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Journal articles on the topic 'Bombyci mori'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 24 June 2025

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1

Usanov, Ulug'bek Nurulla o'g'li, and Vasila G'oibnazar qizi Mamatova. "TANGACHAQANOTLILAR, YA'NI KAPALAKLAR (LEPIDOPTERA) TURKUMI BA'ZI OILALARI BIO-EKOLOGIYASI." Educational Research in Universal Sciences 2, no. 3 (2023): 325–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7808306.

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Kapalaklar turli xil kattalikda, qanotlari 3-8 mm dan 20-28 mm gacha. Kapalaklarning qanotlari mayd<strong>a</strong> tangachalar bilan qoplangan. Kapalaklar qanotining chiroyli rangda bo‘lishi ana shu tangachalardagi pigmentga bog‘liq. Og‘iz organlari so‘ruvchi xartumdan iborat. Xartum spiral shaklda boshining ostida taxlanib turadi.

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2

Hu, Congwu, Zhanqi Dong, Boyuan Deng, et al. "MicroRNA-6498-5p Inhibits Nosema bombycis Proliferation by Downregulating BmPLPP2 in Bombyx mori." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 12 (2021): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7121051.

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As microRNAs (miRNAs) are important expression regulators of coding RNA, it is important to characterize their role in the interaction between hosts and pathogens. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the miRNA alternation in Bombyx mori (B. mori) infected with Nosema bombycis (N. bombycis), RNA sequencing and stem-loop qPCR were conducted to screen and identify the significantly differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs). A total of 17 such miRNAs were identified in response to N. bombycis infection, among which miR6498-5p efficiently inhibited the proliferation of N. bombycis in BmE-SWU1 (BmE) cells by downregulating pyridoxal phosphate phosphatase 2 (BmPLPP2). In addition, a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay showed that miR6498-5p was located in the cytoplasm of BmE cells, while it was not found in the schizonts of N. bombycis. Further investigation of the effect of BmPLPP2 on the proliferation of schizonts found that the positive factor BmPLPP2 could facilitate N. bombycis completing its life cycle in cells by overexpression and RNAi of BmPLPP2. Our findings offer multiple new insights into the role of miRNAs in the interaction between hosts and microsporidia.

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3

Malysh, S. М., A. M. Utkuzova, A. N. Ignatieva, B. A. Mirzakhodjaev, and I. V. Grushevaya. "Susceptibility of Bombyx mori larvae to the microsporidium Nosema bombycis from the silkworm and Nosema sp. from the cotton bollworm." PLANT PROTECTION NEWS 106, no. 4 (2023): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2023-106-4-16148.

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Microsporidia are widespread parasites and cause diseases in economically important insects. A microsporidian isolate NspHA22 was discovered in the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera in South-Western Russia. It showed 100 % sequence identity of small subunit rRNA gene to Nosema bombycis, a natural parasite of the silkworm Bombyx mori. However, after feeding second or third instar B. mori larvae with spores of the new isolate, insect mortality didn’t differ from that of the control, and no sporulation was revealed in alive and perished insects. In contrast, feeding N. bombycis spores isolated from B. mori resulted in high levels of host mortality and intense parasite sporulation at all the infection dose and larval instars used. This likely indicates that the isolate NspHA22 belongs to a species different from N. bombycis, in spite of identity of rDNA sequences.

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4

He, Xinyi, Zhangwuke Fu, Mingqian Li, et al. "Nosema bombycis(Microsporidia) suppresses apoptosis inBmN cells (Bombyx mori)." Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 47, no. 9 (2015): 696–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmv062.

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5

Huang, Yukang, Shiyi Zheng, Xionge Mei, et al. "A secretory hexokinase plays an active role in the proliferation of Nosema bombycis." PeerJ 6 (September 21, 2018): e5658. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5658.

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The microsporidian Nosema bombycis is an obligate intracellular parasite of Bombyx mori, that lost its intact tricarboxylic acid cycle and mitochondria during evolution but retained its intact glycolysis pathway. N. bombycis hexokinase (NbHK) is not only a rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis but also a secretory protein. Indirect immunofluorescence assays and recombinant HK overexpressed in BmN cells showed that NbHK localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of host cell during the meront stage. When N. bombycis matured, NbHK tended to concentrate at the nuclei of host cells. Furthermore, the transcriptional profile of NbHK implied it functioned during N. bombycis’ proliferation stages. A knock-down of NbHK effectively suppressed the proliferation of N. bombycis indicating that NbHK is an important protein for parasite to control its host.

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6

Dr. A. D. Jadhav, Dr A. D. Jadhav, A. S. Desai A. S. Desai, and Dr T. V. Sathe Dr. T. V. Sathe. "Distribution and Economic Status of Uzi Fly Exorista Bombycis Louis, A Parasitoid of Mulberry Silk Worm Bombyx Mori L. in Maharashtra." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 7 (2012): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/july2014/2.

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7

Gu, Shi-Hong, and Chien-Hung Chen. "Reactive oxygen species-mediated bombyxin signaling in Bombyx mori." Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 117 (February 2020): 103279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103279.

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8

Sonawane, PP, NB Puri, PJ Shendkar, et al. "Studies On Degumming and Microwave Assisted Formulations of Silk Fibroin Nanocomposites." Int. Res. Journal of Science & Engineering, A12 (March 24, 2023): 73–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7832239.

