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Journal articles on the topic 'Bone sound transmission'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Reinfeldt, Sabine, Stefan Stenfelt, and Bo Hakansson. "Transmission of bone‐conducted sound measured acoustically and psycho‐acoustically." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120, no. 5 (November 2006): 3284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4777534.

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2

Stenfelt, Stefan, and Richard L. Goode. "Transmission properties of bone conducted sound: Measurements in cadaver heads." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 118, no. 4 (October 2005): 2373–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2005847.

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3

Ellsperman, Susan E., Emily M. Nairn, and Emily Z. Stucken. "Review of Bone Conduction Hearing Devices." Audiology Research 11, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/audiolres11020019.

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Bone conduction is an efficient pathway of sound transmission which can be harnessed to provide hearing amplification. Bone conduction hearing devices may be indicated when ear canal pathology precludes the use of a conventional hearing aid, as well as in cases of single-sided deafness. Several different technologies exist which transmit sound via bone conduction. Here, we will review the physiology of bone conduction, the indications for bone conduction amplification, and the specifics of currently available devices.
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4

Schmidt, Felix N., Maximilian M. Delsmann, Kathrin Mletzko, Timur A. Yorgan, Michael Hahn, Ursula Siebert, Björn Busse, Ralf Oheim, Michael Amling, and Tim Rolvien. "Ultra-high matrix mineralization of sperm whale auditory ossicles facilitates high sound pressure and high-frequency underwater hearing." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1893 (December 12, 2018): 20181820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1820.

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The auditory ossicles—malleus, incus and stapes—are the smallest bones in mammalian bodies and enable stable sound transmission to the inner ear. Sperm whales are one of the deepest diving aquatic mammals that produce and perceive sounds with extreme loudness greater than 180 dB and frequencies higher than 30 kHz. Therefore, it is of major interest to decipher the microstructural basis for these unparalleled hearing abilities. Using a suite of high-resolution imaging techniques, we reveal that auditory ossicles of sperm whales are highly functional, featuring an ultra-high matrix mineralization that is higher than their teeth. On a micro-morphological and cellular level, this was associated with osteonal structures and osteocyte lacunar occlusions through calcified nanospherites (i.e. micropetrosis), while the bones were characterized by a higher hardness compared to a vertebral bone of the same animals as well as to human auditory ossicles. We propose that the ultra-high mineralization facilitates the unique hearing ability of sperm whales. High matrix mineralization represents an evolutionary conserved or convergent adaptation to middle ear sound transmission.
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PARK, JAE SUNG, SUNG DAE NA, KI WOONG SEONG, JUNG HYUN LEE, SEONG TAK WOO, and MYOUNG NAM KIM. "A RESONANCE FREQUENCY ANALYSIS MODEL OF A CURVED BEAM DIAPHRAGM FOR THE EFFICIENT IMPROVEMENT OF BONE CONDUCTION HEARING AIDS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 19, no. 08 (December 2019): 1940051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519419400517.

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Recently, the elderly population and excessive use of multimedia devices are increasing, which contribute to the growing number of patients with hearing loss. Hearing aids are used as a hearing rehabilitation method for patients with hearing loss and can be classified as air conduction and bone conduction according to the sound transmission pathway. Bone conduction is advantageous over sound transmission as it does not affect the eardrum. Bone conduction systems are divided into BAHA, Bone Bridge and B81 according to the vibration transmission method. BAHA has disadvantages as it can result in skin diseases and has inconveniences, and patients are reluctant to accept Bone Bridge because it has to be implanted into the temporal bone. Due to its location on the skin, B81 can solve these problems; however, this method may reduce transmission efficiency. In this paper, we have proposed a resonance frequency analysis model of a curved beam diaphragm to solve these problems. The proposed method involved a natural frequency equation with derived parameters. An improved efficiency (vibration transmission) was confirmed using the fabricated diaphragm. In the future, the proposed method may be used in various fields.
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6

Toya, Teruki, Peter Birkholz, and Masashi Unoki. "Measurements of Transmission Characteristics Related to Bone-Conducted Speech Using Excitation Signals in the Oral Cavity." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 4252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00097.

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Purpose Psychoacoustical studies on transmission characteristics related to bone-conducted (BC) speech, perceived by speakers during vocalization, are important for further understanding the relationship between speech production and perception, especially auditory feedback. For exploring how the outer ear part contributes to BC speech transmission, this article aims to measure the transmission characteristics of bone conduction focusing on the vibration of the regio temporalis (RT) and sound radiation in the ear canal (EC) due to the excitation in the oral cavity (OC). Method While an excitation signal was presented through a loudspeaker located in the enclosed cavity below the hard palate, transmitted signals were measured on the RT and in the EC. The transfer functions of the RT vibration and EC sound pressure relative to OC sound pressure were determined from the measured signals using the sweep-sine method. Results Our findings obtained from the measurements of five participants are as follows: (a) the transfer function of the RT vibration relative to the OC sound pressure attenuated the frequency components above 1 kHz and (b) the transfer function of the EC relative to the OC sound pressure emphasized the frequency components between 2 and 3 kHz. Conclusions The vibration of the soft tissue or the skull bone has an effect of low-pass filtering, whereas the sound radiation in the EC has an effect of 2–3 kHz bandpass filtering. Considering the perceptual effect of low-pass filtering in BC speech, our findings suggest that the transmission to the outer ear may not be a dominant contributor to BC speech perception during vocalization.
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7

Attenborough, Keith, and Haydar Aygun. "Empirical angle‐dependent tortuosity functions and sound transmission through cancellous bone." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125, no. 4 (April 2009): 2650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4784145.

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8

Clavier, Odile H., Jesse A. Norris, Jed C. Wilbur, Ken J. Cragin, Anthony J. Dietz, Margaret G. Wismer, and William D. O’Brien. "Experimental validation of a computational model of bone-conducted sound transmission." Hearing Research 263, no. 1-2 (May 2010): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2010.03.045.

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9

Jonghoon, Jeon, Jonghoon Jeon, Kyunglae Gu, and Junhong Park. "Study for the interaction between the medium in the middle ear and vibro-acoustic transmission." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 5538–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-3138.

