Academic literature on the topic 'Bond indices'
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Journal articles on the topic "Bond indices"
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Kulli, V. R. "ATOM BOND CONNECTIVITY E-BANHATTI INDICES." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER RESEARCH 11, no. 01 (January 30, 2023): 3201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijmcr/v11i1.13.
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In this paper, we introduce the atom bond connectivity E-Banhatti index and the sum atom bond connectivity E-Banhatti index of a graph. Also we compute these newly defined atom bond connectivity E-Banhatti indices for wheel graphs, friendship graphs, chain silicate networks, honeycomb networks and nanotubes.
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Ghaemi Asl, Mahdi, and Muhammad Mahdi Rashidi. "Dynamic diversification benefits of Sukuk and conventional bonds for the financial performance of MENA region companies: empirical evidence from COVID-19 pandemic period." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 12, no. 7 (August 4, 2021): 979–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-09-2020-0306.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate the spillover between the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) stock index and several security indices, including Sukuk and conventional bond, and ultimately compare the hedge effectiveness of Sukuk and conventional bond. Design/methodology/approach The study uses VAR (1)-asymmetric Baba, Engle, Kraft and Kroner-multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (1,1) model to analyze the volatility and shock and asymmetric shock spillover between Sukuk index and several bond indices in the MENA region including, Bond, All Bond, High Yield Bond and Bond and Sukuk and MENA stock market index and ultimately compare the hedging capabilities of Sukuk and conventional bonds by calculating the optimal portfolio weights for securities indices and stock portfolios and hedge effectiveness of security indices. Findings Results indicate that there is no shock, volatility and asymmetric shock spillover between the Sukuk index and MENA stock index, implying that Sukuk indices behave independently from MENA stock indices; however, there is shock and asymmetric shock spillover between MENA stock indices and security indices that include conventional bonds. The result of optimal portfolio weights and corresponding hedge effectiveness indicate that Sukuk is the most significant asset among other security indices in diversifying and hedging stock MENA portfolios. Moreover, the hedge effectiveness of Sukuk shows persistent trends during both the normal and crisis periods. Practical implications The study suggests that MENA stock market investors and investment managers should add Sukuk instead of the conventional bond to their portfolio to hedge their portfolio against investment risks during both normal and crisis periods. Originality/value Although many studies compare many aspects of Sukuk and conventional bonds, this is the first study that compares the hedge effectiveness of Sukuk and conventional bond based on the time-varying optimal portfolio weights strategy.
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de Jong, Marielle, and Hongwen Wu. "Fundamental indexation for bond markets." Journal of Risk Finance 15, no. 3 (May 19, 2014): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-05-2014-0060.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to build alternative indices weighing using a measure of fundamental value rather than debt size. The official bond indices built to reflect general price trends are market weighted, meaning that the bonds are weighted by their debt size. The more indebted, the more weight in the index, which mechanically increments the investment risks that are inherent. Those market indices are shown to be return-to-risk inefficient in recent studies compared to indices with alternative weighting schemes. The authors contribute to this growing literature, which mostly focuses on equities, by testing on bonds. Design/methodology/approach – The authors build alternative indices weighing using a measure of fundamental value rather than debt size. The authors have done this for sovereign bonds using gross domestic product (GDP) figures and for corporates taking sales revenues. Findings – The authors find in empirical tests that the fundamental indices build tend to outperform the market-weighted indices. Originality/value – This article builds on two articles by Arnott et al. (2005, 2010), in the Financial Analysts Journal and Journal of Portfolio Management, respectively, and adds value in the sense that – it takes an appreciation-free fundamental measure, – tests on the European as opposed to the US bond markets.
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Kulli, V. R. "NEIGHBORHOOD SUM ATOM BOND CONNECTIVITY INDICES OF SOME NANOSTAR DENDRIMERS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER RESEARCH 11, no. 02 (February 16, 2023): 3230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijmcr/v11i2.01.
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In this paper, we introduce the neighborhood sum atom bond connectivity index and the multiplicative neighborhood sum atom bond connectivity index of a graph. Also we compute these indices for certain dendrimers
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Phelps, Bruce D. "Replicating Bond Indices with Liquid Derivatives." CFA Digest 36, no. 4 (November 2006): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/dig.v36.n4.4302.
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Mariathasan, Joseph. "Bond indices: understanding all the angles." Balance Sheet 12, no. 4 (September 2004): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09657960410699667.
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Dynkin, Lev, Anthony Gould, and Vadim Konstantinovsky. "Replicating Bond Indices with Liquid Derivatives." Journal of Fixed Income 15, no. 4 (March 31, 2006): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jfi.2006.627827.
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Sueur, C., and G. Dauphin-tanguy. "Controllability Indices for Bond Graph Models." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 28, no. 8 (July 1995): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)45442-5.
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Sangvinatsos, Antonios. "Strategic Asset Allocation: The Role of Corporate Bond Indices?" Quarterly Journal of Finance 01, no. 02 (June 2011): 355–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010139211000110.