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It is well known that traditionally, silk fibroin has been used for wearable products for a pretty long time. Many more farmers are involved in sericulture industries, and it is the backbone of the silk industry in the country. In recent years, there is considerable amount of interest in innovative research on value-added products of silk fibroin bio nanocomposites. However, formulations of silk fibroin bio nanocomposites are complicated and time-consuming process. It takes more than 52 hours and may not be suitable for production of value-added products for the sericulture farmers. There is a need for research in the field of low degradation degumming, dissolving, and reproducible desalting methodology, which would allow the isolation of native-like silk fibroin and might be employed for the ultimate industrial manufacture of regenerated silk fibroin. The purpose of this paper is to report the Studies On Microwave Assisted Formulations of Silk Fibroin Nanocomposites.The first goal is to create a softer degumming approach that would allow us to begin the dissolution process with low to non-degraded silk fibroin material. This method is based on Chung et al observation’s that the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) improves degumming and the notion that shortening cooking time by employing microwave radiation minimizes degradation of the silk during the degumming process. Another goal of this effort is to reduce the time and temperature required for the complete dissolution of degummed silk fibroin, with the goal to destroy the silk fibroin as little as possible. The method developed is based on the results in the field of silk fibre quality control. So, this work looks into a new way to separate non-degraded regenerated silk fibroin, which requires the processing time of 52 hours with standard methods brings down to only 4 hours with the new method. When repeated short-term microwave treatments are used instead of the standard degumming protocol, degummed silk fibroin that didn’t break down was made. Afterwards a ZnCl2 solution was used to completely dissolve the degummed fibroin in just 1 hour at a temperature of 45 °C. Gel filtration was used to get rid of the salt. Based on these changes, a cytocompatibility aqueous silk fibroin solution could be made from degummed silk in only 4 hours, cutting the total process time by 48 hours without affecting the quality of the isolated silk fibroin solution.   <strong>Keywords: </strong>,

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9

Rao, S. Nageswara, B. Surendra Nath, and B. Saratchandra. "Characterization and phylogenetic relationships among microsporidia infecting silkworm, Bombyx mori, using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and small subunit rRNA (SSU-rRNA) sequence analysis." Genome 48, no. 3 (2005): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-109.

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This study is the first report on the genetic characterization and relationships among different microsporidia infecting the silkworm, Bombyx mori, using inter simple sequence repeat PCR (ISSR-PCR) analysis. Six different microsporidians were distinguished through molecular DNA typing using ISSR-PCR. Thus, ISSR-PCR analysis can be a powerful tool to detect polymorphisms and identify microsporidians, which are difficult to study with microscopy because of their extremely small size. Of the 100 ISSR primers tested, only 28 primers had reproducibility and high polymorphism (93%). A total of 24 ISSR primers produced 55 unique genetic markers, which could be used to differentiate the microsporidians from each other. Among the 28 SSRs tested, the most abundant were (CA)n, (GA)n, and (GT)n repeats. The degree of band sharing was used to evaluate genetic similarity between different microsporidian isolates and to construct a phylogenetic tree using Jaccard's similarity coefficient. The results indicate that the DNA profiles based on ISSR markers can be used as diagnostic tools to identify different microsporidia with considerable accuracy. In addition, the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA) sequence gene was amplified, cloned, and sequenced from each of the 6 microsporidian isolates. These sequences were compared with 20 other microsporidian SSU-rRNA sequences to develop a phylogenetic tree for the microsporidia isolated from the silkworms. This method was found to be useful in establishing the phylogenetic relationships among the different microsporidians isolated from silkworms. Of the 6 microsporidian isolates, NIK-1s revealed an SSU-rRNA gene sequence similar to Nosema bombycis, indicating that NIK-1s is similar to N. bombycis; the remaining 5 isolates, which differed from each other and from N. bombycis, were considered to be different variants belonging to the species N. bombycis.Key words: microsporidia, Nosema, silkworm, Bombyx mori, inter simple sequence repeat PCR, small subunit rRNA, phylogeny.

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10

Hua, Xiaoting, Wei Xu, Sanyuan Ma, and Qingyou Xia. "STING-dependent autophagy suppresses Nosema bombycis infection in silkworms, Bombyx mori." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 115 (February 2021): 103862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2020.103862.

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11

Pan, Zhong Hua, Cheng Liang Gong, Xiao Jian Zheng, Rui Guo, and Wei De Shen. "Application of Pebrine Detection by PCR Infected Bombyx Mori Eggs." Advanced Materials Research 175-176 (January 2011): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.175-176.8.

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With the development of the PCR technology, especially the improvement of its reagent and a method of pebrine detection by PCR in infected Bombyx mori eggs was established.With the 16sRNA gene of Nosema bombycis as target sequence, the results of extraction of genomic DNA from purified microspores showed that 1.3×10-7µg DNA can be extracted from each spore. The sensitivity detection showed the detection limit of Nosema bombycis DNA was 3.25×10-2pg, i.e. 4 spores. (PCR system volume is 25µl). The method of total DNA extraction from pebrine infected silkworm eggs just before hatching was created. The result showed that extracting total DNA from silkworm eggs after the eggs had been treated with 30% KOH met the PCR detection requirements. The result of application study showed the spores in the pebrine infected egg just before hatching can sensitively be found with PCR. The result of a group of eggs just before hatching detection showed that the maximum PCR detection level was of a pebrine infected eggs just before hatching in 300 healthy eggs when the total DNA extraction had been purified with Agarose electrophoresis. The probability of identifying groups of one pebrine spore in infected eggs just before hatching mixed with 100 healthy ones was about 80%.

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12

G. SAVITHRI, G. SAVITHRI, P. SUJATHAMMA P. SUJATHAMMA, and V. Asha Krishna. "Silkworm Bombyx Mori – An Economic Insect." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 7 (2012): 535–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/july2013/187.

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13

Khushboo, Tripathi, Kamal Eshita, Karunakar Prashanth, et al. "In silico modeling and virtual screening for identification of inhibitors for SWP12 and SWP30 in Nosema bombycis." Research Journal of Biotechnology 20, no. 4 (2025): 41–49. https://doi.org/10.25303/204rjbt041049.

