and Stephan Harrison. "A witness in the landscape: The bombing of the Forêt domaniale des Andaines and the Normandy Campaign, NW France, 1944." War in History 25, no. 1 (2017): 69–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344516650228.

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An archaeological survey of well-preserved Second World War German supply depots and bomb craters from Allied air raids in the Forêt domaniale des Andaines, Normandy, has prompted an evaluation of the effectiveness of Allied intelligence gathering and tactical bombing of the German logistics network in advance of, and during the Normandy Campaign of June–August 1944. In conjunction with analysis of primary German and Allied archive sources, published historical accounts and aerial photographs, we demonstrate that Allied intelligence knew of the importance of the forest as a major fuel depot an

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9

Piankevich, Vladimir. "“This disaster is probably worse than the bombing”: the fires of besieged Leningrad in the perception of Leningraders." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 12-2 (2020): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi35.

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The article deals with the problem of perception of fires that were the result of German aerial bombardments and artillery shellings of Leningrad, as well as the careless actions of emaciated citizens during the blockade of the city. The paper is based on the evidence of Blockade’s period (diaries, letters, official documents, periodical press materials), transcript of oral evidence, which appeared shortly after the blockade and the war, memories, interviews created later.

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10

Ambrose, Charles T. "A letter about Jean Fernel by Charles Sherrington and the mind–brain connection." Journal of Medical Biography 30, no. 2 (2021): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967772019858235.

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In 1940 during the early phase of the Nazi aerial assault on Britain, the English neurophysiologist, C.S. Sherrington, age 83 years, had just published a philosophical work, Man on His Nature, and was researching the writings of Jean Fernel, a 16th century French physician . Sherrington’s study of Fernel stemmed from a common interest they shared in the association between the mind and the brain. This essay was prompted by a short letter penned by Sherrington in December 1940 and bound years later in his biography, The Endeavour of Jean Fernel, published in 1946. The letter requested informati

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11

Hussey, Stephen. "The School Air-Raid Shelter: Rethinking Wartime Pedagogies." History of Education Quarterly 43, no. 4 (2003): 517–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2003.tb00133.x.

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At the outbreak of World War II on the 3rd of September 1939, the British government feared that Britain's cities would soon be targeted by the German Luftwaffe, and within three days in early September it enacted a mass evacuation scheme that had been prepared the year before. That scheme entailed a huge movement of population, relocating 1.5 million of Britain's city children, their teachers, mothers with preschool children, and pregnant women from their homes to the safety of small towns and villages in designated “reception” areas. Evacuation would empty the threatened inner cities of the

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12

Mustățea, Mihaela. "Italy, the second Libyan war, and the Frontex Irini Operation." Euro-Atlantic Studies, no. 5 (2022): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/eas.2022.5.5.

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In 2011, Libya plunged into a civil war after the outbreak of the Arab Spring, a revolutionary movement characterized by massive civil protests which tried to build democratic societies in the Middle East and North Africa and put to an end the old repressive political regimes. After several months of civil war and bombings over Libya, longtime Muamar Ghaddafi’s dictatorial regime fell. Although the U.S. did not directly intervene in Libya, it supported the overthrow of Ghadafi through the intervention of NATO, providing aerial support and airstrikes for the opposition force (it also establishe

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13

Andrea, Piolini. "Allied Aerial Operations in World War II." July 10, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3939061.

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World War II (WW II) was the largest and deadliest conflict in history, and it involved virtually every part of the world between 1939 and 1945. During WWII, air power was implemented to achieve strategic objectives for the first time in history, and strategic bombing became a fundamental part of military combat. The U.S. Department of Defense defines strategic bombing as a military strategy used with the goal of “destroying enemy military and infrastructure targets and lowering their morale.” The Allied forces relied on strategic bombing extensively during the conflict, attem

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14

Clodfelter, Mark. "Aiming to Break Will: America's World War II Bombing of German Morale and its Ramifications." June 1, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390903189436.

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Current US Air Force doctrine emphasizes attacking an enemy's 'will to resist' without defining 'will'. Much of the Air Force's focus on will stems from prewar bombing doctrine and America's initial effort to break an enemy's morale with bombs – the aerial assault on Nazi Germany. That bombing revealed that a nation-state's will to resist actually consists of three distinctive elements – the will of its populace, government leaders, and the armed forces – which together form a collective desire to fight. The bombing also showed that the resilience of the individual components depends on the st

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15

Garon, Sheldon. "Defending Civilians against Aerial Bombardment: A Comparative/Transnational History of Japanese, German, and British Home Fronts, 1918-1945." Asia-Pacific Journal 14, no. 6 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1017/s1557466016013127.