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This paper studies dynamic asset allocations across stocks, Treasury bonds, and corporate bond indices. We employ a new model where liquidity plays an important role in forecasting excess returns. We document the significant utility benefits an investor gains by optimally including corporate bond indices in his portfolio. The benefits are bigger for lower-grade bonds. We also find that investment-grade indices are different from high-yield indices in that different risks are priced in these two asset classes. One important difference is that there exist positive "flight-to-liquidity" premia in investment-grade bonds, but we find no such premia in high-yield bonds. We calculate the portfolio behavior and the utility benefits for three types of investors, the "sophisticated", the "average" and the "lazy" investor. We provide practical portfolio advice on investing throughout the business cycle and we study how the total allocations and hedging demands vary with the business conditions. In addition, utilizing our model, we evaluate the significance of the liquidity variable information for the investor. We find that the liquidity information greatly enhances the investor's portfolio performance. Finally, further support in the optimality of the strategies is provided by calculating their in- and out-of-sample realized returns for the last decade.
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Karim, Sitara, Muhammad Abubakr Naeem, Nawazish Mirza, and Jessica Paule-Vianez. "Quantifying the hedge and safe-haven properties of bond markets for cryptocurrency indices." Journal of Risk Finance 23, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-09-2021-0158.
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PurposeThis study quantified the hedge and safe haven features of bond markets for multiple cryptocurrency indices from June 2014 to April 2021 to highlight whether bond markets offer hedging facilities to uncertainty indices of cryptocurrencies.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employed the methodology of Baur and McDermott (2010) and AGDCC-GARCH model to measure the hedge and safe-haven characteristics of three bond markets (BBGT, SPGB and SKUK) for three uncertainty indexes of cryptocurrencies (UCRPR, UCRPO and ICEA).FindingsThe authors find that bond markets are neither hedge nor safe havens except for SKUK which is a safe haven investment for cryptocurrency indices and offers substantial diversification during the periods of economic fragility. In addition, the hedge effectiveness of SPGB outperforms other bonds during crisis periods and provides sufficient diversification potential for cryptocurrency indices.Practical implicationsThe findings are important for policymakers, regulatory bodies, financial firms and investors in assessing hedge and safe haven characteristics of bond markets against cryptocurrency indices.Originality/valueEmploying the novel methodology of AGDCC-GARCH with three different bond markets and three uncertainty indices of cryptocurrencies, the current study adds to the existing strand of literature in terms of quantifying hedge and safe-haven attributes of bond markets for cryptocurrency uncertainty indexes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bond indices"
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Gabrielsen, Alexandros. "Modelling the dynamics of credit spreads of European corporate bond indices." Thesis, City University London, 2010. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/1116/.
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Credit spreads are important financial tools, since they are used as indicators of economic progression, investment decisions, trading and hedging, as well as pricing credit derivatives. Their role has become more significant for the European fixed income markets since the introduction of the Euro, which reshaped the mechanics of the financial environment. The introduction of single currency provided the means for a pan-European economic growth and cross-border development, liberalized a vast inflow of capital which was once fragmented into different currencies, and provided the dynamics of cross-border investments around a unified legislative framework. Thus, the main subject of the thesis is to provide further insight into and investigate the nature and the dynamics of credit spreads of European corporate bond indices during the credit crisis period. Traditional quantitative credit risk models assume that changes in spreads are normally distributed but empirical evidence shows that they are likely to be skewed and fat-tailed, and if they are ignored then the calculation of loss probabilities will be seriously compromised. Therefore, the first area of investigation aims to provide further insight into the dynamics of higher moments and regime shifts in credit spread changes by applying a GARCH-type model that allows for time-varying volatility, skewness and kurtosis, as well as a Markov regime-switching GARCH specification to capture the structural changes in the volatility of credit spreads. Furthermore, a comparison of the different specifications is undertaken in order to assess which model better fits the empirical distribution of the data and produces best Value-at-Risk estimates. The results presented have significant implications for risk management, as well as in the pricing of credit derivatives. The second area of investigation is to assess and evaluate time-varying correlation of credit spreads. Different multivariate GARCH models, such as Orthogonal-GARCH, the Constant and Dynamic Correlation GARCH models, Risk Metrics and Diagonal-BEKK, are applied to examine the behaviour and dynamics of time-varying correlation. Additionally, the performance of the proposed models is examined by determining whether they produce accurate VaR estimates. The study finds evidence in support of time-varying correlation coefficients between credit spreads which appears to be market dependent and has implications for pricing of derivatives, portfolio selection, trading and hedging activities, as well as risk management. Finally, the impact of economic determinants of credit spreads such as the risk-free rate, inflation, as well as equity and commodity indices and volatilities, are investigated over different market conditions using regime switching models. The results highlight how the effect of the determinants on credit spreads varies across different market conditions and point to the existence of non-linear relationship between the determinants and credit spread changes. The study reveals that the regime dependent determinants have significant explanatory power only in the high volatility regime. Finally, it is shown that the feed-forward neural network model out-performs the other specifications applied in this study in terms of estimating out-of-sample mean forecasts.
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Montvydaitė, Jurgita. "Lietuvos vertybinių popierių rinka ir jos raida." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070105_102041-29830.
