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Journal articles on the topic 'Bones Bones Ontogeny'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

García Gil, Orosia, Oscar Cambra-Moo, Julia Audije Gil, et al. "Investigating histomorphological variations in human cranial bones through ontogeny." Comptes Rendus Palevol 15, no. 5 (2016): 527–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2015.04.006.

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NAKATSUKASA, MASATO, YUTAKA KUNIMATSU, YOSHIHIKO NAKANO, NAOKO EGI, and HIDEMI ISHIDA. "Postcranial bones of infant Nacholapithecus: ontogeny and positional behavioral adaptation." Anthropological Science 115, no. 3 (2007): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1537/ase.070409.

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3

Soliz, Mónica, María Jose Tulli, and Virginia Abdala. "Forelimb musculoskeletal-tendinous growth in frogs." PeerJ 8 (February 25, 2020): e8618. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8618.

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The tendons unite and transmit the strength of the muscles to the bones, allowing movement dexterity, the distribution of the strength of the limbs to the digits, and an improved muscle performance for a wide range of locomotor activities. Tissue differentiation and maturation of the structures involved in locomotion are completed during the juvenile stage; however, few studies have investigated the ontogenetic variation of the musculoskeletal-tendinous system. We ask whether all those integrated tissues and limb structures growth synchronically between them and along with body length. We exam
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4

Vieira, L. G., A. L. Q. Santos, L. Q. L. Hirano, L. T. Menezes-Reis, J. S. Mendonça, and A. Sebben. "Ontogeny of the skull of the Black Caiman (Melanosuchus niger) (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 2 (2019): 142–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0076.

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We describe the formation of the chondrocranium and the ossification pattern of the skull of the Black Caiman (Melanosuchus niger (Spix, 1825)). The embryos were cleared and double-stained with Alizarin Red S and Alcian Blue 8GX. Additionally, they were visualized by histological hematoxylin and eosin staining and computed tomography imaging. The chondrocranium of M. niger comprised the nasal capsule, orbitotemporal, and optic–occipital regions. Its development began at stage 9, with the chondrification of the acrochordal cartilage, trabeculae, and mandibular cartilage. The optic capsule was f
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Vieira, Lucélia G., André L. Q. Santos, Léa R. Moura, Stiwens R. T. Orpinelli, Kleber F. Pereira, and Fabiano C. Lima. "Morphology, development and heterochrony of the carapace of Giant Amazon River Turtle Podocnemis expansa (Testudines, Podocnemidae)." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 36, no. 5 (2016): 436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2016000500014.

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Abstract: With aim to report the ontogeny of the osseous elements of the carapace in Peurodiras, 62 embryos and 43 nestlings of Podocnemis expansa were collected and submitted to the clearing and staining technique of bones and cartilages and study of serial histological slices. The carapace has mixed osseous structure of endo and exoskeleton, formed by 8 pairs of costal bones associated with ribs, 7 neural bones associated with neural arches, 11 pairs of peripheral bones, 1 nuchal, 1 pygal and 1 suprapygal. This structure begins its formation in the beginning of stage 16 with the ossification
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Feiner, Nathalie, Illiam S. C. Jackson, Eliane Van der Cruyssen, and Tobias Uller. "A highly conserved ontogenetic limb allometry and its evolutionary significance in the adaptive radiation of Anolis lizards." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1953 (2021): 20210226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0226.

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Diversifications often proceed along highly conserved, evolutionary trajectories. These patterns of covariation arise in ontogeny, which raises the possibility that adaptive morphologies are biased towards trait covariations that resemble growth trajectories. Here, we test this prediction in the diverse clade of Anolis lizards by investigating the covariation of embryonic growth of 13 fore- and hindlimb bones in 15 species, and compare these to the evolutionary covariation of these limb bones across 267 Anolis species. Our results demonstrate that species differences in relative limb length ar
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7

Kapralova, Kalina H., Zophonías O. Jónsson, Arnar Palsson, et al. "Bones in motion: Ontogeny of craniofacial development in sympatric arctic charr morphs." Developmental Dynamics 244, no. 9 (2015): 1168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.24302.

