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Journal articles on the topic 'Bonds (Chemistry)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

Zeng, Xiaoming, and Xuefeng Cong. "Chromium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions by Selective Activation of Chemically Inert Aromatic C–O, C–N, and C–H Bonds." Synlett 32, no. 13 (May 11, 2021): 1343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1507-4153.

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AbstractTransition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling has emerged as one of the most powerful and useful tools for the formation of C–C and C–heteroatom bonds. Given the shortage of resources of precious metals on Earth, the use of Earth-abundant metals as catalysts in developing cost-effective strategies for cross-coupling is a current trend in synthetic chemistry. Compared with the achievements made using first-row nickel, iron, cobalt, and even manganese catalysts, the group 6 metal chromium has rarely been used to promote cross-coupling. This perspective covers recent advances in chromium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in transformations of chemically inert C(aryl)–O, C(aryl)–N, and C(aryl)–H bonds, offering selective strategies for molecule construction. The ability of low-valent Cr with a high-spin state to participate in two-electron oxidative addition is highlighted; this is different from the mechanism involving single-electron transfer that is usually assigned to chromium-mediated transformations.1 Introduction2 Chromium-Catalyzed Kumada Coupling of Nonactivated C(aryl)–O and C(aryl)–N Bonds3 Chromium-Catalyzed Reductive Cross-Coupling of Two Nonactivated C(aryl)–Heteroatom Bonds4 Chromium-Catalyzed Functionalization of Nonactivated C(aryl)–H Bonds5 Conclusions and Outlook

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2

Wu, Jishan, and J. Fraser Stoddart. "Mechanical bonds and dynamic covalent bonds." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 4, no. 6 (2020): 1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0qm90014a.

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3

Chen, Tieqiao, Li-Biao Han, Qihang Tan, Xue Liu, Long Liu, and Tianzeng Huang. "Phosphorylation of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives with P(O)–H Compounds Forming P(O)–C Bonds." Synthesis 53, no. 01 (September 30, 2020): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1707286.

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AbstractHerein, we highlight advances in the phosphorylation of readily available carboxylic acids and their derivatives forming synthetically important P(O)–sp3C, P(O)–sp2C, and P(O)–spC bonds, with an emphasis on the results demonstrated since 2010. This review examines the challenges associated with the use of this strategy for the synthesis of organophosphorus compounds and details advances in the design of catalytic systems that suppress these problems thus resulting in notable progress. Mechanistic details are discussed where available.1 Introduction2 Formation of P(O)–sp3C Bonds3 Formation of P(O)–sp2C Bonds4 Formation of P(O)–spC Bonds5 Outlook and Conclusion

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4

Wang, Congyang, and Ting Liu. "Manganese-Catalyzed C(sp2)–H Addition to Polar Unsaturated Bonds." Synlett 32, no. 13 (March 27, 2021): 1323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1468-6136.

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AbstractTransition-metal-catalyzed nucleophilic C–H addition of hydrocarbons to polar unsaturated bonds could intrinsically avoid prefunctionalization of substrates and formation of waste byproducts, thus featuring high step- and atom-economy. As the third most abundant transition metal, manganese-catalyzed C–H addition to polar unsaturated bonds remains challenging, partially due to the difficulty in building a closed catalytic cycle of manganese. In the past few years, we have developed manganese catalysis to enable the sp2-hydrid C–H addition to polar unsaturated bonds (e.g., imines, aldehydes, nitriles), which will be discussed in this personal account.1 Introduction2 Mn-Catalyzed N-Directed C(sp2)–H Addition to Polar Unsaturated Bonds3 Mn-Catalyzed O-Directed C(sp2)–H Addition to Polar Unsaturated Bonds4 Conclusion

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5

Gribben, Jordan, Timothy R. Wilson, and Mark E. Eberhart. "Unicorns, Rhinoceroses and Chemical Bonds." Molecules 28, no. 4 (February 12, 2023): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041746.