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Finansų rinkos skirstomos į pinigų ir vertybinių popierių rinkas. Autorė trumpai apžvelgia vertybinių popierių rinkos bei šiuo metu svarbiausių pasaulio biržų atsiradimą, tačiau didžiausias dėmesys skiriamas Lietuvos vertybinių popierių rinkai, nes šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti Lietuvos vertybinių popierių rinką 1993 – 2005 metais. Darbe išnagrinėtos vertybinių popierių formos bei rūšys, kurias galima sugrupuoti į nuosavybės vertybinius popierius, skolos vertybinius popierius bei išvestines priemones. Taip pat pateikiami svarbiausi akcijų kainas veikiantys veiksniai. Apžvelgiamos Lietuvos vertybinių popierių rinką reguliuojančios institucijos, jų funkcijų kitimą nuo 1993 metų ir pateikiami duomenys apie šių institucijų atliktą darbą. Apžvelgiami ir rinkos dalyviai bei pateikiamas jų skaičiaus kitimas. Darbo paskutiniame skyriuje autorė analizuoja Lietuvos vertybinių popierių rinkos duomenis – apyvartą, kapitalizaciją, apyvartos pasiskirstymą pagal prekybos sąrašus bei pagal sandorių tipus.Financial markets are divided into money market and securities market. Although authoress writes shortly about history of securities market and history of the most important Stock Exchanges of the world, the aim of this paperwork is to observe the evaluation of the Lithuanian Securities market. The object of the paperwork – the analysis of Securities market of Lithuania in 1993 – 2005. The forms and kinds of securities are analyzed in this paper work. It is possible to group securities into three kinds: proprietary, debt securities and financial derivatives. Authoress also names factors, which influence prices of equities. Authoress analyzes the Institutions of the Securities market of Lithuania, functions and variation of these functions since 1993 and participants of securities market of Lithuania and gives variation of their number. In the last chapter of this paperwork authoress analizes facts of the securities market of Lithuania – turnover, capitalization, distribution of turnover by trade lists and types of trade.
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Liberal, Gonçalo Maria Oliveira Dá Mesquita. "Do hedge fund indices enhance portfolio performance?" Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12550.
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Mestrado em FinançasAs carteiras de investimento tradicionais são focadas apenas em duas classes de ativos: Ações e Obrigações. Nas últimas décadas as carteiras institucionais, e de investidores privados, para perfis de risco equilibrados têm colocado o foco em 60% de ações globais, usualmente através do índice americano S&P500, e em 40% de obrigações através do índice Barclays US Aggregate Bond. A componente de obrigações tende a baixar a volatilidade das ações, resultando numa menor volatilidade destas carteiras. Dadas as atuais baixas taxas de juros, e as baixas yields das obrigações, esta classe de ativos poderá aumentar a sua volatilidade contribuindo para um maior risco destas carteiras. Posto isto, poderá fazer sentido aumentar a exposição a outros instrumentos financeiros por forma a diversificar estas carteiras e diminuir os riscos sistemáticos dos mercados financeiros. Torna-se assim necessário considerar alternativas de investimento, com o objetivo de obter retornos ajustados ao risco na constituição de carteiras de investimento. Os fundos de investimento de retorno absoluto, ou hedge funds, podem constituir alternativas de investimento válidas em períodos de alta volatilidade, e têm ganho visibilidade originando um aumento da procura, ou seja, a um aumento dos ativos sobre gestão. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a combinação de índices investíveis de Hedge Funds numa carteira tradicional de 60% de ações e 40% de obrigações. Pretende-se determinar a carteira de variância mínima e de Markowitz e os respetivos pesos dos índices de hedge funds na carteira de referência e comparar a sua performance.
Traditional investment portfolios are focused only on two asset classes: Stocks and Bonds. In recent decades institutional portfolios and private investors have, for balanced risk profiles, focused on 60% of global stock usually through the US S&P500 and 40% bonds through the Barclays US Aggregate Bond Index. Therefore, it is necessary to increase exposure to other financial instruments in order to diversify these portfolios and reduce systemic risks in financial markets. If so, investors should consider adding alternatives to their traditional investments as a way to potentially reduce their portfolios sensitivity to financial markets. It is therefore necessary to consider investment alternatives, in order to get adjusted returns to risk in setting up investment portfolios. Absolute return funds or hedge funds, may present a valid alternative investment in times of high volatility, and have gained visibility in periods of bear markets compared to stock index funds, consequently leading to an increase in demand, i.e., an increase of assets under management for these assets. This study aims to analyze the combination of investable indices of hedge funds in a traditional portfolio of 60% stocks and 40% bonds. It is intended to determine the minimum variance portfolio and Markowitz and the respective weights of hedge fund indices in the reference portfolio and compare their performance considering time windows of two, five and ten years.
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Rezaee, Amir. "Le marché des obligations privées à la bourse de Paris au 19ème siècle : performance et efficience d'un marché obligataire." Thesis, Orléans, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ORLE0505/document.