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Bombyx mori, an insect, is of great economic value, widely known for the production of silk. Nosema bombycis, an intracellular parasite, often infects it and causes a fatal disease - Pebrine which affects the development of the worm. The infected larvae of the silkworms are coated with a brown spot. It also causes loss of appetite, makes them sluggish and opaque, ultimately resulting in death. The proteins studied here are SWP12 and SWP30, both of which are an exosporal protein found in N.bombycis. SWP12 is a chitin-binding protein, involved in the development of spore walls. It acts as an important surface protein of N. bombycis. It facilitates microsporidial spore maintenance. NbSWP12 is located on the cytoskeleton as well as the spore coat of N. bombycis. The developmental stage at which it is expressed is not known. SWP30 plays a role in sporulation, leading to the formation of a cellular spore. It is capable of binding to deproteinated chitin spore coats (DSCSs). It is expressed in the spore wall and synthesized during sporogony. This study deals with pebrine infection in Bombyx mori due to the pathogen Nosema bombycis. The infection leads to poor quality of silk production and loss of batches due to high mortality upon infection. The structure of spore wall protein present on N. bombycis was built by employing homology modelling technique. Virtual screening was conducted on a ligand library to discover lead compounds. 100ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed. RMSD, RMSF and Radius of Gyration were analyzed to determine the stability of the modeled protein and protein ligand complexes. Through virtual screening and docking studies, ligand molecules ZINC000067910920 and ZINC000035458200 were obtained as a potential drug-like molecule.

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14

G. V. Vishaka, Vasudha Prabhakar, and T. K. Narayanaswamy. "Mass Production of Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) uzi fly Exorista bombycis (Louis)." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 12 (2017): 5412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.612.505.

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15

Tang, Xudong, Yiling Zhang, Yumin Zhou, Ruting Liu, and Zhongyuan Shen. "Quantitative proteomic analysis of ovaries from Nosema bombycis-infected silkworm (Bombyx mori)." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 172 (May 2020): 107355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2020.107355.

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16

Gu, Shi-Hong, Chien-Hung Chen, Yun-Chin Hsieh, Pei-Ling Lin, and Shun-Chieh Young. "Modulatory effects of bombyxin on ecdysteroidogenesis in Bombyx mori prothoracic glands." Journal of Insect Physiology 72 (January 2015): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.11.007.

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17

Nagata, Shinji, Fumihiko Hakuno, Shin-Ichiro Takahashi, and Hiromichi Nagasawa. "Identification of Bombyx mori Akt and its phosphorylation by bombyxin stimulation." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 151, no. 3 (2008): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.08.002.

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Chen, Yong, Erjun Wei, Ying Chen, et al. "Identification and subcellular localization analysis of membrane protein Ycf 1 in the microsporidian Nosema bombycis." PeerJ 10 (July 8, 2022): e13530. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13530.

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Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that can infect a wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates including humans and insects, such as silkworm and bees. The microsporidium Nosema bombycis can cause pebrine in Bombyx mori, which is the most destructive disease in the sericulture industry. Although membrane proteins are involved in a wide range of cellular functions and part of many important metabolic pathways, there are rare reports about the membrane proteins of microsporidia up to now. We screened a putative membrane protein Ycf 1 from the midgut transcriptome of the N. bombycis-infected silkworm. Gene cloning and bioinformatics analysis showed that the Ycf 1 gene contains a complete open reading frame (ORF) of 969 bp in length encoding a 322 amino acid polypeptide that has one signal peptide and one transmembrane domain. Indirect immunofluorescence results showed that Ycf 1 protein is distributed on the plasma membrane. Expression pattern analysis showed that the Ycf 1 gene expressed in all developmental stages of N. bombycis. Knockdown of the Ycf 1 gene by RNAi effectively inhibited the proliferation of N. bombycis. These results indicated that Ycf 1 is a membrane protein and plays an important role in the life cycle of N. bombycis.

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Iwami, Masafumi, Atsushi Kawakami, Hironori Ishizaki, et al. "Cloning of a Gene Encoding Bombyxin, an Insulin-Like Brain Secretory Peptide of the Silkmoth Bombyx mori with Prothoracicotropic Activity. (Bombyx mori/brain peptide/bombyxin/insulin/IGF)." Development, Growth and Differentiation 31, no. 1 (1989): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-169x.1989.00031.x.

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20

Ran, Maoshuang, Jialing Bao, Boning Li, et al. "Microsporidian Nosema bombycis secretes serine protease inhibitor to suppress host cell apoptosis via Caspase BmICE." PLOS Pathogens 21, no. 1 (2025): e1012373. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1012373.

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Microsporidia are a group of intracellular pathogens that actively manipulate host cell biological processes to facilitate their intracellular niche. Apoptosis is an important defense mechanism by which host cell control intracellular pathogens. Microsporidia modulating host cell apoptosis has been reported previously, however the molecular mechanism is not yet clear. In this report, we describe that the microsporidia Nosema bombycis inhibits apoptosis of Bombyx mori cells through a secreted protein NbSPN14, which is a serine protease inhibitor (Serpin). An immunofluorescent assay demonstrated that upon infection with N. bombycis, NbSPN14 was initially found in the B. mori cell cytoplasm and then became enriched in the host cell nucleus. Overexpression and RNA-interference (RNAi) of NbSPN14 in B. mori’ embryo cell confirmed that NbSPN14 inhibited host cells apoptosis. Immunofluorescent and Co-IP assays verified the co-localization and interaction of NbSPN14 with the BmICE, the Caspase 3 homolog in B. mori. Knocking out of BmICE or mutating the BmICE-interacting P1 site of NbSPN14, eliminated the localization of NbSPN14 into the host nucleus and prevented the apoptosis-inhibiting effect of NbSPN14, which also proved that the interaction between BmICE and NbSPN14 occurred in host cytoplasm and the NbSPN14 translocation into host cell nucleus is depends on BmICE. These data elucidate that N. bombycis secretory protein NbSPN14 inhibits host cell apoptosis by directly inhibiting the Caspase protease BmICE, which provides an important insight for understanding pathogen-host interactions and a potential therapeutic target for N. bombycis proliferation.

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Milusheva, R. Yu, O. B. Avazova, A. K. Baikulov, and S. Sh Rashidova. "SYNTHESIS OF ANTI- BURN PREPARATIONS BASED ON CHITOSAN BOMBYX MORI." Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN 2, no. 3 (2018): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2018-2-3-18-21.

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Micheal, Ann Sandhya, and Muthangi Subramanyam. "Stressors Induced Antioxidant System in Silkworm Bombyx Mori." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 7 (2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/july2014/174.

