Academic literature on the topic 'Bones - Radiographies. eng'

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a potentially disabling chronic inflammatory disease affecting the spine and sacroiliac (SI) joints. Lead symptoms are chronic back pain and stiffness. The disease is called radiographic axSpA or ankylosing spondylitis (AS) when, on plain radiographs, bone changes consistent with sacroiliitis are present. When no evidence of sacroiliitis is seen on radiographs, it is called non-radiographic axSpA. In such cases, diagnosis is made based on evidence of active inflammation of SI joints on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical and laboratory features, or

Bone is made up of (1) cells—osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and ostoecytes; and (2) extracellular mineralized matrix—roughly one-third organic (90% type 1 collagen) and two-thirds inorganic (mainly hydroxyapatite). Common presentations of bone disease include (1) deformity and short stature; (2) bone pain and fracture; (3) myopathy—in osteomalacia and rickets; (4) features of underlying disease (e.g. renal failure, myeloma). Many generalized disorders of the skeleton, such as osteoporosis, have entirely normal routine biochemical values. Radiographic imaging can be diagnostic in some cases, but MRI and CT are increasingly employed in addition to conventional (‘plain’) radiographs and bisphosphonate-labelled isotope scans. Bone biopsy is required for diagnosis in some circumstances. This chapter emphasizes those disorders in which impact on the skeleton is a substantial feature of the underlying condition.

Chapter 76 discusses plasma cell dyscrasias, which are currently incurable diseases resulting from the proliferation of plasma cells and the secretion of immunoglobulins with associated anemia and end-organ damage. These diseases are more common in men than women and more common in African Americans than whites. Multiple myeloma is the most common of the plasma cell dyscrasias. Blood and urine testing, bone marrow biopsy, and radiography are the primary tests used for diagnosis. Radiographs are the standard tools in disease staging and monitoring with advanced imaging used primarily for evaluating symptomatic patients with negative radiographs and patients in clinical trials.

Bone tumours comprise a heterogeneous mix of post-traumatic, developmental, benign, and malignant lesions. They can be subclassified according to their histological matrix as bone-forming, cartilage-forming, or fibre-forming, although some do not produce a specific matrix. Perhaps the most important distinction is between malignant tumours, which have a predisposition to invasive and destructive local growth and distant metastasis, and benign tumours, which do not metastasize, although some can demonstrate locally aggressive behaviour. Both benign and malignant bone tumours can present with unexplained pain and swelling. Radiographic investigation is mandatory to exclude bony malignancy, avoid delay in diagnosis, and prevent incorrect treatment such as arthroscopy or steroid injection when there is an underlying tumour. The three most common malignant tumours of bone are osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. If radiography indicates that bone cancer is a possibility, an urgent referral should be made to a bone cancer multidisciplinary team. Wherever possible, patients should be entered into clinical trials. Some chemosensitive tumours (e.g. osteosarcoma or Ewing’s tumours) require a combined approach to treatment, classically with adjuvant (preoperative) chemotherapy, local therapy (usually surgery), then adjuvant chemotherapy.