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L’objet de cette thèse est d’analyser d’un point de vue financier la cotation et le comportement des obligations privées à la Bourse de Paris à partir de 1838 jusqu’à l’éclatement de la Première Guerre mondiale. Cette étude est divisée en deux parties : La première relate la création et l’évolution des émissions obligataires (marché primaire) durant le 19ème siècle. On s’intéresse aux grands émetteurs qui ont su se servir le mieux des obligations et les raisons de leur succès. Dans cette partie seront également traitées les caractéristiques techniques et les innovations financières des émissions. La deuxième partie tente d’analyser le comportement boursier des obligations(marché secondaire).Pour cela un indice général des cours d’obligations durant le 19ème siècle a été calculé. En se basant sur cet indice nous mettons en lumière pour la première fois, les caractéristiques de ce marché (rentabilité, volatilité, …). Cela permet de comparer nos résultats avec ceux des études antérieures sur les marchés d’actions et de la rente au 19ème siècle. Cet indice permet également de tester les diverses hypothèses financières relevant de la théorie financière moderne (efficience informationnelle, cointégration avec des autres compartiments du marché,…)This thesis studies the French corporate bonds market during the 19th century. Despite its importance the performance of the corporate bonds quoted on the Paris Bourse has never been studied. In order to analyse this market, a price index of the corporate bond market has been created by using modern techniques. The creation of the index was made possible thanks to an original database created by new data, which has never been used before and collected directly from the publications of the market authorities during the nineteenth century. Thanks to the index, the risk and the return of the market have been measured. Then we compared the performance of the French corporate bonds with those of the stocks and government bonds; the results of thecomparisons are interesting. This study demonstrates that the corporate bonds are the least risky securities and their rate of return is higher than the government bonds during the nineteenth century. Some econometric tests have also been used to compare the efficiency of bond market with the other segments of the Paris Bourse
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Freytag, Julia. "Challenges for Green Finance in India : An Analysis of Deficiencies in India’s Green Financial Market." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-180908.
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Context:Over the years, India has evolved as a leading powerhouse of economic growthbut belongs to the nations that are most significantly affected by anthropogenicenviron-mental changes. As part of the Paris Agreement, India has formulated a national climate agenda, but a large gapprevalentin the green financialmarket as well as other deficien-cies in the general bondmarket and the underlying infrastructure restrain the country from attaining those goals. Purpose:Earlier scholarly works, and green bond reports, in particular, have foreground the number of green bond issuances in India but do not take a critical look at the stagnat-ing development of the market and have not scrutinised the market and its actors in the context of scientific frames of reference yet. Thus, this thesis aims to identify the chal-lenges India faces in scaling the green financial market up while taking the demands and potential contributions of stakeholder groups into consideration. Methodology:This thesis is grounded in the author’s assumptions of interpretivism and subjectivity. Following these initial considerations, an inductive approach was followed, and a qualitative study was conducted, mainly based on a literature review in areas like sustainable finance,green financialmarkets and theirparticipantsas well asgreen debt securities and the associated issuers, investors, costsandverificationmethodsin India. Findings:The main challenges India faces in developing the green financial market fur-ther are the missing transparency provoked by the fragmentary green bond regulation as to disclosure and verification requirements as well as illiquidity caused by a small number of and little environmental awareness among investors. The market relies heavily on the banking sector and green investment projects are slanted towards renewable energy and energy efficiency projects. Moreover, green debt securities lack clear pricing advantages compared to conventional bonds but bear risks for greenwashing activities. Research Limitations:This thesis was not able to bridge the research gap on challenges for scaling India’s sustainable financial market up. The examination was further initiated by the author’s experiences with the topicand is based on an interpretive approach, thus, argumentations and findingsmight be value-laden. The small sample size of interviews taken and the limited information on greenwashing within financial activities might have not deliveredfull insightsinto the research topic
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Laudermilk, Monica J. "Influences of Select Dietary Components on Bone Volumetric Density, Bone Geometry and Indices of Bone Strength in Young Girls." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201500.
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Osteoporosis, a major public health problem, likely has its origins in childhood. During periods of rapid skeletal growth, diet may influence accrual of bone mineral density (BMD) and adult bone health. This study used novel approaches in bone imaging to further characterize optimal skeletal development and enhance our understanding of key dietary components that influence attainment of peak bone mass (PBM) and contribute to determinants of peak bone strength in peri-pubertal females. The use of a validated food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) enabled the influence of usual dietary intake on bone parameters to be examined.This study examined the relationship of dietary intake of micronutrients and bone macro-architectural structure in peri-pubertal girls. This study suggested that vitamin C and zinc intake are associated with objective measures of bone status in 4th, but not 6th grade girls. This indicates potential differences in micronutrient and bone associations at various age-associated stages of bone maturation.The impact of dietary fat on peri-pubertal skeletal growth is not well characterized. This study examined relationships of select dietary fatty acid (FA) intakes and measures of bone status in peri-pubertal girls. This study suggested that MUFA, total PUFA, n-6 and linoleic acid (LA) are inversely associated with bone status prior to menarche, but composition of dietary fat may be more important during the early-pubertal years. Decreased intakes of n-6 PUFA may benefit bone health in young girls.The impact of a dietary protein on volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and bone strength throughout maturation remains controversial. Given evidence of both anabolic and catabolic affects of protein on bone health, this study examined relations of dietary protein from different sources with bone parameters in peri-pubertal girls. This study showed that dietary protein intake is related to higher trabecular but not cortical vBMD, BMC and BSI, and accounts for 2-4% of their variability in peri-pubertal girls. The relationship seems to vary by the source of dietary protein and calcium intake. However, a negative impact of animal protein on bone health is not supported. Large scale observational and intervention studies are needed to establish causality.
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Vasireddy, Sreekanth. "Metacarpal radiographic indices in the assessment of bone strength and fracture risk." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2010. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14584/.
