Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bony landmarks

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Bony landmarks'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Bony landmarks"

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Mendel, Thomas, Florian Radetzki, Stefan Schwan, Gunther Olaf Hofmann, and Felix Goehre. "The influence of injecting an epidural contrast agent into the sacral canal on the fluoroscopic visibility of bony landmarks for sacroiliac screw fixation: a feasibility study." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 22, no. 2 (February 2015): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.10.spine14160.

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OBJECT In sacroiliac screw fixation of unstable pelvic injuries in geriatric patients, poor bone quality often obscures important bony landmarks in fluoroscopic images. The authors analyzed the feasibility of injecting a transhiatal contrast agent (CA) into the sacral canal to improve fluoroscopic visualization in the sacral epidural space. METHODS Eight fresh cadaveric whole-body specimens from human donors whose mean age at the time of death was 78 years (range 69–87 years) were used. First, to identify bony landmarks without CA enhancement, the authors acquired fluoroscopy images of the native sacral canal, using lateral, inlet, and outlet projections. Through puncture of the sacral hiatus, 8–10 ml of CA was injected into the epidural space. Fluoroscopy images were then acquired in the standard pelvic views to identify the bony landmarks. To assess the effect of the CA enhancement, visibility of the landmarks was assessed before and after CA injection. Each identified landmark was scored as 1, and summative landmark scores of up to 10 were determined for each specimen. RESULTS The cadaveric specimens were representative of bone structures in the geriatric population. In all specimens, epidural CA injection enhanced the fluoroscopic visualization of the sacral canal and of the S-1 foramina. The enhancement increased the total bony landmark score from 5.9 (range 4–8) without CA injection to 8.1 (range 6–10) after CA injection. Considering only intrasacral landmarks, the score was increased from 1.5 to 3. CONCLUSIONS Injection of a transhiatal epidural CA improves fluoroscopic imaging of the sacral canal and of the neural foramina. Hence, this technique could be applied to help the surgeon identify anatomical landmarks during sacroiliac screw fixation in geriatric patients.
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Handels, H., W. Plötz, S. J. Pöppl, and J. Ehrhardt. "Atlas-based Recognition of Anatomical Structures and Landmarks and the Automatic Computation of Orthopedic Parameters." Methods of Information in Medicine 43, no. 04 (2004): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633882.

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Summary Objective: This paper describes methods for the automatic atlas-based segmentation of bone structures of the hip, the automatic detection of anatomical point landmarks and the computation of orthopedic parameters to avoid the interactive, time-consuming preprocessing steps for the virtual planning of hip operations. Methods: Based on the CT data of the Visible Human Data Sets, two three-dimensional atlases of the human pelvis have been built. The atlases consist of labeled CT data sets, 3D surface models of the separated structures and associated anatomical point landmarks. The atlas information is transferred to the patient data by a non-linear gray value-based registration algorithm. A surface-based registration algorithm was developed to detect the anatomical landmarks on the patient’s bone structures. Furthermore, a software tool for the automatic computation of orthopedic parameters is presented. Finally, methods for an evaluation of the atlas-based segmentation and the atlas-based landmark detection are explained. Results: A first evaluation of the presented atlas-based segmentation method shows the correct labeling of 98.5% of the bony voxels. The presented landmark detection algorithm enables the precise and reliable localization of orthopedic landmarks. The accuracy of the landmark detection is below 2.5 mm. Conclusion: The atlas-based segmentation of bone structures, the atlas-based landmark detection and the automatic computation of orthopedic measures are suitable to essentially reduce the time-consuming user interaction during the pre-processing of the CT data for the virtual three-dimensional planning of hip operations.
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Nalavenkata, S., C. Meller, D. Novakovic, M. Forer, and N. P. Patel. "Sphenopalatine foramen: endoscopic approach with bony landmarks." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 129, S3 (March 30, 2015): S47—S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215115000766.

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AbstractObjective:To establish whether nasal bony landmarks on computed tomography could be utilised reliably in endoscopic approaches to the sphenopalatine foramen.Methods:A prospective analysis of 102 consecutive helical computed tomography scans of the paranasal sinuses was carried out by 2 senior ENT surgeons. Distances from the sphenopalatine foramen to endoscopically palpable bony landmarks were measured.Results:There were a total of 102 patients (45 females and 57 males), with a mean age of 62 years. The mean distance from the posterior fontanelle to the sphenopalatine foramen was 14.1 mm (standard deviation = 2.13). The average vertical distance of the sphenopalatine foramen opening from the bony attachment of the inferior turbinate was 14.13 mm. There were no statistically significant differences between any of these measurements (foramen widthp-value = 0.714, distance from fontanellep-value = 0.43 and distance from inferior turbinatep-value = 0.48).Conclusion:Determination of reliable bony landmarks is clinically useful in endoscopic surgery and can aid identification of the sphenopalatine foramen. The inferior turbinate concha and posterior fontanelle may be used as reliable computed tomography landmarks for endoscopic approaches to the sphenopalatine foramen.
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Todd, N. Wendell, and W. Stephen Martin. "Relationship of Eustachian Tube Bony Landmarks and Temporal Bone Pneumatization." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 97, no. 3 (May 1988): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948809700313.

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Anatomic and functional differences of the eustachian tube have been suggested as etiologic factors in patients with otitis media. We studied eustachian tube lengths and vectors of the tensor veli palatini muscle in 25 unilateral specimens from adult human cadavers. The extent of temporal bone pneumatization, as determined by computed tomography and plain lateral radiographs, was used as an indicator of prior otitis media. Increased length of the cartilaginous eustachian tube was associated positively (r=.53, p<.01) with volume of pneumatization. However, neither the length of the bony eustachian tube nor the vector of maximum pull of the tensor veli palatini muscle was associated statistically with the extent of pneumatization. It may be that the longer cartilaginous eustachian tube is more protective of the middle ear.
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Metzger, Marc Christian, Amir Rafii, Bettina Holhweg-Majert, Annette M. Pham, and Brad Strong. "Comparison of 4 Registration Strategies for Computer-Aided Maxillofacial Surgery." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 137, no. 1 (July 2007): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2007.02.015.