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This study presented a quantitative evaluation index related to sound response for diagnosis of middle ear condition. The signal transmission paths for human perception of sound are divided into bone conduction and air conduction, respectively, depending on the path through which vibration and sound are transmitted. The components of auditory system that can affect the sound signal variability include temporal bone, ear canal, eardrum, and middle ear cavity. The specific acoustic impedances were obtained through simple geometric model of the auditory components, and the sound transmission mechanism was implemented through the outer-middle ear circuit model. The frequency range corresponding to the resonance characteristics of each components were calculated. The response difference for the medium of middle ear was confirmed by deriving frequency response function between the input sound and the output sound in the frequency domain through the transfer function method. The reliability of the algorithm was confirmed through the ROC curve, and individual evaluation indexes were derived according to the priority factor between classification accuracy and error rate.
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10

Ouedraogo, E., P. Lasaygues, J. P. Lefebvre, M. Gindre, M. Talmant, and P. Laugier. "Contrast and Velocity Ultrasonic Tomography of Long Bones." Ultrasonic Imaging 24, no. 3 (July 2002): 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016173460202400302.

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Our objective is to derive quantitative sound speed images of cortical bone using ultrasonic transmission tomography. Cortical bone is a highly refracting medium, i.e., the sound velocity changes abruptly across the interface between soft tissue and bone. It results in a loss of data compared to classical tomography in soft tissues. In order to correct for degradation by refraction effects, the classical acquisition procedure of projection data is modified; the transducers are oriented according to Snell's law of refraction with the aim of optimizing the sound propagation as parallel longitudinal rays inside the bone. This strategy allows the subsequent application of straight-ray reconstruction by the backprojection technique, which is a classical procedure in x-ray tomography. The method is validated with Plexiglas® solid cylinders and tubes immersed in water. Improved sound velocity images are then derived using conventional Radon transform of the experimental time-of-flight data. The method is then extended to in vitro human femur immersed in water. The geometry of the bone cross-section is reconstructed from measurements using ultrasonic reflection tomography. The result is then introduced in the calculation of the position and orientation of the transducers, which are associated with the parallel acoustical paths in bone in the transmission measurements. The procedure leads to significant restoration enhancement over the non corrected image. The mean value of the velocity of 3,200 ms−1 in the cortical shell is consistent with the values known from literature. These preliminary quantitative images using combined reflected and transmission ultrasound show promise for bone imaging.
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11

Eeg-Olofsson, Måns, Stefan Stenfelt, Hamidreza Taghavi, Sabine Reinfeldt, Bo Håkansson, Tomas Tengstrand, and Caterina Finizia. "Transmission of bone conducted sound – Correlation between hearing perception and cochlear vibration." Hearing Research 306 (December 2013): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2013.08.015.

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12

Eeg-Olofsson, Måns, Stefan Stenfelt, Anders Tjellström, and Gösta Granström. "Transmission of bone-conducted sound in the human skull measured by cochlear vibrations." International Journal of Audiology 47, no. 12 (January 2008): 761–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14992020802311216.

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13

Moelker, Adriaan, Ronald A. J. J. Maas, Mika W. Vogel, Mohamed Ouhlous, and Peter M. T. Pattynama. "Importance of bone-conducted sound transmission on patient hearing in the MR scanner." Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 22, no. 1 (2005): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.20341.

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14

Fujise, Akiko. "Estimation of otoacoustic emission and excitation force of bone conduction actuator by combined lumped parameter model." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 5012–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2919.

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In sound presentation system using actuators which excite the surface of the pinna or head, both otoacoustic emission and vibration transmission inside the body contribute to the perception of the sound. The contribution of these pathways is affected by both the location of the excitation and mechanical characteristic of the actuator, leaving the optimal output level of the actuator to mask environmental sound or to present information yet to be estimated. This study, therefore, proposes a simplified model which combines an acoustic equivalent circuit of ear canal and a mechanical equivalent circuit of the tissues of the head. The model enables to estimate both otoacoustic emission component directly corresponding with the loudness for air conducted sound and the component of the transmission inside the head which requires the measurement of the loudness level individually by each excitation location. As the preliminary investigation preceding the establishment of the proposed model towards the human, these two components were calculated using the known parameter values for artificial ear and artificial mastoid. The results indicate that the stiffness of the excited soft tissue and the type of the actuator strongly affect the cutoff frequencies, resonances, and anti-resonances observed within the audible range.
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15

Reinfeldt, Sabine, Stefan Stenfelt, Tobias Good, and Bo Håkansson. "Examination of bone-conducted transmission from sound field excitation measured by thresholds, ear-canal sound pressure, and skull vibrations." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121, no. 3 (March 2007): 1576–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2434762.

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16

Panagiotopoulos, Georgios K. "Fundamental Principles of Bone Conduction Hearing in Humans." Biomedical and Case Reports Open Access Open Journal I, no. 3 (November 26, 2020): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33169/biomcase.bacroaoj-i-111.

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Bone conduction involves sound transmission through bone oscillations of the skull or neighboring body areas, resulting in auditory perception. Its significance is not confined to differential diagnosis of hearing loss only. It represents a secondary auditory pathway supplementing air conduction process co instantaneously. Known bio-mechanical mechanisms involved in bone conduction in humans are analyzed and summarized in a most concise way including most recent updates that improve current clinical routine practice. Nevertheless, longstanding assumptions still need further research in order to establish a thorough bone and tissue conduction understanding.
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17

Suetoshi, Ryoichi, Dorian Cretin, Shinji Ogawa, and Takayoshi Nakano. "Assessment of the Elastic Properties of Human Femoral Bone with Artificial Hip Joint by Ultrasound Transmission." Key Engineering Materials 529-530 (November 2012): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.529-530.321.

