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Journal articles on the topic 'Bone tools'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 January 2023

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1

Abdullah, Ilham. "ALAT TULANG SITUS PLESTOSEN JAWA: BAHAN BAKU, TEKNOLOGI, DAN TIPOLOGI [Bone tools from Pleistocene Site of Java: Raw Materials, Technology, and Typology]." Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat 7, no. 2 (June 3, 2017): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/papua.v7i2.22.

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During this time knowledge about Homo erectus bones tool comes only from trusted Ngandong, but now it has a lot of bone tools found and published on the Site Pleistocene in Java. This paper is the result of a data-base processing using microscopic methods against all findings bone tools from sites Pleistocene in Java which aims to provide comprehensive information about the presence of bone tools. A total of 48 specimens of bone tools findings of Sangiran, Ngandong Site, Site Sambungmacan, Patiayam Site and Site Bringin. The analysis showed that there are 12 types of anatomical components of animal bones were used as tools. Type of animal bones were used as a bone tool is Cervus sp. (deer), Cervus hippelaphus (deer), Sus sp. (pig), Bos sp. (cow), Bibos palaeosondaicus (bull), rhinoceros (rhinoceros), Elephantidae (the elephants), and Bovidae. The technique used in making bone tools are broken techniques, pruning techniques, techniques sides, press techniques, and techniques rub. This type of tool is produced bone knife, lancipan, spatula, and spear AbstrakSelama ini pengetahuan tentang alat tulang Homo erectus hanya berasal dari Situs Ngandong, tetapi sekarang ini telah banyak alat tulang ditemukan dan dipublikasikan dari Situs Plestosen di Jawa. Tulisan ini merupakan hasil pengolahan data-base menggunakan metode mikroskopis terhadap semua temuan alat tulang dari situs-situs Plestosen di Jawa yang bertujuan memberi informasi komprehensif tentang keberadaan alat tulang. Sebanyak 48 spesimen alat tulang temuan dari Situs Sangiran, Situs Ngandong, Situs Sambungmacan, Situs Patiayam, dan Situs Bringin. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 12 jenis komponen anatomis binatang yang digunakan sebagai alat tulang. Jenis binatang yang tulangnya digunakan sebagai alat tulang adalah Cervus sp. (rusa), Cervus hippelaphus (rusa), Sus sp. (babi), Bos sp. (sapi), Bibos palaeosondaicus (banteng), rhinoceros (badak), elephantidae (gajah), dan bovidae. Teknik yang digunakan dalam membuat alat tulang adalah teknik pecah, teknik pangkas, teknik belah, teknik tekan, dan teknik gosok. Jenis alat tulang yang dihasilkan adalah pisau, lancipan, spatula dan mata tombak.

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2

Steffen, T., P. Downer, B. Steiner, M. Hehli, and M. Aebi. "Minimally invasive bone harvesting tools." European Spine Journal 9, S1 (February 25, 2000): S114—S118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00008316.

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3

Sergeeva, M. S., and R. A. Kravchenko. "OBJECTS FROM THE TREATED BONE FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF RADYCHIVSKE 3 ON THE DESNA RIVER BASIN (ACCORDING TO THE EXCAVATIONS 1991—1992)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 38, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2021.01.30.

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The bone objects from the multi-layered settlement Radychivske 3 (Korop district, Chernihiv region) are introduced into scientific circulation and analyzed in the paper. They have been found during the excavations in 1991—1992. The items come from objects of Romny culture (structures and pits) and from the cultural layer. Most of the finds are pointed tools. Thirteen of them can be interpreted as tools for treating of seams or for weaving and 2 are piercing tools. The collection also contains two horse bones with a natural sharpening with no traces of use. Their interpretation as tools is problematic. The collection also includes the polish tool made of rib. In addition, in the collection of treated bone there is a workpiece made of compact bone. The bone object with a through hole in its middle part can be interpreted as a detail of complex device, perhaps the lock or clasp. Its analogy is the bone item of similar shape from Kyiv. The item from Radichiv was found in the cultural layer. The conditions of the find make it difficult for dating but the Kyiv parallel allows us to date it to the Slavic (Romny culture) or Old Rus time. The collection also includes the bear’s fang amulet. Such amulets were common during Slavic and Old Rus time. They occur mainly from the sites of the 9th—10th centuries although in general they are found both earlier and later than the time in question. All the tools were made from the bones of domestic animals, mostly cattle. Horse bones and single specimens of bones of pig and small cattle were also identified. So the manufacture of such products was based on materials at hand. In general, the set of bone products is common for Slavic sites. Considering that, if necessary, each artisan could make the bone items for himself, we can assume that they belonged to persons who were engaged in the treatment of animal raw materials, primarily of leather and fur.

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4

Ferracini, Riccardo, Isabel Martínez Herreros, Antonio Russo, Tommaso Casalini, Filippo Rossi, and Giuseppe Perale. "Scaffolds as Structural Tools for Bone-Targeted Drug Delivery." Pharmaceutics 10, no. 3 (August 8, 2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10030122.

