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1
SM, Harsini. "Bone Regenerative Medicine and Bone Grafting." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 3, no. 4 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000167.
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Bone tissues can repair and regenerate it: in many clinical cases, bone fractures repair without scar formation. Nevertheless, in large bone defects and pathological fractures, bone healing fail to heal. Bone grafting is defined as implantation of material which promot es fracture healing, through osteoconduction osteogenesis, and osteoinduction. Ideal bone grafting depends on several factors such as defect size, ethical issues, biomechanical characteristics, tissue viability, shape and volume, associated complications, cost, graft size, graft handling, and biological characteristics. The materials that are used as bone graft can be divided into separate major categories, such as autografts, allografts, and xenografts. Synthetic substitutes and tissue - engineered biomateri als are other options. Each of these instances has some advantages and disadvantages. Between the all strategies for improving fracture healing and enhance the outcome of unification of the grafts, tissue engineering is a suitable option. A desirable tissu e - engineered bone must have properties similar to those of autografts without their limitations. None of the used bone grafts has all the ideal properties including low donor morbidity, long shelf life, efficient cost, biological safety, no size restrictio n, and osteoconductive, osteoinductive, osteogenic, and angiogenic properties; but Tissue engineering tries to supply most of these features. In addition it is able to induce healing and reconstruction of bone defects. Combining the basis of orthopedic sur gery with knowledge from different sciences like materials science, biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering can overcome the limitations of current therapies. Combining the basis of orthopedic surgery with knowledge from different sciences like materi als science, biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering can overcome the limitations of current therapies.
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Browne, Sue. "The Bone." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 51, S2 (1985): 46–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00078300.
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In all, 1065 fragments of bone were recovered from trench B. The bulk of the bone (868 fragments: 81%) came from the ditch; 121 fragments came from pits and scoops, 74 fragments from post holes and 1 fragment from a layer in the ‘working area’. Four of the pits and three of the post holes are in the ‘working area’ and they contained a total of 104 fragments of bone; the five post holes interpreted as a four-post structure contained 40 fragments of bone. With the exception of post holes 96 and 117, which contained one and two fragments of bone respectively, no bone was recovered from contexts east of the ditch running north-south at the eastern side of the site (39 and 78), nor from those contexts lying between its terminals. Two fragments of worked bone were recovered, one from context 5 in the ditch and one from post hole 75, which also contained one of the bird bones; the other bird bone came from context 41 in the ditch. The human remains and the dog bones were recovered exclusively from the ditch. The distribution of the bones of the larger domesticates and pig indicates consistency and continuity in disposal practices: 95.6% of the identified horse bones, 92.5% of the identified cattle bones and 80.5% of the identified pig bones w*re recovered from the ditch. Only the caprovid bones were spread more evenly over the site: 66.7% came from the ditch, 26.1% from the pits and scoops and 7.2% from post holes. Fragments of burnt bone were recovered from contexts 3 (ditch), 16 (post hole) and 107 (pit). Butchered and gnawed bones were distributed without any particular pattern in all three types of bone-bearing context.
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Oxnard, Charles E. "Bone, bones and biomechanics." Nature 315, no. 6019 (June 1985): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/315521a0.
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Garrity, Philip S. "Bone of my bones." Lancet 387, no. 10024 (March 2016): 1154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30009-5.
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Hanker, J. S., L. C. Hanker, and B. L. Giammara. "Surgical repair of long bone defects or trauma by guided tissue engineering with composite implants of porous bioactive glass-ceramic (A-WGC) particles bound by a plaster/CaO/P2O5 cement contained by a resorbable vicryl™ mesh." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 800–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100140373.
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One of the biggest problems associated with the repair of trauma in long bones is their requirement to withstand greater mechanical stress than any other bones of the body. After the success we achieved with composite hydroxylapatite (HA)/plaster(PP) in craniofacial bone repair in approximately 200 animals (cats and rats) and 300 humans in our laboratory, clinics and surgeries, it was felt that an area which could perhaps benefit from our experience in bone repair might be orthopedic surgery. When first informed of our desire to apply our biomaterials interest and experience to long bone trauma patients, others expected little success with these biomaterials that were so successful in craniofacial surgery.We felt, however, that success might be achieved for long bone repair with plaster of Paris (CaSO4·½H2O) and/or calcium phosphate. The feeling of my laboratory received some support from Larry Hench's 1988 article. In this article he pointed out that bioactive ceramics such as hydroxylapatite (HA) possibly could bond to bone.
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Dogan, E., and Z. Okumus. "Cuttlebone used as a bone xenograft in bone healing." Veterinární Medicína 59, No. 5 (July 15, 2014): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7519-vetmed.
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This study was conducted to examine the potential of cuttlebone xenograft in the healing of bone using radiography and histology for a period of 24 weeks. One hundred and five New Zealand male rabbits with radius defects in the metaphyseal region were divided into five groups treated with cuttlebone, demineralized bone matrix, bovine cancellous graft, and tricalcium phosphate. The control was no treatment. Clinical, radiological, biochemical and histological evaluations were made 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 weeks after surgery. Physiological measurements (body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate) were not affected by the treatments. The radiological score was greatest in the demineralised bone matrix and tricalcium phosphate groups (score of 8), followed by the bovine cancellous graft (score of 6), cuttlebone (score of 6), and control groups (score of 5). The histological score was greatest in the tricalcium phosphate group (score of 55), followed by the cuttlebone (score of 50), bovine cancellous graft (score of 48), demineralized bone matrix (score of 44) and control groups (score of 42). Oxidative enzyme activities were not different across the treatments. The lack of reinfection and infection responses and faster bone union highlight the potential of cuttlebone xenograft in orthopaedic surgery.
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Faraj, Adnan A. "The Use of Bone Hook in the Retrieval of Tibial Bony Cut. Technical Tip." Journal of Orthopedics & Bone Disorders 8, no. 1 (2024): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jobd-16000257.
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Total ankle replacement, is technically demanding. Intraoperative malleolar fracture may result because of levering on the malleoli whilst removing the distal tibial cut. The technique described of using bone hook to retrieve the distal tibial bone cut is safe and easy.
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Teraoka, Kay, Yuichi Tei, Nobuo Sasaki, Shigeru Suzuki, and Katsuhisa Takane. "An Introduction of New Artificial Bone Unit “Tetra-Bone”." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.163.