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Following artificial hip joint implantation, a stress inhibition, applied to bone in the surroundings of implants, causes a structural change in bone called bone loss. To evaluate the bone mechanical characteristics, it is essential to investigate the elastic properties of cortical bone. In this article a pair of donor femora was investigated, one with an implant and the other without. Differences in Speed of Sound (SOS), a parameter reflecting elastic properties, were measured in both femora by ultrasound transmission. As a result, in almost all areas, the femur that was implanted showed significantly lower cortical SOS. Our results indicated that the change in the mechanical function of bone, due to the introduction of femoral implants, could be evaluated by the measurement of SOS.
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18

Reinfeldt, Sabine, Stefan Stenfelt, and Bo Håkansson. "Estimation of bone conduction skull transmission by hearing thresholds and ear-canal sound pressure." Hearing Research 299 (May 2013): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2013.01.023.

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19

Kurz, Anja, Mark Flynn, Marco Caversaccio, and Martin Kompis. "Speech Understanding with a New Implant Technology: A Comparative Study with a New Nonskin Penetrating Baha System." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/416205.

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Objective.To compare hearing and speech understanding between a new, nonskin penetrating Baha system (Baha Attract) to the current Baha system using a skin-penetrating abutment.Methods.Hearing and speech understanding were measured in 16 experienced Baha users. The transmission path via the abutment was compared to a simulated Baha Attract transmission path by attaching the implantable magnet to the abutment and then by adding a sample of artificial skin and the external parts of the Baha Attract system. Four different measurements were performed: bone conduction thresholds directly through the sound processor (BC Direct), aided sound field thresholds, aided speech understanding in quiet, and aided speech understanding in noise.Results.The simulated Baha Attract transmission path introduced an attenuation starting from approximately 5 dB at 1000 Hz, increasing to 20–25 dB above 6000 Hz. However, aided sound field threshold shows smaller differences and aided speech understanding in quiet and in noise does not differ significantly between the two transmission paths.Conclusion.The Baha Attract system transmission path introduces predominately high frequency attenuation. This attenuation can be partially compensated by adequate fitting of the speech processor. No significant decrease in speech understanding in either quiet or in noise was found.
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20

GATTO, P., and L. DEMKOWICZ. "MODELING BONE CONDUCTION OF SOUND IN THE HUMAN HEAD: II. SIMULATION RESULTS." Journal of Computational Acoustics 21, no. 04 (December 2013): 1350013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x13500136.

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We investigate bone conduction of sound in the human head through a fully coupled model based on the fluid–structure interaction. The model was simulated via hp-finite element approximation employing our latest finite element library. The transmission of acoustic energy through non-airborne pathways to the cochlea, the receptor that converts the mechanical signal into electric impulses sent to the brain, is still not fully understood. We believe that our methodology and presented numerical results provide an insight into this fundamental, long standing research problem.
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21

Qin, Xiuyuan, Sho Otsuka, and Seiji Nakagawa. "Estimation on the influence of placement on bone conduction transmission by ear-canal sound pressure." Acoustical Science and Technology 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1250/ast.41.384.

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22

Borgers, Charlotte, Guy Fierens, Tristan Putzeys, Astrid van Wieringen, and Nicolas Verhaert. "Reducing Artifacts in Intracochlear Pressure Measurements to Study Sound Transmission by Bone Conduction Stimulation in Humans." Otology & Neurotology 40, no. 9 (October 2019): e858-e867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0000000000002394.

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23

Nishimura, Tadashi, Hiroshi Hosoi, Ryota Shimokura, Chihiro Morimoto, and Tadashi Kitahara. "Cartilage Conduction Hearing and Its Clinical Application." Audiology Research 11, no. 2 (June 3, 2021): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/audiolres11020023.

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Cartilage conduction (CC) is a form of conduction that allows a relatively loud sound to be audible when a transducer is placed on the aural cartilage. The CC transmission mechanism has gradually been elucidated, allowing for the development of CC hearing aids (CC-HAs), which are clinically available in Japan. However, CC is still not fully understood. This review summarizes previous CC reports to facilitate its understanding. Concerning the transmission mechanism, the sound pressure level in the ear canal was found to increase when the transducer was attached to the aural cartilage, compared to an unattached condition. Further, inserting an earplug and injecting water into the ear canal shifted the CC threshold, indicating the considerable influence of cartilage–air conduction on the transmission. In CC, the aural cartilage resembles the movable plate of a vibration speaker. This unique transduction mechanism is responsible for the CC characteristics. In terms of clinical applications, CC-HAs are a good option for patients with aural atresia, despite inferior signal transmission compared to bone conduction in bony atretic ears. The advantages of CC, namely comfort, stable fixation, esthetics, and non-invasiveness, facilitate its clinical use.
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24

Balinski, Slawomir, Monika Morawska-Kochman, Romuald Bolejko, Krzysztof Dudek, and Marek Bochnia. "Dental Condition as A Factor Modifying the Transmission of the Sound Vibration in the Skull Bones." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 17, 2020): 6478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186478.

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Dental deficiencies coexist with hearing loss, and dental treatment can improve hearing acuity. To prove that different dentition affects the transmission of acoustic vibrations through bone conduction, we prepared six dry human skulls to reconstruct teeth and soft tissues. We measured the transmission of vibrations from the maxilla to the cochlea, in the toothless jaw (TJ), jaw with lateral defects with frame dentures (FD), toothless jaw with complete dentures (CD), and jaw with reconstructed dentition (RD). Each skull was flexibly suspended. The maxilla was stimulated with the bone vibrator Radioear B71. The vibrations of the pyramid were measured perpendicularly using the Polytec PSV-400-M2 scanning vibrometer. Characteristics of frequencies differed simultaneously on the left (l) and right (r) side of each skull. In all states (from 234 Hz to 5 kHz), we identified 10–21 resonant (R) and 9–21 antiresonant (AR) frequencies unilaterally (+/− 5%). In about 30% of cases, they were each time inconsistent with the “physiological” state-RD. In the 500 Hz–2 kHz frequency range (necessary for understanding speech), the effective vibrations velocities vRMS (mm/s) near cochlea were significantly lower in RD than in tree states, where (depending on the dentures) the least energy reached cochlea in FD and the most in TJ.
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25

Whan, G., J. Runciman, and M. Hurtig. "Correlation of quantitative ultrasound measurements with material properties and bone mineral density in the equine metacarpus." Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 1, no. 1 (February 2004): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ecp20039.

