Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bombyx mori

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Academic literature on the topic 'Bombyx mori'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Bombyx mori"

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G. SAVITHRI, G. SAVITHRI, P. SUJATHAMMA P. SUJATHAMMA, and V. Asha Krishna. "Silkworm Bombyx Mori – An Economic Insect." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 7 (June 1, 2012): 535–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/july2013/187.

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Hikida, Hiroyuki, Ryuhei Kokusho, Noriko Matsuda-Imai, and Susumu Katsuma. "Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus Bm96 suppresses viral virulence in Bombyx mori larvae." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 173 (June 2020): 107374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2020.107374.

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Fransiska, Aria, Siti Sunarintyas, and Rini Dharmastiti. "Effect of Bombyx mori silk-fiber volume on flexural strength of fiber-reinforced composite." Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia 4, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/majkedgiind.25186.

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Dental glass fiber is one of dental synthetic fibers that are widely used in dentistry as a dental resin reinforcement, such as in dentin replacement material. The availability of glass fiber is limited in Indonesia because it must be imported and relatively expensive. Bombyx mori silk-fiber is one of the strongest natural fiber derived from silkworm cocoon processing. Silk-fiber is used in medical applications as a post-surgical sutures, scaffolds for tissue engineering and drug delivery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Bombyx mori silk-fiber volume on the flexural strength of fiber-reinforced composite (FRC). We used Bombyx mori silk-fiber (Perhutani Pati, Central Java, Indonesia) and flowable composite (Charmfil flow, Denkist, Korea) in this study. The FRC samples were divided into 4 groups consisting of fiber volumes of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% (n = 4). Tests of flexural strength were performed according to ISO 4049. The results were analyzed using one way ANOVA (p<0.05). The study showed that the means of the flexural strength (MPa) of Bombyx mori silk-fiber FRC for volume of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% were 149.2 ± 5.5; 127.6 ± 3.8; 110.9 ± 3.5; 71.2 ± 4.2. One-way ANOVA test showed that the means of FRC flexural strength on the four groups’ silk-fiber Bombyx mori volumetric were significantly different (p<0.05). This study concluded that Bombyx mori silk-fiber volumetric influences the flexural strength of fiber- reinforced composite. An increase in Bombyx mori silk-fiber volume decreases the flexural strength of FRC because there is a small gap due to the weak interfacial bonds between dental flowable composite and Bombyx mori silk-silk-fiber.
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Sugiura, Nobuo, Motoko Ikeda, Tatsumasa Shioiri, Mayumi Yoshimura, Michihiro Kobayashi, and Hideto Watanabe. "Chondroitinase from baculovirus Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus and chondroitin sulfate from silkworm Bombyx mori." Glycobiology 23, no. 12 (September 18, 2013): 1520–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwt082.

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Yang, H., W. Fan, H. Wei, J. Zhang, Z. Zhou, J. Li, J. Lin, N. Ding, and B. Zhong. "Transgenic breeding of anti-Bombyx mori L. nuclear polyhedrosis virus silkworm Bombyx mori." Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 40, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abbs/40.10.873.

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Senem, Jéssica Vencatto, Ednéia Fátima Brambilla Torquato, Lucinéia de Fátima Chasko Ribeiro, and Rose Meire Costa Brancalhão. "Cytopathology of the trachea of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) to Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus." Micron 80 (January 2016): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2015.09.005.

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Micheal, Ann Sandhya, and Muthangi Subramanyam. "Stressors Induced Antioxidant System in Silkworm Bombyx Mori." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 7 (June 1, 2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/july2014/174.

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Tsukui, Keita, Chihiro Yagisawa, Shota Fujimoto, Moe Ogawa, Ryuhei Kokusho, Mitsuyoshi Nozawa, Hideki Kawasaki, Susumu Katsuma, and Masashi Iwanaga. "Infectious Virions of Bombyx Mori Latent Virus Are Incorporated into Bombyx Mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus Occlusion Bodies." Viruses 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11040316.

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The Bombyx mori latent virus (BmLV) belongs to the unassigned plant virus family Tymoviridae and contains a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. BmLV has infected almost all B. mori-derived cultured cell lines through unknown routes. The source of BmLV infection and the BmLV life cycle are still unknown. Here, we examined the interaction between BmLV and the insect DNA virus Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). Persistent infection with BmLV caused a slight delay in BmNPV propagation, and BmLV propagation was enhanced in B. mori larvae via co-infection with BmNPV. We also showed that BmLV infectious virions were co-occluded with BmNPV virions into BmNPV occlusion bodies. We propose a new relationship between BmLV and BmNPV.
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Gu, Shi-Hong, and Chien-Hung Chen. "Reactive oxygen species-mediated bombyxin signaling in Bombyx mori." Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 117 (February 2020): 103279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103279.

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Putthanarat, S., R. K. Eby, W. Kataphinan, S. Jones, R. Naik, D. H. Reneker, and B. L. Farmer. "Electrospun Bombyx mori gland silk." Polymer 47, no. 15 (July 2006): 5630–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.06.130.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bombyx mori"

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Baggio, Mayarha Patricia Dequigiovanni. "Susceptibilidade do piloro de Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera, bombycidae) ao bombyx mori multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2013. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/635.