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We fabricated a small α-TCP ceramic unit having four pods, named “Tetra-bone” employing a ceramic injection molding. Tetra-bone can keep uniform concave geometry among the pods as well as immobilizing each other. Owing to the monotony of Tetra-bone, weight of Tetrabones used can be converted into the number of Tetra-bones, volume that can be filled with Tetrabones, and the number of functional structures. By using Tetra-bones, bone defects can be filled with intentional geometry that helps to discuss the relation between geometric features of pores and bone formation.
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Wähnert, Dirk, Konrad L. Hoffmeier, Yves Stolarczyk, Rosemarie Fröber, Gunther O. Hofmann, and Thomas Mückley. "Evaluation of a Customized Artificial Osteoporotic Bone Model of the Distal Femur." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 26, no. 4 (May 28, 2010): 451–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328210367830.
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In the development of new implants biomechanical testing is essential. Since human bones vary markedly in density and geometry their suitability for biomechanical testing is limited. In contrast artificial bones are of great uniformity and therefore appropriate for biomechanical testing. However, the applied artificial bones have to be proved as comparable to human bone. An anatomical shaped artificial bone representing the distal human femur was created by foaming polyurethane. To get a bone model with properties of osteoporotic bone a foam density of 150 kg/m3 was used. The biomechanical properties of our artificial bones were evaluated against eight mildly osteoporotic fresh frozen human femora by mechanical testing. At the artificial bones all tested parameters showed a very small variation. In contrast significant correlation between bone mass density and tested parameters was found for the human bones. The artificial bones reached 39% of the compression strength and 41% of the screw pullout force of the human bone. In indentation testing the artificial bones reached 27% (cancellous) and 59% (cortical) respectively of the human bones strength. Regarding Shore hardness artificial bone and human bone showed comparable results for the cortical layer and at the cancellous layer the artificial bone reached 57% of human bones hardness. Our described method for customizing of artificial bones regarding their shape and bone stock quality provides suitable results. In relation to the as mildly osteoporotic classified human bones we assume that the biomechanical properties matching to serve osteoporotic bone.
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Shadlinski V.B. and Abdullayev A.S. "Wormian bones: shape, location and relation to each other." Journal of Theoretical, Clinical and Experimental Morphology 2, no. 1-2 (February 19, 2021): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.28942/jtcem.v2i1-2.153.
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The material of the study was the skull of an 8-year-old girl. In the cranioscopy, the following were identified: on the right side, the bone of the sphenoid fontanel or epipteric bone; bones of lambdoid suture - on the right side in the amount of 5, on the left side -1 bone; preinterparietal bone, ospreinterparietale.By the craniometric method, the height and width of the bones were determined. The bone of the sphenoid fontanelle or epipteric bone is located between the frontal, parietal bones, the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, and the squama of the temporal bone. The width of the epipteric bone is 16.5 mm, height 9.5 mm. The bones of the lambdoid suture in the amount of 5 on the right and the 1st on the left were located in an elongated state.The largest bone was located in the middle of the right lambdoid suture; apparently, it was formed by the union of at least two Wormian bones. Preinterparietal bone has a triangular shape, the base of the triangle facing the sagittal suture, the tip, slightly rounded - in the direction of the occipital bone. The lateral angles of the preinterparietal bone are serrated, which, in principle, clearly distinguishes it from the parietal bones. The bone was single, no sutures or grooves dividing the preinterparietal bone into parts were observed. The width of the bone is 18.5 mm, height 13.8 mm.
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Rayner, Colin R. "Remodeling of bone and bones." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 78, no. 3 (September 1986): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198609000-00101.
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Gross, Ted S., Ariff A. Damji, Stefan Judex, Robert C. Bray, and Ronald F. Zernicke. "Bone hyperemia precedes disuse-induced intracortical bone resorption." Journal of Applied Physiology 86, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.1.230.
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An in vivo model was used to determine whether bone hyperemia precedes increased intracortical porosity induced by disuse. Twenty-four adult male roosters (age 1 yr) were randomly assigned to intact-control, 7-days-sham-surgery, 7-days-disuse, and 14-days-disuse groups. Disuse was achieved by isolating the left ulna diaphysis from physical loading via parallel metaphyseal osteotomies. The right ulna served as an intact contralateral control. Colored microspheres were used to assess middiaphyseal bone blood flow. Bone blood flow was symmetric between the left and right ulnae of the intact-control and sham-surgery groups. After 7 days of disuse, median (±95% confidence interval) standardized blood flow was significantly elevated compared with the contralateral bone (6.5 ± 5.2 vs. 1.0 ± 0.8 ml ⋅ min−1 ⋅ 100 g−1; P = 0.03). After 14 days of disuse, blood flow was also elevated but to a lesser extent. Intracortical porosity in the sham-surgery and 7-days-disuse bones was not elevated compared with intact-control bones. At 14 days of disuse, the area of intracortical porosity was significantly elevated compared with intact control bones (0.015 ± 0.02 vs. 0.002 ± 0.002 mm2; P = 0.03). We conclude that disuse induces bone hyperemia before an increase in intracortical porosity. The potential interaction between bone vasoregulation and bone cell dynamics remains to be studied.
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Chowdhury, Biplob. "Bone Remodeling: The Molecular Mechanism of Bone Physiology- A Review." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/apr2014/105.
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Sakamoto, Makoto, Kenji Sato, Koichi Kobayashi, Jun Sakai, Yuji Tanabe, and Toshiaki Hara. "Nanoindentation Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Cortical Bone(Bone Mechanics)." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Biomechanics : emerging science and technology in biomechanics 2004.1 (2004): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeapbio.2004.1.43.
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Amin, Bilal, Atif Shahzad, Martin O’Halloran, and Muhammad Adnan Elahi. "Microwave Bone Imaging: A Preliminary Investigation on Numerical Bone Phantoms for Bone Health Monitoring." Sensors 20, no. 21 (November 5, 2020): 6320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216320.
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Microwave tomography (MWT) can be used as an alternative modality for monitoring human bone health. Studies have found a significant dielectric contrast between healthy and diseased human trabecular bones. A set of diverse bone phantoms were developed based on single-pole Debye parameters of osteoporotic and osteoarthritis human trabecular bones. The bone phantoms were designed as a two-layered circular structure, where the outer layer mimics the dielectric properties of the cortical bone and the inner layer mimics the dielectric properties of the trabecular bone. The electromagnetic (EM) inverse scattering problem was solved using a distorted Born iterative method (DBIM). A compressed sensing-based linear inversion approach referred to as iterative method with adaptive thresholding for compressed sensing (IMATCS) has been employed for solving the underdetermined set of linear equations at each DBIM iteration. To overcome the challenges posed by the ill-posedness of the EM inverse scattering problem, the L2-based regularization approach was adopted in the amalgamation of the IMATCS approach. The simulation results showed that osteoporotic and osteoarthritis bones can be differentiated based on the reconstructed dielectric properties even for low values of the signal-to-noise ratio. These results show that the adopted approach can be used to monitor bone health based on the reconstructed dielectric properties.