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AbstractThis study explored the relationship between speed-of-sound (SOS) measurements and the material properties of metacarpal bones in order to validate a device that uses linear unicortical transmission of ultrasound. SOS, ultimate tensile strength and modulus of elasticity were determined at nine experimental sites. Measurements of SOS and bone mineral density were collected at three of the nine experimental sites. Twenty-five equine metacarpal (MC3) bones were used. Micro-computerized tomography was used to validate testing protocols. SOS measurements were highly site- and horse-dependent. One or more statistically significant correlations were found with ultimate tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and bone mineral density in four of the nine experimental sites. A previously described pattern of high lateral and medial cortical stiffness and SOS was found in the mid-diaphysis that correlated with bone mineral density (r2=0.25, P<0.01) and modulus of elasticity (r2=0.14, P<0.05). SOS and ultimate tensile strength correlated strongly in the distal dorsal metacarpus (r2=0.47, P<0.001). Lateral and medial distal-level sites just above the fetlock joint had a variable amount of cancellous bone, reducing the ultimate strength of these sites. The study indicates that quantitative ultrasound is sensitive to differences in the quality of equine metacarpal bone, so this technique may be useful for monitoring adaptation to exercise and bone development.
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26

Shimokura, Ryota, Tadashi Nishimura, and Hiroshi Hosoi. "Vibrational and Acoustical Characteristics of Ear Pinna Simulators That Differ in Hardness." Audiology Research 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/audiolres11030030.

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Because cartilage conduction—the transmission of sound via the aural cartilage—has different auditory pathways from well-known air and bone conduction, how the output volume in the external auditory canal is stimulated remains unknown. To develop a simulator approximating the conduction of sound in ear cartilage, the vibrations of the pinna and sound in the external auditory canal were measured using pinna simulators made of silicon rubbers of different hardness (A40, A20, A10, A5, A0) as measured by a durometer. The same procedure, as well as a current calibration method for air conduction devices, was applied to an existing pinna simulator, the Head and Torso Simulator (hardness A5). The levels for vibration acceleration and sound pressure from these pinna simulators show spectral peaks at dominant frequencies (below 1.5 kHz) for the conduction of sound in cartilage. These peaks were likely to move to lower frequencies as hardness decreases. On approaching the hardness of actual aural cartilage (A10 to A20), the simulated levels for vibration acceleration and sound pressure approximated the measurements of human ears. The adjustment of the hardness used in pinna simulators is an important factor in simulating accurately the conduction of sound in cartilage.
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27

Clavier, Odile H., Margaret Wismer, Jed Wilbur, Anthony Dietz, and William O’Brien. "Development and validation of a computational model of bone‐conducted sound transmission for improved hearing protection design." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 127, no. 3 (March 2010): 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3385117.

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28

Stoppe, Thomas, Matthias Bornitz, Nikoloz Lasurashvili, Kirsten Sauer, Thomas Zahnert, and Thomas Beleites. "Middle ear reconstruction with a flexible prosthesis." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 3, no. 2 (September 7, 2017): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2017-0030.

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AbstractThe middle ear plays a crucial role in the quality of hearing. This complex construct performs different tasks like the protection against large air pressure input, the transmission of sound and its adaption to the inner ear impedance. Traumas, erosion by chronic otitis media or cholesteatoma, as well as other degenerative or damaging diseases, are reasons for a necessary reconstruction of specific middle ear structures. The reconstruction of the ossicular chain is very often performed by using rigid ossicular replacement prostheses made out of titanium, ceramics or bone. Tilting and dislocation of these passive implants are some of the known complications after middle ear surgery. They are related to loads at the implant coupling points in response to a tension change in the middle ear. The healing process, scar tension and ventilation problems are possible causes.To increase the sound transmission quality of total reconstructions and safety in case of pressure dependent movement of the tympanic membrane, a novel flexible total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP) with a silicone coated ball joint prototype was developed and investigated. Besides measurements of first middle ear transfer functions of temporal bones, the mechanical properties of the flexible TORP were examined with stress relaxation investigations.The novel silicone coated ball and socket joint TORP provides a sound transfer equivalent to the intact human middle ear at normal pressure and negative pressure in the middle ear. Together with the low stiffness values at an anatomically typical deflection of about 500 μm the prevention of a stiffening of the stapes annular ligament could be approved. Thus, improved acoustic transmission quality and reconstruction stability in comparison to common rigid titanium TORP could be determined. Nevertheless, further design improvements should be accomplished. The demonstrated flexible TORP can solve some common problems in middle ear reconstruction.
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29

Buchman, E., G. Rosenhouse, A. Shupak, and U. Shimoni. "On the transmission of sound generated by an electromagnetic device from the mastoid process to the petrous bone." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 90, no. 2 (August 1991): 895–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.401956.

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30

Chang, You, Namkeun Kim, and Stefan Stenfelt. "Simulation of the power transmission of bone-conducted sound in a finite-element model of the human head." Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 17, no. 6 (July 17, 2018): 1741–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10237-018-1053-4.

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31

MacLeod, Colin D. "Possible functions of the ultradense bone in the rostrum of Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-188.

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The rostrum of Blainville's beaked whale, Mesoplodon densirostris, becomes secondarily ossified, particularly in males, as individuals mature. This mesorostral ossification forms the densest bone currently known and represents a considerable investment of resources for this species. Three functions for this mesorostral ossification have been proposed: prevention of damage to the rostrum during aggressive male–male interactions, ballast to aid deep diving, and sound transmission. These functions were assessed using data from museum specimens and observations of this species in the wild. Prevention of damage to the rostrum during aggressive male–male interactions was found to be the most likely function, based on the currently available data.
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32

HAYASHI, Naoki, Eri TANAKA, Atsushi KANEKO, Takuya HASHIMOTO, Sho KANZAKI, Naohito HATO, and Takuji KOIKE. "C202 Optimization of transcutaneous signal transmission method used for implantable bone conduction hearing aid and evaluation of sound quality." Proceedings of the JSME Conference on Frontiers in Bioengineering 2015.26 (2015): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebiofro.2015.26.133.

