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Journal articles on the topic 'Bone cells'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Ahmed Elkammar, Hala. "Effect of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells on squamous cell carcinoma cell line." International Journal of Academic Research 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2014): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2014/6-1/a.14.

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2

Zahran, Faten, Ahmed Abdel Zaher Ahmed Abdel.Zaher, Nermin Raafat, and Mohamed Ali Mohamed Ali. "Hepatocyte derived from Rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/oct2013/135.

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3

RemyaV, RemyaV, Naveen Kumar, and Kutty M. V. H. Kutty M.V.H. "A Method for Cell Culture and RNA Extraction of Rabbit Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 7 (June 1, 2012): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/july2014/11.

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4

Van Epps, Heather L. "Bone cells unite." Journal of Experimental Medicine 202, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem2023iti3.

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5

Aubin, Jane E. "Bone stem cells." Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 72, S30-31 (1998): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(1998)72:30/31+<73::aid-jcb11>3.0.co;2-l.

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6

Hashimoto, Futoshi, Kikuya Sugiura, Kyoichi Inoue, and Susumu Ikehara. "Major Histocompatibility Complex Restriction Between Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Stromal Cells In Vivo." Blood 89, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v89.1.49.

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Abstract Graft failure is a mortal complication in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT); T cells and natural killer cells are responsible for graft rejection. However, we have recently demonstrated that the recruitment of donor-derived stromal cells prevents graft failure in allogeneic BMT. This finding prompted us to examine whether a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction exists between hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and stromal cells. We transplanted bone marrow cells (BMCs) and bones obtained from various mouse strains and analyzed the cells that accumulated in the eng

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7

Hashimoto, Futoshi, Kikuya Sugiura, Kyoichi Inoue, and Susumu Ikehara. "Major Histocompatibility Complex Restriction Between Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Stromal Cells In Vivo." Blood 89, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v89.1.49.49_49_54.

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Graft failure is a mortal complication in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT); T cells and natural killer cells are responsible for graft rejection. However, we have recently demonstrated that the recruitment of donor-derived stromal cells prevents graft failure in allogeneic BMT. This finding prompted us to examine whether a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction exists between hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and stromal cells. We transplanted bone marrow cells (BMCs) and bones obtained from various mouse strains and analyzed the cells that accumulated in the engrafted bo

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8

Chambers, T. J., and K. Fuller. "Bone cells predispose bone surfaces to resorption by exposure of mineral to osteoclastic contact." Journal of Cell Science 76, no. 1 (June 1, 1985): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.76.1.155.

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The cell-free endocranial surface of young adult rat parietal bones was used as a substrate for osteoclastic bone resorption, either without prior treatment, or after incubation of the parietal bones with collagenase or neonatal rat calvarial cells. Untreated, the endocranial surface consisted of unmineralized organic fibres; incubation with calvarial cells or collagenase caused disruption and removal of these fibres, with extensive exposure of bone mineral on the endocranial surface, without morphologically detectable mineral dissolution. Neonatal rabbit osteoclasts resorbed bone to a greater

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9

INOUE, HIROMASA. "Cells phagocytizing bone. Bone metabolism and osteoclast." Kagaku To Seibutsu 23, no. 2 (1985): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu1962.23.99.

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10

Kelder, Cindy, Cornelis J. Kleverlaan, Marjolijn Gilijamse, Astrid D. Bakker, and Teun J. de Vries. "Cells Derived from Human Long Bone Appear More Differentiated and More Actively Stimulate Osteoclastogenesis Compared to Alveolar Bone-Derived Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 5072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145072.

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Osteoblasts derived from mouse skulls have increased osteoclastogenic potential compared to long bone osteoblasts when stimulated with 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (vitD3). This indicates that bone cells from specific sites can react differently to biochemical signals, e.g., during inflammation or as emitted by bioactive bone tissue-engineering constructs. Given the high turn-over of alveolar bone, we hypothesized that human alveolar bone-derived osteoblasts have an increased osteogenic and osteoclastogenic potential compared to the osteoblasts derived from long bone. The osteogenic and osteoclastogen

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11

MEHRBOD, Mehrdad, Yuta TAKAGI, Hiroshi KATSUCHI, Toshihiko SHIRAISHI, and Shin MORISHITA. "236 Development of An Overall Mechanical Model For Osteoblast Bone Cells." Proceedings of the Dynamics & Design Conference 2009 (2009): _236–1_—_236–6_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmedmc.2009._236-1_.