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8

Ajduković, Maja, Tijana Vučić, and Milena Cvijanović. "Effects of thiourea on the skull of Triturus newts during ontogeny." PeerJ 9 (June 2, 2021): e11535. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11535.

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Background In amphibians, thyroid hormone (TH) has a profound role in cranial development, especially in ossification of the late-appearing bones and remodeling of the skull. In the present study, we explored the influence of TH deficiency on bone ossification and resulting skull shape during the ontogeny of Triturus newt hybrid larvae obtained from interspecific crosses between T. ivanbureschi and T. macedonicus. Methods Larvae were treated with two concentrations of thiourea (an endocrine disruptor that chemically inhibits synthesis of TH) during the midlarval and late larval periods. Morpho
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RICQLÈS, ARMAND J., KEVIN PADIAN, JOHN R. HORNER, and HÉLÈNE FRANCILLON-VIEILLOT. "Palaeohistology of the bones of pterosaurs (Reptilia: Archosauria): anatomy, ontogeny, and biomechanical implications." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 129, no. 3 (2000): 349–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb00016.x.

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10

Mitchell, Jessica, P. Martin Sander, and Koen Stein. "Can secondary osteons be used as ontogenetic indicators in sauropods? Extending the histological ontogenetic stages into senescence." Paleobiology 43, no. 2 (2017): 321–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2016.47.

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AbstractSauropod bone histology has provided a great deal of insight into the life history of these enormous animals. However, because of high growth rates, annual growth rings are not common in sauropod long bones, so directly measuring growth rates and determining sexual maturity require alternative measures. Histological ontogenetic stages (HOS) have been established to describe the changes in bone histology through development for basal Macronaria and Diplodocoidea, and subsequently for Titanosauria. Despite this, the current HOS model is not able to discriminate bone tissues in late ontog
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Lima, Fabiano Campos, André Luiz Quagliatto Santos, Lucélia Gonçalves Vieira, et al. "Ontogeny of the Shell Bones of Embryos of Podocnemis unifilis (Troschel, 1848) (Testudines, Podocnemididae)." Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology 294, no. 4 (2011): 621–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.21359.

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12

Antczak, Mateusz, and Adam Bodzioch. "Ornamentation of dermal bones of Metoposaurus krasiejowensis and its ecological implications." PeerJ 6 (July 31, 2018): e5267. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5267.

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Background Amphibians are animals strongly dependent on environmental conditions, like temperature, water accessibility, and the trophic state of the reservoirs. Thus, they can be used in modern palaeoenvironmental analysis, reflecting ecological condition of the biotope. Methods To analyse the observed diversity in the temnospondyl Metoposaurus krasiejowensis from Late Triassic deposits in Krasiejów (Opole Voivodeship, Poland), the characteristics of the ornamentation (such as grooves, ridges, tubercules) of 25 clavicles and 13 skulls were observed on macro- and microscales, including the use
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13

Howes, G. J., and G. G. Teugels. "Observations on the ontogeny and homology of the pterygoid bones inCorydoras paleatusand some other catfishes." Journal of Zoology 219, no. 3 (1989): 441–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02592.x.

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14

Schoch, Rainer R. "The early formation of the skull in extant and Paleozoic amphibians." Paleobiology 28, no. 2 (2002): 278–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2002)028<0278:tefots>2.0.co;2.

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Understanding of evolutionary changes in the vertebrate skull is greatly influenced by the knowledge of ontogeny. Extant amphibians are an outstanding example in this field, because their life cycles are complex and have been intensively studied. At the same time, fossil material of Paleozoic amphibians has become available that sheds light on the ontogeny of a long-extinct clade, prompting comparison with recent forms. In this paper, the formation of the skull of a Paleozoic amphibian (the branchiosaurid temnospondyl Apateon) is analyzed in comparison with that of an extant salamander (the hy
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15

Colletti, Evan, Deena ElShabrawy, Esmail D. Zanjani, Christopher D. Porada, and Graca Almeida-Porada. "Characterization of the Human Hematopoietic Niche During Ontogeny." Blood 114, no. 22 (2009): 3626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.3626.3626.