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Seo, Yong-Ho, Su-Hyun Hwang, Yu-Na Kim, Hyung-Joon Kim, Eun-Bin Bae, and Jung-Bo Huh. "Bone Reconstruction Using Two-Layer Porcine-Derived Bone Scaffold Composed of Cortical and Cancellous Bones in a Rabbit Calvarial Defect Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 2647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052647.
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In this study, we aimed to investigate the bone regeneration efficiency of two-layer porcine-derived bone scaffolds composed of cancellous and cortical bones in a rabbit calvarial defect model. Four circular calvaria defects were formed on cranium of rabbit and were filled with block bone scaffolds of each group: cortical bone block (Cortical group), cancellous bone block (Cancellous group), and two-layer bone block (2layer group). After 8 weeks, new bones were primarily observed in cancellous parts of the Cancellous and 2layer groups, while the Cortical group exhibited few new bones. In the results of new bone volume and area analyses, the Cancellous group showed the highest value, followed by the 2layer group, and were significantly higher than the Cortical group. Within the limitations of this study, the cancellous and two-layer porcine-derived bone scaffolds showed satisfactory bone regeneration efficiency; further studies on regulating the ratio of cortical and cancellous bones in two-layer bones are needed.
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Wei, HD, YJ Chen, XY Zeng, YJ Bi, YN Wang, S. Zhao, JH Li, X. Li, RX Zhang, and J. Bao. "Keel-bone fractures are associated with bone quality differences in laying hens." Animal Welfare 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.30.1.071.
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This study aimed to investigate the relationship between bone quality in terms of metabolism, homeostasis of elements, bone mineral density (BMD), and microstructure and keel-bone fractures in laying hens (Gallusgallusdomesticus). One hundred and twenty 17 week old Lohmann White laying hens with normal keel bones were individually housed in furnished cages for 25 weeks. Birds were then euthanased and dissected to assess keel-bone status at 42 weeks. Serum and keel-bone samples from normal keel (NK) and fractured keel (FK) hens were collected to determine the previously mentioned bone quality parameters. The results showed FK hens to have higher levels of the components of osteocalcin, greater alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and keel bones, and greater tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity in keel bones, compared to NK hens. Additionally, FK hens also had higher concentrations of Li, B, K, Cu, As, Se, Sn, Hg, and Pb, but lower concentrations of Na, P, and Ca. Moreover, FK hens showed decreased bone microstructural parameters including bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular number, degree of anisotropy, connectivity density, and BMD, but increased trabecular separation. Meanwhile, no differences were detected in serum TRAP activity, trabecular thickness, bone surface, or bone surface/bone volume. Results showed laying hens with keel-bone fractures to have differences in bone metabolism, elements of homeostasis, bone microstructure parameters, and BMD. These results suggest that keel-bone fractures may be associated with bone quality.
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Jeong, Jae-Jin, Sang-Hee Lee, Yong-Seok Lee, and Byung-Ha Lee. "A Study on the Preparation of Bone Ash and Celadon Bone Body Using Pig Bone." Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society 44, no. 1 (January 31, 2007): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4191/kcers.2007.44.1.012.
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Hoggard, Nathan K., and Linden E. Craig. "Medullary bone in male budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) with testicular neoplasms." Veterinary Pathology 59, no. 2 (January 8, 2022): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03009858211069126.
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Medullary bone is a calcium-rich, labile bone normally occurring in female birds with each egg-laying cycle. The stimulus for formation of medullary bone is, in part, the cyclic increase in serum estrogens produced by preovulatory ovarian follicles. Increased bone density due to formation of medullary bone, particularly in pneumatic bones, has been termed polyostotic hyperostosis, even if physiologic. This study investigated the formation of medullary bone in nonpneumatic (femur) and pneumatic (humerus) bones in sexually mature male budgerigars submitted for autopsy. Of the 21 sexually mature male budgerigars submitted for autopsy, 7 (33%) had medullary bone in 1 or more bones examined. All 7 male budgerigars with medullary bone had a testicular neoplasm, which was morphologically consistent with a testicular sustentacular cell tumor, seminoma, or interstitial cell tumor. Medullary bone was not present in the 14 cases with other diseases. Medullary bone formation in pneumatic and nonpneumatic bones can occur in male budgerigars with testicular neoplasms. Radiographic increases in medullary bone density, particularly in the humerus, could provide antemortem indication of testicular neoplasia in male budgerigars.
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Liu, Zhong-Yu, Jin-Li Zhang, Yang Zhang, Shi-Lian Kan, Jun Liang, and Pei-Jia Liu. "Repairing Rabbit Radius Bone Defects with Simvastatin Compound Biological Bone." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 11, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 1263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2021.2710.
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Objective: This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of repairing rabbit radius bone defects with simvastatin compound biological bone. Methods: Simvastatin biological bone material was prepared, and osteoblasts were cultured. A total of 42 New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into four groups, and a bone defect with a length of 15 mm was created at the middle part of the radial shaft of both limbs in each rabbit, thereby establishing a bone defect model. The grafts in group A were biological bones of osteoblasts combined with simvastatin; the grafts in group B were biological bones of simvastatin; the grafts in group C were biological compound bones of osteoblasts; and the grafts in group D were simple biological bones. In each group, four animals were randomly sacrificed at the sixth and twelfth week after surgery, and specimens were collected for gross observation, X-ray examination, histological observation, and biomechanical testing. In each group, two animals were randomly sacrificed at the twelfth week after surgery; a three-point bending test was performed using a biomechanical testing machine, and the results were compared with those of a normal radius. Results: The X-ray and histological examinations at 6 and 12 weeks after surgery revealed that the osteogenesis ability of the simvastatin biological bone and osteoblast-simvastatin biological bone was better than that of the osteoblast biological bone and simple biological bone, which was superior in group A and group B to group C and group D. The results of the biomechanical examination revealed that the maximum stress of the normal radius was significantly higher than that of the experimental groups. Among the experimental groups, the difference between group A and group B was not statistically significant, and the maximum stress was higher in groups A and B than in groups C and D. Conclusion: Simvastatin biological bone material can promote the repair of rabbit radius defects and increase the quality of bone healing.