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PURPOSE: Surgeons have recently started to use computer-aided surgery (CAS) to assist with maxillofacial reconstructive surgery. This study evaluates four different CAS registration strategies in the maxillofacial skeleton. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen fiducial markers were placed on each of four cadaveric heads. Four registration protocols were used: 1) group 1—invasive markers, 2) group 2—skin surface, 3) group 3—bony landmark, 4) group 4—intraoral splint. Two observers registered each head twice with each of the four protocols and measured the target registration error (TRE). The process was repeated on two different navigation systems for confirmation. RESULTS: The mean TRE values were: invasive, 1.13 ± 0.05 mm ( P < 0.05); skin, 2.03 ± 0.07 mm ( P < 0.05); bone, 3.17 ± 0.10 mm ( P < 0.05); and splint, 3.79 ± 0.13 mm ( P < 0.05). The TRE values were consistent across CAS systems. CONCLUSION: Of the techniques tested for CAS registration, invasive fiducial markers are the most accurate. Skin surface landmarks, bony landmarks, and an intraoral splint are incrementally less accurate.
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Das, Anupam, C. S. Yadav, Shivanand Gamanagatti, R. M. Pandey, and Ravi Mittal. "Arthroscopic and 3D CT Scan Evaluation of Femoral Footprint of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament in Chronic ACL Deficient Knees." Journal of Knee Surgery 32, no. 06 (June 13, 2018): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660515.

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AbstractThe outcome of single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction depends largely on the anatomic placement of bone tunnel. The lateral intercondylar ridge (LIR) and bifurcate ridge (BR) are useful bony landmarks for femoral tunnel placement. The purpose of our study was to compare the bony landmarks of ACL footprint on femur by three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) scan and arthroscopy in chronic ACL-deficient knees. Fifty patients above 18 years of age who were diagnosed of having ACL tear were selected for the study. All the cases were more than 6 months old since the injury. Preoperative 3D CT scan of the affected knee was obtained for each of them. They underwent single-bundle anatomic ACL reconstruction. Measurements were done on the preoperative 3D CT and arthroscopy to quantify the position of the LIR and BR. The proximodistal distance of lateral femoral condyle was 21.41+/−2.5 mm on CT scan and 22.02+/−2.02 mm on arthroscopy. On preoperative 3D CT scan, the midpoint of the LIR was found to be located at a mean distance of 11.17±2.11 mm from the proximal margin of the lateral femoral condyle. On arthroscopy, it was at 10.18+/−1.52 mm from the proximal margin the lateral femoral condyle. The “bifurcate ridge”(BR) was not visible in any of the cases during arthroscopy or CT scan. We concluded that LIR is an easily identifiable bony landmark on arthroscopy in all cases. It can also be identified on CT scans. BR is not identified both on arthroscopy and CT scans in chronic ACL tears. The arthroscopic measurements of bony landmarks are quite close to those of CT scan. Midpoint of LIR is at 52.185% of the proximodistal distance on CT scan evaluation and it is at 46.21% on arthroscopic evaluation.
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Robinson, Trevor J. G., Shannon L. Roberts, Robert S. Burnham, Eldon Loh, and Anne M. Agur. "Sacro-Iliac Joint Sensory Block and Radiofrequency Ablation: Assessment of Bony Landmarks Relevant for Image-Guided Procedures." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1432074.

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Image-guided sensory block and radiofrequency ablation of the nerves innervating the sacro-iliac joint require readily identifiable bony landmarks for accurate needle/electrode placement. Understanding the relative locations of the transverse sacral tubercles along the lateral sacral crest is important for ultrasound guidance, as they demarcate the position of the posterior sacral network (S1–S3 ± L5/S4) innervating the posterior sacro-iliac joint. No studies were found that investigated the spatial relationships of these bony landmarks. The purpose of this study was to visualize and quantify the interrelationships of the transverse sacral tubercles and posterior sacral foramina to inform image-guided block and radiofrequency ablation of the sacro-iliac joint. The posterior and lateral surfaces of 30 dry sacra (15 M/15 F) were digitized and modeled in 3D and the distances between bony landmarks quantified. The relationships of bony landmarks (S1–S4) were not uniform. The mean intertubercular and interforaminal distances decreased from S1 to S4, whereas the distance from the lateral margin of the posterior sacral foramina to the transverse sacral tubercles increased from S1 to S3. The mean intertubercular distance from S1 to S3 was significantly (p<0.05) larger in males. The interrelationships of the sacral bony landmarks should be taken into consideration when estimating the site and length of an image-guided strip lesion targeting the posterior sacral network.
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Barut, Nehi˙r, Aysi˙n Kale, Hi˙kmet Turan Suslu, Adnan Ozturk, Mustafa Bozbuga, and Kayihan Sahinoglu. "Evaluation of the bony landmarks in transcondylar approach." British Journal of Neurosurgery 23, no. 3 (January 2009): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02688690902814725.

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Hutchinson, Mark R., and Taran S. Bae. "Reproducibility of Anatomic Tibial Landmarks for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions." American Journal of Sports Medicine 29, no. 6 (November 2001): 777–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465010290061701.