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Abstract Abstract 3626 Poster Board III-562 Studies thus far have shown that there are at least two anatomically and physiologically distinct hematopoietic niches within the bone marrow (BM); the osteoblastic and the vascular. The former is thought to provide the appropriate support for quiescent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), while the latter allows/induces expansion of the HSC pool. However, it is not entirely known which subpopulations of HSC interact with each niche, and what physiological role each niche type plays in the regulation of stem cell hierarchy and function. We hypothesized th
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16

Watanabe, Junya. "Ontogeny of Surface Texture of Limb Bones in Modern Aquatic Birds and Applicability of Textural Ageing." Anatomical Record 301, no. 6 (2018): 1026–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.23736.

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17

Legendre, Lucas J., and Jennifer Botha-Brink. "Digging the compromise: investigating the link between limb bone histology and fossoriality in the aardvark (Orycteropus afer)." PeerJ 6 (July 11, 2018): e5216. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5216.

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Bone microstructure has long been known as a powerful tool to investigate lifestyle-related biomechanical constraints, and many studies have focused on identifying such constraints in the limb bones of aquatic or arboreal mammals in recent years. The limb bone microstructure of fossorial mammals, however, has not been extensively described. Furthermore, so far, studies on this subject have always focused on the bone histology of small burrowers, such as subterranean rodents or true moles. Physiological constraints associated with digging, however, are known to be strongly influenced by body si
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18

Jentgen-Ceschino, Benjamin, Koen Stein, and Valentin Fischer. "Case study of radial fibrolamellar bone tissues in the outer cortex of basal sauropods." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1793 (2020): 20190143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0143.

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The histology of sauropod long bones often appears uniform and conservative along their evolutionary tree. One of the main aspects of their bone histology is to exhibit a fibrolamellar complex in the cortex of their long bones. Here, we report another bone tissue, the radial fibrolamellar bone (RFB), in the outer cortex of the humeri of a young adult cf. Isanosaurus (Early to Late Jurassic, Thailand) and an adult Spinophorosaurus nigerensis (Early to Middle Jurassic, Niger) that do not exhibit any pathological feature on the bone surface. Its location within the cortex is unexpected, because R
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19

Morkovin, B. I. "On the development of surface ornamentation of skull bones in the ontogeny of Early Triassic benthosuchids (Amphibia, Temnospondyli)." Paleontological Journal 49, no. 1 (2015): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0031030115010074.

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20

Duhamel, Aliénor, Julien Benoit, Michael Day, Bruce Rubidge, and Vincent Fernandez. "Computed Tomography elucidates ontogeny within the basal therapsid clade Biarmosuchia." PeerJ 9 (August 26, 2021): e11866. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11866.

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Biarmosuchia is a clade of basal therapsids that includes forms possessing plesiomorphic ‘pelycosaurian’ cranial characters as well as the highly derived Burnetiamorpha which are characterised by cranial pachyostosis and a variety of cranial bosses. Potential ontogenetic variation in these structures has been suggested based on growth series of other therapsids with pachyostosed crania, which complicates burnetiamorph taxonomic distinction and thus it is essential to better understand cranial ontogeny of the Burnetiamorpha. Here, three new juvenile biarmosuchian skulls from the late Permian of
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21

Thomason, J. J. "Cranial strength in relation to estimated biting forces in some mammals." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 9 (1991): 2326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-327.

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The mammalian skull has proven to be remarkably plastic during ontogeny and phylogeny in response to the demands of mastication. I examine whether the bending strength of the skull in some mammals correlates with the maximal loads imposed through the masticatory apparatus. The approach is analytical, using the methods of beam theory. Cranial strength is estimated from the second moment of area and other geometrical measurements made from 20–30 transverse CT scans through the skulls of 20 opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and through single skulls of five felid and five canid genera of different
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22

Scheyer, Torsten M., Benjamin Brüllmann, and Marcelo R. Sánchez‐Villagra. "The ontogeny of the shell in side‐necked turtles, with emphasis on the homologies of costal and neural bones." Journal of Morphology 269, no. 8 (2008): 1008–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10637.