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Katta, Prashanth Kumar. "Periapical Bone Loss." Indian Journal of Dental Education 9, no. 2 (2016): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijde.0974.6099.9216.8.
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Chambers, T. J., and K. Fuller. "Bone cells predispose bone surfaces to resorption by exposure of mineral to osteoclastic contact." Journal of Cell Science 76, no. 1 (June 1, 1985): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.76.1.155.
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The cell-free endocranial surface of young adult rat parietal bones was used as a substrate for osteoclastic bone resorption, either without prior treatment, or after incubation of the parietal bones with collagenase or neonatal rat calvarial cells. Untreated, the endocranial surface consisted of unmineralized organic fibres; incubation with calvarial cells or collagenase caused disruption and removal of these fibres, with extensive exposure of bone mineral on the endocranial surface, without morphologically detectable mineral dissolution. Neonatal rabbit osteoclasts resorbed bone to a greater extent from parietal bones pre-incubated with calvarial cells or collagenase than from untreated bones; mineral exposure and subsequent osteoclastic resorption were both increased if calvarial cells were incubated with parathyroid hormone; removal of bone mineral after incubation with calvarial cells removed the predisposition to osteoclastic resorption. These experiments demonstrate that calvarial cells are capable of osteoid destruction, and indicate that one mechanism by which osteoblasts induce osteoclastic bone resorption may be through digestion of the unmineralized organic material that covers bone surfaces, to expose the underlying resorption-stimulating bone mineral to osteoclastic contact.
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Sihaloho, Kristina, and Tampak Linggom. "IDENTIFIKASI TULANG BELULANG." Majalah Ilmiah METHODA 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46880/methoda.vol12no1.pp37-44.
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Forensic identification is an attempt that made with the purpose of assisting the investigator to determine a person's identity. According to the identification of the bones process, we can obtain the information relating to a person's identity such as race, gender, age, and height estimates. In this case report, we discuss the identification of the bones found by locals in a place, which allegedly belongs to human bones. This discovery was reported to the police for investigation. After that, the bones were identified by a forensic expert based on a visa application letter from the police.. These bones are distinguished on the basis of an assessment of the similarities or differences in bone shape, bone size, bone color, bone density (bone), total bone, left and right bones and assessment of parts of the bones. From the results of this observation, it can be stated that the bones are derived from human.
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Morinobu, Mikihiko, Tetsuya Nakamoto, Kazunori Hino, Kunikazu Tsuji, Zhong-Jian Shen, Kazuhisa Nakashima, Akira Nifuji, Haruyasu Yamamoto, Hisamaru Hirai, and Masaki Noda. "The nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein CIZ reduces adult bone mass by inhibiting bone morphogenetic protein–induced bone formation." Journal of Experimental Medicine 201, no. 6 (March 21, 2005): 961–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20041097.
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Osteoporosis is a major health problem; however, the mechanisms regulating adult bone mass are poorly understood. Cas-interacting zinc finger protein (CIZ) is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein that localizes at cell adhesion plaques that form where osteoblasts attach to substrate. To investigate the potential role of CIZ in regulating adult bone mass, we examined the bones in CIZ-deficient mice. Bone volume was increased and the rates of bone formation were increased in CIZ-deficient mice, whereas bone resorption was not altered. CIZ deficiency enhanced the levels of mRNA expression of genes encoding proteins related to osteoblastic phenotypes, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as osterix mRNA expression in whole long bones. Bone marrow cells obtained from the femora of CIZ-deficient mice revealed higher ALP activity in culture and formed more mineralized nodules than wild-type cells. CIZ deficiency enhanced bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)–induced osteoblastic differentiation in bone marrow cells in cultures, indicating that BMP is the target of CIZ action. CIZ deficiency increased newly formed bone mass after femoral bone marrow ablation in vivo. Finally, BMP-2–induced bone formation on adult mouse calvariae in vivo was enhanced by CIZ deficiency. These results establish that CIZ suppresses the levels of adult bone mass through inhibition of BMP-induced activation of osteoblasts.
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Artemiev, D. A., S. V. Kozlov, S. O. Loshchinin, and A. V. Egunova. "FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE BONES OF DOGS AND CATS." Scientific Life 16, no. 7 (2021): 896–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2021-16-7-896-907.
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This article is devoted to the systematic and comparative aspects of the phylo - and ontogenetic development, growth and structure of the bones of dogs and cats. We know that bone (lat. os) is a solid organ of humans and vertebrates, consisting of several tissues, the most important of which is bone. The bone performs musculoskeletal and protective functions, is an integral part of the vertebrate endoskeleton, produces red and white blood cells, and stores minerals. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue. Bones come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, depending on the function of the particular bone. There are between 289 and 292 bones in the body of dogs and cats (a range of difference due to the diversity of the caudal vertebrae). Each has a complex structure, so that they are quite light, but at the same time rigid and durable. The bone may include in its structure: bone marrow, endosteum, periosteum, nerves, blood vessels, cartilage. Bones are made up of various bone tissue cells: osteoblasts are involved in the formation and mineralization of bones, osteocytes maintain structure, and osteoclasts provide bone resorption. The mineralized matrix of bone tissue has an organic component mainly from collagen and an inorganic component of bone tissue from various salts. Therefore, the coverage of the features of development, growth and structure of bones, as well as the role of bones in maintaining calcium homeostasis, blood supply and biomechanical aspects in cats and dogs, today is necessary for teachers, practitioners and students.
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Moldavanova, L., U. Drachuk, I. Basarab, I. Romashko, B. Halukh, and N. Krynska. "Practical experience and perspectives in solving the problem of complex use of bone raw materials at meat industry." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 90 (November 13, 2018): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9014.