Throughout the previous chapters detailing and comparing the Sunghir human remains, there have been frequent references to their abnormalities. Some of these unusual features are obvious and sufficiently pronounced as to remove the bones from direct paleobiological consideration (e.g., the Sunghir 1 pollical osteoarthrosis and the Sunghir 3 femoral diaphyses). Other features are modest and had no apparent effect on the functional anatomical interpretations (e.g., the Sunghir 1 ulnar carpometacarpal osteoarthrosis). A few aspects may modify either the considerations of the osteometric morphology (e.g., the Sunghir 1 frontal midline protrusion) or discrete traits (e.g., the Sunghir 2 dental asymmetries). Some of these features are obviously pathological and represent reflections of developmental or degenerative strains on the body (e.g., Sunghir 2 and 3 dental enamel hypoplasias (DEH), or the Sunghir 1 manual osteoarthrosis). Other aspects may not be pathological sensu stricto but they represent variations that push the limits of “normal” human variation (e.g., the Sunghir 1 femoral asymmetry and the Sunghir 3 foramina transversaria). These aspects that have been described in detail in previous chapters are referred to here, but the others, whose description has been deferred, are detailed in this chapter. A number of these abnormalities of the Sunghir human remains have been noted previously, beginning with Debetz’s (1967) initial observations on the Sunghir 1 skeleton, the initial description of the Sunghir 2 and 3 remains (Nikityuk and Kharitonov 1984), and Bukhman’s (1984) radiographic analysis of the Sunghir 3 remains. These and further observations and interpretations were made in the context of the 1990s’ reanalysis of the Sunghir remains (Buzhilova 2000b, 2000c; Mednikova 2000c, 2000d). There have subsequently been additional analyses of specific aspects of these abnormalities, including differential diagnosis of the Sunghir 3 femoral deformities (Formicola and Buzhilova 2004), description of the T1 injury to Sunghir 1 discovered in 2009 (Trinkaus and Buzhilova 2012), detailed assessment of the Sunghir 2 and 3 DEH (Guatelli-Steinberg et al. 2013), and assessment of the degree to which the deformities of Sunghir 3 might have affected her activity levels (Cowgill et al. 2012b).

The salivary glands consist of three paired major glands—parotid, sub­mandibular, and sublingual—and the countless minor salivary glands found in almost every part of the oral cavity, except the gingiva and anterior regions of the hard palate. The secretion of saliva is essential for the normal function and health of the mouth, and disorders of salivary gland function predispose to oral disease. Functional disorders in salivary secretion may be associated with primary salivary gland disease but in other cases are a consequence of systemic factors, such as medi­cations, endocrine disturbances, and neurological disease, which are discussed in Chapter 10. Developmental anomalies of the salivary glands are rare. Aplasia of one or more major glands and atresia of one or more major salivary gland ducts have been reported. Congenital aplasia of the parotid gland may be associated with other facial abnormalities, e.g. ectodermal dysplasia, mandibulofacial dysostosis, and hemifacial microsomia. Heterotopic salivary tissue has been reported from a variety of sites in the head and neck region, the most frequent being its inclusion at the angle, or within the body, of the mandible, called a Stafne bone cavity. It is usually an incidental radiological finding and appears as a round or oval, well-demarcated radiolucency between the premolar region and angle of the jaw, and is typically located beneath the inferior dental canal. The radiographic appearances are due to a saucer-shaped depression or concavity of varying depth on the lingual aspect of the mandible, which contains salivary tissue in continuity with the submandibular gland. Accessory parotid tissue within the cheek or masseter muscle is rela­tively common and is subject to the same diseases that may affect the main gland. Age changes can be detected in both major and minor salivary glands. Reduction in the weights of submandibular and parotid glands has been reported with increasing age, associated in the submandibular gland with an age-dependent reduction in flow rates. By contrast, sev­eral studies have demonstrated that there is no significant reduction in parotid flow rates in the elderly.

Introduction : Devenue incontournable de nos jours pour la réhabilitation de patients présentant des édentements unitaires, partiels ou totaux, la chirurgie implantaire a connu ces dernières années de nombreuses évolutions. Même si les mesures radiographiques et l'analyse des modèles d'étude physiques sont toujours les ressources les plus utilisées par les praticiens pour recueillir les différentes données nécessaires à la prise en charge du patient, la révolution numérique et l'avènement de l'impression en trois dimensions (3D) ont récemment beaucoup fait évoluer les pratiques et offrent de n

The procedure of limb lengthening is a common method for correcting limb length inequality. The lengthening procedure, however, can result in serious complications such as premature consolidation of bone and soft-tissue contractures. To avoid adverse effects, it is important to determine the safe limits of the lengthening procedure in terms of forces applied, rate of distraction, overall length added and effects of the procedure on associated tissue. In this study, we investigate the relationship between distraction speed and callus formation in the fracture gap and how this affects the distra