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Bombyx mori multiple nucleopolyedrovirus (BmMNPV) is an entomopathogenic virus of the Baculoviridaefamily, genera Alphabaculovirus, which infects the silkworm (Bombyx Mori) and causes nuclear polyhedrosis disease. This virus is poliorganotrophic and a series of tissues are known as targets; however, literature does not present information in regards to the pylorus, segment of the hindgut, present in the transition with the midgut and responsible for regulating the passage of food towards the ileum. The organ is, thus, of fundamental importance in the ending of the digestive process, affecting the insect s metabolic balance and, the present study sought to analyze its susceptibility and cytopathology in regards to BmMNPV, geographic isolate of Paraná, Brazil. Moreover, due to the complexity of this segment, its general morphology will also be analyzed. In order to do so, hybrid B.mori caterpillars at 5º instar were inoculated experimentally with a viral suspension of BmMNPV. On different day post-inoculation (dpi), from 2º to 9ºdpi, segments of the intestine, containing the pylorus, with its subdivisions (posterior interstitial ring, pyloric cone and pyloric valve), were dissected, following the routine histological processing for paraffin wax blockage and dyes in haematoxylin and eosin, for general morphology analysis, and in modified Azan staining, for cytopathology. Segments also processed to form scanning electronic microscope for analized of morphological details. So the pylorus general morphology the caterpillars of B. mori, was similar to that observed in other insects. The cytopathology showed that the anterior area of the posterior interstitial ring is a secondary target of infection for the BmMNPV, after 5º dpi, and its infectious cycle is similar to that described in literature. In the hypertrophic nucleus one there the formation of viroplasm, place for production of enveloped nucleocapsids or virions, following the formation and development of the polyhedra. Later on, cytolysis occurred, promoting the liberation of polyhedra and the spreading of the disease, mainly in the B. mori creation sheds. The posterior area of the posterior interstitial ring, the pyloric cone and the pyloric valve did not reveal any traces of infection by BmMNPV and, thus, resistance mechanisms involving genetic factors could be acting. The knowledge obtained from this work will contribute in the establishment of the infectious cycle of this important entomopathogenic virus, which may lead to an epizootic that can negatively affect the whole productive chain of silk
Bombyx mori multiple nucleopolyedrovirus (BmMNPV) é um vírus entomopatogênico da família Baculoviridae, gênero Alphabaculovirus, que infecta o bicho-da-seda (Bombyx mori) e causa a doença poliedrose nuclear. Este vírus é poliorganotrófico e uma série de tecidos são conhecidos como alvos; contudo, a literatura não apresenta informações sobre o piloro, segmento do intestino posterior, presente na transição com o médio e responsável pela regulação da passagem do alimento em direção ao ileo. O órgão é assim de fundamental importância na finalização do processo digestório, afetando o equilíbrio metabólico do inseto e, o presente estudo objetivou analisar sua susceptibilidade e citopatologia frente ao BmMNPV, isolado geográfico do Paraná, Brasil. Ainda, devido a complexidade deste segmento, também será analisada sua morfologia geral. Para tanto, lagartas híbridas de B. mori no 5° instar foram inoculadas experimentalmente com uma suspensão viral de BmMNPV. Em diferentes dias pós-inoculação (dpi), do 2° ao 9° dpi, segmentos do intestino, contendo o piloro, com suas subdivisões (anel intersticial posterior, cone pilórico e válvula pilórica), foram dissecados, seguindo o processamento histológico de rotina para emblocamento em parafina e colorações em hematoxina e eosina, na análise da morfologia geral, e em Azan modificado, para a citopatologia. Segmentos também foram processados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura para análise de detalhes morfológicos. Assim, a morfologia geral do piloro das lagartas da B. mori foi semelhante à observada em outros insetos. A citopatologia mostrou que a área anterior do anel intersticial posterior é alvo secundário de infecção pelo BmMNPV, a partir do 5° dpi, e seu ciclo infeccioso é semelhante ao descrito em literatura. No núcleo hipertrófico houve a formação do viroplasma, local de produção dos nucleocapsídeos envelopados ou virions, seguindo a formação e o desenvolvimento dos poliedros. Posteriormente, ocorreu a citólise, promovendo a liberação dos poliedros e disseminação da doença, principalmente nos barracões de criação de B. mori. A área posterior do anel intersticial posterior, o cone pilórico e a válvula pilórica não revelaram quaisquer indícios de infecção pelo BmMNPV e, desta forma, mecanismos de resistência envolvendo fatores genéticos poderiam estar atuando. Os conhecimentos obtidos irão contribuir no estabelecimento do ciclo infeccioso deste importante vírus entomopatogênico, cuja conseqüência de uma epizootia pode afetar negativamente toda a cadeia produtiva da seda
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Åberg, Gabriel. "Intrinsically Functionalized Silk (Bombyx Mori)." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-97636.

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The goal of the thesis is to incorporate materials with either fluorescent or conductive properties in silk fibers, by feeding silkworms with a diet containing these materials. To achieve this, one would have to breed (rear) silkworm from eggs into larvaes, then to feed the silkworms with this special diet containing fluorescent or conductive materials. Samples of silk were then collected either from spun cocoons or via removing the silk producing organs (silk glands) from the silkworms via dissection. The samples were then analyzed with absorbance spectrometer, spectrofluorometer or via photoluminesecent measurement to determine if any materials had been incorporated into the silk fibers.   Silkworms were successfully reared from eggs up to moths, once the silkworm larvae had grown enough in size their diet were switches from their regular food (silkworm chow) to food containing conjugated molecules or polymers with fluorescent or conductive properties. A total of 14 materials were tested. One material gave a clear positive result and that was from the fluorescent compound Rhodamine B. Other fluorescent materials, Nile red and POWT yielded some results indicating their presence in the silk but the results were not conclusive. The rest of the materials all failed with being incorporated within the silk fibers; this was due to their lethality, size, lack of zwitterionic properties and such.  The properties of the materials are of great importance for the uptake process, where a small zwitterionic molecule has a great change of being taken up and incorporated in the silk fibers. Whereas a big materials such as a polymer without any zwitterionic will in most cases just follow through the food in the digestive track without any uptake.
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Brady, Daniel. "Modulazione circadiana delle risposte immunitarie innate in Bombyx mori." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3459359.

