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Journal articles on the topic 'Bony landmarks'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Mendel, Thomas, Florian Radetzki, Stefan Schwan, Gunther Olaf Hofmann, and Felix Goehre. "The influence of injecting an epidural contrast agent into the sacral canal on the fluoroscopic visibility of bony landmarks for sacroiliac screw fixation: a feasibility study." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 22, no. 2 (February 2015): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.10.spine14160.

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OBJECT In sacroiliac screw fixation of unstable pelvic injuries in geriatric patients, poor bone quality often obscures important bony landmarks in fluoroscopic images. The authors analyzed the feasibility of injecting a transhiatal contrast agent (CA) into the sacral canal to improve fluoroscopic visualization in the sacral epidural space. METHODS Eight fresh cadaveric whole-body specimens from human donors whose mean age at the time of death was 78 years (range 69–87 years) were used. First, to identify bony landmarks without CA enhancement, the authors acquired fluoroscopy images of the native sacral canal, using lateral, inlet, and outlet projections. Through puncture of the sacral hiatus, 8–10 ml of CA was injected into the epidural space. Fluoroscopy images were then acquired in the standard pelvic views to identify the bony landmarks. To assess the effect of the CA enhancement, visibility of the landmarks was assessed before and after CA injection. Each identified landmark was scored as 1, and summative landmark scores of up to 10 were determined for each specimen. RESULTS The cadaveric specimens were representative of bone structures in the geriatric population. In all specimens, epidural CA injection enhanced the fluoroscopic visualization of the sacral canal and of the S-1 foramina. The enhancement increased the total bony landmark score from 5.9 (range 4–8) without CA injection to 8.1 (range 6–10) after CA injection. Considering only intrasacral landmarks, the score was increased from 1.5 to 3. CONCLUSIONS Injection of a transhiatal epidural CA improves fluoroscopic imaging of the sacral canal and of the neural foramina. Hence, this technique could be applied to help the surgeon identify anatomical landmarks during sacroiliac screw fixation in geriatric patients.

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Handels, H., W. Plötz, S. J. Pöppl, and J. Ehrhardt. "Atlas-based Recognition of Anatomical Structures and Landmarks and the Automatic Computation of Orthopedic Parameters." Methods of Information in Medicine 43, no. 04 (2004): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633882.

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Summary Objective: This paper describes methods for the automatic atlas-based segmentation of bone structures of the hip, the automatic detection of anatomical point landmarks and the computation of orthopedic parameters to avoid the interactive, time-consuming preprocessing steps for the virtual planning of hip operations. Methods: Based on the CT data of the Visible Human Data Sets, two three-dimensional atlases of the human pelvis have been built. The atlases consist of labeled CT data sets, 3D surface models of the separated structures and associated anatomical point landmarks. The atlas information is transferred to the patient data by a non-linear gray value-based registration algorithm. A surface-based registration algorithm was developed to detect the anatomical landmarks on the patient’s bone structures. Furthermore, a software tool for the automatic computation of orthopedic parameters is presented. Finally, methods for an evaluation of the atlas-based segmentation and the atlas-based landmark detection are explained. Results: A first evaluation of the presented atlas-based segmentation method shows the correct labeling of 98.5% of the bony voxels. The presented landmark detection algorithm enables the precise and reliable localization of orthopedic landmarks. The accuracy of the landmark detection is below 2.5 mm. Conclusion: The atlas-based segmentation of bone structures, the atlas-based landmark detection and the automatic computation of orthopedic measures are suitable to essentially reduce the time-consuming user interaction during the pre-processing of the CT data for the virtual three-dimensional planning of hip operations.

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Nalavenkata, S., C. Meller, D. Novakovic, M. Forer, and N. P. Patel. "Sphenopalatine foramen: endoscopic approach with bony landmarks." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 129, S3 (March 30, 2015): S47—S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215115000766.