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Although bone has a high potential to regenerate itself after damage and injury, the efficacious repair of large bone defects resulting from resection, trauma or non-union fractures still requires the implantation of bone grafts. Materials science, in conjunction with biotechnology, can satisfy these needs by developing artificial bones, synthetic substitutes and organ implants. In particular, recent advances in materials science have provided several innovations, underlying the increasing importance of biomaterials in this field. To address the increasing need for improved bone substitutes, tissue engineering seeks to create synthetic, three-dimensional scaffolds made from organic or inorganic materials, incorporating drugs and growth factors, to induce new bone tissue formation. This review emphasizes recent progress in materials science that allows reliable scaffolds to be synthesized for targeted drug delivery in bone regeneration, also with respect to past directions no longer considered promising. A general overview concerning modeling approaches suitable for the discussed systems is also provided.

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5

Gupta, Vishal, Ravinder Pal Singh, Pulak M. Pandey, and Ravi Gupta. "In vitro comparison of conventional surgical and rotary ultrasonic bone drilling techniques." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 234, no. 4 (February 6, 2020): 398–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411919898301.

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In orthopedic and trauma surgical operations, drilling of bone is one of the commonly used procedures performed in hospitals and is a clinical practice for fixing the fractured parts of human bones. Force, torque and temperature play a significant role during the bone drilling and decide the stability of the medical implants. Therefore, it is necessary to minimize force, torque and temperature while drilling to avoid the thermal necrosis and osteosynthesis. This study focused on studying the influence of various types of bone drilling parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, drill diameter and ultrasonic amplitude), tools (solid tool, hollow tool and conventional twist drill bit) and techniques (conventional surgical drilling, rotary ultrasonic bone drilling and rotary bone drilling) on force, torque, temperature and microcracks produced in the drilled surface of the bone. The experimental investigations were conducted on porcine bone samples to perform the comparative study. Results revealed that increasing the diameter of drill tool and feed rate results in the increase in force, torque and temperature, while low rotational speed (500 r/min) generated a low temperature, high cutting force and torque for all types of drilling processes and tools evaluated in this study. Experimental results also revealed that rotary ultrasonic bone drilling with hollow tool generated the lowest cutting force, torque, temperature (<47 °C) and microcracks in the drilled surface of the bone as compared to the other four types of drilling techniques evaluated in this study. Influence of external irrigation technique on temperature was also studied with respect to the rotary ultrasonic bone drilling with a hollow tool, which could eliminate the problem of thermal necrosis. In conclusion, this study revealed that the rotary ultrasonic bone drilling process with hollow tool produced lesser cutting force as compared to rotary bone drilling and conventional surgical drilling for hollow and solid tools. The study also revealed that rotary ultrasonic bone drilling process has the potential to minimize the cutting force, torque and temperature as compared to the conventional surgical drilling for orthopedic surgery.

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6

Manninen, Mikael A., Vitali Asheichyk, Tõnno Jonuks, Aivar Kriiska, Grzegorz Osipowicz, Aleksei Nikolaevich Sorokin, Aliaksandr Vashanau, Felix Riede, and Per Persson. "Using Radiocarbon Dates and Tool Design Principles to Assess the Role of Composite Slotted Bone Tool Technology at the Intersection of Adaptation and Culture-History." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 28, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 845–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10816-021-09517-7.

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AbstractSlotted bone tools are an iconic example of composite tool technology in which change in one of the components does not require changing the design of the other parts. Commonly, slotted bone tools are seen through the lens of lithic technology, highlighting organizational aspects related to serial production of insets, reliability and maintainability. In this framework, slotted bone tool technology is associated with risk aversion in demanding environmental settings. Here, we provide the first overview of radiocarbon-dated slotted bone tools in northernmost Europe and the East European Plain, including 17 new direct dates on pitch glue, and show that the Late Pleistocene to Middle Holocene period of inset slotted bone tool use in this area shows marked variation and idiosyncrasy in associated lithic technology against a trend of continuously warming climate. We suggest that historical specificity and path-dependence, rather than convergent evolution, best explain the variability seen in slotted bone tool technology in the studied case, and that slotted bone tools in general formed an organizationally flexible, adaptable and hence likely adaptive technological solution that met a wide variety of cultural and technological demands.

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7

Grechkina, Tatiana Yu, Anna A. Malyutina, Aleksandr A. Vybornov, and Yurii S. Lebedev. "Bone items of the Neolithic site Baibek." Samara Journal of Science 9, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202201.

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The paper presents tools made from bones, antler and teeth from the Neolithic site Baibek, located in the semi-desert zone of the Northern Caspian Sea. The time of existence of the site dated back to the beginning of the first quarter of the VI mill. BC. Bone artifacts are of particular interest due to their discovery in a layer of sandy consistency. Bone artifacts were founded in the cultural layer of the site, in the pits, hearths and especially in the filling of the dwellings area. Special attention should be paid to the fact that different typological and functional tools can be considered as a single complex. Based on morphological, technological and functional features, the collection of artifacts was divided into 7 typological groups. The distribution of items by site area was indicated. Most of the preserved bone tools were discovered in the fill of the lower level of the dwelling, which is probably connected with better preservation of bone in the deep sediments than in the cultural layer, the upper part of which has been repeatedly previewing. Traceological analysis of the tools surface has determined the scope of their use this is treatment of skins and processing abrasives. Single examples represent fishing equipment, tools for processing stone items and antler haft. There are also decorative items made of bone and teeth pendants, piercing, and bones with ornaments.