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The circadian clock is an internal timekeeping mechanism that enables organisms to physiologically anticipate and synchronise to daily changes in the environment such as shifting day light hours. The molecular mechanism of the clock is endogenously driven and rhythmically promotes and represses gene expression with a periodicity of around 24-hours. The clock regulates many biological functions and has been shown to modulate innate immune defences throughout the 24-hour day. In Drosophila, the immune response to several bacterial infections is regulated by the clock, and flies are more susceptible to systemic bacterial infections occurring in the day compared to at night. Oral ingestion is a more typical route of pathogenesis, though it is less well studied. We aimed to determine whether the immune response to an oral infection with Enterococcus mundtii in germ-free 1st day 5th instar (L5D1) Bombyx mori is regulated by the circadian clock or is modulated by light. We performed oral infections in B. mori reared in different photoperiods, including constant darkness. We found that larvae reared in 12:12 LD exhibited a time-of-day dependent variation in their immune responses, with larvae infected in the day (ZT3) more sensitive to the pathogen compared to night infected larvae (ZT15). When infected in DD, there was no difference in the survival response depending on the time of infection, indicating the immune response is not regulated by the circadian clock. We then characterised the 24-hour expression profiles of core clock and immune genes, circulating hemocytes and the structure of the midgut in germ-free L5D1 B. mori. The results indicate L5D1 B. mori lack a mature circadian oscillator, though several individual genes, including Clock (Clk), were cycling in 12:12 LD. Circulating hemocyte numbers vary in a cyclic fashion and are increased in the day but do not cycle in DD. We did not observe any daily variation in the midgut structure. A transcriptomic analysis of the midgut following oral infection identified distinct differential gene expressions following morning and night infections. Progenitors of hydrogen peroxide, juvenile hormone regulation, including ecdysone, and pathogen recognition receptors were rapidly upregulated 3 hours post infection at night. Moreover, antimicrobial peptides were activated 6 hours post night infection and a gene set enrichment analysis showed the Toll and imd pathway was activated 9 hours post a night infection. These immune modulators were not upregulated following a day-time infection. Although L5D1 B. mori lack a mature circadian clock, the Clk gene was rhythmically expressed in the brain and only in 12:12 LD. In a light-dependent manner, Clk regulates prothoracic hormone, that regulates ecdysone, that is an upstream activator Peptidoglycan Recognition Receptor-LC, a membrane bound pathogen sensor that activates the imd immune pathway. Therefore, even in the absence of a mature circadian clock the rhythmic expression of Clk in 12:12 LD and not DD, may be causing light driven modulation of innate immune responses that are not regulated by the circadian clock. We generated a period gene KO mutant and characterised the line for silk productivity, gene expression, egg hatching rhythm, daily hemocyte profile, daily variations in the midgut structure and performed an oral infection with E. mundtii in 12:12 LD. There was no difference in silk production compared to the wildtype, mutants lost hatching rhythmicity and per expression was considerably downregulated. Hemocytes fluctuated in the day but not in a circadian fashion. The per null line was more sensitive to oral infection with E. mundtii compared to the wildtype although the variation in survival depending on the time of infection was maintained with day-time infected larvae being more susceptible to the pathogen. The gut structure was unchanged thought the day but the peritrophic matrix was considerably compacted in the mutant.
The circadian clock is an internal timekeeping mechanism that enables organisms to physiologically anticipate and synchronise to daily changes in the environment such as shifting day light hours. The molecular mechanism of the clock is endogenously driven and rhythmically promotes and represses gene expression with a periodicity of around 24-hours. The clock regulates many biological functions and has been shown to modulate innate immune defences throughout the 24-hour day. In Drosophila, the immune response to several bacterial infections is regulated by the clock, and flies are more susceptible to systemic bacterial infections occurring in the day compared to at night. Oral ingestion is a more typical route of pathogenesis, though it is less well studied. We aimed to determine whether the immune response to an oral infection with Enterococcus mundtii in germ-free 1st day 5th instar (L5D1) Bombyx mori is regulated by the circadian clock or is modulated by light. We performed oral infections in B. mori reared in different photoperiods, including constant darkness. We found that larvae reared in 12:12 LD exhibited a time-of-day dependent variation in their immune responses, with larvae infected in the day (ZT3) more sensitive to the pathogen compared to night infected larvae (ZT15). When infected in DD, there was no difference in the survival response depending on the time of infection, indicating the immune response is not regulated by the circadian clock. We then characterised the 24-hour expression profiles of core clock and immune genes, circulating hemocytes and the structure of the midgut in germ-free L5D1 B. mori. The results indicate L5D1 B. mori lack a mature circadian oscillator, though several individual genes, including Clock (Clk), were cycling in 12:12 LD. Circulating hemocyte numbers vary in a cyclic fashion and are increased in the day but do not cycle in DD. We did not observe any daily variation in the midgut structure. A transcriptomic analysis of the midgut following oral infection identified distinct differential gene expressions following morning and night infections. Progenitors of hydrogen peroxide, juvenile hormone regulation, including ecdysone, and pathogen recognition receptors were rapidly upregulated 3 hours post infection at night. Moreover, antimicrobial peptides were activated 6 hours post night infection and a gene set enrichment analysis showed the Toll and imd pathway was activated 9 hours post a night infection. These immune modulators were not upregulated following a day-time infection. Although L5D1 B. mori lack a mature circadian clock, the Clk gene was rhythmically expressed in the brain and only in 12:12 LD. In a light-dependent manner, Clk regulates prothoracic hormone, that regulates ecdysone, that is an upstream activator Peptidoglycan Recognition Receptor-LC, a membrane bound pathogen sensor that activates the imd immune pathway. Therefore, even in the absence of a mature circadian clock the rhythmic expression of Clk in 12:12 LD and not DD, may be causing light driven modulation of innate immune responses that are not regulated by the circadian clock. We generated a period gene KO mutant and characterised the line for silk productivity, gene expression, egg hatching rhythm, daily hemocyte profile, daily variations in the midgut structure and performed an oral infection with E. mundtii in 12:12 LD. There was no difference in silk production compared to the wildtype, mutants lost hatching rhythmicity and per expression was considerably downregulated. Hemocytes fluctuated in the day but not in a circadian fashion. The per null line was more sensitive to oral infection with E. mundtii compared to the wildtype although the variation in survival depending on the time of infection was maintained with day-time infected larvae being more susceptible to the pathogen. The gut structure was unchanged thought the day but the peritrophic matrix was considerably compacted in the mutant.
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Rao, P. Ram Tarak. "Genetic Architecture and gene action in bombyx mori l." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1114.