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The nascent field of computationally aided molecular design will be built around the ability to make computation useful to synthetic chemists who draw on their empirically based chemical intuition to synthesize new and useful molecules. This fact poses a dilemma, as much of existing chemical intuition is framed in the language of chemical bonds, which are pictured as possessing physical properties. Unfortunately, it has been posited that calculating these bond properties is impossible because chemical bonds do not exist. For much of the computational-chemistry community, bonds are seen as mythical—the unicorns of the chemical world. Here, we show that this is not the case. Using the same formalism and concepts that illuminated the atoms in molecules, we shine light on the bonds that connect them. The real space analogue of the chemical bond becomes the bond bundle in an extended quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). We show that bond bundles possess all the properties typically associated with chemical bonds, including an energy and electron count. In addition, bond bundles are characterized by a number of nontraditional attributes, including, significantly, a boundary. We show, with examples drawn from solid state and molecular chemistry, that the calculated properties of bond bundles are consistent with those that nourish chemical intuition. We go further, however, and show that bond bundles provide new and quantifiable insights into the structure and properties of molecules and materials.

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6

Brammer, Lee, Anssi Peuronen, and Thomas M. Roseveare. "Halogen bonds, chalcogen bonds, pnictogen bonds, tetrel bonds and other σ-hole interactions: a snapshot of current progress." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 79, no. 6 (May 22, 2023): 204–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229623004072.

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We report here on the status of research on halogen bonds and other σ-hole interactions involving p-block elements in Lewis acidic roles, such as chalcogen bonds, pnictogen bonds and tetrel bonds. A brief overview of the available literature in this area is provided via a survey of the many review articles that address this field. Our focus has been to collect together most review articles published since 2013 to provide an easy entry into the extensive literature in this area. A snapshot of current research in the area is provided by an introduction to the virtual special issue compiled in this journal, comprising 11 articles and entitled `Halogen, chalcogen, pnictogen and tetrel bonds: structural chemistry and beyond.'

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7

Li, Xiaoxian, Tongxing Liu, Beibei Zhang, Dongke Zhang, Haofeng Shi, Zhenyang Yu, Shanqing Tao, and Yunfei Du. "Formation of Carbon-Carbon Bonds Mediated by Hypervalent Iodine Reagents Under Metal-free Conditions." Current Organic Chemistry 24, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 74–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272824666200211093103.

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During the past several decades, hypervalent iodine reagents have been widely used in various organic transformations. Specifically, these exclusive classes of reagents have been extensively used for the construction of carbon-carbon bonds. This review aims to cover all the reactions involving the construction of carbon-carbon bonds mediated by hypervalent iodine reagents, providing references and highlights for synthetic chemists who are interested in hypervalent iodine chemistry.

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8

Trommsdorff, Hans-Peter. "Creating new bonds with chemistry." Physics World 15, no. 3 (March 2002): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/15/3/43.

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9

Müller, Mario. "Stimulating Chemistry and Strong Bonds." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 44, no. 20 (May 13, 2005): 3000–3001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200501340.

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10

Wang, Nai-Xing, Yalan Xing, Lei-Yang Zhang, and Yue-Hua Wu. "C(sp3)–H Bond Functionalization of Alcohols, Ketones, Nitriles, Ethers and Amides using tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide as a Radical Initiator." Synlett 32, no. 01 (July 31, 2020): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1706406.

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The C(sp3)–H bond is found widely in organic molecules. Recently, the functionalization of C(sp3)–H bonds has developed into a powerful tool for augmenting highly functionalized frameworks in organic synthesis. Based on the results obtained in our group, the present account mainly summarizes recent progress on the functionalization of C(sp3)–H bonds of aliphatic alcohols, ketones, alkyl nitriles, and ethers with styrene or cinnamic acid using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as a radical initiator.1 Introduction2 Oxidative Coupling of Styrenes with C(sp3)–H Bonds3 Decarboxylative Cross-Couplings of α,β-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids with C(sp3)–H Bonds4 Conclusions

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11

Halliday, Connor J. V., and Jason M. Lynam. "Gold–alkynyls in catalysis: alkyne activation, gold cumulenes and nuclearity." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 32 (2016): 12611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6dt01641c.

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The use of cationic gold(i) species in the activation of substrates containing CC bonds has become a valuable tool for synthetic chemists, and the role of metal alkynyls and cumulenes in this chemistry is reviewed.

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12

Beletskaya, Irina P. "Transition metal-catalyzed reactions in heterocyclic chemistry." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, no. 8 (January 1, 2002): 1327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274081327.