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12

Marquis, Marie-Eve. "Bone cells-biomaterials interactions." Frontiers in Bioscience Volume, no. 14 (2009): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/3293.

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13

Wong, W. "Bone-Building T Cells." Science Signaling 2, no. 87 (September 8, 2009): ec295-ec295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.287ec295.

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14

SHANG, PENG, JIAN ZHANG, AIRONG QIAN, JINGBAO LI, RUI MENG, SHENGMENG DI, LIFANG HU, and ZHONGZE GU. "BONE CELLS UNDER MICROGRAVITY." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 13, no. 05 (October 2013): 1340006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021951941340006x.

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Weightlessness environment (also microgravity) during the exploration of space is the major condition which must be faced by astronauts. One of the most serious adverse effects on astronauts is the weightlessness-induced bone loss due to the unbalanced bone remodeling. Bone remodeling of human beings has evolved during billions of years to make bone tissue adapt to the gravitational field of Earth (1g) and maintain skeleton structure to meet mechanical loading on Earth. However, under weightlessness environment the skeleton system no longer functions against the pull of gravity, so there is no

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15

Rychly, J. "Mechanobiology of bone cells." Osteologie 19, no. 03 (2010): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1619946.

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SummaryBone mass, morphology and properties of the bone material are regulated by the functions of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. These cells respond directly or indirectly to mechanical forces from the environment with the expression of differentiation markers, proliferation or release of bioactive factors. Osteocytes appear to be an important regulator for the adaptation of bone to changes in the mechanical environment. Mesenchymal stem cells which are located in bone marrow can be mechanically stimulated to differentiate into osteoblasts and chondrocytes but not to adipocytes. In

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16

Fujita, Takuo. "Calcium, cells and bone." Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 6, no. 1 (March 1988): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02378732.

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17

Aubin, Jane E. "Bone blood stem cells." Bone 43 (October 2008): S15—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2008.07.018.

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18

Lu, ZuFu, Jenneke Kleine-Nulend, and Bin Li. "Bone Microenvironment, Stem Cells, and Bone Tissue Regeneration." Stem Cells International 2017 (2017): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1315243.

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19

Teti, Anna. "Bone Development: Overview of Bone Cells and Signaling." Current Osteoporosis Reports 9, no. 4 (September 27, 2011): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11914-011-0078-8.

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20

Rubin, Mishaela R. "Bone Cells and Bone Turnover in Diabetes Mellitus." Current Osteoporosis Reports 13, no. 3 (March 6, 2015): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11914-015-0265-0.

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21

Teti, Anna. "Bone cells and the mechanisms of bone remodelling." Frontiers in Bioscience E4, no. 6 (2012): 2302–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/e543.

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22

YAMACHIKA, Eiki, Masakazu MATSUBARA, Kenichiro KITA, Kiyofumi TAKABATAKE, Yuuki FUJITA, Tatsushi MATSUMURA, Yasuhisa HIRATA, and Seiji IIDA. "Bone regeneration from mouse compact bone-derived cells." Japanese Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 59, no. 4 (2013): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5794/jjoms.59.223.

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23

Donsante, Samantha, Biagio Palmisano, Marta Serafini, Pamela G. Robey, Alessandro Corsi, and Mara Riminucci. "From Stem Cells to Bone-Forming Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 3989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22083989.

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Bone formation starts near the end of the embryonic stage of development and continues throughout life during bone modeling and growth, remodeling, and when needed, regeneration. Bone-forming cells, traditionally termed osteoblasts, produce, assemble, and control the mineralization of the type I collagen-enriched bone matrix while participating in the regulation of other cell processes, such as osteoclastogenesis, and metabolic activities, such as phosphate homeostasis. Osteoblasts are generated by different cohorts of skeletal stem cells that arise from different embryonic specifications, whi

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24

Morinobu, Mikihiko, Tetsuya Nakamoto, Kazunori Hino, Kunikazu Tsuji, Zhong-Jian Shen, Kazuhisa Nakashima, Akira Nifuji, Haruyasu Yamamoto, Hisamaru Hirai, and Masaki Noda. "The nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein CIZ reduces adult bone mass by inhibiting bone morphogenetic protein–induced bone formation." Journal of Experimental Medicine 201, no. 6 (March 21, 2005): 961–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20041097.