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8

Hill, Dave, Tom Williamson, Chow Yin Lai, Martin Leary, and Milan Brandt. "Robots and Tools for Remodeling Bone." IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 13 (2020): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rbme.2019.2949749.

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9

Manske, Sarah L., Heather M. Macdonald, Kyle K. Nishiyama, Steven K. Boyd, and Heather A. McKay. "Clinical Tools to Evaluate Bone Strength." Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism 8, no. 3 (February 12, 2010): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12018-009-9066-2.

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10

Szulc, Pawel. "Bone turnover: Biology and assessment tools." Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 32, no. 5 (October 2018): 725–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2018.05.003.

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11

Gruber, Ronald P., Rebecca M. Garza, and Gerald J. Cho. "Nasal Bone Osteotomies with Nonpowered Tools." Clinics in Plastic Surgery 43, no. 1 (January 2016): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2015.09.019.

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12

Paul, Jarrad W., and Burçin Erdoğu. "An examination of the worked bone and antler assemblage at Uğurlu (Gökçeada, Turkey)." Documenta Praehistorica 44 (January 4, 2018): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.23.

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Worked bone and antler tools were regularly used by prehistoric societies in northwest and western Anatolia to create and maintain everyday items. Uğurlu, one of the most important prehistoric sites in the north east Aegean, shows extensive evidence of bone and antler tool manufacture. This article examines the Uğurlu osseous assemblage from its inception during the Early Neolithic (6800 cal BC) to the middle Chalcolithic (4300 cal BC). A typology is established which labels the 534 items uncovered thus far, supported by contextual information. A comparison with other bone tool assemblages in the region is also presented, highlighting group similarities and type differences. The results show that few bone tools were found in the Early Neolithic Phase VI (6800– 6600 cal BC), while pointed tools dominate Phase V (6600–5900 cal BC). The established Neolithic Phase IV (5900–5600 cal BC) witnesses a dramatic growth in the number of bone tools produced, which is steadily adapted with the advent of the Chalcolithic Phase III (5500–4900 cal BC). During this transition between the Neolithic and Chalcolithic, certain tool types decline in number and manufacturing style changes. In the middle Chalcolithic Phase II (4500–4300 cal BC), bone objects seem to be crudely made, possibly reflecting the emergence of local traditions.

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13

Paul, Jarrad W., and Burçin Erdoğu. "An examination of the worked bone and antler assemblage at Uğurlu (Gökçeada, Turkey)." Documenta Praehistorica 44 (January 4, 2018): 368–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.44.23.

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Worked bone and antler tools were regularly used by prehistoric societies in northwest and western Anatolia to create and maintain everyday items. Uğurlu, one of the most important prehistoric sites in the north east Aegean, shows extensive evidence of bone and antler tool manufacture. This article examines the Uğurlu osseous assemblage from its inception during the Early Neolithic (6800 cal BC) to the middle Chalcolithic (4300 cal BC). A typology is established which labels the 534 items uncovered thus far, supported by contextual information. A comparison with other bone tool assemblages in the region is also presented, highlighting group similarities and type differences. The results show that few bone tools were found in the Early Neolithic Phase VI (6800– 6600 cal BC), while pointed tools dominate Phase V (6600–5900 cal BC). The established Neolithic Phase IV (5900–5600 cal BC) witnesses a dramatic growth in the number of bone tools produced, which is steadily adapted with the advent of the Chalcolithic Phase III (5500–4900 cal BC). During this transition between the Neolithic and Chalcolithic, certain tool types decline in number and manufacturing style changes. In the middle Chalcolithic Phase II (4500–4300 cal BC), bone objects seem to be crudely made, possibly reflecting the emergence of local traditions.

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14

Koliasnikova, Anastasiia, Pavel Chistyakov, and Kseniya Kolobova. "Principal Approaches to the Study of Middle Palaeolithic Bone Retouchers." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 1 (February 27, 2022): 371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp221371385.

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Research in recent years has demonstrated complex Neanderthal activity, comparable to that of anatomically modern humans, in the context of bone tool production, pigments, adhesive compositions and non-utilitarian activities. The most numerous and widespread bone tools in Eurasian and African Middle Paleolithic are retouchers, which have been investigated for more than a century. The paper discusses various research approaches to the study of bone retouchers and the scientific results obtained throughout the history of the study of these tools. Traditionally, retouchers have been perceived by researchers as informal, situationally applied tools for retouching, or shaping various stone tools. Nevertheless, the scientific results obtained in the study of retouchers demonstrate the possibilities of their interpretation as formal tools and often link them to possible ritual activities, including the practice of cannibalism.