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23

Gu, Shi-Hong, and Pei-Ling Lin. "Upregulation of Insulin and Ecdysone Signaling in Relation to Diapause Termination in Bombyx mori Eggs Exposed to 5 °C." Insects 15, no. 12 (2024): 989. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15120989.

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In the present study, we investigated the possible correlation between insulin/ecdysone signaling and chilling-induced egg diapause termination in Bombyx mori. Changes in insulin (bombyxin-Z1) and ecdysteroid-phosphate phosphatase (EPPase) gene expression levels in chilled eggs (whose diapause had been terminated by chilling to 5 °C for 90 days) exhibited no significant increase after being transferred to 25 °C, which differed from both non-diapause eggs and HCl-treated eggs. We further compared the differential temporal expressions of insulin (bombyxin-A6, -Y1, and -Z1), ecdysone signaling (EPPase and E75A), and metabolic-related (trehalose transporter 1 (Tret1) and trehalase 1 (Treh1)) as well as sorbitol dehydrogenase 2 (SDH2) genes between chilled eggs and eggs kept at 25 °C. Our results showed that all gene expressions remained at very low levels in eggs kept at 25 °C. However, in chilled eggs, differential temporal changes were detected according to different genes, with bombyxin-A6 and EPPase gene expression levels being maintained at relatively constant, high levels. Higher expression levels of the E75A, Tret1, and Treh1 genes were also detected in chilled eggs. Expressions of the SDH2 and bombyxin-Z1 genes decreased during the first 15 days and then increased between days 30 and 90 of chilling. Ecdysteroid levels and phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, a downstream target of insulin signaling, were maintained at relatively higher levels in chilled eggs. These results suggested that due to relatively higher insulin and ecdysone signaling levels in chilled eggs, relatively higher glucose metabolism was sustained, leading to the continued depletion of metabolic reserves. On day 30 of chilling, as a means to adjust nutrient requirements and maintain embryonic nutrient homeostasis, SDH2 gene expression began to increase, followed by increased expression of the bombyxin-Z1 gene. Along with high expressions of the bombyxin-Z1 and SDH2 genes, a decreased sorbitol level was suggested to eventually terminate diapause in B. mori eggs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the correlation between insulin/ecdysone signaling and chilling-induced embryonic diapause termination.

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Dermawan, Doni, and Nasser Alotaiq. "Unveiling Pharmacological Mechanisms of Bombyx mori (Abresham), a Traditional Arabic Unani Medicine for Ischemic Heart Disease: An Integrative Molecular Simulation Study." Pharmaceutics 17, no. 3 (2025): 295. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17030295.

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Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD), a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, continues to challenge modern medicine. Bombyx mori (Abresham), a traditional ingredient in Unani medicine, has shown promise in cardiovascular health, but its molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Methods: To explore the therapeutic potential of Bombyx mori for IHD, an integrative molecular simulation approach was applied. Network pharmacology was employed to identify the most favorable target receptor for the disease. Molecular docking simulations evaluated the binding affinities of chemical and protein-based compounds from Bombyx mori to the selected receptor. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations confirmed the stability of these interactions under physiological conditions. Pharmacophore modeling identified key structural features critical for bioactivity, while in silico toxicity assessments evaluated the safety profiles of the compounds. Results: Key bioactive compounds from Bombyx mori, including Menaquinone-7, Quercetin, and Behenic acid, showed strong interactions with the target receptor, ACE2. The MD-based MM/PBSA calculations revealed the binding free energy values of Menaquinone-7 (−35.12 kcal/mol), Quercetin (−29.38 kcal/mol), and Behenic acid (−27.76 kcal/mol), confirming their strong binding affinity. Protein-based compounds, such as Chorion class high-cysteine HCB protein 13 (−212.43 kcal/mol), Bombyxin A-5 (−209.36 kcal/mol), and FMRFamide-related peptides (−198.93 kcal/mol), also displayed promising binding affinities. In silico toxicity assessments revealed favorable safety profiles for most compounds. Conclusions: This study positions Bombyx mori as a promising source of therapeutic agents for IHD. Future work should focus on experimental validation of these computational findings through in vitro and in vivo studies.

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K, Ullah, Lisan F, Akhtar A, et al. "Genetic and Phenotypic Divergence in Silk Moths: A Comparative Study of Bombyx mandarina and Bombyx mori." International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 7, no. 6 (2024): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000635.

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This paper presents Bombyx mandarina, wild-ancestor of the domesticated silk moth, Bombyx mori. This includes the ecological and evolutionary importance of the species plus its physical adaptations shaped by the original environment. The study focuses on molecular characterization of Bombyx mandarina genome with emphasis on the mitochondrial genome analysis. Such studies show the evolutionary relationships and mutation departures from Bombyx mori with respect to the domestication process. This part looks at some functions of genes isolated in Bombyx mandarina. Analysis of gene expression and regulation compared to Bombyx mori reveals implications for silk production, immunity, and development. The physical chemical and mechanical properties of Bombyx mandarina especially silk. This study identifies the specificities and common points between Bombyx mandarina and Bombyx mori and the role of natural selection in determining these features. The study also outlines existing problems such as retaining genetic diversity and technological barriers. Some possible future directions include more sophisticated genomic work, ecology, and perhaps even improving the properties of this material. Comparative analysis of Bombyx mandarina and Bombyx mori is very significant for the sericulture and genetic studies. It highlights the need to comprehend evolution and domestication issues involved in silk production as well as materials sciences.

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Yu, Bin, Qiuhua Yang, Junhong Wei, Guoqing Pan, Chunfeng Li, and Zeyang Zhou. "UDP-Glucosyltransferases Induced by Nosema bombycis Provide Resistance to Microsporidia in Silkworm (Bombyx mori)." Insects 12, no. 9 (2021): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12090799.