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Grosse-Wilde, Ewald. "Rezeptoren und Bindeproteine für Pheromone von Bombyx mori: funktionelle Charakterisierung." Berlin Logos-Verl, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2844474&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Gil, Jr José. "Characterizing the 3D organization of holocentric chromosomes in Bombyx mori." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLS084.

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L'organisation du génome dans le noyau cellulaire a été observée et décrite dans différents organismes depuis plus de 140 ans. La plupart des organismes où cela a été fait sont monocentriques, c’est-à-dire dont les chromosomes n’ont qu’un seul centromère. Il a été montré que les centromères contraignent fortement l'architecture des chromosomes en interphase, et j'ai contribué lors de ma thèse à l’écriture d’une revue décrivant ce phénomène (Muller et al., 2019). Cependant, à travers l'Arbre de la Vie eucaryote, on peut trouver plusieurs exemples d'organismes qui sont holocentriques, c’est-à-dire qui ont plusieurs centromères distribués sur toute la longueur de leurs chromosomes. Pour étudier l'impact des centromères sur ce type de chromosomes, nous avons choisi comme organisme modèle le ver à soie, Bombyx mori. Bien que les chromosomes holocentriques de B. mori aient fait l'objet d'études décrivant l'organisation et la formation de leurs centromères et kinétochores (Cortes-Silva et al., 2020 ; Senaratne et al., 2021), l'organisation de leur génome reste à décrire. Ma thèse vise à caractériser l'organisation du génome de B. mori en utilisant des techniques basées sur le séquençage et des approches bioinformatiques sur deux systèmes expérimentaux.Dans la première partie de ma thèse, j'ai utilisé une combinaison de données Hi-C et ChIP-Seq d'embryons de B. mori pour identifier et caractériser les caractéristiques de l'organisation du génome. En utilisant les techniques Hi-C, j'ai produit des cartes de contact pour les 28 chromosomes de l'assemblage du génome de B. mori et j'ai pu montrer que les chromosomes de B. mori établissent des contacts peu fréquents entre eux, ce qui donne lieu à des territoires chromosomiques forts. J'ai ensuite combiné ces données Hi-C avec des ensembles de données ChIP-Seq correspondant à plusieurs marques épigénétiques de l'embryon de B. mori afin de définir et de caractériser les compartiments chromosomiques. Cette étude a révélé que les chromosomes de B. mori sont organisés en trois compartiments à l'échelle du génome : A, B et X. Les compartiments A et B de B. mori rappellent ceux décrits pour la première fois dans les chromosomes humains. Le compartiment X est composé de régions très compactes et pauvres en gènes qui n'interagissent ni avec les deux autres compartiments, ni avec des compartiments similaires sur le même chromosome. Ces résultats sont inclus dans une étude à laquelle j'ai participé et qui décrit l'organisation du génome des embryons de B. mori (Muller et al., en cours).Dans la deuxième partie de ma thèse, je me suis tourné vers les lignées cellulaires de B. mori afin de déterminer certains des facteurs contribuant à cette organisation du génome. Pour ce faire, j'ai utilisé l'ARN interférence pour perturber les centromères, les cohésines et les condensines, dont l'impact sur l'organisation du génome a été démontré chez d'autres organismes. J'ai acquis des données Hi-C, profilé différentes marques épigénétiques dans chaques conditions, et montré que les centromères et les complexes SMC jouent un rôle dans l'organisation du génome de B. mori, la cohésine et la condensine II ayant des effets opposés sur le repliement des chromosomes à courte et longue distance. Pour analyser correctement ces données, j'ai développé des outils bioinformatiques pour tenir compte de la nature holocentrique des chromosomes de B. mori. J'ai également eu l'occasion de mettre mes compétences en bioinformatiques au service d'une collaboration portant sur l'appariement méiotique des chromosomes de B. mori (Rosin et al., 2021). Ensemble, en utilisant Hi-C et ChIP-Seq et en effectuant l'analyse bioinformatique des deux, j'ai pu décrire pour la première fois l'organisation du génome de B. mori et caractériser les rôles des facteurs qui y contribuent
The genome’s organization within the cell nucleus has been observed and described in various different organisms for over 140 years. Most of the organisms where this has been done are monocentric, or organisms that have chromosomes with a single centromere. Studies have shown that centromeres strongly constrain the architecture of chromosomes in interphase and during my thesis, I contributed to a review describing this phenomenon (Muller et al., 2019). However, across the eukaryotic tree of life you can find several examples of organisms that are holocentric, or organisms that have centromeres distributed along the entire length of their chromosomes. To study the impact of centromeres on these types of chromosomes, we choose the silkworm, Bombyx mori, as our model organism. Although the holocentric chromosomes of B. mori have been subjects of studies describing the organization and formation of their centromeres and kinetochores (Cortes-Silva et al., 2020; Senaratne et al., 2021), their genome organization has yet to be described. My thesis aims at characterizing the genome organization of B. mori with the use of sequencing-based techniques and bioinformatic approaches on two experimental systems.In the first part of my thesis I used a combination of Hi-C and ChIP-Seq data from B. mori embryos to identify and characterize genome organizational features. Using Hi-C, I produced contact maps for all 28 chromosomes of the B. mori genome assembly and I was able to show that B. mori chromosomes make infrequent contacts between themselves resulting in strong chromosome territories. I then combined this Hi-C data with ChIP-Seq data sets corresponding to several B. mori embryo epigenetic marks in order to define and characterize chromosome compartments. This study revealed that B. mori chromosomes are organized into three genome-wide compartments: A, B and X. The A and B compartments in B. mori are reminiscent of those first described in human chromosomes. The X compartment is composed of highly compact, gene-poor regions that do not interact with the other two compartments, nor with like compartments on the same chromosome. These findings are included in a study that I was a part of describing the genome organization of B. mori embryos (Muller et al., in progress).In the second part of my thesis I turned to B. mori cell lines in order to determine some of the factors contributing to this genome organization. In order to do this, I used RNAi to perturb centromeres, cohesins and condensins which have been shown to have an impact on genome organization in other organisms. I acquired Hi-C data and profiled different epigenetic marks in each condition and show that centromeres and SMC complexes play a role in B. mori genome organization with cohesin and condensin II having opposite effects in short- and long-range chromosome folding. To properly analyze this data, I developed bioinformatic tools to account for the holocentric nature of B. mori chromosomes. I even had the chance to contribute my bioinformatic skill set to a collaboration studying meiotic pairing of B. mori chromosomes (Rosin et al., 2021). Taken together, using Hi-C and ChIP-Seq and performing the bioinformatic analysis of both, I was able to describe for the first time the genome organization of B. mori and characterize the roles of factors contributing to it
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Trancik, Jessika. "Silk microstructures." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249173.