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33

Chang, You, Namkeun Kim, and Stefan Stenfelt. "The development of a whole-head human finite-element model for simulation of the transmission of bone-conducted sound." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 140, no. 3 (September 2016): 1635–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4962443.

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34

ZHOU, LEI, MIAOLIN FENG, WEI WANG, HUA TONG, JIANPING LIU, LI GAO, and XINSHENG HUANG. "STUDY ON THE ROLE OF OSSICULAR JOINT USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 16, no. 04 (June 2016): 1650041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021951941650041x.

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The lever ratio, the vibration mode and the stiffness of the ossicular joints were studied using the finite element (FE) analysis of the response of human ear under the outer ear sound excitation. The three-dimensional FE model was constructed based on serial micro CT images of a temporal bone block, and validated through comparison with the experimental data from previous literatures. The displacements of the umbo and stapes footplate and the vibration mode of the ossicles under different grades of stiffness of middle ear components were derived. It is suggested that the flexible ossicular joint combined with the shift of rotation axis causes the increase of lever ratio at high frequency. In addition, the flexible incudostapedial joint (ISJ) can reduce sound transmission especially at high frequency, meanwhile it also permits more vibration energy transmitted to the piston-like directions.
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35

Merchant, Saumil N., Hideko H. Nakajima, Christopher Halpin, Joseph B. Nadol, Daniel J. Lee, William P. Innis, Hugh Curtin, and John J. Rosowski. "Clinical Investigation and Mechanism of Air-Bone Gaps in Large Vestibular Aqueduct Syndrome." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 116, no. 7 (July 2007): 532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940711600709.

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Objectives: Patients with large vestibular aqueduct syndrome (LVAS) often demonstrate an air-bone gap at the low frequencies on audiometric testing. The mechanism causing such a gap has not been well elucidated. We investigated middle ear sound transmission in patients with LVAS, and present a hypothesis to explain the air-bone gap. Methods: Observations were made on 8 ears from 5 individuals with LVAS. The diagnosis of LVAS was made by computed tomography in all cases. Investigations included standard audiometry and measurements of umbo velocity by laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) in all cases, as well as tympanometry, acoustic reflex testing, vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) testing, distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) testing, and middle ear exploration in some ears. Results: One ear with LVAS had anacusis. The other 7 ears demonstrated air-bone gaps at the low frequencies, with mean gaps of 51 dB at 250 Hz, 31 dB at 500 Hz, and 12 dB at 1,000 Hz. In these 7 ears with air-bone gaps, LDV showed the umbo velocity to be normal or high normal in all 7; tympanometry was normal in all 6 ears tested; acoustic reflexes were present in 3 of the 4 ears tested; VEMP responses were present in all 3 ears tested; DPOAEs were present in 1 of the 2 ears tested, and exploratory tympanotomy in 1 case showed a normal middle ear. The above data suggest that an air-bone gap in LVAS is not due to disease in the middle ear. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that a large vestibular aqueduct introduces a third mobile window into the inner ear, which can produce an air-bone gap by 1) shunting air-conducted sound away from the cochlea, thus elevating air conduction thresholds, and 2) increasing the difference in impedance between the scala vestibuli side and the scala tympani side of the cochlear partition during bone conduction testing, thus improving thresholds for bone-conducted sound. Conclusions: We conclude that LVAS can present with an air-bone gap that can mimic middle ear disease. Diagnostic testing using acoustic reflexes, VEMPs, DPOAEs, and LDV can help to identify a non?middle ear source for such a gap, thereby avoiding negative middle ear exploration. A large vestibular aqueduct may act as a third mobile window in the inner ear, resulting in an air-bone gap at low frequencies.
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Black, Angela P., and James D. Sidman. "S254 – Bone Conduction Noise Exposure via Ventilators in the NICU." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (August 2008): P160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.430.

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Objectives To demonstrate that neonatal ventilators produce high noise levels through bone conduction (BC) via endotracheal tubes, as well as air conduction (AC) from ambient noise. Methods A sound level meter was used to measure the noise levels 4 feet from the ventilator and in direct contact at the end of a balloon attached to the ETT to simulate the noise presented to the infant. 3 commonly used neonatal ventilators (Sensormedics 3100A, VIP Bird and Bunnell Jet) were examined. Results Noise levels were significantly higher (6 – 14 dB) at the end of the ETT than 4 ft from the ventilator for all ventilators studied. Conclusions Previous studies have shown high ambient noise levels in NICUs, but have failed to address the actual noise presented to the infant. ETT transmission of noise as a direct bone stimulus through the skull has been overlooked. This study has shown that high noise intensities are being presented not only as AC, but as BC to the infants though the ETT. This study demonstrates, therefore, that ear protection alone will not save these at-risk infants from hearing damage. More must be done to decrease noise exposure and develop quieter machines.
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Stagi, Stefano, Mariarosaria Di Tommaso, Cristina Manoni, Perla Scalini, Francesco Chiarelli, Alberto Verrotti, Elisabetta Lapi, Sabrina Giglio, Laura Dosa, and Maurizio de Martino. "Bone Mineral Status in Children and Adolescents with Klinefelter Syndrome." International Journal of Endocrinology 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3032759.

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Objective. Klinefelter syndrome (KS) has long-term consequences on bone health. However, studies regarding bone status and metabolism during childhood and adolescence are very rare.Patients. This cross-sectional study involved 40 (mean age:13.7±3.8years) KS children and adolescents and 80 age-matched healthy subjects. For both patient and control groups, we evaluated serum levels of ionised and total calcium, phosphate, total testosterone, luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase, and urinary deoxypyridinoline concentrations. We also calculated thez-scores of the phalangeal amplitude-dependent speed of sound (AD-SoS) and the bone transmission time (BTT).Results. KS children and adolescents showed significantly reduced AD-SoS (p<0.005) and BTT (p<0.0005)z-scores compared to the controls. However, KS patients presented significantly higher PTH (p<0.0001) and significantly lower 25(OH)D (p<0.0001), osteocalcin (p<0.05), and bone alkaline phosphatase levels (p<0.005). Interestingly, these metabolic bone disorders were already present in the prepubertal subjects.Conclusions. KS children and adolescents exhibited impaired bone mineral status and metabolism with higher PTH levels and a significant reduction of 25-OH-D and bone formation markers. Interestingly, this impairment was already evident in prepubertal KS patients. Follow-ups should be scheduled with KS patients to investigate and ameliorate bone mineral status and metabolism until the prepubertal ages.
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Dobrev, Ivo, and Jae Hoon Sim. "Magnitude and phase of three-dimensional (3D) velocity vector: Application to measurement of cochlear promontory motion during bone conduction sound transmission." Hearing Research 364 (July 2018): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2018.03.022.