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Osteoporotic fractures are associated with morbidity and increased mortality, and treating fractures is an increasing expenditure for national health systems. Targeting fracture preventative measures appropriately starts with finding those at risk of fracture, services for which can be expensive and poorly available. Metacarpal morphometry can potentially be an inexpensive and widely available method of skeletal strength assessment. In this study a semi-automated metacarpal morphometry (SMCM) technique and a fully automated digital x-ray radiogrammetry (OXR) technique were studied for fracture prediction ability. 9 OXR was studied in a nested case-control setting with hip fracture patients and controls (Hip fracture Prevention Study, HIPS), and OXR bone mineral density (BMO) and OXR metacarpal index (MCI) were found to predict hip fracture risk (odds ratio, OR 1.79 and 1.72 respectively for 1 standard deviation (SO) decrease in measurement). OXR was also studied in a prospective setting for vertebral fracture prediction (Vertebral Osteoporosis Trial), and OXR-BMO and OXR-MCI were found to predict vertebral fracture risk (OR 1.56 and 1.81 respectively). SMCM was studied in a prospective setting (HIPS), and average MCI of 6 metacarpals (AMCI) was found to predict all fracture risk and hip fracture risk (OR 1.30 and 1.42 respectively), but not clinical vertebral fracture risk. In all these settings however, hip, spinal and forearm OXA measures had similar or higher point estimates for the respective fracture risk predictions. There was a trend for disproportionately greater bone loss with age at the metacarpals by MCM measures, compared to hip or forearm OXA measures, especially when associated with other medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Although MCM measures were not superior to OXA measures in fracture risk prediction, there may be a useful role for them in epidemiological studies or providing a clinical service where access to OXA is limited.
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Perry, Colleen Denise 1962. "Spine, hip and forearm bone mineral indices of eumenorrheic, oligomenorrheic and amenorrheic athletes." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276681.
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This study describes bone mineral index (g/cm²) of the distal and mid forearm, spine and hip in gymnasts/weight trainers, and runners with varying menstrual status. 12 eumenorrheic gymnasts/weight trainers (EGW), 11 eumenorrheic runners (ERU), 8 oligomenorrheic gymnasts/weight trainers (OGW), 3 oligomenorrheic runners (ORU) 4 amenorrheic runners (ARU) and a eumenorrheic control group (EC) of 18 subjects were examined. Bone mineral index (BMI) was measured using single and dual photon absorptiometry. EGW had greater BMI than ARU and EC (spine, hip and distal and mid forearm) and ERU (femur and distal forearm). The ARU were not significantly lower in BMI than the ERU. The ARU were only significantly lower in BMI than the EC at the distal forearm. OGW were not significantly greater in BMI than ORU. The OGW had greater BMI than the ARU (spine, femur and distal forearm), ERU and EC (femur and distal forearm). These results show higher BMI in gymnasts/weight trainers, independent of menstrual status, than in runners and controls.
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Miles, Tiya Alicia. ""Bone of my bone" : stories of a Black-Cherokee family, 1790-1866 /." ON-CAMPUS Access For University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Click on "Connect to Digital Dissertations", 2000. http://www.lib.umn.edu/articles/proquest.phtml.
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Kistler-Fischbacher, Melanie. "The influence of antiresorptive bone medication on the effect of bone-targeted exercise on indices of fracture risk in postmenopausal women with low bone mass." Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/408102.
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First-line therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis comprises antiresorptive medication such as bisphosphonates (BPs) and denosumab (Dmab; a human monoclonal antibody). Exercise is an effective non-pharmacological stimulus for bone, however, is traditionally dismissed as a singular therapy for osteoporosis. High-intensity resistance and impact training (HiRIT) applies the principles of osteogenic loading determined from animal trials. There is increasing evidence to support the feasibility and efficacy of HiRIT to safely improve bone health and indices of fall and fracture risk in postmenopausal women and middle-aged to older men. We hypothesised that the combination of exercise and bone medication may provide a more effective bone stimulus than either alone. To examine the influence of antiresorptive medication on the effects of bone-targeted exercise, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing evidence, and a novel, randomised controlled exercise trial in postmenopausal women either on or off medication therapy.