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Osteoporosis is a major health problem; however, the mechanisms regulating adult bone mass are poorly understood. Cas-interacting zinc finger protein (CIZ) is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein that localizes at cell adhesion plaques that form where osteoblasts attach to substrate. To investigate the potential role of CIZ in regulating adult bone mass, we examined the bones in CIZ-deficient mice. Bone volume was increased and the rates of bone formation were increased in CIZ-deficient mice, whereas bone resorption was not altered. CIZ deficiency enhanced the levels of mRNA expression of gen

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25

Wang, Quanxing, Weiping Zhang, Guoshan Ding, Lifei Sun, Guoyou Chen, and Xuetao Cao. "DENDRITIC CELLS SUPPORT HEMATOPOIESIS OF BONE MARROW CELLS1." Transplantation 72, no. 5 (September 2001): 891–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200109150-00026.

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26

Boyde, Alan, Leonora A. Wolfe, Sheila J. Jones, Pavel Vesely, and Mierek Maly. "MICROSCOPY OF BONE CELLS, BONE TISSUE, AND BONE HEALING AROUND IMPLANTS." Implant Dentistry 1, no. 2 (1992): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008505-199205000-00003.

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27

Zhu, Shi-Jiang, Byung-Ho Choi, Jin-Young Huh, Jae-Hyung Jung, Byung-Yong Kim, and Seoung-Ho Lee. "A comparative qualitative histological analysis of tissue-engineered bone using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, alveolar bone cells, and periosteal cells." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 101, no. 2 (February 2006): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.04.006.

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28

Henderson, J. M. "A comparative qualitative histological analysis of tissue-engineered bone using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, alveolar bone cells, and periosteal cells." Yearbook of Dentistry 2007 (January 2007): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0084-3717(08)70411-2.

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29

Qiang, Ya-Wei, John D. Shaughnessy, and Shmuel Yaccoby. "Wnt3a signaling within bone inhibits multiple myeloma bone disease and tumor growth." Blood 112, no. 2 (July 15, 2008): 374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-10-120253.

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Abstract Canonical Wnt signaling is central to normal bone homeostasis, and secretion of Wnt signaling inhibitors by multiple myeloma (MM) cells contributes to MM-related bone resorption and disease progression. The aim of this study was to test the effect of Wnt3a on bone disease and growth of MM cells in vitro and in vivo. Although Wnt3a activated canonical signaling in the majority of MM cell lines and primary cells tested, Wnt3a had no effect on MM cell growth in vitro. Moreover, forced expression of Wnt3a in H929 MM cells conferred no growth advantage over empty vector-transfected cells i

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30

Shymanskyy, I. O., O. O. Lisakovska, A. O. Mazanova, D. O. Labudzynskyi, A. V. Khomenko, and M. M. Veliky. "Prednisolone and vitamin D(3) modulate oxidative metabolism and cell death pathways in blood and bone marrow mononuclear cells." Ukrainian Biochemical Journal 88, no. 5 (October 31, 2016): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ubj88.05.038.

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31

Miyashima, S., N. Nagata, T. Nakagawa, N. Hosaka, K. Takeuchi, R. Ogawa, and S. Ikehara. "Prevention of lpr-graft-versus-host disease and transfer of autoimmune diseases in normal C57BL/6 mice by transplantation of bone marrow cells plus bones (stromal cells) from MRL/lpr mice." Journal of Immunology 156, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.156.1.79.

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Abstract C57BL/6 (B6) (H-2b) mice were lethally irradiated and then reconstituted with T cell-depleted MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) (H-2k) bone marrow cells. The mice showed a short survival with splenic atrophy and fibrosis, as previously described as lpr-graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). However, when these mice received bone marrow transplantation (BMT) plus bone grafts (to recruit donor-derived stromal cells) from MRL/lpr mice, they survived for almost 1 yr without showing GVH symptoms, but showing autoimmune symptoms such as elevated serum IgG2a concentrations, autoantibody production and glomeru

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32

Yang, Yang, Joseph P. Ritchie, Larry J. Suva, and Ralph D. Sanderson. "Heparanase Promotes the Osteolytic Phenotype in Multiple Myeloma." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.841.841.

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Abstract Heparanase, an enzyme that cleaves the heparan sulfate chains of proteoglycans, is upregulated in many human tumors including multiple myeloma. We have shown previously using animal models that heparanase promotes robust myeloma tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis to bone. In the present study, the role of heparanase in promoting myeloma bone disease was investigated. CAG human myeloma cells expressing either high or low levels of heparanase (heparanase-high or heparanase-low cells) were directly injected into the marrow cavity of human fetal long bones implanted subcutaneously in

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33

Zhang, J., M. Liao, X. Niu, J. Xiang, Y. Zhao, H. Chen, and S. Lu. "Cross-talking between bone marrow-derived cells and lung cancer cells." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): e19068-e19068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e19068.