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As a silkworm pathogen, the microsporidian N. bombycis can be transovarially transmitted from parent to offspring and seriously impedes sericulture industry development. Previous studies found that Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are involved in regulating diverse cellular processes, such as detoxification, pigmentation, and odorant sensing. Our results showed that BmUGT10295 and BmUGT8453 genes were specifically induced in infected silkworms, but other BmUGTs were not. Tissue distribution analysis of the two BmUGTs showed that the transcriptions of the two BmUGTs were mainly activated in the midgut and Malpighian tubule of infected silkworms. Furthermore, there were significantly fewer microsporidia in over-expressed BmUGTs compared with the control, but there were significantly more microsporidia in RNA interference BmUGTs compared with the control. These findings indicate that the two BmUGTs were induced by N. bombycis and provided resistance to the microsporidia.

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27

He, Xinyi, Xiangkang He, Han Liu, et al. "Proteomic analysis of BmN cells (Bombyx mori) in response to infection with Nosema bombycis." Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 46, no. 11 (2014): 982–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmu092.

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28

Kim, Hyunjung, Chuleui Jung, Taewon Goo, and Hoonbok Yi. "The Study of Environmental Risk Assessment for Fluorescent Genetically Modified Silkworms." Korean journal of applied entomology 53, no. 3 (2014): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5656/ksae.2014.04.0.019.

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Ergashev, K. H., N. R. Vohidova, N. Sh Ashurov, and S. Sh Rashidova. "ABOUT OBTAINING NANOSTRUCTURES BASED ON HYDROXYAPATITE CHITOSAN BOMBYX MORI." Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN 3, no. 3 (2018): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2018-3-3-103-106.

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K., G. Gaikwad, G. Deshmukh C., and S. Nanware S. "Comparative study of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus replication in larval cell lines of Bombyx mori." Biolife 3, no. 1 (2022): 182–86. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252482.

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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> A four new cell lines viz., Bm-1, Bm-12 Bm-16, Bm-17 and Bm -5 is a worldwide used cell line are tested for BmNPV (<em>Bombyx mori</em> nuclepolyhdedrovirus) susceptibility and its replication The BmNPV was serially passaged in the Bm-12, Bm-1, Bm-16, Bm-17 and Bm-5 cell lines for five times. All the cell lines were found susceptible to BmNPV infection when inoculated with the haemolymph of BmNPV infected silkworm larvae. The infection rate was Bm-5 (93.79%), Bm-16 (91.30%), Bm-1 (90.30%), Bm-12 (87.20%) and Bm-17 (80.43%).  <strong>Keywords: </strong><em>Bombyx  mori,  </em>Ovarian  cell  lines,  BmNPV infection <strong>REFERENCES</strong> Granados, R.R., McKenna, K.A., 1995. Insect Cell Culture Methods and Their Use in Virus Research:      In: Schuler, M.L., Wood, H.A., Granados, R.R., Hammer, D.A., (Eds.), Baculovirus Expression Systems and Biopesticides. Wiley-Liss. New York, pp. 13-39. Khurad, A.M., Mahulikar, A., Rathod, M.K., Rai, M.M., Kanginakudru, S., Nagaraju, J., 2004. Vertical transmission of nuclear polyhedrosis virus in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. J. Invertebr. Pathol.. 87, 8-15.   Khurad, A.M., Mahulikar, A., Rathod, M.K., Rai, M.M., 2005. Infection of nuclear polyhedrovirus in the larval rudiments of gonads of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Indian J. Seric. 44(2), 159-164. Khurad, A.M., et al., 2009. A new continuous cell line from larval ovaries of silkworm, Bombyx mori. In Vitro. Cell. Dev. Biol.- Animal. C. G. Deshmukh, R. S. Bahekar. “Comparative in vitro replication and serial passaging of BMNPV in the DZNU-Bm-12 and other cell lines” in International Journal IJSRP volume 3 ISSN No.2250-2153 Krishnaswami, S., M.N. Narasimhanna, S.K. Suryanarayan & S. Kumararaj, 1973. K. Srivastava and V.B. Upadhyay. 2013. Effect of phytoecdysteroid on fecundity of multivoltine mulberry silkworm <em>Bombyx mori</em> Linn. Biolife. 1(2): 78-83. T.V. Sathe, B. V. Jadhav, A.S. Desai, Nilam Shendge, Chandani Kamble and A. D. Jadhav. 2014. Ecology, ethology and control of green stink bug Plautia affinis Dallas (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on mulberry <em>Morus alba</em> l. Varieties V-1 and M-5 from Kolhapur. Biolife. 2(4); 1347-1353.    

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Yang, Hongliang, Hongxia Li, Yang Song, Yujie Sui, Zhenwu Du, and Guizhen Zhang. "Bombyxin II Regulates Glucose Absorption and Glycogen Synthesis through the PI3K Signaling Pathway in HepG2 Cells." BioMed Research International 2021 (October 18, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6639232.

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Bombyxin, as an insulin-like insect hormone, was discovered in the silkmoth Bombyx mori. It can regulate the metabolism of trehalose and glycogen in Bombyx mori, but whether it has glucose absorption and glycogen synthesis effect on mammalian cells was not clear. BombyxinII (BbxII) and mutant BbxII (mBbxII) genes were cloned into pcDNA3.1(+) vector, respectively; then, gene vectors were transfected into 293FT cells using Lipofectamine 2000. Levels of mRNA and protein expression of BbxII and mBbxII were detected by PCR and Western blot in 293FT cells, respectively. Glucose consumption and glycogenesis were determined by glucose oxidase-peroxidase (GOD-POD) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining in HepG2 cells; the PI3K signaling pathway was inhibited with wortmannin S1952 in HepG2 cells. Result showed that BbxII and mBbxII genes were being successfully expressed in 293FT cells, respectively. The expression protein of BbxII gene is 10kd pre-bombyxinII, and yet, the expression protein of mBbxII gene is 4kd mature bombyxinII. Only the 4kd bombyxinII showed increased glucose uptake and glycogenesis in HepG2 cells, and the ability of increasing glucose uptake was equal to the human insulin (10 nM). PI3K-wortmannin S1952 inhibitor can decrease the glycogen synthesis induced by bombyxin II protein in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, mature bombyxin II may adjust glucose absorption and glycogen synthesis in HepG2 cells through the PI3K signaling pathway.