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39

Brunetti, Giacomina, Maria Felicia Faienza, Laura Piacente, Giuseppina Storlino, Angela Oranger, Gabriele D'Amato, Gianpaolo De Filippo, Silvia Colucci, and Maria Grano. "Shedding “LIGHT” on the Link between Bone and Fat in Obese Children and Adolescents." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 13 (July 3, 2020): 4739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134739.

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Obesity may affect bone health, but literature reports are contradictory about the correlation of body mass index (BMI) and bone markers. LIGHT, one of the immunostimulatory cytokines regulating the homeostasis of bone and adipose tissue, could be involved in obesity. The study involved 111 obese subjects (12.21 ± 3.71 years) and 45 controls. Patients underwent the evaluation of bone status by quantitative ultrasonography (QUS). LIGHT amounts were evaluated in sera by ELISA, whereas its expression on peripheral blood cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. Osteoclastogenesis was performed by culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with or without anti-LIGHT antibodies. Obese patients showed significant high BMI-standard deviation score (SDS), weight-SDS, and Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) that negatively correlated with the reduced Amplitude Dependent Speed of Sound (AD-SoS)-Z-score and Bone Transmission Time (BTT-Z)-score. They displayed significantly higher serum levels of LIGHT compared with controls (497.30 ± 363.45 pg/mL vs. 186.06 ± 101.41 pg/mL, p < 0.001). LIGHT expression on monocytes, CD3+-T-cells, and neutrophils was also higher in obese patients than in the controls. Finally, in PBMC cultures, the addition of anti-LIGHT antibodies induced a significant osteoclastogenesis inhibition. Our study highlighted the high serum levels of LIGHT in obese children and adolescents, and its relationship with both the grade of obesity and bone impairment.
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40

Iuliano, F., I. Guzzo, F. Deterlizi, M. Di Maio, S. Infusino, A. Perricelli, A. Pomillo, S. Molica, and M. Baserga. "Quantitative bone ultrasonography at phalanges in patients with high-risk monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) and myeloma treated with zoledronic acid." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 8115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.8115.

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8115 Background: Bisphosphonates are commonly used for metastatic bone disease in order to prevent skeletal-related events, to reduce bone pain and to improve quality of life. Zoledronic acid is commonly used in myeloma patients (pts), but additional studies are needed to determine the optimal timing, schedule and duration of treatment. Aim of the present study is to assess bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with high-risk MGUS and myeloma receiving zoledronic acid, using quantitative ultrasound analysis in transmission through phalanges. Methods: DBM Sonic Bone Profiler is the only ultrasound device that applies the method of signal analysis in transmission through phalanges. This technique has proven to be particularly effective in the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of post-menopausal osteoporosis. Measurements of BMD were performed by ultrasonography at distal metaphysis of the first phalanx of the II, III, IV and V hand finger, at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months. Results: 12 pts with high-risk MGUS (8 IgG k, 4 IgG lambda) and 4 pts with myeloma IIIA (3 IgG k, 1 IgA lambda), 6 males/ 10 females, median age 69 years, received zoledronic acid 4 mg intravenously every 4 weeks for at least 12 courses. All subjects took daily oral supplements containing elemental calcium (1 g) and vitamin D (400 IU). Myeloma patients also received chemotherapy. 4/6 males (66%) and 5/10 females (50%) improved amplitude-dependent speed of sound (AD-SoS) over the least significant change after 6 months. Mean difference from baseline value of AD-SoS shows a trend after 4 months of treatment, and became significant after 16 months (p<0.005). Conclusions: Densitometric-structural evaluation of bone tissue at phalanges is safe and useful to evaluate bone quality changes during treatment with zoledronic acid, that determines a significant and sustained increase in ultrasonographic parameters of bone density and structure. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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41

Krahenbuhl, Tathyane, Ezequiel Moreira Gonçalves, Roseane de Fatima Guimarães, Gil Guerra-Júnior, and Antonio de Azevedo Barros-Filho. "Competitive Swimming and Handball Participation Have a Positive Influence on Bone Parameters as Assessed by Phalangeal Quantitative Ultrasound in Female Adolescents." Pediatric Exercise Science 28, no. 3 (August 2016): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0091.

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Purpose:To examine the influence of participation in competitive sports on bone parameters, as assessed by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the phalanges in female adolescents.Methods:Female adolescents (n = 329, 13.0–16.7 years old) were classified into handball (n = 55), swimming (n = 49) and control (n = 225) groups. QUS was used to evaluate the amplitude-dependent speed of sound (AD-SoS) and bone transmission time (BTT), and their z-scores (zAD-SoS and zBTT) were calculated. Anthropometric measurements and Tanner’s stages were also obtained.Results:Swimmers had higher AD-SoS (2089 ± 43.8 m/s) and zAD-SoS (0.47 ± 0.8) than controls (2060 ± 54.0 m/s; 0.09 ± 1.0; both p ≤ .05) and both groups of athletes had higher BTT (handball: 1.44 ± 0.2 μs; swimming: 1.45 ± 0.2) and zBTT (handball: 0.71 ± 0.8; swimming: 0.72 ± 1.1) than the control group (1.37 ± 0.2 μs; 0.32 ± 0.9; all p ≤ .05). Swimmers had a higher total training time (TTT: 52.5 ± 27.6 months) and frequency of training per week (FT: 5.38 ± 0.1) compared with the handball group (35.9 ± 18.1; 3.32 ±0.8; p ≤ .05). zAD-SoS, BTT and zBTT were positively correlated with FT, while BTT and zBTT showed a positive correlation with TTT.Conclusions:Sports practice influences bone parameters and higher bone parameter values are related to the amount of time and frequency of weekly training. The differences in phalangeal QUS parameters are independent of the impact of weight-bearing exercise.
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Li, Jia, Liujie Ren, Tongge Wu, Dongming Yin, Peidong Dai, Lifen Chen, and Tianyu Zhang. "Experimental and Numerical Studies on Vibration Modes and Transcranial Attenuation Characteristics in Unilateral Bone Conduction Hearing." Shock and Vibration 2020 (June 1, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4962098.