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e19068 Background: Disseminated cancer cells may initially require local nutrients and growth factors to thrive and survive in bone marrow. However, data on the influence of bone marrow derived cells(BMDC, also called bone stromal cells in some publication) on lung cancer cells is largely unexplored. This study is to explore the effect from bone marrow derived cells on biological behavior of lung cancer cells. Methods: The difference among lung cancer cell lines in their abilities to bone metastasis was tested using SCID animal model. Supernatant of bone marrow aspiration(BM) and condition med

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34

Zahran F, Zahran F., El-Ghareb M. El-Ghareb M, and Nabil A. Nabil A. "Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells As A Therapy for Renal Injury." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2014/3.

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35

Dong, Rui, Yun Bai, Jingjin Dai, Moyuan Deng, Chunrong Zhao, Zhansong Tian, Fanchun Zeng, Wanyuan Liang, Lanyi Liu, and Shiwu Dong. "Engineered scaffolds based on mesenchymal stem cells/preosteoclasts extracellular matrix promote bone regeneration." Journal of Tissue Engineering 11 (January 2020): 204173142092691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731420926918.

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Recently, extracellular matrix-based tissue-engineered bone is a promising approach to repairing bone defects, and the seed cells are mostly mesenchymal stem cells. However, bone remodelling is a complex biological process, in which osteoclasts perform bone resorption and osteoblasts dominate bone formation. The interaction and coupling of these two kinds of cells is the key to bone repair. Therefore, the extracellular matrix secreted by the mesenchymal stem cells alone cannot mimic a complex bone regeneration microenvironment, and the addition of extracellular matrix by preosteoclasts may con

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36

Li, Bo, Yigan Wang, Yi Fan, Takehito Ouchi, Zhihe Zhao, and Longjiang Li. "Cranial Suture Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Insights and Advances." Biomolecules 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11081129.

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The cranial bones constitute the protective structures of the skull, which surround and protect the brain. Due to the limited repair capacity, the reconstruction and regeneration of skull defects are considered as an unmet clinical need and challenge. Previously, it has been proposed that the periosteum and dura mater provide reparative progenitors for cranial bones homeostasis and injury repair. In addition, it has also been speculated that the cranial mesenchymal stem cells reside in the perivascular niche of the diploe, namely, the soft spongy cancellous bone between the interior and exteri

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37

Franco, GG, BW Minto, LP Coelho, PF Malard, ER Carvalho, FYK Kawamoto, BM Alcantara, and LGGG Dias. "Autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and hydroxyapatite for bone defect in rabbits." Veterinární Medicína 67, No. 1 (November 29, 2021): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/85/2020-vetmed.

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This study aims to evaluate the effect of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AAD-MSC), with and without synthetic absorbable hydroxyapatite (HAP-91), on the bone regeneration in rabbits. Thirty-four female white New Zealand rabbits were submitted to a 10 mm distal diaphyseal radius ostectomy, divided into 3 experimental groups according to the treatment established. The bone gap was filled with 0.15 ml of a 0.9% saline solution containing two million AAD-MSC (G1), or AAD-MSC associated with HAP-91 (G2). The control group (CG) received only 0.15 ml of the 0.9% saline solution. R

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38

Compston, JE. "Bone marrow and bone: a functional unit." Journal of Endocrinology 173, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1730387.

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Bone and bone marrow, although often regarded as separate systems, function as a single unit. Cells in the bone marrow are the precursors of bone remodelling cells and exert an important regulatory role both on their own development and the remodelling process, acting as mediators for the effects of systemic and local factors. Other cells, such as immune cells and megakaryocytes, also contribute to the regulation of bone cell development and activity. Many diseases that affect the bone marrow have profound effects on bone, involving interactions between abnormal and normal marrow cells and tho

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39

Li, Danyang, Yiming Liu, Jinyan Qi, Xinhua Cui, Ying Guo, Dipanpan Wu, and Hui Liang. "Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote the Stemness of Hypopharyngeal Cancer Cells." Cellular Reprogramming 22, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cell.2020.0004.

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40

Kruithof-de Julio, Marianna, Letizia Astrologo, Eugenio Zoni, Sofia Karkampouna, Peter C. Gray, Irena Klima, Joel Grosjean, et al. "Effects of ALK1Fc treatment on prostate cancer cells interacting with bone and bone cells in bone metastasis models." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e16576-e16576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e16576.