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Zafar, M. S. "Developing silica based nanocomposites for dental applications using Bombyx mori silk." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2011. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/213/.

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A significant amount of research is being carried out on natural Bombyx mori (BM) silk which has gained remarkable popularity for biomedical applications in recent years. The main objective of this thesis is concerned with the development of a new silk based material with improved properties for dental tissue repair and dentin regeneration. In the first phase, research was carried out to study the chemistry and kinetics of silica formation and to assess the effects of silk proteins on the mechanical and functional properties of nanocomposite materials. A novel method was developed to separate different silk fractions (heavy chain fibroin and light chain fibroin) from natural silk using formic acid. Silk and its fractions were regenerated for use in gelation studies and fabricating nanocomposites by adding silica. The silica was added using, hydrolysed tetraethoxy silane (TEOS) to condense into gelling silk solutions or by adding pre-condensed silica nanoparticles (14-350 nm), prepared using a modified Stbber method. Silk solutions were characterised using viscometery, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In the second phase, silk based nanocomposites were fabricated using electrospinning and gelation routes. The fabricated nanocomposite materials were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis (EDX), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and compressibility testing. Both silk fractions (heavy chain fibroin and light chain fibroin) have entirely different structural, conformational and functional properties and can be regenerated using ionic solutions. Heavy chain silk due to its unique properties such as high hydrophobic amino acid domains (repeats of GAGAGS or GAGAGY) resulted in comparatively more p-sheet content, producing different solution as well as materials properties. Silk fractions were electrospun and the morphology of electrospun fibres was affected by the relative proportion of heavy and light chain silk in the solutions. Similar results were found for materials prepared by the gelation route. Addition of pre-condensed silica particles improved mechanical properties of composite materials compared to silica derived from TEOS. The development of novel methods of separating silk fractions will improve the availability of these fractions for future research and give a robust base for further studies in areas such as dental materials, biomaterials, biochemistry and biotechnology. Natural silk fractions and inorganic composites have a large potential for future applications in industry and research however a lot more research is required for their detailed characterisation and their interaction studies within the biological environment.
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Mangé, Alain. "Etude structurale et fonctionnelle des gènes d'actine cytoplasmique de Bombyx mori." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10080.

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Dans la glande sericigene de bombyx mori, la majorite du pool cellulaire d'actine cytoplasmique est incluse dans des microfilaments apicaux impliques dans l'exocytose des proteines de la soie. Ces filaments sont desorganises de maniere cyclique au cours des mues larvaires, concomitamment avec l'arret de la synthese de la soie. Dans le cadre de ma these, j'ai entrepris l'analyse fonctionnelle du gene d'actine cytoplasmique a3 par des approches complementaires in vivo et in vitro. Deux sites aux fonctions antagonistes, ra3 et sre, modulent l'expression du gene de maniere negative pour l'element ra#3 et positive pour l'element sre. De facon interessante, ce dernier element est structurellement et fonctionnellement homologue a celui present en amont des genes d'actine cytoplasmique de vertebres. Les observations realisees in vitro et dans la chromatine, par footprinting in vivo, suggerent que l'element sre fixe un facteur proteique, dont les caracteristiques sont tres proches du facteur srf humain. Parallelement a cette etude, j'ai isole et caracterise le quatrieme gene d'actine de bombyx mori (a4). Ce dernier code une actine cytoplasmique tres homologue a celle codee par le gene a3. La comparaison de sa sequence codante a celles d'autres genes d'actine cytoplasmique d'insectes suggere que ces genes ont evolue a partir d'au moins un gene d'actine ancestral commun. Le gene a4 possede une organisation moleculaire complexe avec deux promoteurs distincts. L'ensemble de ces resultats souleve la question de l'importance biologique de chacune des isoformes d'actine cytoplasmique. L'etude fonctionnelle de leurs genes dans la glande sericigene devrait permettre d'aborder les fonctions multiples de la proteine dans la physiologie cellulaire
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Santorum, Marilucia. "Avaliação da toxicidade do inseticida novaluron em Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera Bombycidae) /." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182490.