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AbstractObjective:To establish whether nasal bony landmarks on computed tomography could be utilised reliably in endoscopic approaches to the sphenopalatine foramen.Methods:A prospective analysis of 102 consecutive helical computed tomography scans of the paranasal sinuses was carried out by 2 senior ENT surgeons. Distances from the sphenopalatine foramen to endoscopically palpable bony landmarks were measured.Results:There were a total of 102 patients (45 females and 57 males), with a mean age of 62 years. The mean distance from the posterior fontanelle to the sphenopalatine foramen was 14.1 mm (standard deviation = 2.13). The average vertical distance of the sphenopalatine foramen opening from the bony attachment of the inferior turbinate was 14.13 mm. There were no statistically significant differences between any of these measurements (foramen widthp-value = 0.714, distance from fontanellep-value = 0.43 and distance from inferior turbinatep-value = 0.48).Conclusion:Determination of reliable bony landmarks is clinically useful in endoscopic surgery and can aid identification of the sphenopalatine foramen. The inferior turbinate concha and posterior fontanelle may be used as reliable computed tomography landmarks for endoscopic approaches to the sphenopalatine foramen.

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Todd, N. Wendell, and W. Stephen Martin. "Relationship of Eustachian Tube Bony Landmarks and Temporal Bone Pneumatization." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 97, no. 3 (May 1988): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948809700313.

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Anatomic and functional differences of the eustachian tube have been suggested as etiologic factors in patients with otitis media. We studied eustachian tube lengths and vectors of the tensor veli palatini muscle in 25 unilateral specimens from adult human cadavers. The extent of temporal bone pneumatization, as determined by computed tomography and plain lateral radiographs, was used as an indicator of prior otitis media. Increased length of the cartilaginous eustachian tube was associated positively (r=.53, p<.01) with volume of pneumatization. However, neither the length of the bony eustachian tube nor the vector of maximum pull of the tensor veli palatini muscle was associated statistically with the extent of pneumatization. It may be that the longer cartilaginous eustachian tube is more protective of the middle ear.

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Metzger, Marc Christian, Amir Rafii, Bettina Holhweg-Majert, Annette M. Pham, and Brad Strong. "Comparison of 4 Registration Strategies for Computer-Aided Maxillofacial Surgery." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 137, no. 1 (July 2007): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2007.02.015.

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PURPOSE: Surgeons have recently started to use computer-aided surgery (CAS) to assist with maxillofacial reconstructive surgery. This study evaluates four different CAS registration strategies in the maxillofacial skeleton. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen fiducial markers were placed on each of four cadaveric heads. Four registration protocols were used: 1) group 1—invasive markers, 2) group 2—skin surface, 3) group 3—bony landmark, 4) group 4—intraoral splint. Two observers registered each head twice with each of the four protocols and measured the target registration error (TRE). The process was repeated on two different navigation systems for confirmation. RESULTS: The mean TRE values were: invasive, 1.13 ± 0.05 mm ( P < 0.05); skin, 2.03 ± 0.07 mm ( P < 0.05); bone, 3.17 ± 0.10 mm ( P < 0.05); and splint, 3.79 ± 0.13 mm ( P < 0.05). The TRE values were consistent across CAS systems. CONCLUSION: Of the techniques tested for CAS registration, invasive fiducial markers are the most accurate. Skin surface landmarks, bony landmarks, and an intraoral splint are incrementally less accurate.

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Das, Anupam, C. S. Yadav, Shivanand Gamanagatti, R. M. Pandey, and Ravi Mittal. "Arthroscopic and 3D CT Scan Evaluation of Femoral Footprint of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament in Chronic ACL Deficient Knees." Journal of Knee Surgery 32, no. 06 (June 13, 2018): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660515.

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AbstractThe outcome of single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction depends largely on the anatomic placement of bone tunnel. The lateral intercondylar ridge (LIR) and bifurcate ridge (BR) are useful bony landmarks for femoral tunnel placement. The purpose of our study was to compare the bony landmarks of ACL footprint on femur by three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) scan and arthroscopy in chronic ACL-deficient knees. Fifty patients above 18 years of age who were diagnosed of having ACL tear were selected for the study. All the cases were more than 6 months old since the injury. Preoperative 3D CT scan of the affected knee was obtained for each of them. They underwent single-bundle anatomic ACL reconstruction. Measurements were done on the preoperative 3D CT and arthroscopy to quantify the position of the LIR and BR. The proximodistal distance of lateral femoral condyle was 21.41+/−2.5 mm on CT scan and 22.02+/−2.02 mm on arthroscopy. On preoperative 3D CT scan, the midpoint of the LIR was found to be located at a mean distance of 11.17±2.11 mm from the proximal margin of the lateral femoral condyle. On arthroscopy, it was at 10.18+/−1.52 mm from the proximal margin the lateral femoral condyle. The “bifurcate ridge”(BR) was not visible in any of the cases during arthroscopy or CT scan. We concluded that LIR is an easily identifiable bony landmark on arthroscopy in all cases. It can also be identified on CT scans. BR is not identified both on arthroscopy and CT scans in chronic ACL tears. The arthroscopic measurements of bony landmarks are quite close to those of CT scan. Midpoint of LIR is at 52.185% of the proximodistal distance on CT scan evaluation and it is at 46.21% on arthroscopic evaluation.