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23

Charbord, P., M. Tavian, L. Humeau, and B. Peault. "Early ontogeny of the human marrow from long bones: an immunohistochemical study of hematopoiesis and its microenvironment [see comments]." Blood 87, no. 10 (1996): 4109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v87.10.4109.bloodjournal87104109.

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We examined long bones from 42 human embryos and fetuses whose gestational ages ranged from 6 to 28 weeks. Bone rudiment sections were stained using a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed at antigens expressed by hematopoietic cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibro-blasts, and stromal cells, to describe the events preceding and accompanying the onset of hematopoiesis in the diaphyseal region. Five distinct stages were identified. Stage I (6.6 to 8.5 gestational weeks [gw]) was that of entirely cartilaginous rudiments: chondrocytes were dilated and capillaries with CD34+ endoth
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24

Miller, C. E., C. Basu, G. Fritsch, T. Hildebrandt, and J. R. Hutchinson. "Ontogenetic scaling of foot musculoskeletal anatomy in elephants." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 5, no. 21 (2007): 465–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2007.1220.

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This study quantifies the shape change in elephant manus and pes anatomy with increasing body mass, using computed tomographic scanning. Most manus and pes bones, and manus tendons, maintain their shape, or become more gracile, through ontogeny. Contrary to this, tendons of the pes become significantly more robust, suggesting functional adaptation to increasingly high loads. Ankle tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) scales the highest in the long digital extensor, proportional to body mass 1.08±0.21 , significantly greater than the highest-scaling wrist tendon (extensor carpi ulnaris, body mass
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25

Teschner, Elżbieta M., Sanjukta Chakravorti, Dhurjati P. Sengupta, and Dorota Konietzko-Meier. "Climatic influence on the growth pattern of Panthasaurus maleriensis from the Late Triassic of India deduced from paleohistology." PeerJ 8 (September 8, 2020): e9868. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9868.

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Metoposaurids are representatives of the extinct amphibian clade Temnospondyli, found on almost every continent exclusively in the Late Triassic deposits. Osteohistologically, it is one of the best-known temnospondyl groups, analyzed with a wide spectrum of methods, such as morphology, morphometry, bone histology or computed modelling. The least known member of Metoposauridae is Panthasaurus maleriensis from the Pranhita-Godavari basin in Central India, being geographically the most southern record of this family. For the first time the bone histology of this taxon was studied with a focus on
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Ponssa, Maria Laura, and Virginia Abdala. "Phenotypical expression of reduced mobility during limb ontogeny in frogs: the knee-joint case." PeerJ 4 (February 18, 2016): e1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1730.

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Movement is one of the most important epigenetic factors for normal development of the musculoskeletal system, particularly during genesis and joint development. Studies regarding alterations to embryonic mobility, performed on anurans, chickens and mammals, report important phenotypical similarities as a result of the reduction or absence of this stimulus. The precise stage of development at which the stimulus modification generates phenotypic modifications however, is yet to be determined. In this work we explore whether the developmental effects of abnormal mobility can appear at any time d
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Rosler, Elen S., John E. Brandt, John Chute, and Ronald Hoffman. "An in vivo competitive repopulation assay for various sources of human hematopoietic stem cells." Blood 96, no. 10 (2000): 3414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v96.10.3414.

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Abstract The marrow repopulating potential (MRP) of different sources of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) was directly compared using an in vivo assay in which severe combined immunodeficient disease (SCID) mice were implanted with human fetal bones. HSCs from 2 human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched donors were injected individually or simultaneously into the fetal bones of a 3rd distinct HLA type and donor and recipient myeloid and lymphoid cells were identified after 8 to 10 weeks. The study compared the MRP of umbilical cord blood (CB) and adult bone marrow (ABM) CD34+ cells as wel
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Rosler, Elen S., John E. Brandt, John Chute, and Ronald Hoffman. "An in vivo competitive repopulation assay for various sources of human hematopoietic stem cells." Blood 96, no. 10 (2000): 3414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v96.10.3414.h8003414_3414_3421.