The thesis comprises five manuscripts, presented as four publications and one manuscript in preparation for submission. The first two manuscripts present a two-part review series on the effect of exercise intensity on bone in postmenopausal women. Part one is a systematic review (Chapter 3) and part two, a meta-analysis (Chapter 4). The systematic review included 100 trials, which examined the effect of 120 exercise interventions on bone mass, bone structure or bone turnover markers (BTMs) in healthy postmenopausal women on or off bone medication. Classification of each exercise intervention into low, moderate and high intensity, using predefined classification criteria, revealed the majority (95%) of trials have applied low to moderateintensity loading. Effects of exercise on bone structure and BTMs has only been evaluated in a small proportion of trials and heterogeneity of trial design and outcome measures made it difficult to draw conclusions. The meta-analysis included 53 RCTs (63 interventions) which reported BMD results derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results showed a positive relationship between exercise intensity and bone response for lumbar spine (LS) and total hip (TH) BMD, whereas femoral neck (FN) results were less conclusive, possibly due to the small number of studies in the high-intensity category. Resistance training was the most effective exercise type, potentially in combination with weight-bearing impact activities. Furthermore, preliminary evidence suggests that exercise (any type, any intensity) significantly reduces the risk of osteoporotic fracture. There was a small benefit of adding exercise to medication therapy at the FN but not at the LS or TH. Results are limited to a small number of studies to the extent that the influence of exercise intensity on medication therapy could not be examined. The three subsequent manuscripts comprise the study protocol (Chapter 5), and the main outcomes (Chapter 6) and secondary outcomes (Chapter 7) of the Medication and Exercise for Osteoporosis (MEDEX-OP) trial. The MEDEX-OP trial was an eight-month, randomised controlled exercise trial of postmenopausal women with low bone mass (T-score ≤ -1.0), on or off stable doses of antiresorptive bone medications (BPs or Dmab) for at least 12 months at entry. Eligible participants were randomly assigned, stratified by medication intake, to twice-weekly, 40-min, supervised HiRIT or a low-intensity control exercise intervention (Buff Bones®, BB) matched for training frequency and duration. Outcomes included spine, hip, forearm and whole body BMD, bone structure at the proximal femur, body composition, anthropometrics, indices of functional performance and posture, number of falls and fractures, quality of life related to mental and physical health and pelvic floor health, osteoarthritis symptoms, physical activity enjoyment, and willingness to pay for supervised bone-targeted exercise classes. Exercise and medication compliance and safety of the intervention (adverse events and injuries) were also monitored. A total of 115 participants were randomised at baseline; BB n = 44, HiRIT n = 42, BB-med n = 14, HiRIT-med n = 15. We found that HiRIT plus medications improved proximal femur BMD more than HiRIT-only or BB on medications. HiRIT was superior to BB for LS and trochanteric BMD, back and leg extensor strength, functional mobility and stature. We observed positive relationships between the maximum weight lifted in the deadlift exercise and changes in LS BMD and back muscles strength, as well as between maximum squat weight and changes in leg muscle strength. Compliance and retention rates were high for all groups. HiRIT increased willingness to pay for bone-targeted exercise and physical activity enjoyment, whereas BB only increased the latter. Neither of the programs led to changes in quality of life related to physical and mental health, pelvic floor dysfunction and osteoarthritis, nor resting blood pressure and heart rate.
In summary, the current work confirms the benefits of HiRIT for musculoskeletal health and suggests that the combination of bone-targeted exercise with antiresorptive medication may be more beneficial for proximal femur BMD than either intervention alone. There is a positive relationship between exercise intensity and bone response at the spine and hip. The direct comparison of high to low-intensity exercise revealed superior effects of high-intensity exercise for spine, hip and forearm BMD, muscle strength and mobility and stature. We conclude that HiRIT is an efficacious, safe and appealing exercise program that is superior to other, bonetargeted exercise interventions applied at low to moderate intensity. The combination of HiRIT with first line antiresorptive medication therapy may be superior to HiRIT-alone for hip bone strength, however, a large-scale trial is needed to fully investigate this interaction.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Health Sci & Soc Wrk
Griffith Health
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Books on the topic "Bond indices"
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Börse, Deutsche. Guide to the bond indices of Deutsche Börse. Frankfurt/Main: Deutsche Börse, 1997.
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Sharp, Christopher Andre. Circulating indices of bone metabolism and aluminium in health and disease. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1995.
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Bonda. Bhubaneswar: Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Bond indices"
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Nwogugu, Michael I. C. "Decision-Making, Sub-additive Recursive “Matching” Noise and Biases in Risk-Weighted Stock/Bond Commodity Index Calculation Methods in Incomplete Markets with Partially Observable Multi-attribute Preferences." In Indices, Index Funds And ETFs, 177–232. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-44701-2_5.
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Nwogugu, Michael I. C. "Number Theory, “Structural Biases” and Homomorphisms in Traditional Stock/Bond/Commodity Index Calculation Methods in Incomplete Markets with Partially Observable Un-aggregated Preferences, MN-Transferable-Utilities and Regret–Minimization Regimes." In Indices, Index Funds And ETFs, 41–109. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-44701-2_2.
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Hagenstein, Frank, Alexander Mertz, and Jan Seifert. "Credit Indices." In Investing in Corporate Bonds and Credit Risk, 249–56. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230523296_8.
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Lindenstrauss, Joram, and Lior Tzafriri. "b. The Boyd Indices." In Classical Banach Spaces I and II, 309–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53294-2_29.
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Geusens, Piet. "Biochemical Indices and Bone Turnover." In Osteoporosis in Clinical Practice, 49–51. London: Springer London, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3382-7_9.
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Seibel, Markus J. "Biochemical Indices of Bone Turnover." In Osteoporosis in Clinical Practice, 59–67. London: Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-402-9_8.
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Govindraju, Poornima, T. S. Mahesh Kumar, Poornima Chandra, P. Balaji, and M. B. Sowbhagya. "Panoramic Radiomorphometric Indices of Mandible: Biomarker for Osteoporosis." In Biomarkers in Bone Disease, 507–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7693-7_13.
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Govindraju, Poornima, T. S. Mahesh Kumar, Poornima Chandra, P. Balaji, and M. B. Sowbhagya. "Panoramic Radiomorphometric Indices of Mandible: Biomarker for Osteoporosis." In Biomarkers in Bone Disease, 1–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7745-3_13-1.
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Bonnick, Sydney Lou. "Selecting Patients for Bone Mass Measurements: Self-Assessment Indices." In Bone Densitometry in Clinical Practice, 187–207. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-499-9_8.