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Robinson, Trevor J. G., Shannon L. Roberts, Robert S. Burnham, Eldon Loh, and Anne M. Agur. "Sacro-Iliac Joint Sensory Block and Radiofrequency Ablation: Assessment of Bony Landmarks Relevant for Image-Guided Procedures." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1432074.

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Image-guided sensory block and radiofrequency ablation of the nerves innervating the sacro-iliac joint require readily identifiable bony landmarks for accurate needle/electrode placement. Understanding the relative locations of the transverse sacral tubercles along the lateral sacral crest is important for ultrasound guidance, as they demarcate the position of the posterior sacral network (S1–S3 ± L5/S4) innervating the posterior sacro-iliac joint. No studies were found that investigated the spatial relationships of these bony landmarks. The purpose of this study was to visualize and quantify the interrelationships of the transverse sacral tubercles and posterior sacral foramina to inform image-guided block and radiofrequency ablation of the sacro-iliac joint. The posterior and lateral surfaces of 30 dry sacra (15 M/15 F) were digitized and modeled in 3D and the distances between bony landmarks quantified. The relationships of bony landmarks (S1–S4) were not uniform. The mean intertubercular and interforaminal distances decreased from S1 to S4, whereas the distance from the lateral margin of the posterior sacral foramina to the transverse sacral tubercles increased from S1 to S3. The mean intertubercular distance from S1 to S3 was significantly (p<0.05) larger in males. The interrelationships of the sacral bony landmarks should be taken into consideration when estimating the site and length of an image-guided strip lesion targeting the posterior sacral network.

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Barut, Nehi˙r, Aysi˙n Kale, Hi˙kmet Turan Suslu, Adnan Ozturk, Mustafa Bozbuga, and Kayihan Sahinoglu. "Evaluation of the bony landmarks in transcondylar approach." British Journal of Neurosurgery 23, no. 3 (January 2009): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02688690902814725.

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Hutchinson, Mark R., and Taran S. Bae. "Reproducibility of Anatomic Tibial Landmarks for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions." American Journal of Sports Medicine 29, no. 6 (November 2001): 777–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465010290061701.

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We evaluated the reproducibility of landmarks used for accurate anatomic placement of the tibial tunnel in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Landmarks evaluated were the medial tibial eminence, the posterior cruciate ligament, the “over-the-back” position, the true posterior border of the tibia, and the posterior border of the lateral meniscus. Forty-two pairs of cadaveric knees were dissected, and anatomic measurements were made regarding the anterior cruciate ligament insertion and these various landmarks. Statistical analysis was used to confirm reproducibility and significance. Measurements based on the medial tibial eminence and posterior border of the meniscus were particularly erratic. The most reproducible anatomic landmark was the posterior cruciate ligament. The anterior border of the posterior cruciate ligament was consistently 6.7 mm posterior to the posterior border of the anterior cruciate ligament and 10.9 mm posterior to the central sagittal insertion point of the anterior cruciate ligament. The over-the-back position was consistently in contact with the anterior border of the posterior cruciate ligament if the knee was flexed with a posterior-directed force applied. In this position, the over-the-back position was equally reproducible as compared with the posterior cruciate ligament. Measurements gauged from the true posterior border of the tibia gave a second rigid bony landmark but with a wider standard deviation than the posterior cruciate ligament-based landmarks. The relative anterior-posterior dimension of the tibia did not correlate with the relationship between the anterior cruciate ligament and other anatomic landmarks.

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Bergsma, Minke, Job N. Doornberg, Laurent Hendrickx, Batur Hayat, Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs, Bhavin Jhadav, Ruurd L. Jaarsma, and Gregory I. Bain. "Interpretations of the Term “Watershed Line” Used as Reference for Volar Plating." Journal of Wrist Surgery 09, no. 03 (August 13, 2019): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1694719.