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The palladium-catalyzed substitution reactions forming carboncarbon and carbonelement bonds, as well as nickel-catalyzed addition of EH and EE' bonds across multiple bonds, are considered in their application to the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds.

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13

Oliveira, Boaz Galdino de. "Why much of Chemistry may be indisputably non-bonded?" Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas 43, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2022v43n2p211.

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In this compendium, the wide scope of all intermolecular interactions ever known has been revisited, in particular giving emphasis the capability of much of the elements of the periodic table to form non-covalent contacts. Either hydrogen bonds, dihydrogen bonds, halogen bonds, pnictogen bonds, chalcogen bonds, triel bonds, tetrel bonds, regium bonds, spodium bonds or even the aerogen bond interactions may be cited. Obviously that experimental techniques have been used in some works, but it was through the theoretical methods that these interactions were validate, wherein the QTAIM integrations and SAPT energy partitions have been useful in this regard. Therefore, the great goal concerns to elucidate the interaction strength and if the intermolecular system shall be total, partial or non-covalently bonded, wherein this last one encompasses the most majority of the intermolecular interactions what leading to affirm that chemistry is debatably non-bonded.

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14

Kondinski, Aleksandar. "Metal–metal bonds in polyoxometalate chemistry." Nanoscale 13, no. 32 (2021): 13574–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nr02357h.

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15

Fox, K. "Minorty Networks Forge Bonds in Chemistry." Science 262, no. 5136 (November 12, 1993): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.262.5136.1126.

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16

Aldridge, Simon, and Deborah L. Kays (née Coombs). "Chemistry of metal – boron double bonds." Main Group Chemistry 5, no. 4 (December 2007): 223–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10241220701635411.

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17

Yamamoto, Akio. "Insertion chemistry into metal–carbon bonds." Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, no. 7 (1999): 1027–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a808297i.

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18

Cowley, Alan H. "From multiple bonds to materials chemistry." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 400, no. 1-2 (December 1990): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-328x(90)83006-6.

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19

Solomon, Edward I., Serge I. Gorelsky, and Abhishek Dey. "Metal–thiolate bonds in bioinorganic chemistry." Journal of Computational Chemistry 27, no. 12 (2006): 1415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20451.

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20

Salzer, A. "Nomenclature of Organometallic Compounds of the Transition Elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1999)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 71, no. 8 (August 30, 1999): 1557–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199971081557.

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Organometallic compounds are defined as containing at least one metal-carbon bond between an organic molecule, ion, or radical and a metal. Organometallic nomenclature therefore usually combines the nomenclature of organic chemisty and that of coordination chemistry. Provisional rules outlining nomenclature for such compounds are found both in Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979 and in Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, 1990This document describes the nomenclature for organometallic compounds of the transition elements, that is compounds with metal-carbon single bonds, metal-carbon multiple bonds as well as complexes with unsaturated molecules (metal-p-complexes).Organometallic compounds are considered to be produced by addition reactions and so they are named on an addition principle. The name therefore is built around the central metal atom name. Organic ligand names are derived according to the rules of organic chemistry with appropriate endings to indicate the different bonding modes. To designate the points of attachment of ligands in more complicated structures, the h, k, and m-notations are used. The final section deals with the abbreviated nomenclature for metallocenes and their derivatives.ContentsIntroduction Systems of Nomenclature2.1 Binary type nomenclature 2.2 Substitutive nomenlcature 2.3 Coordination nomenclature Coordination Nomenclature3.1 General definitions of coordination chemistry 3.2 Oxidation numbers and net charges 3.3 Formulae and names for coordination compounds Nomenclature for Organometallic Compounds of Transition Metals 4.1 Valence-electron-numbers and the 18-valence-electron-rule 4.2 Ligand names 4.2.1 Ligands coordinating by one metal-carbon single bond 4.2.2 Ligands coordinating by several metal-carbon single bonds 4.2.3 Ligands coordinating by metal-carbon multiple bonds 4.2.4 Complexes with unsaturated molecules or groups 4.3 Metallocene nomenclature

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21

Turunen, Lotta, and Máté Erdélyi. "Halogen bonds of halonium ions." Chemical Society Reviews 49, no. 9 (2020): 2688–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cs00034e.