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We evaluated the reproducibility of landmarks used for accurate anatomic placement of the tibial tunnel in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Landmarks evaluated were the medial tibial eminence, the posterior cruciate ligament, the “over-the-back” position, the true posterior border of the tibia, and the posterior border of the lateral meniscus. Forty-two pairs of cadaveric knees were dissected, and anatomic measurements were made regarding the anterior cruciate ligament insertion and these various landmarks. Statistical analysis was used to confirm reproducibility and significance. Measurements based on the medial tibial eminence and posterior border of the meniscus were particularly erratic. The most reproducible anatomic landmark was the posterior cruciate ligament. The anterior border of the posterior cruciate ligament was consistently 6.7 mm posterior to the posterior border of the anterior cruciate ligament and 10.9 mm posterior to the central sagittal insertion point of the anterior cruciate ligament. The over-the-back position was consistently in contact with the anterior border of the posterior cruciate ligament if the knee was flexed with a posterior-directed force applied. In this position, the over-the-back position was equally reproducible as compared with the posterior cruciate ligament. Measurements gauged from the true posterior border of the tibia gave a second rigid bony landmark but with a wider standard deviation than the posterior cruciate ligament-based landmarks. The relative anterior-posterior dimension of the tibia did not correlate with the relationship between the anterior cruciate ligament and other anatomic landmarks.
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Bergsma, Minke, Job N. Doornberg, Laurent Hendrickx, Batur Hayat, Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs, Bhavin Jhadav, Ruurd L. Jaarsma, and Gregory I. Bain. "Interpretations of the Term “Watershed Line” Used as Reference for Volar Plating." Journal of Wrist Surgery 09, no. 03 (August 13, 2019): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1694719.

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Objective The objective of this systematic review is to provide an overview of all interpretations of the definition of the watershed line used in literature. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed for this review. A comprehensive search was performed for definitions of the watershed line given in literature. A total of 32 studies giving an explicit interpretation of the definition of the watershed line or anatomical reference for plate positioning in writing and/or imaging were included. Results In 32 studies, we found eight different landmarks used to refer to the watershed line or correct plate positioning. Five studies used two different soft tissue landmarks. Six different bony landmarks were described in 24 studies. These could further be subdivided into three anatomical interpretations, described in seven studies, in which the term “watershed line” is explained as a distinguishable anatomical line, and two surgical interpretations, described in 15 studies, which are purely reflecting the optimal location of the volar plate. One interpretation of the watershed line described in two studies combined both anatomical and surgical landmarks. Conclusion The (mis)interpretation of the definition of the term “watershed line” as described by Orbay is subject to the type of landmarks and purpose used: soft tissue or bony landmarks and an anatomical or a surgical purpose. A clear distinction can be made between interpretations using bony landmarks, as the true watershed line is defined and definitions using soft tissue landmarks, which might represent the reference points surgeons use in clinical practice.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bony landmarks"

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Štrbíková, Tatiana. "Výzkum efektivnosti lokalizačních algoritmů s kotevními body." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218276.

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The thesis deals with sensor networks and their localization. First section describes sensor networks in general and explains problems of localization and routing. The second part deals with localization using anchors. The principal of the Dv-hop and DV-Distance are there described in detail. These algorithms are used for simulations in Matlab in the main part of this thesis. According to the simulations the most sufficient number of sensors for good localization is estimated.
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Wasswa, William. "3D approximation of scapula bone shape from 2D X-ray images using landmark-constrained statistical shape model fitting." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23777.

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Two-dimensional X-ray imaging is the dominant imaging modality in low-resource countries despite the existence of three-dimensional (3D) imaging modalities. This is because fewer hospitals in low-resource countries can afford the 3D imaging systems as their acquisition and operation costs are higher. However, 3D images are desirable in a range of clinical applications, for example surgical planning. The aim of this research was to develop a tool for 3D approximation of scapula bone from 2D X-ray images using landmark-constrained statistical shape model fitting. First, X-ray stereophotogrammetry was used to reconstruct the 3D coordinates of points located on 2D X-ray images of the scapula, acquired from two perspectives. A suitable calibration frame was used to map the image coordinates to their corresponding 3D realworld coordinates. The 3D point localization yielded average errors of (0.14, 0.07, 0.04) mm in the X, Y and Z coordinates respectively, and an absolute reconstruction error of 0.19 mm. The second phase assessed the reproducibility of the scapula landmarks reported by Ohl et al. (2010) and Borotikar et al. (2015). Only three (the inferior angle, acromion and the coracoid process) of the eight reproducible landmarks considered were selected as these were identifiable from the two different perspectives required for X-ray stereophotogrammetry in this project. For the last phase, an approximation of a scapula was produced with the aid of a statistical shape model (SSM) built from a training dataset of 84 CT scapulae. This involved constraining an SSM to the 3D reconstructed coordinates of the selected reproducible landmarks from 2D X-ray images. Comparison of the approximate model with a CT-derived ground truth 3D segmented volume resulted in surface-to-surface average distances of 4.28 mm and 3.20 mm, using three and sixteen landmarks respectively. Hence, increasing the number of landmarks produces a posterior model that makes better predictions of patientspecific reconstructions. An average Euclidean distance of 1.35 mm was obtained between the three selected landmarks on the approximation and the corresponding landmarks on the CT image. Conversely, a Euclidean distance of 5.99 mm was obtained between the three selected landmarks on the original SSM and corresponding landmarks on the CT image. The Euclidean distances confirm that a posterior model moves closer to the CT image, hence it reduces the search space for a more exact patient-specific 3D reconstruction by other fitting algorithms.
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Taleb, Mehr Mahdieh. "Usefulness of dental cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for detetion of the anatomical landmarks of the external, middle and inner ear." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2643.