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The article analyzes the complex of processing of bone raw materials in the production. The project of complex processing of recycled raw materials of meat processing enterprises is offered. It was recommended and substantiated promising directions for the recycling of raw materials for the production of bone flour, bone food animal fats and dry bouillon concentrate. The problems of rational use of recycled resources are shown on the example of processing of raw bones using the lines Y8-FLK for shredding, transportation, fat separation, drying and grinding of the finished product. Products of bone processing on the lines of Y8-FLK – edible bone fat and bone flour. The production of concentrated bone broth is carried out in K7-FV3-B machines, which provide for the continuous removal of fat and broth. The drying of the broth is provided in the drying plant A1-FMU with the use of the process in the vibro-boiling layer of inert material from fluoroplastic cubes. Drying in this way allows to get an animal protein that retains all the nutritional qualities. The dry protein was mixed with flavored fat, dried chopped vegetables and spices. The main factor in the amount of removal of protein components from the bones is the type of raw material – raw bone or bone residue after mechanical admission by pressing. The maximum removal of the protein components was obtained using a bone remnant after mechanical supplementation. Аccording to the project, proposed on the 1st floor of the annex was provided department for the receiving of dry bone, production of bone meal and its storage, on the II-th – a division of bulging of bone fats, on the III-th – a branch of drying broth, the preparation of dry broth with spices, cleansing of bone fat. The project provides for the processing of bone raw materials in the amount of 8 t/s. The technology of processing bone raw materials was carried out as follows: on the lines of Y8-FLK, also – lumbar bones (skull bones, shoulder blades, femur bones), ribbones, vertebrae – 6 t/s., in machines K7-FV3-B – tubular bones and fists (2 t/s). The project allows solving the problem of complex bone processing: production of bone fat, bone meal, dry bouillon.
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Akberdina, D. L., and D. G. Takhavieva. "Bone grafting of limb bone defects after tumor removal." Kazan medical journal 69, no. 6 (December 15, 1988): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj99654.
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One of the indications for bone grafting is a bone defect resulting from the removal of bone tumors. This report describes the experience of bone grafting in 161 patients who underwent bone resection due to tumors and tumor-like processes of limb bones (Table 1). According to their age the patients were distributed as follows: 17 to 20 years old - 39 patients, 21 to 30 - 51, 31 to 40 - 46, 41 to 50 - 14, over 50 - 11.
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Coats, Karen. "Bone by Bone by Bone (review)." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 61, no. 2 (2007): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2007.0667.
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Malysheva, Kh V., I. M. Spasyuk, O. K. Pavlenko, R. S. Stoika, and O. G. Korchynsky. "Generation of optimized preparations of bone morphogenetic proteins for bone regeneration." Ukrainian Biochemical Journal 88, no. 6 (December 14, 2016): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ubj88.06.087.
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NIKOLAEVA, L. P. "pH OF BONE MARROW." Periódico Tchê Química 16, no. 32 (August 20, 2019): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n32.2019.406_periodico32_pgs_388_394.pdf.
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The bone marrow is a “niche” for stem cells; determining the bone marrow pH value is of great importance. It is very difficult, almost impossible, to carry out the intravital determination of pH. In surgical practice, there are situations when doctors have no way to save the patient's lower limb because of the threat to life. In such cases, it is possible to extract the bone marrow from the bone marrow cavity of the amputated femur and examine it. The purpose of this research was to study the acid-base balance peculiarities of the marrow of long bones and carry out a comparative analysis of the obtained data and the indicators of flat bones. The study included 40 test samples of bone marrow. Lower limb amputations were performed because of foot gangrene. Bone marrow was extracted from the femur. The marrow of flat bones was obtained by a sternal puncture. In the pH test of the sternal puncture, the data varied within the range of the blood pH, i.e., between 7.35-7.45 and 7.8. The pH and gas composition data of the sternal puncture were identical to the blood indicators. The data of bone marrow obtained from the long bone was completely different. The acid-base balance strictly ranged from 6.7 to 6.9.
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Kakimov, A. K., Zh S. Yessimbekov, B. K. Kabdylzhar, A. K. Suychinov, and A. M. Baikadamova. "A study on the chemical and mineral composition of the protein-mineral paste from poultry and cattle bone raw materials." Theory and practice of meat processing 6, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/2414-438x2021-6-1-39-45.
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When processing cattle and poultry, a large quantity of secondary slaughter products in the form of bone raw materials are formed in enterprises of the meat and poultry processing industry. Nowadays, its use is not optimal and rational. One of the promising directions of using bone raw materials in enterprises is production of finely ground meat and bone paste. The aim of this research was to study the chemical and mineral compositions, as well as the content of toxic elements in meat and bone paste from poultry and cattle bones obtained after complex grinding on a grinder and ultra-fine grinder. Chicken bone products (chicken necks, drumsticks, wings, breasts) and cattle costal and vertebral bones with residues of muscle tissue were used for investigation. The comparative analysis of the nutritional value of the meat and bone paste showed the following results: protein mass fraction was 18.5% in the meat and bone paste obtained from poultry bones, and 12.1% in the meat and bone paste obtained from cattle bones. The mass fraction of fat was two times higher in the meat and bone paste from poultry bones. As for the mineral composition, it has been established that meat and bone paste is a rich source of calcium: the calcium content was 1,654.02 mg/100g in the poultry meat and bone paste, and 5,318.13 mg/100g in the cattle meat and bone paste. In regard to the toxic element content, the normed values of lead and arsenic, cadmium and mercury were not revealed in the poultry and cattle meat and bone paste. The obtained meat and bone paste can be used for food purposes as a food additive in meat product manufacture, which will allow rational and economic use of bone raw materials in cattle and poultry processing.
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Nowaczek, Justyna, Paweł Oszczędłowski, Paweł Stanicki, Klaudia Żak, and Jacek Januszewski. "Vegan and vegetarian diet influence on bone health - a short review." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 11, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.09.041.
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Introduction and purpose: Vegan and vegetarian diets rise in popularity. Their succes can be attributed to growing ecological awarness and trends in culture. Opponents criticise these diets as incompletely nutritional. In this review, we would like to summarise the state of knowledge over effects of vegan and vegetarian diets on skeletal system. Bone Mineral Density is a widely used indicator of likelyhood of fracture and develompent of osteoporosis. Comparing that parameter between vegans and vegetarians and non-vegans can lead to conclusions about bones’ health. A brief description of the state of knowledge: Lower intake of calcium and vitamins (D3, B12) in vegans and vegetarians can lead to lower bone mineral density and higher risk of fracture. Although, with supplementation of those nutrients negative effects are greatly reduced. Higher bone mineral density in non-vegetarian subjects can be result of higher body mass, gender and other factors. Plant-based diets are less acid-forming than their counterpart, resulting in lower bone resorption and reduced loss of calcium. Conclusions: Vegan and vegetarian diet can result in lower boner mineral density. However, if applied correctly, with supplementation of lacking nutrients, or enriching the diet with dairy products it may not lead to any negative effects on bones. Substances contained in plants, more frequently eaten by vegans and vegetarians may have positive effects on bone mineral density.