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15

Braun, David R., Michael Pante, and William Archer. "Cut marks on bone surfaces: influences on variation in the form of traces of ancient behaviour." Interface Focus 6, no. 3 (June 6, 2016): 20160006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0006.

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Although we know that our lineage has been producing sharp-edged tools for over 2.6 Myr, our knowledge of what they were doing with these tools is far less complete. Studies of these sharp-edged stone tools show that they were most probably used as cutting implements. However, the only substantial evidence of this is the presence of cut marks on the bones of animals found in association with stone tools in ancient deposits. Numerous studies have aimed to quantify the frequency and placement of these marks. At present there is little consensus on the meaning of these marks and how the frequency relates to specific behaviours in the past. Here we investigate the possibility that mechanical properties associated with edges of stone tools as well as the properties of bones themselves may contribute to the overall morphology of these marks and ultimately their placement in the archaeological record. Standardized tests of rock mechanics (Young's modulus and Vickers hardness) indicate that the hardness of tool edges significantly affects cut-mark morphology. In addition, we show that indentation hardness of bones also impacts the overall morphology of cut marks. Our results show that rock type and bone portions influence the shape and prevalence of cut marks on animal bones.

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16

Kozlikin, M. B., W. Rendu, H. Plisson, M. Baumann, and M. V. Shunkov. "Unshaped Bone Tools from Denisova Cave, Altai." Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia (Russian-language) 48, no. 1 (2020): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0102.2020.48.1.016-028.

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17

Kozlikin, M. B., W. Rendu, H. Plisson, M. Baumann, and M. V. Shunkov. "Unshaped Bone Tools from Denisova Cave, Altai." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 48, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.1.016-028.

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18

Stemp, W. James, Adam S. Watson, and Adrian A. Evans. "Surface analysis of stone and bone tools." Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties 4, no. 1 (November 5, 2015): 013001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/4/1/013001.

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19

Eyre, David R. "Bone Biomarkers as Tools in Osteoporosis Management." Spine 22, Supplement (December 1997): 17S—24S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199712151-00004.

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20

Varela, Aurore, and Jacquelin Jolette. "Bone Toolbox: Biomarkers, Imaging Tools, Biomechanics, and Histomorphometry." Toxicologic Pathology 46, no. 5 (July 2018): 511–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623318779565.

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Bone is a unique tissue with turnover, metabolic, and cellular activities that vary through development to aging and with a mineralized matrix in which the current state and the history of a bone coexist. Qualitative histopathology often lacks sensitivity to detect changes in bone formation, mineralization and resorption, which often requires chronic dosing to result in structural changes such as variation in bone mass and geometry. A large panel of modalities can be used to fully analyze the health of the skeleton, including biomarker evaluation in serum or urine, imaging techniques ranging from radiology to computed tomography, biomechanical testing, and undecalcified tissue processing with bone histomorphometry. The use of clinically relevant biomarkers provides an important noninvasive, sensitive, rapid, and real-time tool to monitor bone activity at the whole skeleton level when conducting safety assessments in a preclinical setting. Imaging modalities also allow in vivo longitudinal assessments with a powerful, noninvasive and clinically translatable tools to monitor drug effects. Different imaging modalities are used in the preclinical studies to evaluate the bone tissues: standard radiography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), micro-computed tomography, and high-resolution pQCT. Bone histomorphometry is an important tool that provides sensitive evaluation to detect effects of test articles on bone resorption, formation, mineralization, remodeling rates and growth to address a potential target- or class-related theoretical bone liability. Ultimately, the measurement of bone mechanical properties in pharmaceutical testing is critical to understand the potential effects of that pharmaceutical on bone health and fracture risk. Important considerations are required for including these different techniques in toxicology rodents and nonrodent studies, to actually integrate these into safety assessment.

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21

Stammers, Rhiannon C., Matthew V. Caruana, and Andy I. R. Herries. "The first bone tools from Kromdraai and stone tools from Drimolen, and the place of bone tools in the South African Earlier Stone Age." Quaternary International 495 (November 2018): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.04.026.

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22

Galliera, Emanuela, Alessandro Luzzati, Giuseppe Perrucchini, Fabio Gagliano, Ludovica Colloredo Mels, Giuseppe Banfi, Massimiliano Marco Corsi Romanelli, and Lorenzo Drago. "Bone formation and resorption markers as diagnostic tools for bone metastases evaluation." International Journal of Biological Markers 27, no. 4 (October 2012): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jbm.2012.9579.