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Wood, Adrian D., and Helen M. Macdonald. "Dietary Pattern Analysis in Nutritional Science Research: A Review of Current Evidence Relating Dietary Patterns to Indices of Bone Health and Fracture Risk." In Nutrition and Bone Health, 117–32. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2001-3_8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Bond indices"
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Demilkhanova, Bela Aptyevna. "Government Bond Indices And Market Rates: Evaluating Relationships." In The International Conference «Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism». European Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2022.11.25.
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Basener, Bill. "Neural Network Learning Of Chemical Bond Representations In Spectral Indices And Features." In 2022 12th Workshop on Hyperspectral Imaging and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/whispers56178.2022.9955112.
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Marrero-Ponce, Yovani, and Francisco Torrens. "Bond, Bond-Type, and Total Linear Indices of the Non-Stochastic and Stochastic Edge Adjacency Matrix. 1. Theory and QSPR Studies." In The 9th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-9-01666.
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Castillo-Garit, Juan, Yovani Marrero-Ponce, Francisco Torrensd, and Ramon García-Domenech. "Bond-Based 3D-Chiral Linear Indices: Theory and QSAR Applications to Central Chirality Codification." In The 12th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-12-01275.
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Ángyán, János G., Michel Loos, and István Mayer. "Covalent bond orders and atomic valence indices using the topological theory of atoms in molecules." In The first European conference on computational chemistry (E.C.C.C.1). AIP, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.47848.
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Castillo-Garit, Juan, Yovani Marrero-Ponce, Francisco Torrens, Ramon García-Domenech, and J. Enrique Rodríguez-Borges. "Applications of Bond-Based 3D-Chiral Quadratic Indices in QSAR Studies Related to Central Chirality Codification." In The 13th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-13-00143.
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Rivera-Borroto, Oscar, Yovani Marrero-Ponce, Alfredo Meneses-Marcel, Alina Montero, José Escario, Alicia Barrio, David Pereira, et al. "Quick Access to Potential Trichomonacidals through Bond Linear Indices-Trained Ligand-Based virtual Screening Models." In The 10th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-10-01418.
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Marrero-Ponce, Yovani, Eugenio Martínez, Gerardo Casañola-Martín, Facundo Pérez-Giménez, Yunaimy Díaz, and José Borgese. "Bond-Extended Stochastic and Non-Stochastic Bilinear Indices. 1. QSPR/QSAR Applications to the Description of Properties/Activities of Small-Medium Size Organic Compounds." In The 12th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-12-01280.
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Gercekovich, D. A., O. Yu Basharina, I. S. Shilnikova, E. Yu Gorbachevskaya, and S. A. Gorsky. "Information and algorithmic support of a multi-level integrated system for the investment strategies formation." In 3rd International Workshop on Information, Computation, and Control Systems for Distributed Environments 2021. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47350/iccs-de.2021.06.
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The article summarizes the accumulated practical experience of the authors in the development of algorithms for the formation of investment strategies. For this purpose, the optimization of the studied parameters, information support of investment activities, verification, monitoring and adjustment in the testing mode and the subsequent practical application of the described tools are considered. The system is based on the main provisions of the Markowitz portfolio theory. The analytical block of the Information System Portfolio Investor includes Profitability-Risk model; empirical models of optimal complexity; hybrid predictive model systems; the principle of combining (integrating) both models and forecasts, as well as decision rules; optimization of the training sample length (modified Markowitz model); optimization of the frequency of monitoring and adjusting the composition of the investment portfolio. The principles of design and development of the information block of the system, its replenishment and functioning are described in detail. All the above listed components of the algorithmic content of the investment decision making system are described sequentially. The system modules have been successfully tested on a wide class of financial instruments: ordinary shares, preferred shares, government and corporate bonds, exchange commodities, stock, commodity, industry and bond indices, exchange-traded investment funds and real estate funds. The implemented Markowitz model with a dynamic database of historical data can significantly increase the efficiency of investment decisions, which is facilitated by taking into account the characteristics of both the markets under study and the corresponding financial instruments.
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Wang, Hsing-Wen, Joseph Willis, Michael V. Sivak, and Joseph A. Izatt. "Correlation of Autofluorescence to Proliferation and Inflammatory Indices in Human Premalignant Colonic Tissues." In Biomedical Optical Spectroscopy and Diagnostics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/bosd.1998.btua4.
Full textReports on the topic "Bond indices"
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Shomer, Ilan, Louise Wicker, Uzi Merin, and William L. Kerr. Interactions of Cloud Proteins, Pectins and Pectinesterases in Flocculation of Citrus Cloud. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580669.bard.