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The marrow repopulating potential (MRP) of different sources of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) was directly compared using an in vivo assay in which severe combined immunodeficient disease (SCID) mice were implanted with human fetal bones. HSCs from 2 human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched donors were injected individually or simultaneously into the fetal bones of a 3rd distinct HLA type and donor and recipient myeloid and lymphoid cells were identified after 8 to 10 weeks. The study compared the MRP of umbilical cord blood (CB) and adult bone marrow (ABM) CD34+ cells as well as graf
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29

Rauhut, Oliver W. M., and Regina Fechner. "Early development of the facial region in a non-avian theropod dinosaur." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1568 (2005): 1179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3071.

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An isolated maxilla of the theropod dinosaur Allosaurus from the Late Jurassic (the Kimmeridgian, 153 million years ago) of Portugal is the first cranial remain of a non-coelurosaurian theropod hatchling reported so far, and sheds new light on the early cranial development of non-avian theropods. Allosaurus hatchlings seem to have been one-seventh or less of the adult length and are thus comparable in relative size to hatchlings of large extant crocodile species, but are unlike the relatively larger hatchlings in coelurosaurs. The snout experienced considerable positive allometry and an increa
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Bratislava, Jozef Klembara. "The external gills and ornamentation of skull roof bones of the Lower Permian tetrapodDiscosauriscus (Kuhn 1933) with remarks to its ontogeny." Paläontologische Zeitschrift 69, no. 1-2 (1995): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02985990.

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31

Takebe, Hiroaki, Nazmus Shalehin, Akihiro Hosoya, Tsuyoshi Shimo, and Kazuharu Irie. "Sonic Hedgehog Regulates Bone Fracture Healing." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 2 (2020): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020677.

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Bone fracture healing involves the combination of intramembranous and endochondral ossification. It is known that Indian hedgehog (Ihh) promotes chondrogenesis during fracture healing. Meanwhile, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), which is involved in ontogeny, has been reported to be involved in fracture healing, but the details had not been clarified. In this study, we demonstrated that Shh participated in fracture healing. Six-week-old Sprague–Dawley rats and Gli-CreERT2; tdTomato mice were used in this study. The right rib bones of experimental animals were fractured. The localization of Shh and Gli1 d
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Rahmdel, Kamyar Javid, and Bahram Falahatkar. "Adaptation of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) to formulated diets: A review." Fisheries & Aquatic Life 29, no. 1 (2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aopf-2021-0001.

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Abstract Pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (L.) is a valuable species that is in high demand among consumers due to its nutritional features such as delicious meat, white and soft texture and lack of intermascualr bones. The main barriers in the development of pikeperch aquaculture are the challenges of its larviculture. A major problem in the larval period is that pikeperch must feed on live food, which imposes high costs on producers. Therefore, substituting live food with formulated diets is necessary, but this process cannot be performed easily and it requires an action plan to be successful. T
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33

Bullar, Claire M., Qi Zhao, Michael J. Benton, and Michael J. Ryan. "Ontogenetic braincase development in Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) using micro-computed tomography." PeerJ 7 (August 14, 2019): e7217. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7217.

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Ontogenetic sequences are relatively rare among dinosaurs, with Ceratopsia being one of the better represented clades, and especially among geologically earlier forms, such as Psittacosaurus. Psittacosaurus is a small, bipedal basal ceratopsian abundant in the Lower Cretaceous deposits of Asia, whose cranial and endocranial morphology has been well studied, but only cursory details have been published on the bones surrounding the brain. Using reconstructions created from micro-computed tomography scans of well-preserved skulls from the Barremian–Aptian Yixian Formation, China, we document morp
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Cavin, Lionel, and Paulo M. Brito. "A new Lepisosteidae (Actinopterygii, Ginglymodi) from the Cretaceous of the Kem Kem Beds, southern Morocco." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 172, no. 5 (2001): 661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/172.5.661.