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Orientador: Daniela Carvalho dos Santos
Resumo: O bicho-da-seda, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), é o inseto de maior importância econômica na produção de seda. A lagarta se alimenta de folhas de amoreira e é altamente sensível a agrotóxicos, assim o uso destes em culturas agrícolas circunvizinhas às plantações de amoreira pode afetar o desenvolvimento de B. mori, acarretando em desequilíbrio nas suas funções metabólicas e, consequentemente, comprometendo a produção de casulos. Entre estes agrotóxicos, destaca-se o Novaluron, inseticida inibidor da síntese de quitina nos insetos e empregado no controle de insetos pragas de culturas agrícolas próximas as plantações de amoreira. Assim, investigamos os efeitos tóxicos de Novaluron no desenvolvimento de B. mori. Lagartas de B. mori, foram separadas em dois grupos experimentais: grupo controle (GC) e grupo tratamento (GT: tratado com 0, 15 mL/L de Novaluron). Após ecdise do 2° para o 3° instar, lagartas do GT foram alimentadas por 24 horas com folhas de amoreira tratadas com o inseticida. Paralelamente foi realizada uma nova exposição, porém em lagartas que realizavam a ecdise do 4° para o 5° instar. Lagartas, pupas e adultos de B. mori foram anestesiadas e segmentos do intestino médio, glândula da seda e órgãos reprodutores retirados e processados convencionalmente para técnicas de microscopias de luz, eletrônica e imunohistoquímica. Além disso, os efeitos no desenvolvimento, reprodução e qualidade do casulo também foram avaliados. O Novaluron provocou efeitos citotóxico... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae is the insect of major economic importance in the production of silk. The larvae feeds on mulberry leaves and is highly sensitive to agrochemicals, thus the use of these in agricultural crops surrounding the mulberry plantations can affect the development of B. mori, causing an imbalance in its metabolic functions and, consequently, compromising the production of cocoons. Among these agrochemicals, stands out the Novaluron, an insecticide inhibitor of the synthesis of chitin in insects and used in the control of insect pests of crops near mulberry plantations. Thus, we investigated the lethal and sublethal effects of Novaluron on the development of B. mori. Larvae were selected into two experimental groups: control group (CG) and treatment group (TG: treated with 0, 15 mL/L Novaluron). After ecdysis from the 2nd to the 3rd instar, the TG larvae were fed for 24 hours with mulberry leaves treated with the insecticide. In parallel, a new exposition was carried out, however in larvae that carry out the ecdysis from the 4th to the 5th instar. B. mori larvae, pupae and adults were anesthetized and segments of the midgut, silk gland and reproductive organs were removed and processed conventionally for light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. In addition, the effects on the development, reproduction and quality of the cocoon were also evaluated. Novaluron caused cytotoxic effects on the midgut and the silk glan... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Books on the topic "Bombyx mori"

1

Cullen, Laurie Ann. The movement of the HD1 toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis in Bombyx mori. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, 1990.

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Permadi, Bey. Pengaruh besar irisan daun murbei terhadap perkembangan ulat sutera (Bombyx mori L.): Laporan penelitian. [Jatinangor]: Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Padjadjaran, 1997.

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Universitas Negeri Padjadjaran. Fakultas Pertanian., ed. Pengaruh waktu penyimpanan telur pada suhu dingin terhadap penetasan telur menjadi ulat sutera (Bombyx mori L.): Laporan penelitian. [Jatinangor]: Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Padjadjaran, 1997.

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Lalonde, Alain. Comparison of the residence time in the midgut of the lepidopteran larvae Bombyx mori of the toxins HD-1, HD-73 and the protein HSA. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, 1991.

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McCarthy, David A. Fear no more: A B-17 navigator's journey. Pittsburgh: Cottage Wordsmiths in association with DAMBooks, 1991.

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Kirkup, James. No more Hiroshimas: Poems and translations. Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne, Eng: Cloud, 1995.

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Office, General Accounting. Air force procurement: More B-1B spares should have been bought directly from manufacturers : report to the Honorable Pete Wilson, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1987.

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Office, General Accounting. Air force procurement: More B-1B spares should have been bought directly from manufacturers : report to the Honorable Pete Wilson, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1987.

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Nihon Gensuibaku Higaisha Dantai Kyōgikai., ed. Hibakusha kara no dengon: Genbaku no jissō o kataritsugu = No more Hiroshima, Nagasaki : anti nuclear weapons. Tōkyō: Akebi Shobō, 1995.

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Perera, Sumi. More lines exploring space II. Redhill, Surrey, England?]: [Sumi Perera], 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bombyx mori"

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Klimenko, V. V. "The Silkworm Bombyx mori." In Animal Species for Developmental Studies, 231–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0503-3_9.

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Akbar, Shahid. "Bombyx mori L. (Bombycidae)." In Handbook of 200 Medicinal Plants, 439–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16807-0_45.

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Takasu, Yoko, Toshiki Tamura, Marian Goldsmith, and Michal Zurovec. "Targeted Mutagenesis in Bombyx mori Using TALENs." In TALENs, 127–42. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2932-0_11.

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Suzuki, Akinori. "Prothoracicotropic Hormones and Neurohormones in Bombyx Mori." In Insect Neurochemistry and Neurophysiology · 1986, 29–51. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4832-3_2.

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Sivaprasad, Vankadara, N. Chandrakanth, and S. Manthira Moorthy. "Genetics and Genomics of Bombyx mori L." In Genetic Methods and Tools for Managing Crop Pests, 127–209. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0264-2_6.

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Kong, Na. "Self-Assembly of Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 69–82. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1574-4_7.

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Xia, Lixin, Tzi Bun Ng, Evandro Fei Fang, and Jack Ho Wong. "Bioactive Constituents of the Silk Worm Bombyx mori." In Antitumor Potential and other Emerging Medicinal Properties of Natural Compounds, 335–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6214-5_22.