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Bone metastases are a frequent complication of several types of cancers. Since bone metastases are difficult to diagnose with the current available approaches, there is a demand for new methods for assessing bone response. In this context, biochemical markers of bone remodeling may provide useful information on bone turnover that, in turn, may reflect disease activity in bone. In this study we tested a panel of bone remodeling markers (distinguishing between bone formation and bone resorption ones) in different groups of cancer patients, so as to evaluate the potential clinical role of the examined bone remodeling markers in the early diagnosis of metastases formation and progression. Among the bone resorption markers, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase 5b (trAP5b) resulted the most specific for the metastatic tumor stage. Both the bone formation markers we analyzed displayed a direct correlation (positive for bone-specific alkaline phosphatase [BAP] and negative for osteocalcin [oc]) with tumor disease progression, ranging from healthy controls to primary tumor and, ultimately, to the metastatic stage. Taken together our results suggest that these markers can be valuable tools to be used, in parallel with traditional methods of metastases diagnosis, in order to monitor more in detail the pathological effect of metastases progression in bone tissue.

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23

Vahidi, G., C. Rux, V. D. Sherk, and C. M. Heveran. "Lacunar-canalicular bone remodeling: Impacts on bone quality and tools for assessment." Bone 143 (February 2021): 115663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2020.115663.

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24

Doyon, Luc, Zhanyang Li, Hua Wang, Lila Geis, and Francesco d’Errico. "A 115,000-year-old expedient bone technology at Lingjing, Henan, China." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): e0250156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250156.

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Activities attested since at least 2.6 Myr, such as stone knapping, marrow extraction, and woodworking may have allowed early hominins to recognize the technological potential of discarded skeletal remains and equipped them with a transferable skillset fit for the marginal modification and utilization of bone flakes. Identifying precisely when and where expedient bone tools were used in prehistory nonetheless remains a challenging task owing to the multiple natural and anthropogenic processes that can mimic deliberately knapped bones. Here, we compare a large sample of the faunal remains from Lingjing, a 115 ka-old site from China which has yielded important hominin remains and rich faunal and lithic assemblages, with bone fragments produced by experimentally fracturing Equus caballus long bones. Our results provide a set of qualitative and quantitative criteria that can help zooarchaeologists and bone technologists distinguish faunal remains with intentional flake removal scars from those resulting from carcass processing activities. Experimental data shows marrow extraction seldom generates diaphyseal fragments bearing more than six flake scars arranged contiguously or in interspersed series. Long bone fragments presenting such characteristics can, therefore, be interpreted as being purposefully knapped to be used as expediency tools. The identification, based on the above experimental criteria, of 56 bone tools in the Lingjing faunal assemblage is consistent with the smaller size of the lithics found in the same layer. The continuity gradient observed in the size of lithics and knapped bones suggests the latter were used for tasks in which the former were less or not effective.

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25

Shunkov, M. V., M. B. Kozlikin, and A. Yu Fedorchenko. "Bone Tools in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic Complexes of Denisova Cave: 2021 Materials." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0355-0361.

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The article presents the results of unshaped and formal bone tools investigation from the Pleistocene deposits found in the south gallery of Denisova Cave. Bone retouchers of the Late Middle and Early Upper Paleolithic were found in layers 12 and 11, respectively. It has been established that, compared to the Middle Paleolithic retouchers, tools of this type from layer 11 are distinguished by the shaping processing of bone blanks. Fragments of diaphysis have traces of deliberate truncation of transverse edges, trimming of longitudinal edges, removal of sharp edges of fractures by retouching. In addition to the percussion technique, these retouchers were also used for pressure technique retouching, which is consistent with tool samples from the accompanying lithic industry. Formal bone tools from layer 11 include two intact and fragmented polishers, two pins, an awl fragment, a perforator, an eyed needle, and an indeterminate tool blank. These tools were used mainly at various stages of the tanning production: polishers were used for primary processing of hides in order to soften them and remove the hide cuttings, an awl and perforator—for perforating a relatively thick or thinner hide, a needle—when stitching a carefully finished material, stringing or attaching ornaments to clothes. The detailed analysis made it possible to identify a characteristic set of wear signs on each of the tools indicating their long-term use. The toolkit is supplemented by unique bone pins, which, based on the nature of processing and traces of disposal, could have been used to fasten various parts of the costume of the Upper Paleolithic inhabitants of Denisova Cave.

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Garvin, Heather M., Rachel Dunn, Sabrina B. Sholts, M. Schuyler Litten, Merna Mohamed, Nathan Kuttickat, and Noah Skantz. "Forensic Tools for Species Identification of Skeletal Remains: Metrics, Statistics, and OsteoID." Biology 11, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11010025.

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Although nonhuman remains constitute a significant portion of forensic anthropological casework, the potential use of bone metrics to assess the human origin and to classify species of skeletal remains has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to assess the utility of quantitative methods in distinguishing human from nonhuman remains and present additional resources for species identification. Over 50,000 measurements were compiled from humans and 27 nonhuman (mostly North American) species. Decision trees developed from the long bone data can differentiate human from nonhuman remains with over 90% accuracy (>98% accuracy for the human sample), even if all long bones are pooled. Stepwise discriminant function results were slightly lower (>87.4% overall accuracy). The quantitative models can be used to support visual identifications or preliminarily assess forensic significance at scenes. For species classification, bone-specific discriminant functions returned accuracies between 77.7% and 89.1%, but classification results varied highly across species. From the study data, we developed a web tool, OsteoID, for users who can input measurements and be shown photographs of potential bones/species to aid in visual identification. OsteoID also includes supplementary images (e.g., 3D scans), creating an additional resource for forensic anthropologists and others involved in skeletal species identification and comparative osteology.