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Thesis problem: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) can provide images with identical information and considerable dose reduction compared with reasonably low costs compared to multislice computed tomography (MSCT) especially where multiple follow up imaging studies are needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of CBCT, using i-CAT®'s software, for detection of the anatomical landmarks of the external, middle and inner ear to answer this question whether MSCT Can be replaced by dental CBCT for evaluation of the temporal bone. Material and methods: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 63 subjects made with the same machine, with unknown clinical histories and no evidence of pathosis on CBCT images, were evaluated by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists retrospectively. Seven anatomical points (scutum, oval window, incudomalleolar joint, the tympanic/horizontal and mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve, anterior and posterior crura of stapes) of the right and left temporal bone (total of 120 temporal bones) were evaluated. The results were provided as percentage of the points identified by each radiologist. The intra and inter observer agreement were calculated using kappa statistic. Results: The scutum, the tympanic/horizontal segment of the facial nerve canal and the oval window of the right and left temporal bone of 63 cases (total 126 temporal bones) were visualized by the first observer as well-defined structures in 100%, 96.03% and 100% of the cases, respectively. The tympanic/horizontal segment of the facial nerve canal was visualized as a poorly-defined structure in 2.38 % and could not be identified in 1.59% of the cases. The anterior and posterior crura of stapes, the mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve canal and the incudomalleolar joint were visualized as well-defined structures in 24.60%, 53.17%, 99.21% and 57.94% of the cases, as poorly defined structures in 32.54%, 41.27%, 0.79% and 39.68% of the cases respectively. The anterior and posterior crura of stapes, the mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve canal and the incudomalleolar joint could not be identified in 42.86%, 5.56%, 0% and 2.38% of the cases respectively. The intra- and inter-observer agreement ranged from strong for tympanic/horizontal and mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve canal to poor for the anterior and posterior crura of stapes and also the incudomalleolar joint. Conclusion: The i-CAT CBCT machine is a promising replacement for MSCT in evaluation of the temporal bone where there is no need for evaluation of the anterior and posterior crura of stapes and the incudomalleolar joint which are the smallest anatomical structures in the temporal bone. Other CBCT machines with higher contrast to noise ratio should be evaluated for detection of those anatomical structures since CBCT can reduce the patient dose substantially where multiple follow up CT studied are needed. Key words: Computed tomography; cone beam CT; multislice helical CT; middle ear; inner ear; temporal bone.
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Longair, Mark. "Computational neuroanatomy of the central complex of Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3943.

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In many different insect species the highly conserved neuropil regions known as the central complex or central body complex have been shown to be important in behaviours such as locomotion, visual memory and courtship conditioning. The aim of this project is to generate accurate quantitative neuroanatomy of the central complex in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Much of the authoritative neuroanatomy of the fruit fly from past literature has been derived using Golgi stains, and in important cases these data are available only from 2D camera lucida drawings of the neurons and linguistic descriptions of connectivity. These cannot easily be mapped onto 3D template brains or compared directly to our own data. Using GAL4 driver and reporter constructs, some of the findings within these studies could be visualized using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. A range of GAL4 driver lines were selected that particularly had prominent expression in the fan-shaped body. Images of brains from these lines were archived using a web-based 3D image stack archive developed for the sharing and backup of large confocal stacks. This is also the platform which we use to publish the data, so that other researchers can reuse this catalogue and compare their results directly. Each brain was annotated using desktop-based tools for labelling neuropil regions, locating landmarks in image stacks and tracing fine neuronal processes both manually and automatically. The development of the tracing and landmark annotation tools is described, and all of the tools used in this work are available as free software. In order to compare and aggregate these data, which are from many different brains, it is necessary to register each image stack onto some standard template brain. Although this is a well-studied problem in medical imaging, these high resolution scans of the central fly brain are unusual in a number of respects. The relative effectiveness of various methods currently available were tested on this data set. The best registrations were produced by a method that generates free-form deformations based on B-splines (the Computational Morphometry Toolkit), but for much faster registrations, the thin plate spline method based on manual landmarks may be sufficient. The annotated and registered data allows us to produce central complex template images and also files that accurately represent the possible central complex connectivity apparent in these images. One interesting result to arise from these efforts was evidence for a possible connection between the inferior region of the fan-shaped body and the beta lobe of the mushroom body which had previously been missed in these GAL4 lines. In addition, we can identify several connections which appear to be similar to those described in [Hanesch et al., 1989], the canonical paper on the architecture of the Drosophila melanogaster central complex, and describe for the first time their variation statistically. This registered data was also used to suggest a method for classifying layers of expression within the fan-shaped body.
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Fatollahzadeh, Kianoush. "A laboratory vehicle mock-up research work on truck driver’s selected seat position and posture : A mathematical model approach with respect to anthropometry, body landmark locations and discomfort." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4028.

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Professional truck drivers are highly exposed to fatigue and work related injuries. Truck drivers are common victims of musculoskeletal disorders, frequently suffering from pain symptoms particularly in the neck, shoulder and lower back. This situation is believed to be a contributor to the high absenteeism in this job category. A high percentage of this problem is due to the adoption of an unhealthy driving posture resulting from inappropriate seat design. This incorrect and poor design is owing to the insufficient and obsolete anthropometrical data which has been used for decades for arranging and positioning components in the driver environment. The main objective of the present study was to create and construct a mathematical model which clarifies and predicts the drivers’ comfortable sitting posture and position. It was hypothesized that the length and height characteristics of some body segments as well as the body weight and waist circumference of the driver have a great impact on the selection of a specific sitting posture. The steering wheel positions as well as the pedal/floor locations were hypothesized to be highly correlated to the driver’s selected posture and the corresponding comfort. The effect of the seat position on posture selection and related comfort assessments constituted the other hypothesis of the study which received extra attention. A laboratory experiment on a Scania truck cab mock-up was conducted. The seat track travel along a vertical as well as horizontal forward-backward path was obtained by mounting the seat on the motorized rigid frame which allowed unrestricted vertical and fore-aft travel. The seat cushion angle and backrest angle were adjusted by pivoting the entire seat and backrest around a lateral axis and independently. The pedal components were mounted on a motorized platform, thus allowing unrestricted fore-aft and height travel without any changes in the pedal angles. The steering wheel was mounted on the instrument panel by two independent pneumatic axes which allowed a wide range of adjustments including tilting and moving along the sagittal plane for adjusting the height and distance. The test plan called for 55 international highly experienced heavy truck drivers. The drivers were recruited to span a large range of body weight and stature, in particular to ensure adequate representation of both the extreme as well as the normal group of drivers. The drivers filled in a general information questionnaire before undergoing the anthropometrical measurements and thereafter the test trials. The experiment contained a subset of test conditions with five different trials using random selection sampling procedure. Drivers were asked to adjust the components in a wide range of trajectory according to a written protocol. A sparse set of threedimensional body landmark locations and the corresponding comfort assessments were recorded. As the main part of the result, the mathematical models using multiple regression analyses on selected body landmarks as well as anthropometrical measures were developed which proposed a linear correlation between parameters. The differences between the observed data and the corresponding predicted data using the model were found to be minimal and almost dispensable. Additionally, the drivers preferred to sit in the rearmost position and at a rather high level relative to the rest of the available and adjustable area. Considering the normal adjustable seat area of the cab, only a very small part of the observed Hpoint data lies within this area while a large remaining amount of data lies outside of it. Moreover, the difference between the observation (plotted H-point data) and the neutral H-point was found to be significant. Furthermore, and since some of the data lies almost on the border of the adjustable area, it may indicate a reasonable tendency for even more seat adjustment in the backward direction. A conceptual model consisting of four different parameters was developed and presented in the end. These parameters of the model suggest being as key factors which play a central role on process of decision making regarding the selection of a desirable sitting posture. Any eventual modifications and adjustments for elimination or minimizing discrepancies, biases or obscured factors affecting the quality of the mathematical model would be a case for future study. The investigation of a complete assessment of comfort should be supplemented with an analysis of how many truck drivers are satisfied with the comfort in the end.
QC 20100824
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Fatollahzadeh, Kianoush. "A laboratory vehicle mock-up research work on truck driver's seat position and posture : a mathematical model approach with respect to anthropometry, body landmark locations and discomfort /." Stockholm : Department of Industrial Economics and Management, Royal Institute of Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4028.