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The overall objective was to understand the cloud flocculation of citrus juice by characterization of the interactions between proteins and pectins, and to determine the role of PE isozymes in catalyzing this phenomenon. Specific objectives were to: 1. identify/characterize cloud-proteins in relation to their coagulable properties and affinity to pectins; 2. to determine structural changes of PME and other proteins induced by cation/pectin interactions; 3. localize cloud proteins, PME and bound protein/pectates in unheated and pasteurized juices; 4. to create "sensitized" pectins and determine their effect on clarification. The original objectives were not changed but the methods and approach were modified due to specific research requirements. Two i postulates were: 1. there is a specific interaction of cloud proteins with de-esterified regions of ! pectin and this contributes to cloud loss; 2. isozymes of pectin-methyl-esterase (PME) vary in efficiency to create sensitized pectins. The appearance of citrus fruit juice is an important quality factor and is determined by the color and turbidity that .are conferred by the suspended particles, i.e., by the cloud and its homogeneity. Under some circumstances the cloud tend to flocculate and the juice clarifies. The accepted approach to explain the clarification is based on pectin demethoxylation by PME that promotes formation of Ca-pectate. Therefore, the juice includes immediate heat-inactivation upon ~ squeezing. Protein coagulation also promotes cloud instability of citrus fruit extracts. However, the clarification mechanism is not fully understood. Information accumulated from several laboratories indicates that clarification is a more complex process than can be explained by a single mechanism. The increasing trend to consume natural-fresh juice emphasizing the importance of the knowledge to assure homogeneity of fresh juice. The research included complementary directions: Conditions that induce cloud-instability of natural- juice [IL]. Evaluate purification schemes of protein [USA]. Identifications of proteins, pectin and neutral sugars ([IL]; Structure of the cloud components using light and electron microscopy and immuno-labeling of PME, high-methoxyl-pectin (HMP) and low-methoxyl-pectin (LMP); Molecular weight of calcium sensitized pectins [US]; Evaluation of the products of PME activity [US]. Fractions and size distribution and cloud components [IL-US]. The optimal pH activity of PME is 7 and the flocculation pH of the cloud is 3-4. Thus, the c roles of PME, proteins and pectins in the cloud instability, were studied in pH ranges of 2- 7. The experiments led to establish firstly repeatable simulate conditions for cloud instability [IL]. Thermostable PME (TS-PE) known to induce cloud instability, but also thermolabile forms of PME (TL-PE) caused clarification, most likely due to the formation and dissolution of inactive :. PE-pectin complexes and displacement of a protective colloid from the cloud surface [US]. Furthermore, elimination of non-PME protein increases TS-PE activity, indicating that non-PME proteins moderate PME activity [US]. Other experiments Concomitantly with the study of the PME activity but promotes the association of cloud-proteins to pectin. Adjusting of the juice pH to f 7 retains the cloud stability and re-adjusting of the pH to 40% DE reacts to immuno-labeling in the cloud fragments, whereas
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Friedman, Shmuel, Jon Wraith, and Dani Or. Geometrical Considerations and Interfacial Processes Affecting Electromagnetic Measurement of Soil Water Content by TDR and Remote Sensing Methods. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580679.bard.
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Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and other in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods for determining the soil water content had become standard in both research and practice in the last two decades. Limitations of existing dielectric methods in some soils, and introduction of new agricultural measurement devices or approaches based on soil dielectric properties mandate improved understanding of the relationship between the measured effective permittivity (dielectric constant) and the soil water content. Mounting evidence indicates that consideration must be given not only to the volume fractions of soil constituents, as most mixing models assume, but also to soil attributes and ambient temperature in order to reduce errors in interpreting measured effective permittivities. The major objective of the present research project was to investigate the effects of the soil geometrical attributes and interfacial processes (bound water) on the effective permittivity of the soil, and to develop a theoretical frame for improved, soil-specific effective permittivity- water content calibration curves, which are based on easily attainable soil properties. After initializing the experimental investigation of the effective permittivity - water content relationship, we realized that the first step for water content determination by the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) method, namely, the TDR measurement of the soil effective permittivity still requires standardization and improvement, and we also made more efforts than originally planned towards this objective. The findings of the BARD project, related to these two consequential steps involved in TDR measurement of the soil water content, are expected to improve the accuracy of soil water content determination by existing in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods and to help evaluate new water content sensors based on soil electrical properties. A more precise water content determination is expected to result in reduced irrigation levels, a matter which is beneficial first to American and Israeli farmers, and also to hydrologists and environmentalists dealing with production and assessment of contamination hazards of this progressively more precious natural resource. The improved understanding of the way the soil geometrical attributes affect its effective permittivity is expected to contribute to our understanding and predicting capability of other, related soil transport properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficients of solutes and gas molecules. In addition, to the originally planned research activities we also investigated other related problems and made many contributions of short and longer terms benefits. These efforts include: Developing a method and a special TDR probe for using TDR systems to determine also the soil's matric potential; Developing a methodology for utilizing the thermodielectric effect, namely, the variation of the soil's effective permittivity with temperature, to evaluate its specific surface area; Developing a simple method for characterizing particle shape by measuring the repose angle of a granular material avalanching in water; Measurements and characterization of the pore scale, saturation degree - dependent anisotropy factor for electrical and hydraulic conductivities; Studying the dielectric properties of cereal grains towards improved determination of their water content. A reliable evaluation of the soil textural attributes (e.g. the specific surface area mentioned above) and its water content is essential for intensive irrigation and fertilization processes and within extensive precision agriculture management. The findings of the present research project are expected to improve the determination of cereal grain water content by on-line dielectric methods. A precise evaluation of grain water content is essential for pricing and evaluation of drying-before-storage requirements, issues involving energy savings and commercial aspects of major economic importance to the American agriculture. The results and methodologies developed within the above mentioned side studies are expected to be beneficial to also other industrial and environmental practices requiring the water content determination and characterization of granular materials.
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Financial Stability Report - September 2015. Banco de la República, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2015.
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From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governor