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Jyothi, N. B., C. S. Patil, and C. M. S. Dass. "Action of carbendazim on the development of Nosema bombycis Naegeli in silkworm Bombyx mori L." Journal of Applied Entomology 129, no. 4 (2005): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2005.00922.x.

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Ma, Zhengang, Chunfeng Li, Guoqing Pan, et al. "Genome-Wide Transcriptional Response of Silkworm (Bombyx mori) to Infection by the Microsporidian Nosema bombycis." PLoS ONE 8, no. 12 (2013): e84137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084137.

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Mizoguchi, A., M. Hatta, S. Sato, H. Nagasawa, A. Suzuki, and H. Ishizaki. "Developmental change of bombyxin content in the brain of the silkmoth Bombyx mori." Journal of Insect Physiology 36, no. 9 (1990): 655–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(90)90070-v.

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Roli, Srivastava, and Upadhyay V.B. "Biotechnological importance of topical application of phytojuvenoid with particular reference to biochemical performance of multivoltine mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn.)." Biolife 3, no. 4 (2015): 859–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7306710.

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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> The topical application of phytojuvenoid on<em> Bombyx mori</em> larvae has been proved to be of biotechnological significance in the sericulture industry. Variation in the phytojuvenoid concentration significantly (P<sub>1</sub><0.01) influenced the total protein level in the fat body of larvae at the initial stage of spinning. The maximum level of total   protein content was recorded in case of 30% phytojuvenoid concentration at triple treated(III<sup>th</sup> - IV<sup>th</sup>) larvae while it was lowest in 40% phytojuvenoid concentration at triple treated larvae at the initial stage of spinning. The phytojuvenoid influences the level of protein in the larvae and caused some beneficial effect on the life pattern of silkworm and the productivity of cocoon. <strong>Key words:</strong> Phytojuvenoid, Protein content, Fat body, Larvae, <em>Bombyx mori</em><em>.</em> <strong>REFERENCES</strong> Chowdhary, S.K., Raju, P.S. and Ogra, R.K. (1990). Effects of JH analogues on silkworm, <em>Bombyx mori</em> L. growth and development of silk gland. Sericolgia, 30(2): 155-165. Garel, J. P. (1983). The physiology and biology of spinning in<em> Bombyx mori </em>V Endocrinologcal aspects of silk production. Experientia, 39(5):461-466. Janada, V. Jr. and Soch (1970) Synthesis and utilization of tissue proteins and lipids during larval pual transformation of <em>Galleria mellonella.</em> (Lepidoptera). Acta. Entomol. Bohemosal., 72(4): 228 – 235. Krishnaswamy, S., Narasimhanna, M. M., Suryanaryan, S.K. and Kumar Raja, S. (1973) Sericulture Manual 2. Silkworm Rearing. F.A.O.Agric. Serves Bull. Rome, 15 (2): 1 –131. Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Furr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951) Cited in Clowick, S.P. and Kaplan, N.O.ed.  Methods in Enzymology and Protein measurements with the folin phenol reagents. Vol. III: 448-450.  Mishra,   A.B.   and  Upadhyay, V.B. 1993. Nutritional efficiency of bivoltine Bombyx mori Linn. larvae at different photoperiod. Proc. 80 session Indian Science Congress Assoc. Goa., pp: 54-55. <strong>N</strong>air, K.S., Nair, J. S., Kamble, C.K., Vijayan, V.A. (2009) Protein metabolism in the fifth instar larvae of <em>Bombyx mori</em> L. mediated by a juvenile hormone analogue isolated from bemchi (<em>Psoralea corylifolia</em>). Allopathy Journal, 23(2): 63-71. Pandey, P. and V.B. Upadhyay, 2013. Impact of phytoecdysteroid treatment on the larval performance of multivoltine mulberry silkworm <em>bombyx mori</em> linn. Malays. Appl. Biol., 42(1): 51-60. Patel, H. (1972) Concepts of temperature adaptation of unchanging reaction of cold blooded animal. In Prosser, C.L. ed. Physiological adaptation. Amer. Physiol.Soc., 50 – 78.  Pietrzyk, A. J.S. Panjikar, A. Bujacz, J. Mueller-Dieckmann, M. Lochynska, M. Jaskolski and G. Bujacz (2012) . High-resolution structure of <em>Bombyx mori</em> lipoprotein 7: crystallographic determination of the identity of the protein and its potential role in detoxification. <em>Acta Cryst.</em> (2012). D68, 1140-1151.  Prasad, S. and Upadhyay, V.B. 2011. Biotechnological importance of cocoon magnetization with particular reference to the larval performance of multivoltine mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori  Linn.).  Middle-East  J.  Sci.  Res., 10(5): 565-572. Price, C.M. (1969) Protein synthesis and nucleic acid metabolism in the fat body of the larvae <em>blowfly</em>. J. Insect Physiol., 15: 931 - 944. Singh, D.K. and Agarwal, R.A. (1989) Toxicity of piperoryl butoxide     carbaryl synergism on the snails <em>Lymmaea </em>(Radix) acumineta. Int. Rev. Gest. Hydrobiol., 74: 689-699. Srivastava Roli and V.B. Upadhyay, 2015.  Effect of phytojuvenoids on the performance of multivoltine silkworm (<em>Bombyx mori</em> Linn.). J. Appl. Biosci., 41(1): 57-60, June, 2015. Srivastava, K. and V.B. Upadhyay, 2012. Influence of Phytoecdysteroid on Weight of Ovary and Weight of Multivoltine Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn.). European Journal of Applied Sciences, 4(3): 117-122. Tripathi, Santosh kumar (2012). Protien level changes under magnetic exposure of larvae in <em>Bombyx mori:</em> A multivoltine mulberry silkworm. Academic j. of Entomology 5(2): 73-80, 2012.  Trivedy, K., Nair, K.S., Assan, N. M. and data, R.K. (1997). A Juvenile hormone mimic modulated enhancement of silk productivity in silkworm, <em>Bombyx mori </em>Indian J. Serc., 360: 35-38.  Upadhyay,   V.B.   and      Prasad, S.  2010a. Magnetization for the improvement of silk producing potential in multivoltine mulberry silkworm (<em>Bombyx mori L</em>inn). The Bioscan, 5(2): 285-289

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Senderskiy, Igor V., Viacheslav V. Dolgikh, Diloram A. Ismatullaeva, Bakhtiyar A. Mirzakhodjaev, Anastasiia P. Nikitina, and Danil L. Pankratov. "Treatment of Microsporidium Nosema bombycis Spores with the New Antiseptic M250 Helps to Avoid Bacterial and Fungal Contamination of Infected Cultures without Affecting Parasite Polar Tube Extrusion." Microorganisms 12, no. 1 (2024): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010154.