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Objective The objective of this systematic review is to provide an overview of all interpretations of the definition of the watershed line used in literature. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed for this review. A comprehensive search was performed for definitions of the watershed line given in literature. A total of 32 studies giving an explicit interpretation of the definition of the watershed line or anatomical reference for plate positioning in writing and/or imaging were included. Results In 32 studies, we found eight different landmarks used to refer to the watershed line or correct plate positioning. Five studies used two different soft tissue landmarks. Six different bony landmarks were described in 24 studies. These could further be subdivided into three anatomical interpretations, described in seven studies, in which the term “watershed line” is explained as a distinguishable anatomical line, and two surgical interpretations, described in 15 studies, which are purely reflecting the optimal location of the volar plate. One interpretation of the watershed line described in two studies combined both anatomical and surgical landmarks. Conclusion The (mis)interpretation of the definition of the term “watershed line” as described by Orbay is subject to the type of landmarks and purpose used: soft tissue or bony landmarks and an anatomical or a surgical purpose. A clear distinction can be made between interpretations using bony landmarks, as the true watershed line is defined and definitions using soft tissue landmarks, which might represent the reference points surgeons use in clinical practice.

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Kumari, Suman, and Rajendra Prasad. "Morphometric Analysis of the Mental Foramen from Bony Landmarks in Dry Human Mandibles." Academia Anatomica International 5, no. 2 (October 6, 2019): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/aanat.2019.5.2.28.

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Tensho, Keiji, Hiroki Shimodaira, Tetsuhiro Aoki, Nobuyo Narita, Hiroyuki Kato, Akira Kakegawa, Nanae Fukushima, et al. "Bony Landmarks of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tibial Footprint." American Journal of Sports Medicine 42, no. 6 (April 18, 2014): 1433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546514528789.

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13

Darcy, M. D., and K. M. Sterling. "Comparison of portal vein anatomy and bony anatomic landmarks." Radiology 200, no. 3 (September 1996): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.200.3.8756919.

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Shi, Lewis L., Andrew K. Sohn, Xiexiang Shao, Peng Wang, Xiaoming Xu, Fangwei Zou, and Jianhua Wang. "Transcoracoacromial Ligament Glenohumeral Injection Technique Using Bony Surface Landmarks." Arthroscopy Techniques 8, no. 2 (February 2019): e97-e100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2018.09.007.

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Kumari, Suman, and Rajendra Prasad. "Morphometric Analysis of the Mandibular Foramen from Different Bony Landmarks in Dry Human Mandibles." Academia Anatomica International 5, no. 2 (October 6, 2019): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/aanat.2019.5.2.27.

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Su, F.-C., L.-C. Kuo, H.-Y. Chiu, and H.-Y. Hsu. "The validity of using a video-based motion analysis system for measuring maximal area of fingertip motion and angular variation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 216, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544110260138745.

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The aim of the study was to verify the application of a three-dimensional video motion analysis system to evaluate maximal fingertip motion area and angular variation of the hand by comparison and correlation with videofluoroscopic analysis. Eight normal subjects were recruited in this study. The maximal motion area of the fingertip and the angles of the metacarpal phalangeal (MP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints in performing five sequential postures for functional evaluation of the hand were measured using a video motion analysis system and a fluoroscopy system respectively. The results indicated that the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the calculated maximal fingertip motion area between the two methods was 0.9597. The ICC for total active motion (TAM) measurements of three finger joints was 0.940 between the surface and bony landmarks by fluoroscopy, 0.952 between the surface landmarks from fluoroscopy and motion analysis, and 0.927 between the bony landmark from fluoroscopy and surface markers from motion analysis. The ICC for angular measurements between three different paired assessments was 0.9650, 0.8896 and 0.8799 for the MP, PIP and DIP joints respectively. The results indicate that motion analysis is a practical method for assessing impairment of the hand.

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Tran, John, Philip W. H. Peng, and Anne M. R. Agur. "Anatomical study of the innervation of glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joint capsules: implications for image-guided intervention." Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 44, no. 4 (January 11, 2019): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2018-100152.