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Wild, Michael de, Simon Zimmermann, Falko Schlottig, Carol Hasler, Karina Klein, Thomas Steffen, and Brigitte von Rechenberg. "Immediate stabilization of pedicle screws." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 9, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2023-1004.
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Abstract This study was designed as proof of principle and safety test of the novel technique, the Immediate Stabilization System (ISS). The technique is designed to immediately stabilize polymer-augmented pedicle screws (PAS) in deficient bone and avoid complications of loosening pedicle screws at the bone-screw interface, especially in osteoporotic patients. A polymer sleeve was designed as augmentation to improve screw anchorage after drilling the screw hole. By applying ultrasonic energy, the polymeric tube was molded into the pores of the host bone forming a strong and uniform bond with the adjacent bone. The original screw was then implanted into the denser bony environment leading to an enhanced immediate stability. The ISS-treated implants were compared to conventionally placed pedicle screws in ex-vivo cadaver bones (2 sheep spines, n = 6 implants per spine, total 12 screws) and in-vivo in a spinal sheep model (Swiss alpine sheep, n = 5, 4 implants per animal, total 20 screws). The primary stability of ISS-treated pedicle screws was increased in ex-vivo bone (+24% insertion torque (IT)) and in-vivo (+32.9% IT) in sheep spine. Removal torque (RT) was lower in the in PAS tested for 8 weeks in-vivo. The ISS technology demonstrated improved anchorage of pedicle screws in ex-vivo cadaver bones as well as in-vivo studies in sheep spine.
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Ibrahim, Jamal, Vlad Brumfeld, Yoseph Addadi, Sarah Rubin, Steve Weiner, and Elisabetta Boaretto. "The petrous bone contains high concentrations of osteocytes: One possible reason why ancient DNA is better preserved in this bone." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 25, 2022): e0269348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269348.
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The characterization of ancient DNA in fossil bones is providing invaluable information on the genetics of past human and other animal populations. These studies have been aided enormously by the discovery that ancient DNA is relatively well preserved in the petrous bone compared to most other bones. The reasons for this better preservation are however not well understood. Here we examine the hypothesis that one reason for better DNA preservation in the petrous bone is that fresh petrous bone contains more DNA than other bones. We therefore determined the concentrations of osteocyte cells occluded inside lacunae within the petrous bone and compared these concentrations to other bones from the domestic pig using high resolution microCT. We show that the concentrations of osteocyte lacunae in the inner layer of the pig petrous bone adjacent to the otic chamber are about three times higher (around 95,000 lacunae per mm3) than in the mastoid of the temporal bone (around 28,000 lacunae per mm3), as well as the cortical bone of the femur (around 27,000 lacunae per mm3). The sizes and shapes of the lacuna in the inner layer of the petrous bone are similar to those in the femur. We also show that the pig petrous bone lacunae do contain osteocytes using a histological stain for DNA. We therefore confirm and significantly expand upon previous observations of osteocytic lacuna concentrations in the petrous bone, supporting the notion that one possible reason for better preservation of ancient DNA in the petrous bone is that this bone initially contains at least three times more DNA than other bones. Thus during diagenesis more DNA is likely to be preserved in the petrous bone compared to other bones.
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Sul, Young-Taeg, Carina Johansson, and Tomas Albrektsson. "A novel in vivo method for quantifying the interfacial biochemical bond strength of bone implants." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 42 (April 15, 2009): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0060.
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Quantifying the in vivo interfacial biochemical bond strength of bone implants is a biological challenge. We have developed a new and novel in vivo method to identify an interfacial biochemical bond in bone implants and to measure its bonding strength. This method, named biochemical bond measurement (BBM), involves a combination of the implant devices to measure true interfacial bond strength and surface property controls, and thus enables the contributions of mechanical interlocking and biochemical bonding to be distinguished from the measured strength values. We applied the BBM method to a rabbit model, and observed great differences in bone integration between the oxygen (control group) and magnesium (test group) plasma immersion ion-implanted titanium implants (0.046 versus 0.086 MPa, n =10, p =0.005). The biochemical bond in the test implants resulted in superior interfacial behaviour of the implants to bone: (i) close contact to approximately 2 μm thin amorphous interfacial tissue, (ii) pronounced mineralization of the interfacial tissue, (iii) rapid bone healing in contact, and (iv) strong integration to bone. The BBM method can be applied to in vivo experimental models not only to validate the presence of a biochemical bond at the bone–implant interface but also to measure the relative quantity of biochemical bond strength. The present study may provide new avenues for better understanding the role of a biochemical bond involved in the integration of bone implants.
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Zambrano M., Lilibeth A., David Kilroy, Arun Kumar, Michael D. Gilchrist, and Aisling Ní Annaidh. "The presence of Wormian bones increases the fracture resistance of equine cranial bone." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): e0249451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249451.
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Wormian (intrasutural) bones are small, irregular bones, that are found in the cranial sutures of the skull. The occurrence of Wormian bones in human skulls has been well documented but few studies have detected the presence of such bones in domestic animals. Although some research has linked the presence of Wormian bones to bone pathology, its anatomical significance in healthy individuals is not known. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has examined the biomechanical features of Wormian bone. This study uses microCT imaging of the parietal bone region to determine the frequency of occurrence of Wormian bones in horse skulls and, through 3-point bending tests, to calculate the mechanical differences that result from the presence of such bones. In addition, bone properties such as bone mineral density (BMD) and stiffness were measured and analysed to determine the influence of Wormian bone. Our findings on 54 specimens taken from 10 horses (ages ranging from 4 to 29 years) showed that Wormian bone was present in 70% of subjects and that its occurrence was unrelated to age or sex. 3-point bend tests revealed that the stiffness normalised by cross section area (P = 0.038) was lower in samples where Wormian bone was present. An idealised Finite Element simulation confirmed that the presence of Wormian bone reduced the maximum stress and strain, as well as their distribution throughout the sample. We consequently conclude that the presence of Wormian bones, which are confined to the calvaria, increase the compliance of the bone and reduce the likelihood of skull fracture. As all skull samples were collected from a local abattoir, ethical approval was not required for this work.
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Pyszko, M., V. Paral, and M. Kyllar. "Thickness of the substantia compacta of porcine long bones." Veterinární Medicína 58, No. 10 (November 21, 2013): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7086-vetmed.