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27

LeMoine, Genevieve M. "Use Wear on Bone and Antler Tools from the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories." American Antiquity 59, no. 2 (April 1994): 316–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281935.

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A series of experiments making and using bone and antler tools show that functional identifications of these tools can be made with confidence in some circumstances. Using principles from the field of tribology, the experiments demonstrate that different uses leave different microscopic traces on bone and antler. They also show that when the materials used are similar, the wear produced will be similar. In particular, wet materials, including snow, ice, wet hide, and wet antler all produce nearly identical microscopic patterns. Other groups of similar materials, such as bone, antler, and wood, or fish scales and hair, present the same problem. Although differences can be detected, these may not be preserved on archaeological tool specimens. Application of the experimental results to bone and antler tools from the Mackenzie Delta illustrates that functional identifications of tools can be made with confidence, despite the problem of similar microscopic patterns, when other lines of evidence (ethnographic and historical accounts, distribution of wear) are taken into account. When such information is lacking, functional identifications are more difficult and must be made with more caution.

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Skochina, S. N., and A. A. Tkachev. "ENEOLITHIC BONE TOOLS FROM THE OSKINO BOLOTO SETTLEMENT." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 3 (46) (2019): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2019-45-2-005-016.

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Skochina, S. N., and A. A. Tkachev. "ENEOLITHIC BONE TOOLS FROM THE OSKINO BOLOTO SETTLEMENT." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 3 (46) (2019): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2019-46-3-005-016.

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30

Barras, Colin. "First bone tools suggest Neanderthals taught us skills." New Scientist 219, no. 2930 (August 2013): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(13)62018-7.

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Shaikh, Amir, Sachin Negi, Akshant Aswal, Vaishali Chaudhry, Chandra Kishore, and K. C. Nithin Kumar. "Modal analysis of Humerus bone using CAE tools." Materials Today: Proceedings 26 (2020): 2108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.455.

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Backwell, Lucinda, and Francesco d'Errico. "Early hominid bone tools from Drimolen, South Africa." Journal of Archaeological Science 35, no. 11 (November 2008): 2880–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2008.05.017.

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d'Errico, Francesco, and Lucinda Backwell. "Assessing the function of early hominin bone tools." Journal of Archaeological Science 36, no. 8 (August 2009): 1764–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.005.

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Buc, Natacha. "Experimental series and use-wear in bone tools." Journal of Archaeological Science 38, no. 3 (March 2011): 546–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.10.009.

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35

Shmidt, I. V., and E. A. Kovalchenko. "Experimental Results of Using the Bone Needle for Punching Rough-Workmanship Hides." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 21, no. 5 (May 16, 2022): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-5-20-31.

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Purpose. The seemingly simple procedures, the methods of their implementation in remote times may cause heated discussions among the researchers. Bonding of skins and hides is difficult to imagine without the involvement of a needle and thread, but do we always have correct ideas about their use by our predecessors? To a certain extent, this problem is solved by an experiment; the main stages thereof are described in the article. Its purpose is to obtain and analyze the traces of utilization, the dynamics and specificity of their formation on the bone needle (with a tendon-based thread) in the conditions of perforation of a fragment of a roughly treated hide. Results. The study presents the results of making and using a needle made from a mammoth tusks splinter for punching rough-workmanship hides. Particular attention is paid to the description of modification of the tool in the course of this procedure and to discussion of traces of utilization formed on its surface in the process of hundreds of perforation acts. The obtained data make it possible to reasonably discuss the particular stages of both the manufacture and use of similar items, the pace of formation of typical signs of activity on the surface of the tools. Obviously, short-type needles were used for rough hides and skins. Punching of the said material is possible only with cranking (threading) of the tool, which leaves characteristic marks on the tip of the needle; the search of them should be made both on the needles and on the tools accompanying the hide treatment procedure (sharp-pointed tools, piercing tools, cranking tools, pricking tools). Conclusion. The obtained trace samples allow for discussion of the methods for using the needle for punching rough hides. The traces of utilization on the Paleolithic-period needles remain poorly described, which complicates detailed comparison of experimental data and original sources. The needle could undoubtedly be used for punching rough materials, but in this case, it is comparable with compound-functional tools (for punching hides and thread transportation), and the traces of use are comparable with the traces on piercing and cranking tools. The continuation of experiments in this area contributes to the formation of a reference samples base regarding production process traces on the tools used for treatment of hides and skins, which brings us closer to comprehension of production processes of the far-back primitive time, the evolution of functions of the tools we know well, the adjustment of modern tool typologies.

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Valkov, I. A. "Traceological Analysis of Bone Artifacts in Archeology." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, no. 3 (October 5, 2019): 574–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-3-574-584.