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Microsporidia are a group of widespread eukaryotic spore-forming intracellular parasites of great economic and scientific importance. Since microsporidia cannot be cultured outside of a host cell, the search for new antimicrosporidian drugs requires an effective antiseptic to sterilize microsporidian spores to infect cell lines. Here, we show that a new polyhexamethylene guanidine derivative M250, which is active against fungi and bacteria at a concentration of 0.5–1 mg/L, is more than 1000 times less effective against spores of the microsporidium Nosema bombycis, a highly virulent pathogen of the silkworm Bombyx mori (LC50 is 0.173%). Treatment of N. bombycis spores that were isolated non-sterilely from silkworm caterpillars with 0.1% M250 solution does not reduce the rate of spore polar tube extrusion. However, it completely prevents contamination of the Sf-900 III cell culture medium by microorganisms in the presence of antibiotics. The addition of untreated spores to the medium results in contamination, whether antibiotics are present or not. Since 0.1% M250 does not affect spore discharging, this compound may be promising for preventing bacterial and fungal contamination of microsporidia-infected cell cultures.

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MARUYAMA, Kazunori, Hélène HIETTER, Hiromichi NAGASAWA, et al. "Isolation and primary structure of bombyxin-IV, a novel molecular species of bombyxin from the silkworm, Bombyx mori." Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 52, no. 12 (1988): 3035–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.52.3035.

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Maruyama, Kazunori, Hélène Hietter, Hiromichi Nagasawa, et al. "Isolation and Primary Structure of Bombyxin-IV, a Novel Molecular Species of Bombyxin from the Silkworm,Bombyx mori." Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 52, no. 12 (1988): 3035–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1988.10869178.

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Suenobu, Akiko, Akira Mizoguchi, and Toshio Ichikawa. "Relationship between firing activity of bombyxin-producing neurosecretory cells and hemolymph bombyxin titer in the silkworm Bombyx mori." General and Comparative Endocrinology 137, no. 3 (2004): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.03.009.

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Lytvyn, V., G. Babaieva, and O. Dmytriieva. "Assessment of genotypes of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) for organic sericulture." Visnyk agrarnoi nauky 95, no. 2 (2017): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/agrovisnyk201702-06.

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Singh Sisodia, N., R. Jain, and S. Gaherwal. "Culture of Silkworm (Bombyx Mori) in Present Scenario: A Review." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 10, no. 3 (2021): 1381–88. https://doi.org/10.21275/sr21313124746.

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Dolgikh, Viacheslav V., Igor V. Senderskiy, Sergej A. Timofeev, et al. "Construction of scFv Antibodies against the Outer Loops of the Microsporidium Nosema bombycis ATP/ADP-Transporters and Selection of the Fragment Efficiently Inhibiting Parasite Growth." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (2022): 15307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315307.

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Traditional sanitation practices remain the main strategy for controlling Bombyx mori infections caused by microsporidia Nosema bombycis. This actualizes the development of new approaches to increase the silkworm resistance to this parasite. Here, we constructed a mouse scFv library against the outer loops of N. bombycis ATP/ADP carriers and selected nine scFv fragments to the transporter, highly expressed in the early stages of the parasite intracellular growth. Expression of selected scFv genes in Sf9 cells, their infection with different ratios of microsporidia spores per insect cell, qPCR analysis of N. bombycis PTP2 and Spodoptera frugiperda COXI transcripts in 100 infected cultures made it possible to select the scFv fragment most effectively inhibiting the parasite growth. Western blot analysis of 42 infected cultures with Abs against the parasite β-tubulin confirmed its inhibitory efficiency. Since the VL part of this scFv fragment was identified as a human IgG domain retained from the pSEX81 phagemid during library construction, its VH sequence should be a key antigen-recognizing determinant. Along with the further selection of new recombinant Abs, this suggests the searching for its natural mouse VL domain or “camelization” of the VH fragment by introducing cysteine and hydrophilic residues, as well as the randomization of its CDRs.

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Roli, Srivastava, and Upadhyay V.B. "APPLICATION OF PHYTOJUVENOID ENHANCES THE AMINO ACIDS IN THE MULTIVOLTINE MULBERRY SILKWORM (BOMBYX MORI LINN.)." Biolife 2, no. 2 (2022): 502–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7205044.

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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong>   Impact of phytojuvenoid on total free amino acids content in the haemolymph in <em>Bombyx mori, </em>a monophagous insect, was studied.  Total free amino acids content in the haemolymph of <em>Bombyx mori</em> larvae at the initial and final stage of spinning increased with the increasing number of larval treatment in 10, 20 and 30% phytojuvenoid concentration which reached to the maximum level of 34.64 ± 0.05 µg/mg in the initial and 11.70 µg/mg in the final stage of spinning while in 40% phytojuvenoid concentration the total free amino acids content increased in single treatment of larvae but further increase in the number of larval treatment caused considerable decline. The results show that topical application of bioactive phytojuvenoid improved the commercial parameters in <em>Bombyx mori </em>L

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Helan and Zahra. "Biology and Behavior of Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori) in Northern Iraq." ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences 6, no. 3 (2022): 547–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6997271.