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Mechanical load on the bone influences bone tissue and its inner tension, subsequently affecting bone formation and its histological structure. A precise understanding of this load and the development of strategies to influence it would contribute to principles of fracture management and to solving other bone pathologies of both humans and animals. The long bones of the thoracic and pelvic limb of a pig were here used as possible models to test new devices and implant materials. The purpose of this study was to investigate the thickness of compact bone of the diaphysis of porcine long bones and to establish ideal insertion points for tensometer probes, where 2.3 mm is the minimal required thickness, and to evaluate the histological structure of the compact porcine bone. A total number of 96 long bones from 12 pigs was investigated. The investigations consisted of morphometric assessment of the diaphysis of the bones by measuring thickness of the compact bone in different segments of the diaphysis and of microscopical evaluation of the compact bone. Macroscopical assessment of the bones revealed that the minimal required thickness of 2.3 mm of compact bone was found only in the middle and distal segment of the humerus, middle segment of the femur, proximally only on cranial aspect. The radius showed suitable thickness on the medial aspect of its proximal segment and on the lateral and caudal aspect of the middle segment. Tibial compact bone is suitable across the whole middle segment and on its lateral and medial aspect of the distal segment. Microscopical structure of the compact bone revealed characteristics of growing/immature bone characterised by both lamellar and osteonic bone. This study confirms the suitability of porcine radius and tibia for tensometer testing. However, one needs to take into account the different thickness of different parts of the bone planning experiments using tensometers.
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Pharr, Lindsey. "Bone by Bone." River Teeth: A Journal of Nonfiction Narrative 26, no. 1 (September 2024): 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1353/rvt.2024.a947185.
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Choi, Charles Q. "Bone Sweat Bone." Scientific American 298, no. 1 (January 2008): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0108-31c.
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Liu, Bichuan, and Nai Liu. "COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY MEDICAL IMAGE ANALYSIS OF BASKETBALL PLAYERS’ BONE GEOMETRY." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 27, no. 4 (August 2021): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127042021_0100.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Basketball sports will effect on the morphology and structure of the hand bones and joints. Objective: The article selected nine professional basketball players (basketball group) and 11 non-basketball players (control group) in the provincial youth team. A 64-row spiral computed tomography scan was used to scan the wrist and three-dimensional reconstruction. The volume of each carpal bone and the computed tomography value (bone density) were measured. Methods: To explore the influence of basketball sports on the hand bones and joints’ morphological structure, the paper analyzes the structural characteristics of the computed tomography images of young male basketball players’ wrist bones. Results: Compared with the carpal bones in the control group, the volume of the right navicular bone and the small polygonal bone, the left-hand navicular bone, the large triangular bone, and the small polygonal bone in the basketball group increased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusions: Basketball can increase the volume of the part of the wrist bones of adolescent male athletes and reduce the bone density; the morphological structure of the non-smashing wrist bones of basketball players has similar changes to that of the spikers. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
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Geršak, Živa Miriam, Vladka Salapura, Eva Podovšovnik, and Irena Zupanič-Pajnič. "Targeting Optimal Bone Regions: Correlations Between Bone Density and DNA Quality in Small Skeletal Elements." Genes 16, no. 3 (February 27, 2025): 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16030291.
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Background: Identifying the optimal bone regions for DNA analysis is critical, as DNA preservation and quality vary significantly across bone types and structures and is defined as intra-bone variability. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between computed tomography (CT)-measured bone density and DNA preservation in small skeletal elements to identify optimal regions for DNA analysis. Methods: 137 bones from six skeletal elements excavated from a single burial site were analysed using Dual-Source CT (DSCT) to map compact and cancellous regions. DNA was extracted using a demineralisation method and quantified via real-time PCR to assess DNA quantity and degradation. Results: Among 461 bone regions analysed (137 bones; patellae, calcaneus, talus, the navicular bones, the cuboid bone, and the medial cuneiform bone), a significant difference in DNA quantity was observed only in the calcaneus, where the sulcus contained more DNA than the body. No significant differences in the degradation index were detected among bone segments or skeletal elements. Correlations between CT-measured bone density and DNA quantity or degradation index were region-specific. Higher bone density correlated positively with DNA quantity in compact regions of the calcaneus and talus. Regarding degradation, a positive correlation (higher bone density → higher degradation) was observed in the patella’s anterior surface, while a negative correlation (higher bone density → lower degradation) was found in the talus’s sulcus, the opposite side of the talar sulcus, the posterior calcaneal articular facet, and the cuboid’s tuberosity. No significant correlations were found in other bone segments. Conclusions: Our study identified small skeletal elements, particularly the patella and the navicular bone, as promising sources for DNA analysis. While bone density correlated with DNA preservation in some cases, the relationship was inconsistent. Our findings support the use of small bones in forensic and archaeological research and warrant further investigation.
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Purkayastha, S., A. K. Gupta, T. R. Kapilamoorthy, N. K. Bodhey, and B. Thomas. "Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of Skull." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 18, no. 5-6 (December 2005): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140090501800515.
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An aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign lesion usually involving the long bones, vertebrae including odontoid, hypoid and mandible. Skull is a rare site for aneurysmal bone cyst. Only 3% occur in the cranium and sites of involvement include temporal, occipital, orbital, frontal, parietal, ethmoids and sphenoid bones in order of frequency. We report two cases of aneurysmal bone cysts in occipital bone and maxilla. We discuss the radiological features, surgical findings and emphasize the role of endovascular management in these lesions.
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Melvin, J. W. "Fracture Mechanics of Bone." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 115, no. 4B (November 1, 1993): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2895538.
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This paper reviews the progress that has been made in applying the principles of fracture mechanics to the topic of fracture of long bones. Prediction of loading conditions which result in the propagation of fractures in bones has been of interest to the field of trauma biomechanics and orthopedics for over one hundred years. Independent verifications, by various investigators, of bone fracture mechanics parameters are reviewed and investigations of the effects of bone density and specimen thickness on the critical fracture mechanics parameters and of other factors such as critical crack length and plastic zone size in bovine femoral bone, and the effects of crack velocity on fracture mechanics parameters in bovine tibial bone are discussed. It took over ten years for the techniques of bone fracture mechanics to be applied to human compact bone, due primarily to geometric constraints from the smaller size of human bones. That work will be reviewed along with other continuing work to define the orientation dependence of the fracture mechanics parameters in bone and to refine the experimental techniques needed to overcome the geometric constraints of specimen size. A discussion is included of work still needed to determine fracture mechanics parameters for transverse and longitudinal crack propagation in human bone and to establish the effects of age on those parameters. Finally, a discussion will be given of how this knowledge needs to be extended to allow prediction of whole bone fracture from external loading to aid in the design of protective systems.