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The paper features the problems of traceological analysis of ancient artifacts made from animal bones. The exceptional importance of bone objects as an archaeological source cannot be overestimated. The authors studied Russian and foreign scientific literature and summarized their own experience of trace examination of bone artifacts from Bronze Age monuments of the forest-steppe Altai. The paper describes some methodological problems that arise during trace examination of archaeological bone collections. It studies the material, technological, functional, and taxonomic features of macro- and micro-surfaces of bone artifacts that make the examination different from analysis of stone artifacts and have to be taken into account. The leading factor is the raw material features of the bone. They cause an accelerated process of formation and destruction of traces on the surface of tools and products, the possibility of using bone material in various physical states, as well as the presence of deformations and traces of a natural (biological) nature. The authors challenge the thesis that the method applied to trace examination of stone objects can be transferred to bone tools and products. They declare that bone artifacts require specialized methods and techniques.

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Heymann, Dominique, Yannick Fortun, Francoise Rédini, and Marc Padrines. "Osteolytic bone diseases: physiological analogues of bone resorption effectors as alternative therapeutic tools." Drug Discovery Today 10, no. 4 (February 2005): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(04)03265-9.

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Zhilin, Mickle G. "Technology of the manufacture of Mesolithic Bone Arrowheads on the Upper Volga." European Journal of Archaeology 1, no. 2 (1998): 149–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/eja.1998.1.2.149.

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Excavations of stratified peat sites, carried out by the author on the Upper Volga during recent years, yielded a large number of varied bone projectile heads. Among these, arrowheads are most numerous. Half-finished artifacts of this group were also found together with lithic tools used for boneworking. Traceological studies enabled the author to identify various features left by lithic tools on the surface of the bone artifacts. A programme of experiments helped in the understanding of the operational chain during their manufacture, and what tools were used for each stage.Long tubular bones were used to make the majority of the arrowheads. They were either broken into long pieces with a hammerstone or use was made of the ‘groove and splinter’ technique. Direct percussion with hammerstones was used for other bones. Secondary treatment included more accurate flaking and retouch, cutting, planing, scraping, sawing with the help of stone tools, usually flint burins, knives, scrapers and saws. Abrasive slabs were used for grinding, while fine polishing was achieved with the help of leather, sometimes, with fine dust-like abrasive agents.The operational chain for the manufacture of arrowheads was the following: (1) obtaining a splinter of bone; (2) removal of unnecessary mass of bone with the help of burin and scraper to create a pre-form; (3) cutting of slots for inserts (for composite arrowheads); (4) planing of the surface with a knife, carving of details and, engraving of ornamentation. Many arrowheads were then polished, except for their bases. Specific variants of secondary treatment were observed on some arrowheads. The study showed a high degree of development of boneworking, with standardization of designs and technological operations, especially during Boreal times. Later, many arrowheads were crudely made, though wear traces and resin at their bases indicate that these are finished tools which were used.

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Venditti, Flavia, Aviad Agam, Jacopo Tirillò, Stella Nunziante-Cesaro, and Ran Barkai. "An integrated study discloses chopping tools use from Late Acheulean Revadim (Israel)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): e0245595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245595.

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Chopping tools/choppers provide one of the earliest and most persistent examples of stone tools produced and used by early humans. These artifacts appeared for the first time ~2.5 million years ago in Africa and are characteristic of the Oldowan and Acheulean cultural complexes throughout the Old World. Chopping tools were manufactured and used by early humans for more than two million years regardless of differences in geography, climate, resource availability, or major transformations in human cultural and biological evolution. Despite their widespread distribution through time and space in Africa and Eurasia, little attention has been paid to the function of these items, while scholars still debate whether they are tools or cores. In this paper, we wish to draw attention to these prominent and ubiquitous early lithic artifacts through the investigation of 53 chopping tools retrieved from a specific context at Late Acheulean Revadim (Israel). We combined typo-technological and functional studies with a residue analysis aimed at shedding light on their functional role within the tool-kits of the inhabitants of the site. Here we show that most of the chopping tools were used to chop hard and medium materials, such as bone, most probably for marrow extraction. A few of the tools were also used for cutting and scraping activities, while some also served as cores for further flake detachment. The chopping tools exhibit extraordinarily well-preserved bone residues suggesting they were used mainly for bone-breaking and marrow acquisition. We discuss the data and explore the tool versus core debate also in light of a sample of 50 flake cores made on pebbles/cobbles retrieved from the same archeological layer. The results add further pieces to the puzzle of activities carried out at Revadim and add to our knowledge of the production and use of these enigmatic tools and their role in human evolutionary history.

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Alam, Khurshid, Abdul Ghafoor, and Vadim V. Silberschmidt. "Analysis of Forces and Temperatures in Conventional and Ultrasonically-Assisted Cutting of Bone." Advanced Materials Research 223 (April 2011): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.223.247.