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Bone conduction (BC) hearing devices have been used to improve hearing in patients with unilateral conductive hearing loss; however, the clinical results of improvement in the sound localization ability are still controversial. Transcranial transmission in BC may be an important factor affecting sound localization abilities. Transcranial or interaural attenuation, derived from energy attenuation during the BC process, is determined by the different transfer functions of multiple pathways and affected by the whole-head vibration modes. The purpose of this study is to analyze the frequency dependence of BC vibration modes of the whole head, the contribution of middle and inner ear pathways to BC hearing, and the relationship between transcranial attenuation results by dynamics measurement and hearing thresholds. Experimental studies of vibration modes and transcranial attenuation characteristics in BC are performed using scanning laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) measurements on human cadaver heads. Differences in vibration modes between the excitation and contralateral sides are observed. Additionally, a multiscale human whole-head FE model, including the skull, bony outer ear, ossicular chains, and bony inner ear structures, is proposed to study the mechanism of BC in the human hearing system. After verifying the rationality of the FE model using mechanical impedance and frequency response data, the transcranial attenuation on the temporal bone surfaces and the middle ear structure is calculated in the FE model. Moreover, the vibration characteristics of bilateral ossicular chains and the cochlear bony wall are observed in the whole-head FM model to study their contributions to BC hearing. By analyzing the experimental and numerical results of the vibration modes and the frequency response of the whole head incorporating the ossicular chain and cochlear bony wall, the intrinsic relationship between the results of transcranial attenuation by 1D LDV, 3D LDV, and hearing threshold measurements is further investigated.
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43

Knapp, Karen M., Toby Andrew, Alex J. MacGregor, Glen M. Blake, Ignac Fogelman, and Tim D. Spector. "An Investigation of Unique and Shared Gene Effects on Speed of Sound and Bone Density Using Axial Transmission Quantitative Ultrasound and DXA in Twins." Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 18, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 1525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.8.1525.

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44

Kim, Hyung Joon, and Seung Moo Han. "A New Ultrasound Technique for Osteoporosis: Analysis of Broadband Attenuation Images of the Calcaneus." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.843.

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Most ultrasound diagnosing systems for osteoporosis lack diagnostic precision due to the measurement of specific regions of interest (ROI). As well as using the existing ROI measurement method, this study introduced the concept of analyzing the distribution patterns of bone quality. Linear scanning and ultrasound transmission techniques were used to obtain the broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) images of the calcaneus. A 13mm-diameter ROI was selected as the position of minimum BUA value locally in the posterior calcaneus. Mean values of BUA and speed of sound (SOS) at the ROI, as well as the osteoporosis index (OI), by their linear combination, were defined. For a more accurate diagnosis of osteoporosis, OI and images of the bone quality distribution of the calcaneus were utilized together. The calcaneus is inhomogeneous and, furthermore, its images are not perpendicular to the direction of the ultrasound beam. Hence, the mean values of BUA and SOS for the entire calcaneus do not have any significant meaning. Accordingly, four image patterns of other OI in the calcaneus were defined in order to increase the correlation between diagnostic parameter and age. The results revealed a higher correlation between the bone quality index and age (r=0.75, p<0.0001), for which the pattern index was reflected on OI, than that (r=0.65, p<0.0001) of OI merely at ROI. This result confirmed the possibility of a new osteoporosis diagnostic method using the BUA distribution images of the entire calcaneus.
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45

Faienza, Maria Felicia, Annamaria Ventura, Maurizio Delvecchio, Anna Fusillo, Laura Piacente, Gabriella Aceto, Graziana Colaianni, et al. "High Sclerostin and Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) Serum Levels in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 102, no. 4 (October 12, 2016): 1174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2371.

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Abstract Context: Childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with decreased bone mass. Sclerostin and dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) are Wnt inhibitors that regulate bone formation. Objective: To evaluate sclerostin and DKK-1 levels in T1DM children and to analyze the influence of glycemic control on bone health. Design and setting: Cross-sectional study conducted at a clinical research center. Participants: One hundred and six T1DM subjects (12.2 ± 4 years), 66 on multiple daily injections (MDIs) and 40 on continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin (CSII), and 80 controls. Results: The average bone transmission time (BTT) and amplitude-dependent speed of sound (AD-SoS) z scores were lower in patients with diabetes than in controls. Significantly increased DKK-1 (3593 ± 1172 vs 2652 ± 689 pg/mL; P &lt; 0.006) and sclerostin (29.45 ± 12.32 vs 22.53 ± 8.29; P &lt; 0.001) levels were found in patients with diabetes with respect to controls, particularly in patients on MDI compared with ones on CSII. Glycemic control was improved in CSII patients compared with MDI ones (P &lt; 0.001) and was also associated with significantly higher BMI-SDS (P &lt; 0.002) and BTT z scores (P &lt; 0.02). With adjustment for age, multiple linear regression analysis of DKK-1 and sclerostin as dependent variables showed that levels of glycated hemoglobin, glucose, 25(OH) vitamin D, osteocalcin, and parathyroid hormone; years of diabetes; and BMI-SDS and AD-SoS z score were the most important predictors (P &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions: Our study highlighted (1) the high serum levels of DKK-1 and sclerostin in T1DM children and their relationship with altered glycemic control and (2) the effect of CSII on improvement of glycemic control and bone health in T1DM children.
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46

Hatakeyama, Rokuro, Masazumi Yoshizawa, and Tadashi Moriya. "A Method for the Measurement of Acoustic Impedance and Speed of Sound in a Small Region of Bone using a Fused Quartz Rod as a Transmission Line." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 39, Part 1, No. 11 (November 15, 2000): 6449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.39.6449.