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22

Song, Chunlan, Kun Liu, Xin Dong, Chien-Wei Chiang, and Aiwen Lei. "Recent Advances in Electrochemical Oxidative Cross-Coupling for the Construction of C–S Bonds." Synlett 30, no. 10 (April 15, 2019): 1149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611753.

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With the importance of sulfur-containing organic molecules, developing methodologies toward C–S bond formation is a long-standing goal, and, to date, considerable progress has been made in this area. Recent electrochemical oxidative cross-coupling reactions for C–S bond formation allow the synthesis of sulfur-containing molecules from more effective synthetic routes with high atom economy under mild conditions. In this review, we highlight the vital progress in this novel research arena with an emphasis on the synthetic and mechanistic aspects of the organic electrochemistry reactions.1 Introduction2 Electrochemical Oxidative Sulfonylation for the Formation of C–S Bonds2.1 Applications of Sulfinic Acid Derivatives for the Formation of C–S Bonds2.2 Applications of Sulfonylhydrazide Derivatives for the Formation of C–S Bonds3 Electrochemical Oxidative Thiolation for the Formation of C–S Bonds3.1 Applications of Disulfide Derivatives for the Formation of C–S Bonds3.2 Applications of Thiophenol Derivatives for the Formation of C–S Bonds4 Electrochemical Oxidative Thiocyanation for the Formation of C–S Bonds5 Electrochemical Oxidative Cyclization for the Formation of C–S Bonds6 Conclusion

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23

HEUN, S., L. GREGORATTI, A. BARINOV, B. KAULICH, M. RUDOLF, M. LAZZARINO, G. BIASIOL, B. BONANNI, and L. SORBA. "MORPHOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF S-TREATED GaAs(001) SURFACES." Surface Review and Letters 09, no. 01 (February 2002): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x02002403.

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The morphology and chemistry of S-treated GaAs(001) surfaces have been investigated by using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a synchrotron radiation scanning photoemission microscope (SPEM) for a sample (A) which was directly blown dry with N 2 after the S-treatment and for another sample (B) which was rinsed by DI water and finally blown dry with N 2 after the S-treatment. AFM and SPEM images show for sample A a very inhomogeneous surface morphology, while the surface morphology of sample B appeared to be very homogeneous. On the surface of sample A, an inhomogeneous distribution of particles was observed by AFM. Nearly all these particles could be removed by the water rinse. Laterally resolved core level spectra analysis shows that on both samples the S bonds mainly to Ga. Only traces of As–S and As–As bonds exist at the sample surface while no S–S bonds could be detected. From the analysis of the O 1s core level it can be deduced that only a small GaAs surface fraction is oxidized. Furthermore, O–S bonds are present at the surface. On the sample before the water rinse, the number of O–S bonds is laterally inhomogeneously distributed. The number of O–S bonds can be drastically reduced by the water rinse, which also results in a homogeneous distribution of those bonds. We deduce that the O–S bonds belong to sulfate SO x deposits at the sample surface which are the particles that were imaged by AFM.

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24

Yang, Hui, Yunhao Bai, Banglu Yu, Zhiqiang Wang, and Xi Zhang. "Supramolecular polymers bearing disulfide bonds." Polym. Chem. 5, no. 22 (2014): 6439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01003e.

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25

Miller, Johanna L. "Chemistry Nobel honors mechanical bonds, molecular machines." Physics Today 69, no. 12 (December 2016): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.3382.

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26

Parkin, G. "CHEMISTRY: Zinc-Zinc Bonds: A New Frontier." Science 305, no. 5687 (August 20, 2004): 1117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1102500.

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27

Liddle, Stephen T., and David P. Mills. "Metal–metal bonds in f-element chemistry." Dalton Transactions, no. 29 (2009): 5592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b904318g.

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28

Slater, Anna G., Luis M. A. Perdigão, Peter H. Beton, and Neil R. Champness. "Surface-Based Supramolecular Chemistry Using Hydrogen Bonds." Accounts of Chemical Research 47, no. 12 (October 20, 2014): 3417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar5001378.

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29

Perrin, Charles L., and Jennifer B. Nielson. "“STRONG” HYDROGEN BONDS IN CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY." Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 48, no. 1 (October 1997): 511–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.48.1.511.