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Abstract Lepisosteids or gars constitute a very special neopterygian group, with seven living species in two genera: Lepisosteus and Atractosteus. They live in freshwaters from the eastern part of North America and Central America. A new lepisosteid, Oniichthys falipoui gen. nov., sp. nov., is described on the basis of two well preserved specimens. Although the type locality is unknown, information provided by the fossil collector, the type of preservation of the specimen, and the nature of the attached matrix indicate, with confidence, that it comes from the Kem Kem beds of southern Morocco (
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35

Prieto-Marquez, Albert, and Merrilee F. Guenther. "Perinatal specimens of Maiasaura from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana (USA): insights into the early ontogeny of saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaurs." PeerJ 6 (May 17, 2018): e4734. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4734.

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Perinatal specimens of hadrosaurids discovered in the late 1970’s by field crews from Princeton University were significant in providing evidence of the early ontogenetic stages in North American dinosaurs. These specimens from the Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Two Medicine Formation of Montana consist of over a dozen skeletons referable to the saurolophine hadrosaurid Maiasaura peeblesorum, but never fully figured or described. Here, we provide a more complete documentation of the morphology of these specimens, along with an examination of variation during a large span of the development of sa
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Hautier, Lionel, Fiona J. Stansfield, W. R. Twink Allen, and Robert J. Asher. "Skeletal development in the African elephant and ossification timing in placental mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1736 (2012): 2188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2481.

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We provide here unique data on elephant skeletal ontogeny. We focus on the sequence of cranial and post-cranial ossification events during growth in the African elephant ( Loxodonta africana ). Previous analyses on ossification sequences in mammals have focused on monotremes, marsupials, boreoeutherian and xenarthran placentals. Here, we add data on ossification sequences in an afrotherian. We use two different methods to quantify sequence heterochrony: the sequence method and event-paring/Parsimov. Compared with other placentals, elephants show late ossifications of the basicranium, manual an
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37

Shkil’, F. N., V. B. Borisov, and S. V. Smirnov. "Influence of thyroid hormone on the sequence of cranial bones appearance in early ontogeny of the large African barb (Labeobarbus intermedius; Cyprinidae; Teleostei)." Doklady Biological Sciences 432, no. 1 (2010): 224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012496610030166.

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38

Cherepanov, Gennady O. "The Origin of the Bony Shell of Turtles as a Unique Evolutionary Model in Reptiles." Russian Journal of Herpetology 4, no. 2 (2011): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-1997-4-2-155-162.

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Generally, the bony armor of reptiles consists of separate osteoderms which develop in the dermis independently from the internal skeleton. Such a dermal armor is characteristic of ancient pareiasaurs that are closely related to Testudines. On the basis of this fact it has been assumed that the turtle shell is built up as the fusion of the osteoderms with some elements of the internal skeleton. However, this concept is not confirmed by morphogenetic data. During turtle ontogeny the reduction of the trunk myomeres leads to sinking of the vertebrae and ribs into the dermis. The neural and costal
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Young, Jesse W., David Fernández, and John G. Fleagle. "Ontogeny of long bone geometry in capuchin monkeys ( Cebus albifrons and Cebus apella ): implications for locomotor development and life history." Biology Letters 6, no. 2 (2009): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0773.

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Studies of a diverse array of animals have found that young individuals often have robust bones for their body size (i.e. augmented cross-sectional dimensions), limiting fracture risk despite general musculoskeletal immaturity. However, previous research has focused primarily on precocial taxa (e.g. rodents, lagomorphs, bovids, goats and emu). In this study, we examined the ontogenetic scaling of humeral and femoral cross-sectional robusticity in a mixed-longitudinal sample of two slow-growing, behaviourally altricial capuchin monkeys. Results showed that, when regressed against biomechanicall
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Newton, Axel H., Frantisek Spoutil, Jan Prochazka, et al. "Letting the ‘cat’ out of the bag: pouch young development of the extinct Tasmanian tiger revealed by X-ray computed tomography." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (2018): 171914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171914.