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Background and objectivesIn 2011, chronic shoulder joint pain was reported by 18.7 million Americans. Image-guided radiofrequency ablation has emerged as an alternative intervention to manage chronic shoulder joint pain. To optimize the effectiveness of shoulder denervation, it requires a detailed understanding of the nerve supply to the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints relative to landmarks visible with image guidance. The purpose of this cadaveric study was to determine the origin, course, relationships to bony landmarks, and frequency of articular branches innervating the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints.MethodsFifteen cadaveric specimens were meticulously dissected. The origin, course, and termination of articular branches supplying the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints were documented. The frequency of each branch was determined and used to generate a frequency map that included their relationships to bony and soft tissue landmarks.ResultsIn all specimens, the posterosuperior quadrant of the glenohumeral joint was supplied by suprascapular nerve; posteroinferior by posterior division of axillary nerve; anterosuperior by superior nerve to subscapularis; and anteroinferior by main trunk of axillary nerve. Less frequent innervation was found from lateral pectoral nerve and posterior cord. The acromioclavicular joint was found to be innervated by the lateral pectoral and acromial branch of suprascapular nerves in all specimens. Bony and soft tissue landmarks were identified to localize each nerve.ConclusionsThe frequency map of the articular branches supplying the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints, as well as their relationship to bony and soft tissue landmarks, provide an anatomical foundation to develop novel shoulder denervation and perioperative pain management protocols.

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Crespi, Joan, Daniel Bratbak, David Dodick, Manjit Matharu, Kent Are Jamtøy, and Erling Tronvik. "Prediction of the sphenopalatine ganglion localization in computerized tomography images." Cephalalgia Reports 2 (January 1, 2019): 251581631882469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515816318824690.

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Background: The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) is a target for several headache syndromes. Most of the groups targeting the SPG do not localize it directly, and this might account for some therapeutic failures. As the SPG cannot be seen on computerized tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance image (MRI) must be used to visualize the ganglion. It would be advantageous to be able to predict the location of the SPG on CT scans for those using fluoroscopy or CT-guided injections and for those in whom MRI is not accessible or contraindicated. Methods: We localized the SPG in 21 Caucasian patients (21 right and 17 left ganglia; total 38) in 3 tesla MR images subsequently fused with CT scans. We measured the distance from the SPG to two bony landmarks identified on CT scans. We then applied the average distances to find an estimated position of the SPG. The first landmark was the center of the anterior opening of the vidian canal (VC). The second landmark was a point on the sphenoidal bone, defined in an axial plane at the level of the center of the VC (S-point). The predicted position of the SPG measured from the VC and the sphenoidal bone were referred to as, respectively, vcSPG and sSPG. Finally, the distances between the SPG, as seen on MRI, and predicted vcSPG/sSPG were calculated. Results: The average distance between SPG as seen on the MRI images and the estimated position based on CT images were 1.82 mm (SD 0.83, range 0.22–3.57 mm) for vcSPG and 2.09 mm (SD 0.99, range 0.71–4.79 mm) for sSPG. Conclusions: The localization of the SPG can be predicted on CT images using bony landmarks. Localization of the SPG may be important in achieving successful therapeutic outcomes for treatments that are directed toward the SPG.

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van Eerd, Maarten, Jacob Patijn, Judith M. Sieben, Mischa Sommer, Jan Van Zundert, Maarten van Kleef, and Arno Lataster. "Ultrasonography of the Cervical Spine." Anesthesiology 120, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000000006.

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Abstract Background: Anatomical validation studies of cervical ultrasound images are sparse. Validation is crucial to ensure accurate interpretation of cervical ultrasound images and to develop standardized reliable ultrasound procedures to identify cervical anatomical structures. The aim of this study was to acquire validated ultrasound images of cervical bony structures and to develop a reliable method to detect and count the cervical segmental levels. Methods: An anatomical model of a cervical spine, embedded in gelatin, was inserted in a specially developed measurement device. This provided ultrasound images of cervical bony structures. Anatomical validation was achieved by laser light beams projecting the center of the ultrasound image on the cervical bony structures through a transparent gelatin. Results: Anatomically validated ultrasound images of different cervical bony structures were taken from dorsal, ventral, and lateral perspectives. Potentially relevant anatomical landmarks were defined and validated. Test/retest analysis for positioning showed a reproducibility with an intraclass correlation coefficient for single measures of 0.99. Besides providing validated ultrasound images of bony structures, this model helped to develop a method to detect and count the cervical segmental levels in vivo at long-axis position, in a dorsolateral (paramedian) view at the level of the laminae, starting from the base of the skull and sliding the ultrasound probe caudally. Conclusions: Ultrasound bony images of the cervical vertebrae were validated with an in vitro model. Anatomical bony landmarks are the mastoid process, the transverse process of C1, the tubercles of C6 and C7, and the cervical laminae. Especially, the cervical dorsal laminae serve best as anatomical bony landmarks to reliably detect the cervical segmental levels in vivo.