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Andersson, Ki. "Aspects of locomotor evolution in the Carnivora (Mammalia)." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Palaeontology group, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3543.

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In this thesis, the shape of the distal humerus trochlea is analysed using landmark-based morphometrics and multivariate methods, with the aim of exploring locomotor evolution in carnivorans. Elbow joint morphology is used together with body size and craniodental morphology to characterize past and present carnivorans. Evolutionary implications are studied at the ordinal, familial, and species levels, testing specific hypotheses about scaling, morphological constraints, evolutionary trajectories, and potential for social pack-hunting behaviour. The circumference of the distal humerus trochlea is found to be highly correlated with body mass, and appears to scale similarly throughout the order Carnivora. A general predictive model for carnivoran bodymass is presented (a=0.601; b= 2.552; r2=0.952, SEE=0.136, p<0001, n=92), which removes the need for the investigator to actively choose between the diverging estimates that different predictors and their equations often produce. At the elbow joint, manual manipulation and locomotion appear to be conflicting functions, thus suggesting mutually exclusive lifestyles involving either forelimb grappling or pursuit. At large body sizes, carnivorans are distributed over a strongly dichotomised pattern (grappling or locomotion), a pattern coinciding with the postulated threshold in predator-prey size ratio at 21.5-25 kg. This pattern is compared to that of two carnivoran faunas from the Tertiary. In the Oligocene (33.7-23.8 Myr BP), the overall pattern is remarkably similar to that observed for extant Carnivora. In the Miocene (23.8-11.2 Myr BP) carnivores show a similarly dichotomised pattern as the Oligocene and Recent, although the whole pattern is shifted towards larger body sizes. This difference is suggested to be a reflection of the extraordinary species richness of browsing ungulates in the early Miocene of North America. Such an increase in prey spectrum would create a unique situation, in which large carnivores need not commit to a cursorial habitus in order to fill their nutritional requirements. Finally, the elbow joints and craniodental morphology (14 measurements) of fossil canids were examined with the aim of assessing the potential for pack-hunting in fossil canids. It is clear that small and large members of the Recent Caninae share similar craniodental morphologies. However, this pattern is not present in Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae. In the latter, large representatives are characterized by being short-faced, with reduced anterior premolars and enlarged posterior premolars, thus approaching a “pantherine-like” craniodental configuration. These traits are interpreted as an adaptation for killing prey with canine bites. It is similarly determined that, unlike recent Caninae, all analyzed species of borophagines and hesperocyonines have retained the ability to supinate their forearms. It is therefore likely that manual manipulation was part of their hunting behaviour, thus removing an essential part of the argument for social pack-hunting in these forms, as the benefits of such a strategy become less obvious.

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Bussert, Jens Joachim. "Optimierung der Rotationsausrichtung der femoralen Implantatkomponente in der Kniegelenksendoprothetik mit bandspannungsbasierter Navigation." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0001-BB7F-9.

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Chen, Chia-Hui, and 陳佳惠. "Comparative Study of the Alveolar Bone Density, Various Anatomic Landmarks and Osteosclerosis of the jaws between Taiwanese and American Cohorts Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64705175676374900250.

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博士
高雄醫學大學
牙醫學研究所
101
Purposes Cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) can provide a good geometric accuracy and spatial orientations of the reconstructed images for various dental practices. The current study aimed to compare: 1) the alveolar bone density of jawbones; 2) the location and diameter of the inferior alveolar canal at the mental foramen and length of the anterior loop; 3) the frequency and radiographic features of osteosclerosis of the jaws, between Taiwanese and American cohorts using CBCT. Materials and Methods CBCT imaging was performed with an I-CATR Cone Beam 3-D Dental Imaging System and reconstructed into multiple-plane views to evaluate the alveolar bone density of jawbones; location and diameter of the inferior alveolar canal at the mental foramen and length of the anterior loop; frequency, distribution, and radiographic features of osteosclerosis of the jaws, between Taiwanese and American cohorts. Results 1) There were significant differences in the mean cancellous bone density for all sites of jawbones, with the exception of in the maxilla premolar region between American and Taiwanese cohorts. 2) There was no statistically significant difference (P = 0.2681) in the distance from the mental foramen to the inferior border of the mandible (mandibular border height) between American (9.84 ± 2.01 mm) and Taiwanese (10.13 ± 1.66 mm) cohorts. No significant difference was found (P = 0.1161) in the inferior alveolar canal diameter between these two cohorts (2.26 ± 0.67 mm & 2.13 ± 0.47 mm, respectively). The anterior loop length of Taiwanese (7.61 ± 1.81 mm) was significantly longer than that of Americans (6.22 ± 1.68 mm) (P < 0.0001). 3) There was a significant difference in the frequency of osteosclerosis between the Taiwanese and American cohorts. There were significant differences between the Taiwanese and American cohorts in the measurements of volume, buccal-lingual distance, and mesial-distal distance. No significant differences between males and females were found in either cohort. Most osteosclerotic lesions (38%) in the Taiwanese cohort were found in the age range of 40–49 years, while most lesions (36%) in the American cohort were found in the age ranges of 30–39 years and ?d 60 years. Discussion & Conclusion Our study indicated that: 1) cancellous bone density is associated with alveolar bone site, ethnicity, and gender; 2) the location of mental foramen of Americans was closer to the inferior border of the mandible than Taiwanese; 3) the diameter of the inferior alveolar canal of Americans was larger than Taiwanese; 4) the anterior loop of Taiwanese was longer than Americans; and 5) There was a significant difference in the frequency of osteosclerosis between Taiwanese and American cohorts. These differences may be due to the racial influence and this information may possess potential valuable clinical relevance.
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Books on the topic "Bony landmarks"