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AbstractThis essay reveals the vital role of transnational learning in structuring air defense in Japan, Germany, and Britain in World War II, while comparing how each regime shaped the contours of home-front mobilization. In the decades between the two world wars, states increasingly recognized the new threat of aerial bombardment of cities, and they actively investigated other nations' efforts at “civilian defense” and “total war.” Learning continued during World War II. In countries experiencing bombing, civil defense programs did more to mobilize daily life than any other wartime imperativ

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16

Messenger, David A. "Local Government, Passive Defense and Aerial Bombardment in Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War, 1936–9." Journal of Contemporary History, April 15, 2021, 002200942199789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009421997898.

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The bombardment of civilians from the air was a regular feature of the Spanish Civil War from 1936 to 1939. It is estimated some 15,000 Spaniards died as a result of air bombings during the Civil War, most civilians, and 11,000 were victims of bombing from the Francoist side that rebelled against the Republican government, supported by German and Italian aviation that joined the rebellion against the Republic. In Catalonia alone, some 1062 municipalities experienced aerial bombardments by the Francoist side of the civil war. In cities across Spain, municipal and regional authorities developed

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17

Selden, Mark, and Claire Andrieu. "Special Issue: Perspectives on the Bombing of Civilians From World War II to the Present (Table of Contents)." Asia-Pacific Journal 14, no. 6 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1017/s1557466016013139.

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1. Introduction - Mark Selden and Claire Andrieu2. Defending Civilians against Aerial Bombardment: A Comparative/Transnational History of Japanese, German, and British Home Fronts, 1918-1945 - Sheldon Garon3. Blockbusters, Nukes, and Drones: Trajectories of Change over a Century - Matthew Evangelista4. American Fire Bombing and Atomic Bombing of Japan in History and Memory - Mark Selden5. Napalm in US Bombing Doctrine and Practice, 1942-1975 - Marine Guillaume

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18

Conway-Lanz, Sahr. "The Ethics of Bombing Civilians After World War II: The Persistence of Norms Against Targeting Civilians in the Korean War." Asia-Pacific Journal 12, no. 37 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1017/s1557466014027867.

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World War II demonstrated an enormous shift in the technological capability of the United States to bring death and destruction to the civilian populations of its enemies through aerial attack. The American air forces undertook strategic bombing campaigns that pulverized and burned numerous German and Japanese cities, culminating in the nuclear devastation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This bombing killed hundreds of thousands of civilians. Although the massive killing of noncombatants did not provoke widespread protests or recriminations among Americans at the time, the aftermath was not a simpl

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19

Möbius, Torben. "World War II Aerial Bombings of Germany: Fear as Subject of National Socialist Governmental Practices." Storicamente 11 (January 11, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.12977/stor606.

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20

"E.A. Milne and the creation of air defence: some letters from an unprincipled brigand, 1916-1919." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 44, no. 2 (1990): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.1990.0020.

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During the First World War my father, the astrophysicist and mathematician E.A. Milne*, curtailed his undergraduate studies at Cambridge, and became one of ‘Hill’s Brigands’. They were a research group of talented mathematicians and physicists formed by the eminent physiologist A. V. Hill and centred at the naval gunnery school, HMS Excellent , at Portsmouth. Their investigations into anti-aircraft gunnery provided accurate knowledge, for the first time, of the behaviour of shells (1), and the conclusions they drew were compiled into a War Office textbook (2) which was still of use in World Wa

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21

Deheleanu, Adrian. "Începuturile aviaţiei române / The Beginnings of Romanian Aviation." Analele Banatului XIX 2011, January 1, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.55201/bbik1603.

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Due to the great Romanian inventors, such as Vuia Traian, Aurel Vlaicu and Henri Coanda, Romania was one ofthe first countries possessing military aircraft capable of military operations during the First World War.Providing military aviation was a continuing concern during the period between late 1912 and the end of1913. While planning during this period did lead to an increased number of planes, it failed to provide significantcombat potential.The contribution of Romanian pilots in World War I was substantial and they acted in the field with greattactical agility, providing ground troops with

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