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Zahra, M., P. Drewell, and W. Keough. "EP-2132 Verification of vaginal cylinder position using bony landmarks." Radiotherapy and Oncology 133 (April 2019): S1179—S1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(19)32552-6.

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Snider, Karen T., Eric J. Snider, Brian F. Degenhardt, Jane C. Johnson, and James W. Kribs. "Palpatory Accuracy of Lumbar Spinous Processes Using Multiple Bony Landmarks." Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 34, no. 5 (June 2011): 306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2011.04.006.

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Greyling, L. M., R. Glanvill, J. M. Boon, D. Schabort, J. H. Meiring, J. P. Pretorius, and A. van Schoor. "Bony landmarks as an aid for intraoperative facial nerve identification." Clinical Anatomy 20, no. 7 (October 2007): 739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.20508.

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De Maeseneer, Michel, Stefaan Marcelis, Erik Cattrysse, Maryam Shahabpour, Kristof De Smet, and Johan De Mey. "Ultrasound of the elbow: A systematic approach using bony landmarks." European Journal of Radiology 81, no. 5 (May 2012): 919–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.01.117.

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Üzel, Mehmet, Salih Murat Akkin, Ercan Tanyeli, and Jürgen Koebke. "Relationships of the Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve to Bony Landmarks." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® 469, no. 9 (March 22, 2011): 2605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11999-011-1858-2.

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Yavuz, O. Y., I. Uras, B. Tasbas, M. Kaya, R. Ozay, and M. Komurcu. "Value of anatomic landmarks in carpal tunnel surgery." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 38, no. 6 (January 22, 2013): 641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193412475124.

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This study investigated which anatomic landmarks were most useful for correct and safe incision placement in carpal tunnel surgery. Kirschner wires were attached to the hands to mark previously defined landmarks. The bony attachments of the transverse carpal ligament, which were identified previously, were drawn on an anteroposterior digital x-ray of the hand, with the thumb in full abduction. The relationship between anatomic landmarks and these bony attachments were examined. In all hands, either the line along the third web space or the crease between the thenar and the hypothenar regions, or both, were on the ulnar half of the transverse carpal ligament. During incision placement, we recommend selecting the most ulnar choice between the line drawn along the third web space and the crease between the thenar and hypothenar regions in order to be at safe distance from the recurrent motor branch of the median nerve.

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Baazil, A. H. A., J. G. G. Dobbe, E. van Spronsen, F. A. Ebbens, F. G. Dikkers, G. J. Streekstra, and M. J. F. de Wolf. "A volumetric three-dimensional evaluation of invasiveness of an endoscopic and microscopic approach for transmeatal visualisation of the middle ear." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 135, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 410–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215121000293.

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AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the necessary scutum defect for transmeatal visualisation of middle-ear landmarks between an endoscopic and microscopic approach.MethodHuman cadaveric heads were used. In group 1, middle-ear landmarks were visualised by endoscope (group 1 endoscopic approach) and subsequently by microscope (group 1 microscopic approach following endoscopy). In group 2, landmarks were visualised solely microscopically (group 2 microscopic approach). The amount of resected bone was evaluated via computed tomography scans.ResultsIn the group 1 endoscopic approach, a median of 6.84 mm3 bone was resected. No statistically significant difference (Mann–Whitney U test, p = 0.163, U = 49.000) was found between the group 1 microscopic approach following endoscopy (median 17.84 mm3) and the group 2 microscopic approach (median 20.08 mm3), so these were combined. The difference between the group 1 endoscopic approach and the group 1 microscopic approach following endoscopy plus group 2 microscopic approach (median 18.16 mm3) was statistically significant (Mann–Whitney U test, p < 0.001, U = 18.000).ConclusionThis study showed that endoscopic transmeatal visualisation of middle-ear landmarks preserves more of the bony scutum than a microscopic transmeatal approach.