1

Stang, Harald. Zwischenstation Bonn: Internationale Schriftsteller auf der Durchreise. Bonn: Bouvier, 1995.

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Parker, Matthew. Goldeneye: Where Bond was born : Ian Fleming's Jamaica. London: Hutchinson, 2014.

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Matthews, Samantha. Poetical remains: Poets' graves, bodies, and books in the nineteenth century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

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Shankar, Hariharan, and Karan Johar. Piriformis Muscle, Psoas Muscle, and Quadratus Lumborum Muscle Injections: Ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0047.

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This chapter describes the anatomy, technique, available evidence, and complications of piriformis, psoas, and quadratus lumborum muscle injections. Traditionally landmark-based injections of the piriformis muscle were performed using the posterior inferior iliac spine and the greater trochanter as bony landmarks. Subsequently, fluoroscopy, electromyography, and CT were used to facilitate the injection. Activation of myofascial trigger points within the iliopsoas muscle can cause referred pain to the groin and anterior thigh. Landmark-based injections and CT-guided iliopsoas injections have been described. But they carry the risk of radiation, bowel injury, intravascular injection, and nerve injury. Ultrasound-guided injection into the psoas muscle may be performed at two different locations, the iliopsoas muscle and the iliopsoas tendon. The quadratus lumborum is a common cause of low back pain, and ultrasound-guided injection of local anesthetic into quadratus lumborum muscle may be performed.
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Narouze, Samer N. Cervical Sympathetic Block: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0027.

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In those patients with significant sympathetically maintained pain, repeated blocks may provide a therapeutic value and help facilitate physical therapy and rehabilitation. Cervical sympathetic blocks have been traditionally performed by using surface landmarks, however imaging-guided blocks are strongly recommended to avoid potential serious complications. Most preganglionic sympathetic efferents innervating the head, neck, and upper extremity either pass through or synapse at the stellate ganglion. This provides an ideal target for blockade of sympathetic innervation to the head, neck, and upper limbs. The stellate ganglion block can be performed at the C6 and C7 transverse processes. Fluoroscopy is a reliable method for identifying bony surfaces, which facilitates identifying the C6 and C7 transverse processes; however, this is only a surrogate marker, because the location of the cervical sympathetic trunk is defined by the fascial plane of the prevertebral fascia, which cannot be visualized with fluoroscopy.
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Bolash, Robert B., and Kenneth B. Chapman. Piriformis Muscle Injections: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0046.

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Piriformis syndrome is an entrapment neuropathy caused by compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve as it courses in proximity to the piriformis muscle. Conservative treatment modalities for piriformis syndrome include the use of anti-inflammatory analgesic medications or muscle relaxants. Physical therapy is often employed to correct the abnormal pelvic biomechanics and focus on stretching the piriformis muscle. Prior to proceeding with invasive surgical approaches, this chapter advocates the use of piriformis muscle injection. The technique both confirms the diagnosis and offers therapeutic value while avoiding the risks, expense, and potential adverse outcomes associated with surgical interventions. A combined fluoroscopic and nerve stimulator guided technique is recommended to identify bony landmarks, verify the perisciatic location, confirm intramuscular spread of the injectate, and avoid intravascular injection of particulate steroid. Transient sciatic nerve block caused by spillover of the local anesthetic administered into the piriformis muscle is a common complication.
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Landmarks and surface markings of the human body. 5th ed. Toronto: Macmillan, 1997.

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Mahnken, Andreas H., Terry C. Telger, and Gabriele A. Krombach. Body Imaging: Thorax and Abdomen - Anatomical Landmarks, Image Findings, Diagnosis. Thieme Medical Publishers, Incorporated, 2018.

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Kimmel, Elizabeth Cody. Dinosaur Bone War: Cope and Marsh's Fossil Feud (Landmark Books). Random House Books for Young Readers, 2006.

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Kimmel, Elizabeth Cody. Dinosaur Bone War: Cope and Marsh's Fossil Feud (Landmark Books). Random House Books for Young Readers, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bony landmarks"

1

Kiefer, Hartmuth. "Ultrasound-Guided Acquisition of Bony Landmarks During Navigation." In Computer and Template Assisted Orthopedic Surgery, 129–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29728-1_15.

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Wilhelmi, Bradon J., and Yuron Hazani. "The Safe Facelift Using Bony Anatomic Landmarks to Elevate the SMAS." In Advanced Surgical Facial Rejuvenation, 397–404. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17838-2_35.

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Mingos, D. Michael P. "The Chemical Bond: Lewis and Kossel’s Landmark Contribution." In The Chemical Bond I, 1–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/430_2015_203.

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Reed, Matthew P. "Modeling Body Shape from Surface Landmark Configurations." In Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics, and Risk Management. Human Body Modeling and Ergonomics, 376–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39182-8_44.

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Kafieh, Rahele, Saeed Sadri, Alireza Mehri, and Hamid Raji. "Discrimination of Bony Structures in Cephalograms for Automatic Landmark Detection." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 609–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89985-3_75.

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Ebner, Thomas, Darko Stern, Rene Donner, Horst Bischof, and Martin Urschler. "Towards Automatic Bone Age Estimation from MRI: Localization of 3D Anatomical Landmarks." In Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2014, 421–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10470-6_53.