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Domestic silk worms were reared in Iraq during the 1970s and 1980s of the last century, but unfortunately they completely disappeared after 1990 till now due to the unstable situations and economic problems. This study was aimed to revive the neglected valuable insect in Iraq after its absent for three decades, and obtaining a large number of silkworm eggs for continuous rearing and experiments in the next years.<em> Bombyx mori </em>(Bursa White; ‘Bursa Beyazi’) were imported from Sericulture Center in Bursa, Turkey. Incubated eggs were hatched into larvae 7.00 ± 1.00 days after incubation. Hatching percentage was 97.75%   ± 3.11. The durations of larval instars (1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup>, 4<sup>th</sup>, 5<sup>th</sup>) were 3.60 ± 0.55, 3.75 ± 0.55, 5.12 ± 0.73, 5.98 ± 0.51, 7.72 ± 0.55 days respectively. The total larval period was 26.17   ±1.50.  mature larvae spent 46.00 ±   14.50 hours for spinning cocoons.  Weight of a single cocoon was 1.7 to 2.5 gm and the weight of the cocoon shell was 0.45 g. The pupal period lasted for 10 to 12 days. The completion of the cocoon spent 46.00 ± 14.50 hours. Adults were emerged after 10.60 ± 1.50 days. Adult male longevity was 115.00 ± 5.00 hours, while adult female longevity was 135.50   ± 7.50 hours. Fertilized female laid more than 500 eggs in the form of clusters and the average weight of these eggs per a single female was 250 ± 30.00 mg. Average weight of 4<sup>th</sup> and 5<sup>th</sup> instars larvae were 3.45 ± 0.90 g and 5.25 ± 1.25 g respectively. It can be concluded that successful rearing can be performed during April -May and September – October due to the moderate temperature in these months.

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Wu, Shan, Yong-Qiang He, Xing-Meng Lu, et al. "Early and simultaneous detection ofNosema bombycis(Microsporidia: Nosematidae), nucleopolyhedrovirus (Baculoviridae), and densovirus (Parvoviridae) by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction inBombyx mori(Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)." Canadian Entomologist 149, no. 2 (2017): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2016.54.

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AbstractAn effective multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of three major pathogens,Nosema bombycisNägeli (Microsporidia: Nosematidae),Bombyx morinucleopolyhedrovirus (Baculoviridae: genusAlphabaculovirus) (NPV), andBombyx moridensovirus (Parvoviridae: genusIteravirus) (DNV), in silkworms (Bombyx mori(Linnaeus); Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) was developed in this study. Polymerase chain reaction and real-time PCR tests and basic local alignment search tool searches revealed that the primers and probes used in this study had high specificities for their target species. The ability of each primer/probe set to detect pure pathogen DNA was determined using a plasmid dilution panel, in which under optimal conditions the multiplex real-time PCR assay showed high efficiency in the detection of three mixed target plasmids with a detection limit of 8.5×103copies forN. bombycisandBombyx moriNPV (BmNPV) and 8.5×104copies forBombyx moriDNV (BmDNV). When the ability to detect these three pathogens was examined in artificially inoculated silkworms, our method presented a number of advantages over traditional microscopy, including specificity, sensitivity, and high-throughput capabilities. Under the optimal volume ratio for the three primer/probe sets (3:2:2=N. bombycis:BmNPV:BmDNV), the multiplex real-time PCR assay showed early detection of BmNPV and BmDNV by day 1 post inoculation using DNA templates of the three pathogens in various combinations from individually infected silkworms; the early detection ofN. bombyciswas possible by day 3 post inoculation using the DNA isolated from the midgut ofN. bombycis-infected silkworms.

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Maruyama, Kazunori, Hiromichi Nagasawa, Akira Isogai, Saburo Tamura, Hironori Ishizaki, and Akinori Suzuki. "Synthesis of bombyxin-IV, an insulin-like heterodimeric peptide from the silkworm, Bombyx mori." Peptides 11, no. 1 (1990): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-9781(90)90126-p.

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Bekchanov, I. K., K. K. Pirniyazov, and S. Sh Rashidova. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE OPTIMAL TECHNOLOGY OF OBTAINING COMPLEXES OF CHITOSANE BOMBYX MORI WITH ASCORBIC ACID." Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN 3, no. 3 (2018): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2018-3-3-51-53.

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Rexin, Dr A. "Effect of Sporlac on Protein Content of Silkworm Bombyx Mori L." International journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology 03, no. 03 (2017): 4994–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijetst/v4i3.02.

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Singh, Harpreet, Anita Singh, and Jora Singh Brar. "Biology of Bombyx mori L. at Talwandi Sabo, Punjab-Short Communication." SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences 5, no. 2 (2019): 2230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ssr-iijls.2019.5.2.5.

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Larina, E., U. Aqilov, and U. Daniyarov. "ADVANTAGES OF USING PARTHENOGENETIC CLONES OF THE SILKWORM (BOMBYX MORI L.) IN HYBRIDIZATION." Journal of Science and Innovative Development 4, no. 3 (2021): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36522/2181-9637-2021-3-5.

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The fierce competition in the global silk market encourages the development and application of new biotechnologies in sericulture, such as cloning. The term “clone” in Greek means “branch”. A clone is an offspring of a single organism propagated without fertilization. All cloned individuals are genetically identical and are copies of each other. Clones are obtained in different ways. In case of the silkworm, this is a parthenogenetic development, which is an unnatural way of reproduction for the silkworm. Thermoactivation of an unfertilized greene at t0=46 0C during 18, leads to inhibition of the reduction division of meiosis in the silkworm germ cells. As a result, the eggs remain with a diploid set of chromosomes and develop as zygotes. Since the female cells in the sex chromosomes of the silkworm are heterogametic, only female parthenogenetic clones develop from thermally activated eggs. This feature makes silkworm clones extremely attractive for creating 100% pure hybrids. As the sericulture globally is based on the production of hybrids of the first generation only, in order to use maximum heterosis, the accuracy of preparation of hybrids is becoming particularly important.

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