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Bone cutting is a frequently used procedure in orthopaedic and neuro surgeries. Current research on bone cutting is concerned with the efforts to decrease the forces generated during cutting the bone as well as temperature to avoid mechanical and thermal damage (bone necrosis) induced by surgical tools. The paper presents results of finite-element simulations of conventional cutting (CC) and ultrasonically-assisted cutting (UAC) of bone in order to understand thermomechanics of the process. The study was aimed at investigating the levels of tool-penetration force and temperatures induced in the bone when a hard cutting tool penetrates into it in both types of cutting. The models allow the quantitative analysis of forces and temperatures produced during the cutting process. The use of UAC reduces the tool penetration force and temperature in the cutting region

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41

Soressi, M., S. P. McPherron, M. Lenoir, T. Dogandzic, P. Goldberg, Z. Jacobs, Y. Maigrot, et al. "Neandertals made the first specialized bone tools in Europe." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 35 (August 12, 2013): 14186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1302730110.

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Barkai, Ran. "Lower Paleolithic bone handaxes and chopsticks: Tools and symbols?" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 49 (October 27, 2020): 30892–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016482117.

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43

Clarke, Noel W. "New Clinical Tools for Urologists: Treatment of Bone Loss." European Urology Supplements 5, no. 17 (October 2006): 877–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eursup.2006.07.017.

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44

Chappard, D., M. F. Baslé, E. Legrand, and M. Audran. "New laboratory tools in the assessment of bone quality." Osteoporosis International 22, no. 8 (February 24, 2011): 2225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-011-1573-6.

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Oreffo, ROC, J. Adams, A. Houghton, and D. Johnstone. "O2. Disintegrins: Useful tools to examine osteoclast bone resorption?" Bone 15, no. 1 (January 1994): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(94)90911-3.

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Riminucci, Mara, Cristina Remoli, Pamela G. Robey, and Paolo Bianco. "Stem cells and bone diseases: New tools, new perspective." Bone 70 (January 2015): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2014.09.009.

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47

Shams, Junaid, Allison B. Spitzer, Ann M. Kennelly, and Laura L. Tosi. "Bone Quality: Educational Tools for Patients, Physicians, and Educators." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® 469, no. 8 (March 12, 2011): 2248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11999-011-1809-y.

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Morris, Michael D., and William F. Finney. "Recent developments in Raman and infrared spectroscopy and imaging of bone tissue." Spectroscopy 18, no. 2 (2004): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2004/765753.

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Vibrational spectroscopy is an important tool in mineralized tissue research. This review focuses on recent applications of Raman and IR spectroscopies as contrast enhancement agents, tools for studying the chemical nature of changes in bone tissue with age and disease and understanding the molecular nature of changes in bone tissue during mechanical loading and fracture.

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Laksono, Pringgo Widyo, Muslim Mahardika, Suyitno, and Punto Dewo. "Surface Characteristics of Indonesian Cortical Bone Screw." Advanced Materials Research 893 (February 2014): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.893.349.

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Machining processed with various conditions form the surface characteristics of materials. Material processes needed for forming parts such as bone screws. This paper presents surface characteristics of bone screw for orthopedic implant that processed by conventional turning machine with various conditions. Manufacturing production in conventional way of bone screw connector is expected to produce same geometry, dimensions and quality as well as the product from abroad. The screws design type that used for cortical bone orthopedic implant known as cortical bone screw. Cortical screws have fine threads along the shaft and are designed to anchor in cortical bone. In this research, screws were made of stainless steel 316L which mounted on the horizontal lathe and the head manufactured by punching machine. Bone screws which used for interfragmentary bone surgery manufactured by lathe machine with various conditions such as various thread per inch, various cutting tools angle, various cutting tools properties and also various depth of cut. So this research focus on the extent to which the influence of machining parameters namely cutting speed, depth of cut, feed rate, cutting angle, number of thread and tool selection to the surface characteristic of the bone screw. Based on the result from the different machining parameter, they are affecting to the quality of the cortical screw on the microstructure, and the surface roughness.

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Neag, Georgiana, Melissa Finlay, and Amy J. Naylor. "The Cellular Choreography of Osteoblast Angiotropism in Bone Development and Homeostasis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 7253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147253.

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Interaction between endothelial cells and osteoblasts is essential for bone development and homeostasis. This process is mediated in large part by osteoblast angiotropism, the migration of osteoblasts alongside blood vessels, which is crucial for the homing of osteoblasts to sites of bone formation during embryogenesis and in mature bones during remodeling and repair. Specialized bone endothelial cells that form “type H” capillaries have emerged as key interaction partners of osteoblasts, regulating osteoblast differentiation and maturation and ensuring their migration towards newly forming trabecular bone areas. Recent revolutions in high-resolution imaging methodologies for bone as well as single cell and RNA sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of some of the signaling pathways and molecular interactions that underpin this regulatory relationship. Similarly, the intercellular cross talk between endothelial cells and entombed osteocytes that is essential for bone formation, repair, and maintenance are beginning to be uncovered. This is a relatively new area of research that has, until recently, been hampered by a lack of appropriate analysis tools. Now that these tools are available, greater understanding of the molecular relationships between these key cell types is expected to facilitate identification of new drug targets for diseases of bone formation and remodeling.

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