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Harvati, Katerina. "3-D geometric morphometric analysis of temporal bone landmarks in Neanderthals and modern humans." In Morphometrics, 245–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08865-4_17.

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Neagoe, Dumitru, Dumitru Bolcu, Loreta Simniceanu, and Mario Trotea. "Theoretical and Experimental Research on the Torque Variation of the Body Passing Through Landmarks." In Proceedings of the European Automotive Congress EAEC-ESFA 2015, 733–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27276-4_68.

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Nemoto, Mitsutaka, Yukihiro Nomura, Shohei Hanaoka, Yoshitaka Masutani, Takeharu Yoshikawa, Naoto Hayashi, Naoki Yoshioka, and Kuni Ohtomo. "Preliminary Study on Appearance-Based Detection of Anatomical Point Landmarks in Body Trunk CT Images." In Machine Learning in Medical Imaging, 174–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15948-0_22.

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Zhang, Jun, Mingxia Liu, Li Wang, Si Chen, Peng Yuan, Jianfu Li, Steve Guo-Fang Shen, et al. "Joint Craniomaxillofacial Bone Segmentation and Landmark Digitization by Context-Guided Fully Convolutional Networks." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 720–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66185-8_81.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bony landmarks"

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Deepak, Tuli, M. K. Gupta, R. Seam, S. Sharma, M. Gupta, V. Fotedar, S. Vats, N. Himthani, A. Rana, and R. Kaundal. "Evaluation of adequacy of conventional radiotherapy fields based on bony landmarks in cervical cancer patients using contrast enhanced CT." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685261.

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Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in Indian women. Although, it is known that in Western women the conventional pelvic fields based on bony landmarks provided inadequate coverage for pelvic lymph nodes in cervical cancer; it remains unclear in Indian patients because of the pelvic anatomic discrepancies. In the present study, we have tried to evaluate the adequacy of conventional pelvic fields based on bony landmarks by using CECT using pelvic vessels as surrogate of lymph nodes. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the lymph node location in CECT pelvis using vessels as surrogate markers.(a) To compare the data, so obtained, with the usual radiotherapy field; where bony landmarks are used to define the field.(b) To evaluate the adequacy of radiation portal defined on bony landm-arks in covering pelvic lymph nodes. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, IGMC, Shimla in patients suffering from carcinoma of cervix. Two dimensional radiation portals were designed on conventional simulator “Acuity.” CECT pelvis was done in the same position along with same immobilization accessories used during conventional simulation. 2 mm thick slices were taken from L1 to mid femur. Using vessels as surrogates for lymph nodes and applying Taylors guidelines, adequacy of conventional GOG field was judged. Results: Most of the parameters failed in this study, signifying inadequacy of GOG defined field in Indian population, detailed results will be discussed at the time of presentation.
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Shang, Peng, and Xueling Bai. "An ultrasound approach to digitizie bony landmarks in navigation assisted total hip arthroplasty." In 2013 6th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmei.2013.6746960.

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Mayer, Raphael M., Alireza Mohammadi, Ying Tan, Gursel Alici, Peter Choong, and Denny Oetomo. "Psychometric Evaluation of Multi-Point Bone-Conducted Tactile Stimulation on the Three Bony Landmarks of the Elbow." In 2020 8th IEEE RAS/EMBS International Conference for Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biorob49111.2020.9224406.

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de Vries, Charlotte M., and Matthew B. Parkinson. "Modeling the Variability of Glenoid Geometry in Intact Shoulders." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59934.

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The objective of this research is to model the geometric variability of the glenoid (the “socket” component of the “ball and socket” connection of the shoulder joint) of the scapula. The model must capture the observed variability with sufficient resolution such that it informs operative and design decisions. This required the quantification of variability in landmark locations and relevant bone geometry. Landmarks were placed on the existing glenoid meshes, such that they provided enough information to represent the geometry, while being consistent across each glenoid. Additionally, the surface geometry of the glenoid vault was modeled. This required the application of existing mathematical and statistical modeling approaches, including geometric fitting, radial basis functions, and principal component analysis. The landmark identification process represented the glenoid in new manner. The work was validated against existing approaches and CT scans from 42 patients. A range of information on shoulder geometries can assist with preoperative planning, as well as implant design, for Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (TSA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to quantify the variability of shape across the glenoid landmarks, and synthesize new glenoid models. The process of creation of these shoulder geometries may possibly be useful for the study of other joints. The models created will help surgeons and engineers to understand the effects of osteoarthritis on bone geometry, as well as the range of variability present in healthy shoulders.
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Vaughan, Neil, and Venketesh N. Dubey. "Interpreting Ultrasound Images for Accurate Epidural Needle Insertion." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3494.