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The Tasmanian tiger or thylacine ( Thylacinus cynocephalus ) was an iconic Australian marsupial predator that was hunted to extinction in the early 1900s. Despite sharing striking similarities with canids, they failed to evolve many of the specialized anatomical features that characterize carnivorous placental mammals. These evolutionary limitations are thought to arise from functional constraints associated with the marsupial mode of reproduction, in which otherwise highly altricial young use their well-developed forelimbs to climb to the pouch and mouth to suckle. Here we present the first t
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Han, Fenglu, Qi Zhao, and Jun Liu. "Preliminary bone histological analysis of Lystrosaurus (Therapsida: Dicynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of North China, and its implication for lifestyle and environments after the end-Permian extinction." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (2021): e0248681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248681.

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Lystrosaurus represents one of the most successful dicynodonts, a survivor of the end-Permian mass extinction that remained abundant in the Early Triassic, but many aspects of its paleobiology are still controversial. The bone histology of Lystrosaurus species from South Africa and India has provided important information on their growth strategy and lifestyle, but until recently no data was available on the bone histology of Lystrosaurus from China. Here, we report on the bone microstructure of seven Lystrosaurus individuals from the Lower Triassic of Xinjiang, providing the first such data f
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Moore, Andrew J., Jinyou Mo, James M. Clark, and Xing Xu. "Cranial anatomy of Bellusaurus sui (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) from the Middle-Late Jurassic Shishugou Formation of northwest China and a review of sauropod cranial ontogeny." PeerJ 6 (June 1, 2018): e4881. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4881.

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Bellusaurus sui is an enigmatic sauropod dinosaur from the Middle-Late Jurassic Shishugou Formation of northwest China. Bellusaurus is known from a monospecific bonebed preserving elements from more than a dozen juvenile individuals, including numerous bones of the skull, providing rare insight into the cranial anatomy of juvenile sauropods. Here, we present a comprehensive description of the cranial anatomy of Bellusaurus, supplementing the holotypic cranial material with additional elements recovered from recent joint Sino-American field expeditions. Bellusaurus is diagnosed by several uniqu
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Mariani, Thiago F., and Pedro S. R. Romano. "Intra-specific variation and allometry of the skull of Late Cretaceous side-necked turtleBauruemys elegans(Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) and how to deal with morphometric data in fossil vertebrates." PeerJ 5 (April 11, 2017): e2890. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2890.

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BackgroundPrevious quantitative studies onBauruemys elegans(Suárez, 1969) shell variation, as well as the taphonomic interpretation of its type locality, have suggested that all specimens collected in this locality may have belonged to the same population. We rely on this hypothesis in a morphometric study of the skull. Also, we tentatively assessed the eating preference habits differentiation that might be explained as due to ontogenetic changes.MethodsWe carried out an ANOVA testing 29 linear measurements from 21 skulls ofB. eleganstaken by using a caliper and through images, using the Image
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Botha, Alexander Edward, and Jennifer Botha. "Ontogenetic and inter-elemental osteohistological variability in the leopard tortoise Stigmochelys pardalis." PeerJ 7 (December 17, 2019): e8030. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8030.

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Testudines are a group of reptiles characterized by the presence of a shell covered by keratinous shields. Stigmochelys pardalis is the most widely distributed terrestrial testudine in southern Africa. Although relatively common with some life history traits being well known, the growth of this species has yet to be studied in any detail. The bone microanatomy of this clade differs from that found in other amniotes, where terrestrial species tend to display characteristics normally seen in aquatic species and vice versa. A detailed histological analysis of the limb bones of S. pardalis reveals
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Souza, Geovane Alves de, Marina Bento Soares, Arthur Souza Brum, et al. "Osteohistology and growth dynamics of the Brazilian noasaurid Vespersaurus paranaensis Langer et al., 2019 (Theropoda: Abelisauroidea)." PeerJ 8 (September 15, 2020): e9771. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9771.