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e16576 Background: Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Lethality is normally associated with the consequences of metastasis rather than the primary tumor. In particular, bone is the most frequent site of metastasis and once prostate tumor cells are engrafted in the skeleton, curative therapy is no longer possible. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play a critical role in bone physiology and pathology. However, little is known about the role of BMP9 and its signaling receptors, ALK1 and ALK2, in prostate cancer and bone metastasis. In this context, we investigate

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41

Miura, Yasuo, Zhigang Gao, Masako Miura, Byoung-Moo Seo, Wataru Sonoyama, WanJun Chen, Stan Gronthos, Li Zhang, and Songtao Shi. "Culture-Expanded Human Bone Marrow Stromal Stem Cells Organize Functional Bone Marrow Niches In Vivo." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.2314.2314.

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Abstract Bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells that are capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, muscle cells and neural cells. Upon in vivo transplantation, BMSSCs form bone and associated hematopoietic marrow elements. However, the functional role of BMSSC-associated bone marrow is still unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that human BMSSCs organized ectopic bone marrow niche microarchitecture that contained hematopoietic progenitors and multiple lineages of cells including myeloid, lymphoid, erythroid and megakaryocytic cells or

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42

Namli, Halide, Özgür Erdogan, Gülfiliz Gönlüşen, Onur Evren Kahraman, Halil Murat Aydin, Sevil Karabag, and Ufuk Tatli. "Vertical Bone Augmentation Using Bone Marrow–Derived Stem Cells." Implant Dentistry 25, no. 1 (February 2016): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/id.0000000000000334.

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43

Singer, Frederick R., Barbara G. Mills, Helen E. Gruber, Jolene J. Windle, and G. David Roodman. "Ultrastructure of Bone Cells in Paget's Disease of Bone." Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 21, S2 (December 2006): P51—P54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.06s209.

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44

Hiraga, Toru. "Bone metastasis: Interaction between cancer cells and bone microenvironment." Journal of Oral Biosciences 61, no. 2 (June 2019): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.job.2019.02.002.

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45

Wezeman, Frederick H., Katheryn M. Guzzino, and Beverly Waxler. "Multicellular tumor spheroid interactions with bone cells and bone." Anatomical Record 213, no. 2 (October 1985): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092130202.

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46

Bravenboer⁎, N., H. W. V. Essen, P. J. Holzmann, A. C. Heijboer, and P. Lips. "Expression of klotho in bone cells and bone tissue." Bone 50 (May 2012): S103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2012.02.313.

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47

Suvannasankha, Attaya, Colin D. Crean, Douglas R. Tompkins, Jesus Delgado-Calle, Teresita M. Bellido, G. David Roodman, and John M. Chirgwin. "Regulation of Osteoblast Function in Myeloma Bone Disease By Semaphorin 4D." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 4439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.4439.4439.

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Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) bone disease (MMBD) is characterized by activation of osteoclasts and suppression of osteoblastic differentiation, with these changes in the bone microenvironment supporting MM cell growth and drug resistance. These complex interactions between MM cells and bone cells are incompletely understood. Current bone targeted therapy with bisphosphonates or Denosumab only blocks bone resorption but has no effect on osteoblast activity and only modest effects on MM growth. Therefore, new MMBD treatments are needed. Semaphorin-4D (Sema4D; CD100), is made by osteoclasts and

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48

Liu, Yanan, Haifeng Wang, Huixin Dou, Bin Tian, Le Li, Luyuan Jin, Zhenting Zhang, and Lei Hu. "Bone regeneration capacities of alveolar bone mesenchymal stem cells sheet in rabbit calvarial bone defect." Journal of Tissue Engineering 11 (January 2020): 204173142093037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731420930379.

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Mesenchymal stem cells sheets have been verified as a promising non-scaffold strategy for bone regeneration. Alveolar bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, derived from neural crest, have the character of easily obtained and strong multi-differential potential. However, the bone regenerative features of alveolar bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells sheets in the craniofacial region remain unclear. The purpose of the present study was to compare the osteogenic differentiation and bone defect repairment characteristics of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells sheets derived from alveolar bone (alveolar

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49

Luby, Alexandra O., Kavitha Ranganathan, Jeremy V. Lynn, Noah S. Nelson, Alexis Donneys, and Steven R. Buchman. "Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 30, no. 3 (May 2019): 730–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000005250.

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50

Mankani, Mahesh H., and Pamela Gehron Robey. "Transplantation of Bone-Forming Cells." Endocrinologist 8, no. 6 (November 1998): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019616-199811000-00009.

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