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This work presents development and testing of image processing algorithms for the automatic detection of landmarks within ultrasound images. The aim was to automate ultrasound analysis, for use during the process of epidural needle insertion. For epidural insertion, ultrasound is increasingly used to guide the needle into the epidural space. Ultrasound can improve the safety of epidural and was recommended by the 2008 NICE guidelines (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence). Without using ultrasound, there is no way for the anaesthetist to observe the location of the needle within the ligaments requiring the use of their personal judgment which may lead to injury. If the needle stops short of the epidural space, the anaesthetic is ineffective. If the needle proceeds too deep, it can cause injuries ranging from headache, to permanent nerve damage or death. Ultrasound of the spine is particularly difficult, because the complex bony structures surrounding the spine limit the ultrasound beam acoustic windows [1]. Additionally, the important structures for epidural that need to be observed are located deeper than other conventional procedures such as peripheral nerve block. This is why a low frequency, curved probe (2–5 MHz) is used, which penetrates deeper but decreases in resolution. The benefits of automating ultrasound are to enable real-time ultrasound analysis on the live video, mitigate human error, and ensure repeatability by avoiding variation in perception by different users. Previous ultrasound image processing for epidural research used speckle image enhancement with canny and gradient based methods for bone detection [2]. A clinical trial with 39 patients had success detecting the ligamentum flavum (LF) from ultrasound by algorithms in 87% of patients. Echogenic needles and catheters are now becoming available which are enhanced for extra ultrasound visibility. The Epimed UltraKath ULTRA-KATH™ [3] has a patented design to maximize visibility under ultrasound [4]. The Echogenic Tuohy Needle also includes imprints on the needle tip that reflects ultrasound, allowing for better visualization. Curved needles can also be detected in 2D ultrasound images [5].
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Yang, Nicholas H., H. Nayeb-Hashemi, and Paul K. Canavan. "The Effects of Tibiofemoral Angle and Body Weight on the Stress Field in the Knee Joint." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41344.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of articular cartilage that may lead to pain, limited mobility and joint deformation. It has been reported that abnormal stresses and irregular stress distribution may lead to the initiation and progression of OA. Body weight and the frontal plane tibiofemoral angle are two biomechanical factors which could lead to abnormal stresses and irregular stress distribution at the knee. The tibiofemoral angle is defined as the angle made by the intersection of the mechanical axis of the tibia with the mechanical axis of the femur in the frontal plane. In this study, reflective markers were placed on the subjects’ lower extremity bony landmarks and tracked using motion analysis. Motion analysis data and force platform data were collected together during single-leg stance, double-leg stance and walking gait from three healthy subjects with no history of osteoarthritis (OA), one with normal tibiofemoral angle (7.67°), one with varus (bow-legged) angle (0.20°) and one with valgus (knocked-knee) angle (10.34°). The resultant moment and forces in the knee were derived from the data of the motion analysis and force platform experiments using inverse dynamics. The results showed that Subject 1 (0.20° valgus) had a varus moment of 0.38 N-m/kg, during single-leg stance, a varus moment of 0.036 N-m/kg during static double-leg stance and a maximum varus moment of 0.49 N-m/kg during the stance phase of the gait cycle. Subject 2 (7.67° valgus tibiofemoral angle) had a varus moment of 0.31 N-m/kg, during single-leg stance, a valgus moment of 0.046 N-m/kg during static double-leg stance and a maximum varus moment of 0.37 N-m/kg during the stance phase of the gait cycle. Subject 3 (10.34° valgus tibiofemoral angle) had a varus moment of 0.30 N-m/kg, during single-leg stance, a valgus moment of 0.040 N-m/kg during static double-leg stance and a maximum varus moment of 0.34 N-m/kg during the stance phase of the gait cycle. In general, the results show that the varus moment at the knee joint increased with varus knee alignment in static single-leg stance and gait. The results of the motion analysis were used to obtain the knee joint contact stress by finite element analysis (FEA). Three-dimensional (3-D) knee models were constructed with sagittal view MRI of the knee. The knee model included the bony geometry of the knee, the femoral and tibial articular cartilage, the lateral and medial menisci and the cruciate and the collateral ligaments. In initial FEA simulations, bones were modeled as rigid, articular cartilage was modeled as isotropic elastic, menisci were modeled as transversely isotopic elastic, and the ligaments were modeled as 1-D nonlinear springs. The material properties of the different knee components were taken from previously published literature of validated FEA models. The results showed that applying the axial load and varus moment determined from the motion analysis to the FEA model Subject 1 had a Von Mises stress of 1.71 MPa at the tibial cartilage while Subjects 2 and 3 both had Von Mises stresses of approximately 1.191 MPa. The results show that individuals with varus alignment at the knee will be exposed to greater stress at the medial compartment of the articular cartilage of the tibia due to the increased varus moment that occurs during single leg support.
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Li, Bingjue, Andrew P. Murray, David H. Myszka, and Gérard Subsol. "Synthesizing Planar Rigid-Body Chains for Morphometric Applications." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59412.

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Morphometrics is a quantitative analysis to compare a set of geometric representations of forms, including shape and size. Analysis of shape variation is useful in systematics, evolutionary biology, biostratigraphy, and developmental biology. Distinguished by the data being analyzed, three forms of morphometrics are commonly recognized. Traditional morphometrics measures the lengths, ratios, angles, etc., of patterns of shape variations. Outline-based morphometrics analyzes the outlines of forms using open or closed curves. Landmark-based geometric morphometrics summarizes shapes in terms of the coordinates of anatomical landmarks. The three morphometric methods are able to capture the variation of forms exactly, but require analyzing numerous variables. As an alternative approach to morphometrics, this paper presents a kinematic synthesis methodology of planar rigid-body chains. This methodology approximates the set of profile curves that represent a series of shapes with a single chain comprised of rigid-body links connected by revolute or prismatic joints. The primary advantage of the presented approach is that a modest number of physical parameters describes the shape and size change between a set of curves. Three morphometric problems are investigated by applying the methodology of synthesizing planar rigid-body chains to match the prescribed shapes. The result validates that the presented methodology might be used as an alternative approach to the analysis of morphological forms.
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Liu, Xiang, Wangdo Kim, and Burkhard Drerup. "Localization of Anatomical Landmarks of the Foot by Surface Curvature." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59653.

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The anatomical landmarks on the body surface are important to shape and motion analysis. This paper presents a method for extracting anatomical landmarks on the foot from scattered 3D surface points collected by FastSCAN (Polhemus, Colchester, Vermont, USA). By least squares surface fitting, the surface is reconstructed from the scattered points and the Gaussian curvature and mean curvature are calculated. The landmarks formed by underlying muscles and skeletal structures distinguish themselves clearly on the Koenderink shape index maps. The loci of landmarks avail possible statistical shape analysis and medical applications such as tibial torsion measurement.
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Camp, John L., and Ardeshir Goshtasby. "Selecting Intrinsic Landmarks in Range Scans." In 2nd International Conference on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland, 25-26 October 2011. Ascona, Switzerland: Hometrica Consulting - Dr. Nicola D'Apuzzo, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.15221/11.095.

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Baronetto, Annalisa, Dominik Wassermann, and Oliver Amft. "Deep 3D Body Landmarks Estimation for Smart Garments Design." In 2021 IEEE 17th International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bsn51625.2021.9507035.

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