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47

Liu, Zhaohui, Wenjuan Liu, Xueying He, Wei Li, and Lirong Zhang. "The Effect of Degree of Temporal Bone Pneumatization on Sound Transmission of Pulsatile Tinnitus Induced by Sigmoid Sinus Diverticulum and/or Dehiscence: A Clinical and Experimental Study." Journal of International Advanced Otology 17, no. 4 (July 16, 2021): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/iao.2021.9449.

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48

Holland Brown, Tamsin, Marina Salorio-Corbetto, Roger Gray, Alexandra James Best, and Josephine E. Marriage. "Using a Bone-Conduction Headset to Improve Speech Discrimination in Children With Otitis Media With Effusion." Trends in Hearing 23 (January 2019): 233121651985830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331216519858303.

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The recommended management for children with otitis media with effusion (OME) is ‘watchful waiting’ before considering grommet surgery. During this time speech and language, listening skills, quality of life, social skills, and outcomes of education can be jeopardized. Air-conduction (AC) hearing aids are problematic due to fluctuating AC hearing loss. Bone-conduction (BC) hearing is stable, but BC hearing aids can be uncomfortable. Both types of hearing aids are costly. Given the high prevalence of OME and the transitory nature of the accompanying hearing loss, cost-effective solutions are needed. The leisure industry has developed relatively inexpensive, comfortable, high-quality BC headsets for transmission of speech or music. This study assessed whether these headsets, paired with a remote microphone, improve speech discrimination for children with OME. Nineteen children aged 3 to 6 years receiving recommended management in the United Kingdom for children with OME participated. Word-discrimination thresholds were measured in a sound-treated room in quiet and with 65 dB(A) speech-shaped noise, with and without a headset. The median threshold in quiet ( N = 17) was 39 dB(A) (range: 23–59) without a headset and 23 dB(A) (range: 9–35) with a headset ( Z = −3.519, p < .001). The median threshold in noise ( N = 19) was 59 dB(A) (range: 50–63) without a headset and 45 dB(A) (range: 32–50) with a headset (Z = −3.825, p < .001). Thus, the use of a BC headset paired with a remote microphone significantly improved speech discrimination in quiet and in noise for children with OME.
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49

Nosal, D., and E. Bilgery. "Airborne noise, structure-borne sound (vibration) and vacuum stability of milking systems." Czech Journal of Animal Science 49, No. 5 (December 12, 2011): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4304-cjas.

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Problems with milking and udder health can be attributed to the following causes: (1) sound intensity level (noise) &gt; 65 dB in the milking area, (2) transmission of oscillation (vibration) &gt; 0.3 m/s<sup>2 </sup>to the body of the cow in the milking parlour, (3) transmission of severe oscillation (vibration) into the vacuum system, (4) assembly and installation faults causing fluid flow problems and hence pressure fluctuations in the vacuum system. By combining technical alterations to a practical unit with the fitting of the Vibrations-schlucker<sup>&reg;</sup>, it was possible to significantly improve vacuum stability. At the same time noise dropped to one quarter of the original level and vibration was reduced by a factor of five. A significantly reduced working time requirement testified to more pleasant conditions for humans and animals. The results show that the installation requirements according to ISO 5707 (1996) have gaps here. Further studies should specifically define the comfort limits for humans and animals in milking parlours. &nbsp;
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50

Carpenter, MiChelle S., Anthony T. Cacace, and Marty J. Mahoney. "Missing Links in Some Curious Auditory Phenomena: A Tale from the Middle Ear." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 23, no. 02 (February 2012): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.23.2.5.

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Background: Broadband middle ear power reflectance (BMEPR) is an emerging noninvasive electroacoustic measure that evaluates transmission/reflection properties of the middle ear in high resolution. It is applicable over the entire age continuum and is rapid to perform. However, it remains to be determined if BMEPR is just an incremental step in the evolution of middle ear assessment or a major advance in the way middle ear function can be evaluated. Purpose: To evaluate effects of age, gender, ear, and frequency on BMEPR measurements in adults without a history of middle ear disease and to assess whether these factors require consideration in test development; to review how these data may influence active physiologic process within the inner ear; to consider how they reconcile with previously published results; and to suggest applications for future research. Research Design: Prospective, cross-sectional, multivariate analysis to evaluate the effects of age, gender, ear, and frequency on BMEPR in humans without a history of middle ear disease and no air-bone gaps exceeding 10 dB for any frequency. Study Sample: Fifty-six adults in two age groups (Group 1: 18–25 yr, n = 28; Group 2: ≥50 and <66 yr, n = 28). Each age group was stratified by ear and gender in a balanced design. Data Collection and Analysis: Pure tone air conduction and bone-conduction audiometry was conducted in a commercial sound booth, using a clinical audiometer with standard earphones enclosed in supra-aural ear cushions, and a standard bone-conduction oscillator and headband to evaluate for air-bone gaps. Broadband middle ear power reflectance was measured using a calibrated, commercially available computer-controlled system that incorporated a high quality probe assembly to transduce stimuli and record acoustic responses from the ear canal. Data were analyzed with a four-way (2 × 2 × 2 × 16) repeated measures analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) to evaluate the effects of age group (young vs. old), gender (male vs. female), ear (left vs. right), and frequency (258 to 5040 Hz) on BMEPR. Results: The ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of frequency. There were also gender × ear, gender × frequency, and age × gender × ear interactions. The three-way, age × gender × ear interaction captured the essence of results and revealed lowest power reflectance values in younger females and for right ears. This trend partially reversed in the older age group where higher power reflectance values were observed only in right ears of older females. Conclusions: The significant effects of age, gender, ear, and frequency on BMEPR parallel ear- and gender-related differences in hearing sensitivity, ear, and gender differences in the prevalence of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), gender differences in the magnitude of transient evoked OAEs, and ear differences in transient evoked contralateral OAE suppression effects reported in the literature. While original discussions of these aforementioned effects focused primarily on endocochlear and olivocochlear mechanisms, the BMEPR measurements reported herein suggest that middle ear transmission characteristics may also play a role.
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