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Chauhan, Vishnusai, and Catherine McDougall. "Black bones: minocycline‐induced bone pigmentation." Medical Journal of Australia 201, no. 2 (July 2014): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja14.00446.
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Baird, D. M. "Steam Locomotives and Bone-Colored Bones." Curator: The Museum Journal 28, no. 3 (September 1985): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2151-6952.1985.tb01545.x.
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Minamisawa, I., M. Itoman, H. Maehara, A. Kobayashi, and T. Watanabe. "Bone banking and sterilization of bones." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 46, no. 2 (August 1995): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-806x(95)00026-t.
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Matsuura, Takashi, Kentaro Tokutomi, Michiko Sasaki, Michitsuna Katafuchi, Emiri Mizumachi, and Hironobu Sato. "Distinct Characteristics of Mandibular Bone Collagen Relative to Long Bone Collagen: Relevance to Clinical Dentistry." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/769414.
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Bone undergoes constant remodeling throughout life. The cellular and biochemical mechanisms of bone remodeling vary in a region-specific manner. There are a number of notable differences between the mandible and long bones, including developmental origin, osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells, and the rate of bone turnover. Collagen, the most abundant matrix protein in bone, is responsible for determining the relative strength of particular bones. Posttranslational modifications of collagen, such as intermolecular crosslinking and lysine hydroxylation, are the most essential determinants of bone strength, although the amount of collagen is also important. In comparison to long bones, the mandible has greater collagen content, a lower amount of mature crosslinks, and a lower extent of lysine hydroxylation. The great abundance of immature crosslinks in mandibular collagen suggests that there is a lower rate of cross-link maturation. This means that mandibular collagen is relatively immature and thus more readily undergoes degradation and turnover. The greater rate of remodeling in mandibular collagen likely renders more flexibility to the bone and leaves it more suited to constant exercise. As reviewed here, it is important in clinical dentistry to understand the distinctive features of the bones of the jaw.
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Berry, Clifford R., Roy R. Pool, Susan Stover, Timothy R. O'Brien, and Philip D. Koblik. "Radiographic/morphologic investigation of a radiolucent crescent within the flexor central eminence of the navicular bone in Thoroughbreds." American Journal of Veterinary Research 53, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 1604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1992.53.09.1604.
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SUMMARY The source of a previously described radiolucent crescent in the flexor cortex of the distal sesamoid (navicular) bone on the palmaro45°proximal-palmarodistal oblique (Pa45°Pr-PaDio) clinical radiographic projection was investigated in 48 forelimb navicular bones from 24 Thoroughbreds by use of high-detail radiography and x-ray computed tomography (ct). Twenty-five of these bones also were evaluated, using microradiography and histologic examinations. Of these 25 bones, 5 had been labeled in vivo with fluorochrome markers. Tetrachrome-stained 100-µm-thick nondecalcified sections of these 5 bones were examined, using epifluorescence microscopy. A reinforcement line of compacted cancellous bone, parallel and several millimeters deep to the flexor cortex in the region of the flexor central eminence, was visualized by ct in 42 of 48 navicular bones and by microradiography in 23 of 25 navicular bones investigated. Variable degrees of compaction were observed in the cancellous bone between the flexor cortex and the reinforcement line. High-detail skyline radiographic projections and reconstructed ct images indicated a crescent-shaped lucency within the flexor central eminence of the flexor cortex in the bones in which the reinforcement line was identified, but the cancellous bone between the reinforcement line and the flexor cortex had not been compacted. The radiolucent crescent seen in the flexor central eminence of the navicular bone on the Pa45°Pr-PaDiO projection was not caused by the concave defect or synovial fossa of the flexor central eminence overlying the flexor cortex, as was described. The crescent-shaped lucency within the navicular bone flexor central eminence identified on clinical radiographs was associated with remodeling of cancellous bone within the medullary cavity of the navicular bone. It is hypothesized that remodeling of the cancellous bone is secondary to biomechanical stresses and strains placed on the navicular bone, although the clinical relevance of this finding was not determined during the study.
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Luik, Heidi, and Liina Maldre. "Animal Bones and Bone Artefacts from the Viking Age Site of Tornimäe in Saaremaa." Archaeologia Lituana 21 (December 28, 2020): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/archlit.2019.21.3.
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Archaeological investigations in Tornimäe in the eastern part of the island Saaremaa took place in 1963, 1968 and 2004. Artefacts found during the excavations are mainly dated to the Viking Age. Most of the finds are pottery shards, some metal artefacts were found, and also animal bones. The majority of mammal bones are bones of domestic animals. Nearly half of these are caprine bones, bones of cattle, pig and horse are less numerous. Wild game bones are few, only seals were hunted more often. Bird and fish bones are also represented. Only a few bone artefacts were among the finds, more fragments of bone items were found among the animal bones during the identification of osteological material. The bone artefacts found in Tornimäe are rather simple items which do not require special skills from the bone worker and could have been made by the users of these artefacts. The uses of bone artefacts are well suited with the location of the site at the seashore.
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Zhu, Liang, Longlong Zhang, Jingmei Cha, Chaocui Li, and Bingyu Mao. "Loss of ZC4H2, an Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita Associated Gene, Promotes Osteoclastogenesis in Mice." Genes 15, no. 9 (August 28, 2024): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes15091134.
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ZC4H2 encodes a C4H2-type zinc finger protein, mutations of which lead to a spectrum of diseases known as ZC4H2 associated rare disorders (ZARD). In addition to neurological phenotypes, the most typical symptoms of ZARD are multiple joint contractures of varying degrees, accompanied by abnormal development of muscles and bones, and osteoporosis in some cases. The pathogenic mechanisms of such bone related phenotypes, however, remain unclear. Here, we showed that ZC4H2 is expressed in the developing bones in mice. ZC4H2 knockout mice were neonatal-lethal and smaller in size, with reduced calcification of long bones. Upon induced loss of ZC4H2 postnatally, the femoral bones developed an osteoporosis-like phenotype, with reduced bone mineral density, bone-volume fraction, and trabecular bone number. Knockdown of ZC4H2 showed no clear effect on the expression of osteogenic differentiation genes in in vitro models using mesenchymal stem cells. Interestingly, ZC4H2 knockdown significantly enhanced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in induced bone marrow-derived macrophages. We further confirmed that the number of osteoclasts in the long bone of ZC4H2 knockout mice was increased, as well as the expression of the serum bone resorption/osteoporosis marker CTX-1. Our study unveils a new role of ZC4H2 in osteoclast differentiation and bone development, providing new clues on the pathology of ZARD.