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30

Kalescky, Robert, Elfi Kraka, and Dieter Cremer. "Identification of the Strongest Bonds in Chemistry." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 117, no. 36 (August 30, 2013): 8981–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp406200w.

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31

Govender, Maganthran G., and Thomas A. Ford. "Hydrogen bonds, improper hydrogen bonds and dihydrogen bonds." Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM 630, no. 1-3 (July 2003): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-1280(03)00145-3.

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32

Clark, Timothy, and Martin G. Hicks. "Models of necessity." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 16 (July 13, 2020): 1649–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.137.

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The way chemists represent chemical structures as two-dimensional sketches made up of atoms and bonds, simplifying the complex three-dimensional molecules comprising nuclei and electrons of the quantum mechanical description, is the everyday language of chemistry. This language uses models, particularly of bonding, that are not contained in the quantum mechanical description of chemical systems, but has been used to derive machine-readable formats for storing and manipulating chemical structures in digital computers. This language is fuzzy and varies from chemist to chemist but has been astonishingly successful and perhaps contributes with its fuzziness to the success of chemistry. It is this creative imagination of chemical structures that has been fundamental to the cognition of chemistry and has allowed thought experiments to take place. Within the everyday language, the model nature of these concepts is not always clear to practicing chemists, so that controversial discussions about the merits of alternative models often arise. However, the extensive use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in chemistry, with the aim of being able to make reliable predictions, will require that these models be extended to cover all relevant properties and characteristics of chemical systems. This, in turn, imposes conditions such as completeness, compactness, computational efficiency and non-redundancy on the extensions to the almost universal Lewis and VSEPR bonding models. Thus, AI and ML are likely to be important in rationalizing, extending and standardizing chemical bonding models. This will not affect the everyday language of chemistry but may help to understand the unique basis of chemical language.

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33

Hur, Joonseong, Jaebong Jang, and Jaehoon Sim. "A Review of the Pharmacological Activities and Recent Synthetic Advances of γ-Butyrolactones." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 2769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052769.

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γ-Butyrolactone, a five-membered lactone moiety, is one of the privileged structures of diverse natural products and biologically active small molecules. Because of their broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities, synthetic methods for γ-butyrolactones have received significant attention from synthetic and medicinal chemists for decades. Recently, new developments and improvements in traditional methods have been reported by considering synthetic efficiency, feasibility, and green chemistry. In this review, the pharmacological activities of natural and synthetic γ-butyrolactones are described, including their structures and bioassay methods. Mainly, we summarize recent advances, occurring during the past decade, in the construction of γ-butyrolactone classified based on the bond formation in γ-butyrolactone between (i) C5-O1 bond, (ii) C4-C5 and C2-O1 bonds, (iii) C3-C4 and C2-O1 bonds, (iv) C3-C4 and C5-O1 bonds, (v) C2-C3 and C2-O1 bonds, (vi) C3-C4 bond, and (vii) C2-O1 bond. In addition, the application to the total synthesis of natural products bearing γ-butyrolactone scaffolds is described.

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34

Rowe, Rhianon K., and P. Shing Ho. "Relationships between hydrogen bonds and halogen bonds in biological systems." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 73, no. 2 (March 29, 2017): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520617003109.

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The recent recognition that halogen bonding (XB) plays important roles in the recognition and assembly of biological molecules has led to new approaches in medicinal chemistry and biomolecular engineering. When designing XBs into strategies for rational drug design or into a biomolecule to affect its structure and function, we must consider the relationship between this interaction and the more ubiquitous hydrogen bond (HB). In this review, we explore these relationships by asking whether and how XBs can replace, compete against or behave independently of HBs in various biological systems. The complex relationships between the two interactions inform us of the challenges we face in fully utilizing XBs to control the affinity and recognition of inhibitors against their therapeutic targets, and to control the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids and other biomolecular scaffolds.

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35

Chen, Xiaolu, Dongru Sun, Lanping Gao, Yufen Zhao, Sam P. de Visser, and Yong Wang. "Theoretical studies unveil the unusual bonding in oxygenation reactions involving cobalt(ii)-iodylarene complexes." Chemical Communications 57, no. 25 (2021): 3115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc07894h.

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36

Huang, He, Yu Zhou, and Hong Liu. "Recent advances in the gold-catalyzed additions to C–C multiple bonds." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 7 (July 4, 2011): 897–936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.7.103.