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Although the knowledge of bone histology of non-avian theropods has advanced considerably in recent decades, data about the bone tissue patterns, growth dynamics and ontogeny of some taxa such as abelisauroids are still limited. Here we describe the bone microstructure and growth dynamics of the Brazilian noasaurine Vespersaurus paranaensis using five femora and six tibiae and quantify the annual growth marks through retrocalculation of missing ones to estimate ontogenetic ages. The femoral series comprises four femoral histological classes (FHC I-IV), varying from two annuli or LAGs to seven
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Kuehn, Amanda L., Andrew H. Lee, Russell P. Main, and Erin L. R. Simons. "The effects of growth rate and biomechanical loading on bone laminarity within the emu skeleton." PeerJ 7 (September 25, 2019): e7616. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7616.

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The orientation of vascular canals in primary bone may reflect differences in growth rate and/or adaptation to biomechanical loads. Previous studies link specific canal orientations to bone growth rates, but results between different taxa are contradictory. Circumferential vascular canals (forming laminar bone) have been hypothesized to reflect either (or both) rapid growth rate or locomotion-induced torsional loading. Previous work on the hindlimb biomechanics in the emu shows that the femur and tibiotarsus experience large shear strains, likely resulting from torsional loads that increase th
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Blazsek, Istvàn, Jalila Chagraoui, and Bruno Péault. "Ontogenic emergence of the hematon, a morphogenetic stromal unit that supports multipotential hematopoietic progenitors in mouse bone marrow." Blood 96, no. 12 (2000): 3763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v96.12.3763.

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Abstract Development of the full repertoire of hematopoietic-lymphopoietic cells from a single stem cell requires specific contacts with stromal cells. The spatio-temporal organization of these cell associations in the bone marrow in ontogeny is, however, not well understood. In the adult, 10% of marrow cells form a cohort of compact aggregates, the hematon. In the hematon mesenchymal cells (Stro-1+), perivascular lipocytes (desmin+), endothelial cells (CD34+, Flk-1+, Sca-1+), and macrophages amalgamate with the hematopoietic progenitors long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC), cobblestone
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Blazsek, Istvàn, Jalila Chagraoui, and Bruno Péault. "Ontogenic emergence of the hematon, a morphogenetic stromal unit that supports multipotential hematopoietic progenitors in mouse bone marrow." Blood 96, no. 12 (2000): 3763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v96.12.3763.h8003763_3763_3771.

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Development of the full repertoire of hematopoietic-lymphopoietic cells from a single stem cell requires specific contacts with stromal cells. The spatio-temporal organization of these cell associations in the bone marrow in ontogeny is, however, not well understood. In the adult, 10% of marrow cells form a cohort of compact aggregates, the hematon. In the hematon mesenchymal cells (Stro-1+), perivascular lipocytes (desmin+), endothelial cells (CD34+, Flk-1+, Sca-1+), and macrophages amalgamate with the hematopoietic progenitors long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC), cobblestone area–for
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49

Marjanović, David, and Michel Laurin. "Phylogeny of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates reassessed through revision and expansion of the largest published relevant data matrix." PeerJ 6 (January 4, 2019): e5565. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5565.

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The largest published phylogenetic analysis of early limbed vertebrates (Ruta M, Coates MI. 2007.Journal of Systematic Palaeontology5:69–122) recovered, for example, Seymouriamorpha, Diadectomorpha and (in some trees) Caudata as paraphyletic and found the “temnospondyl hypothesis” on the origin of Lissamphibia (TH) to be more parsimonious than the “lepospondyl hypothesis” (LH)—though only, as we show, by one step. We report 4,200 misscored cells, over half of them due to typographic and similar accidental errors. Further, some characters were duplicated; some had only one described state; for
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Botha, Jennifer. "The paleobiology and paleoecology of South African Lystrosaurus." PeerJ 8 (November 24, 2020): e10408. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10408.

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Lystrosaurus was one of the few tetrapods to survive the end-Permian mass extinction (EPME), the most catastrophic biotic crisis in Phanerozoic history. The significant increased abundance of this genus during the post-extinction Early Triassic recovery period has made Lystrosaurus an iconic survivor taxon globally and ideal for studying changes in growth dynamics during a mass extinction. There is potential evidence of a Lilliput effect in Lystrosaurus in South Africa as the two Triassic species that became highly abundant after the EPME are relatively smaller than the two Permian species. In
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