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Mundkur, Rajendra, and E. Muniraju. "Molecular Marker-Assisted Selection Breeding in Silkworm, Bombyx mori." In Trends in Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 3–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61343-7_1.

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Kim, T. Y., J. H. Park, J. O. Park, H. C. Kang, and I. S. Chung. "Biochemical Analysis of BmNPV Attachment to Bombyx Mori Cells." In Animal Cell Technology: Basic & Applied Aspects, 203–7. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5746-9_32.

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Suzuki, Yoshiaki, Shigeharu Takiya, Toshiharu Suzuki, Chi-chung Hui, Kenji Matsuno, Masakazu Fukuta, Toshifumi Nagata, and Kohji Ueno. "Developmental Regulation of Silk Gene Expression in Bombyx mori." In Molecular Insect Science, 83–89. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3668-4_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bombyx mori"

1

Nwibo, Daniel Don. "Infectious disease ofEnterococcus mundtiiin silkworm,Bombyx mori." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.109886.

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Wyman, Aaron J., and Mary Alice Webb. "Calcium Oxalate Accumulation in Malpighian Tubules of Silkworm (Bombyx mori)." In RENAL STONE DISEASE: 1st Annual International Urolithiasis Research Symposium. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2723606.

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Kiuchi, Takashi. "Genome editing in the masculinizing gene of the silkworm Bombyx mori." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94493.

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Roller, Ladislav, Yoshiaki Tanaka, Ivana Valachová-Spálovská, Ladislav Šimo, and Dušan Žitňan. "The analysis of neuropeptides encoded in the silkworm (Bombyx mori) genome." In Xth Conference Biologically Active Peptides. Prague: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/css200709083.

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Puspita, Sartika, Amira Khamila Wahyu Ening, and Dwi Aji Nugroho. "The Bombyx mori L., Nanofibroin Has Potential for Composite Filler Restoration." In 4th International Conference on Sustainable Innovation 2020–Health Science and Nursing (ICoSIHSN 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.210115.041.

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Singla, Sanjay, Stuti Garg, Ishika Garg, Tanmay Kumar Jha, Bhavya Singh, and Hanshika Arya. "Disease Detection in Bombyx Mori Silkworm Using Deep Learning Algorithm CNN." In 2023 International Conference on Advanced Computing & Communication Technologies (ICACCTech). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacctech61146.2023.00058.

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Puspita, Sartika, Marsetyawan HNE Soesatyo, Siti Sunarintyas, and Ema Mulyawati. "The fibroin (Bombyx mori L.) is cytocompatible with human primary pulp cells." In 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOINFORMATICS, BIOTECHNOLOGY, AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (BIOMIC 2018). Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5098423.

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Madhukumar, R., S. Asha, B. K. Sarojini, R. Somashekar, B. Lakshmeesha Rao, C. S. Shivananda, K. V. Harish, and Sangappa. "Structural and thermal properties of γ – irradiated Bombyx mori silk fibroin films." In NANOFORUM 2014. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4917889.

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Tabunoki, Hiroko. "Can the silkworm (Bombyx mori) be used as a human disease model?" In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.112440.

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Lyu, Peng. "Effects of caloric restriction on immune responses againstStaphylocuccus aureusin silkworm,Bombyx mori." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.113454.

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Reports on the topic "Bombyx mori"

1

Hefetz, Abraham, and Justin O. Schmidt. Use of Bee-Borne Attractants for Pollination of Nonrewarding Flowers: Model System of Male-Sterile Tomato Flowers. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586462.bard.

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The use of bee natural product for enhancing pollination is especially valuable in problematic crops that are generally avoided by bees. In the present research we attempted to enhance bee visitation to Male Sterile (M-S) tomato flowers generally used in the production of hybrid seeds. These flowers that lack both pollen and nectar are unattractive to bees that learn rapidly to avoid them. The specific objects were to elucidate the chemical composition of the exocrine products of two bumble bee species the North American Bombus impatiens and the Israeli B. terrestris. Of these, to isolate and identify a bee attractant which when sprayed on M-S tomato flowers will enhance bee visitation, and to provide a procedure of the pheromone application regime. During the research we realized that our knowledge of B. impatiens is too little and we narrowed the objective to learning the basic social behavior of the bees and the pattern of foraging in a flight chamber and how it is affected by biogenic amines. Colonies of B. impatiens are characterized by a high number of workers and a relatively small number of queens. Size differences between queens and workers are pronounced and the queen seems to have full control over egg laying. Only about 9% of the workers in mature colonies had mature oocytes, and there were no signs of a "competition phase" as we know in B. terrestris. Queens and workers differ in their exocrine bouquet. Queen's Dufour's gland possesses a series of linear, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons whereas that of workers contains in addition a series of wax-type esters. Bees were trained to either visit or avoid artificially scented electronic flowers in a flight chamber. Since bee also learned to avoid scented non-rewarding flowers we attempted to interfere with this learning. We tested the effect of octopamine, a biogenic amine affecting bee behavior, on the choice behavior of free-flying bumblebees. Our results show that octopamine had no significant effect on the bees' equilibrium choice or on the overall rate of the behavioral change in response to the change in reward. Rather, octopamine significantly affected the time interval between the change in reward status and the initiation of behavioral change in the bee. In B. terrestris we studied the foraging pattern of the bees on tomato flowers in a semi commercial greenhouse in Yad Mordechai. Bee learned very quickly to avoid the non- rewarding M-S flowers, irrespective of their arrangement in the plot, i.e., their mixing with normal, pollen bearing flowers. However, bees seem to "forget" this information during the night since the foraging pattern repeats itself the next morning. Several exocrine products were tested as visitation enhancers. Among these, tarsal gland extracts are the most attractive. The compounds identified in the tarsal gland extract are mostly linear saturated hydrocarbons with small amounts of unsaturated ones. Application was performed every second day on leaves in selected inflorescences. Bee visitation increased significantly in the treated inflorescences as compared to the control, solvent treated. Treatment of the anthers cone was more effective than on the flower petals or the surrounding leaves. Methanol proved to be a non-flower-destructive solvent. We have shown that bumble bees (B. terrestris) can be manipulated by bee-borne attractants to visit non-rewarding flowers. We have further demonstrated that the bees learning ability can be manipulated by applying exogenously octopamine. Both methods can be additively applied in enhancing pollination of desired crops. Such manipulation will be especially useful in tomato cultivation for hybrid seed production.
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Drury, J., S. Arias, T. Au-Yeung, D. Barr, L. Bell, T. Butler, H. Carter, et al. Public behaviour in response to perceived hostile threats: an evidence base and guide for practitioners and policymakers. University of Sussex, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/vjvt7448.