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C–O, C–N and C–C bonds are the most widespread types of bonds in nature, and are the cornerstone of most organic compounds, ranging from pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals to advanced materials and polymers. Cationic gold acts as a soft and carbophilic Lewis acid and is considered one of the most powerful activators of C–C multiple bonds. Consequently, gold-catalysis plays an important role in the development of new strategies to form these bonds in more convenient ways. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the gold-catalyzed chemistry of addition of X–H (X = O, N, C) bonds to C–C multiple bonds, tandem reactions, and asymmetric additions. This review covers gold-catalyzed organic reactions published from 2008 to the present.

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37

Jabłoński, Mirosław. "Hydrogen Bonds." Molecules 28, no. 4 (February 8, 2023): 1616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041616.

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38

Houk, K. N., and Peng Liu. "Using Computational Chemistry to Understand & Discover Chemical Reactions." Daedalus 143, no. 4 (October 2014): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00305.

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Chemistry, the “science of matter,” is the investigation of the fabulously complex interchanges of atoms and bonds that happen constantly throughout our universe and within all living things. Computational chemistry is the computer modeling of chemistry using mathematical equations that come from physics. The field was made possible by advances in computer algorithms and computer power and continues to flourish in step with developments in those areas. Computational chemistry can be thought of as both a time-lapse video that slows down processes by a quadrillion-fold and an ultramicroscope that provides a billion-fold magnification. Computational chemists can quantitatively simulate simple chemistry, such as the chemical reactions between molecules in interstellar space. The chemistry inside a living organism is dramatically more complicated and cannot be simulated exactly, but even here computational chemistry enables understanding and leads to discovery of previously unrecognized phenomena. This essay describes how computational chemistry has evolved into a potent force for progress in chemistry in the twenty-first century.

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39

Wilson, C. "Tuning protons in hydrogen bonds: diffraction + temperature = chemistry?" Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 60, a1 (August 26, 2004): s30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767304099416.

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40

周, 光耀. "A Quantum Chemistry Study of Hydrogen Bonds (1)." Journal of Advances in Physical Chemistry 04, no. 02 (2015): 84–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/japc.2015.42011.

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41

周, 光耀. "A Quantum Chemistry Study of Hydroge Bonds (2)." Journal of Advances in Physical Chemistry 05, no. 02 (2016): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/japc.2016.52007.

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42

Mas-Balleste, R. "CHEMISTRY: Targeting Specific C-H Bonds for Oxidation." Science 312, no. 5782 (June 30, 2006): 1885–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1129814.

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43

Abu-Yousef, Imad A., Rosemary C. Hynes, and David N. Harpp. "Sulfenyl chloride chemistry. Sulfur transfer to double bonds." Tetrahedron Letters 34, no. 27 (July 1993): 4289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)79331-2.

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Filippov, Oleg A., Natalia V. Belkova, Lina M. Epstein, and Elena S. Shubina. "Chemistry of boron hydrides orchestrated by dihydrogen bonds." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 747 (December 2013): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.04.025.

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Zhou, Xigeng, and Ming Zhu. "Insertions into lanthanide ligand bonds in organolanthanide chemistry." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 647, no. 1-2 (March 2002): 28–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-328x(01)01406-1.

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Etter, Margaret C. "Hydrogen bonds as design elements in organic chemistry." Journal of Physical Chemistry 95, no. 12 (June 1991): 4601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100165a007.

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Tsai, Yi-Chou, and Chih-Chieh Chang. "Recent Progress in the Chemistry of Quintuple Bonds." Chemistry Letters 38, no. 12 (December 5, 2009): 1122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.2009.1122.

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Tsai, Yi-Chou, and Chih-Chieh Chang. "Recent Progress in the Chemistry of Quintuple Bonds." Chemistry Letters 39, no. 4 (April 5, 2010): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.2010.311.

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A.J.B. "Topics in Current Chemistry, Vol. 120, Hydrogen Bonds." Journal of Molecular Structure 147, no. 3-4 (October 1986): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2860(86)80397-0.

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Nixon, John F. "Multiple Bonds and Low Coordination in Phosphorus Chemistry." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 420, no. 1 (November 1991): C1—C2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-328x(91)86454-x.

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