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Background: Public behaviour and the new hostile threats • Civil contingencies planning and preparedness for hostile threats requires accurate and up to date knowledge about how the public might behave in relation to such incidents. Inaccurate understandings of public behaviour can lead to dangerous and counterproductive practices and policies. • There is consistent evidence across both hostile threats and other kinds of emergencies and disasters that significant numbers of those affected give each other support, cooperate, and otherwise interact socially within the incident itself. • In emergency incidents, competition among those affected occurs in only limited situations, and loss of behavioural control is rare. • Spontaneous cooperation among the public in emergency incidents, based on either social capital or emergent social identity, is a crucial part of civil contingencies planning. • There has been relatively little research on public behaviour in response to the new hostile threats of the past ten years, however. • The programme of work summarized in this briefing document came about in response to a wave of false alarm flight incidents in the 2010s, linked to the new hostile threats (i.e., marauding terrorist attacks). • By using a combination of archive data for incidents in Great Britain 2010-2019, interviews, video data analysis, and controlled experiments using virtual reality technology, we were able to examine experiences, measure behaviour, and test hypotheses about underlying psychological mechanisms in both false alarms and public interventions against a hostile threat. Re-visiting the relationship between false alarms and crowd disasters • The Bethnal Green tube disaster of 1943, in which 173 people died, has historically been used to suggest that (mis)perceived hostile threats can lead to uncontrolled ‘stampedes’. • Re-analysis of witness statements suggests that public fears of Germany bombs were realistic rather than unreasonable, and that flight behaviour was socially structured rather than uncontrolled. • Evidence for a causal link between the flight of the crowd and the fatal crowd collapse is weak at best. • Altogether, the analysis suggests the importance of examining people’s beliefs about context to understand when they might interpret ambiguous signals as a hostile threat, and that. Tthe concepts of norms and relationships offer better ways to explain such incidents than ‘mass panic’. Why false alarms occur • The wider context of terrorist threat provides a framing for the public’s perception of signals as evidence of hostile threats. In particular, the magnitude of recent psychologically relevant terrorist attacks predicts likelihood of false alarm flight incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in those towns and cities that have seen genuine terrorist incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in the types of location where terrorist attacks happen, such as shopping areass, transport hubs, and other crowded places. • The urgent or flight behaviour of other people (including the emergency services) influences public perceptions that there is a hostile threat, particularly in situations of greater ambiguity, and particularly when these other people are ingroup. • High profile tweets suggesting a hostile threat, including from the police, have been associated with the size and scale of false alarm responses. • In most cases, it is a combination of factors – context, others’ behaviour, communications – that leads people to flee. A false alarm tends not to be sudden or impulsive, and often follows an initial phase of discounting threat – as with many genuine emergencies. 2.4 How the public behave in false alarm flight incidents • Even in those false alarm incidents where there is urgent flight, there are also other behaviours than running, including ignoring the ‘threat’, and walking away. • Injuries occur but recorded injuries are relatively uncommon. • Hiding is a common behaviour. In our evidence, this was facilitated by orders from police and offers from people staff in shops and other premises. • Supportive behaviours are common, including informational and emotional support. • Members of the public often cooperate with the emergency services and comply with their orders but also question instructions when the rationale is unclear. • Pushing, trampling and other competitive behaviour can occur,s but only in restricted situations and briefly. • At the Oxford Street Black Friday 2017 false alarm, rather than an overall sense of unity across the crowd, camaraderie existed only in pockets. This was likely due to the lack of a sense of common fate or reference point across the incident; the fragmented experience would have hindered the development of a shared social identity across the crowd. • Large and high profile false alarm incidents may be associated with significant levels of distress and even humiliation among those members of the public affected, both at the time and in the aftermath, as the rest of society reflects and comments on the incident. Public behaviour in response to visible marauding attackers • Spontaneous, coordinated public responses to marauding bladed attacks have been observed on a number of occasions. • Close examination of marauding bladed attacks suggests that members of the public engage in a wide variety of behaviours, not just flight. • Members of the public responding to marauding bladed attacks adopt a variety of complementary roles. These, that may include defending, communicating, first aid, recruiting others, marshalling, negotiating, risk assessment, and evidence gathering. Recommendations for practitioners and policymakers • Embed the psychology of public behaviour in emergencies in your training and guidance. • Continue to inform the public and promote public awareness where there is an increased threat. • Build long-term relations with the public to achieve trust and influence in emergency preparedness. • Use a unifying language and supportive forms of communication to enhance unity both within the crowd and between the crowd and the authorities. • Authorities and responders should take a reflexive approach to their responses to possible hostile threats, by reflecting upon how their actions might be perceived by the public and impact (positively and negatively) upon public behaviour. • To give emotional support, prioritize informative and actionable risk and crisis communication over emotional reassurances. • Provide first aid kits in transport infrastructures to enable some members of the public more effectively to act as zero responders.
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