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Chin, Ki Jinn, Manoj Kumar Karmakar, Philip Peng, and David S. Warner. "Ultrasonography of the Adult Thoracic and Lumbar Spine for Central Neuraxial Blockade." Anesthesiology 114, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): 1459–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e318210f9f8.

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The role of ultrasound in central neuraxial blockade has been underappreciated, partly because of the relative efficacy of the landmark-guided technique and partly because of the perceived difficulty in imaging through the narrow acoustic windows produced by the bony framework of the spine. However, this also is the basis for the utility of ultrasound: an interlaminar window that permits passage of sound waves into the vertebral canal also will permit passage of a needle. In addition, ultrasound aids in identification of intervertebral levels, estimation of the depth to epidural and intrathecal spaces, and location of important landmarks, including the midline and interlaminar spaces. This can facilitate neuraxial blockade, particularly in patients with difficult surface anatomic landmarks. In this review article, the authors summarize the current literature, describe the key ultrasonographic views, and propose a systematic approach to ultrasound imaging for the performance of spinal and epidural anesthesia in the adult patient.

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van der Helm, Frans C. T., and Gijs M. Pronk. "Three-Dimensional Recording and Description of Motions of the Shoulder Mechanism." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 117, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792267.

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A measurement technique is presented for recording positions of the bones of the shoulder mechanism, i.e., thorax, clavicula, scapula and humerus, in 3-D space, based on palpating and recording positions of bony landmarks. The palpation technique implies that only static positions can be measured. Accuracy of retrieving bony landmarks is checked on-line using rigid body assumptions. The measurement error is calculated afterwards and is comparable with cinegraphic methods. Axial rotation of the clavicula is estimated by minimizing rotations in the acromioclavicular joint. A number of motion definitions is compared by means of interindividual variation and subjective interpretability. Two useful definitions are proposed for describing motions of the shoulder mechanism. Four conditions have been recorded: abduction and anteflexion of the humerus both with and without additional weight in the hand. Abduction and anteflexion result in large differences in scapular and clavicular motions. The effect of additional weight in the hand on the position of the shoulder girdle is negligible.

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Schultz, Sarah M., Michelle M. Jacobs, Kara S. Gorgos, Nicole T. Wasylyk, Sean Hanrahan, and Bonnie L. Van Lunen. "Reliability of Entry-Level Athletic Trainers' Palpation Skills of Bony Anatomical Landmarks in the Lumbopelvic Region." Athletic Training Education Journal 10, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1004296.

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Context Accuracy of locating various lumbopelvic landmarks for novice athletic trainers has not been examined. Objective To examine reliability of novice athletic trainers for identification of the L4 spinous process and right and left posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS). Design Cross-sectional reliability. Setting Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Sixteen physically active volunteers participated (age = 22.56 ± 2.67 years, height = 172.0 ± 9.38 cm, mass = 67.39 ± 9.73 kg, body mass index = 22.8 ± 1.97). Four novice athletic trainers (certified < 2 years) served as the testers of interest. Intervention(s) Subjects were placed prone and 2 expert athletic trainers (certified > 12 years) agreed upon each bony landmark and transferred the palpation markings to contact paper. Each novice athletic trainer palpated the landmarks twice within the same test session and used the same method as the experts for transfer and recording. Novice athletic trainers rotated between subjects after 1 marking trial. Expert marks were transposed over the tester marks to assess distance and agreement. Main Outcome Measure(s) Independent variables were novice athletic trainer (AT1, AT2, AT3, AT4) and time (Trial 1, Trial 2); dependent variables included distance from the expert marking in millimeters for L4 and PSIS palpations, and agreement within or outside of a designated area for the L4 spinous process. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC [2,1]), standard error of measurement, and percent agreement were calculated. Results Intratester reliability for L4 ranged from 0.370 to 0.833, right PSIS (RPSIS) ranged from 0.371 to 0.771, and left PSIS (LPSIS) ranged from −0.173 to 0.760. Intertester ICC (2,1) for Trial 1 and Trial 2 were, respectively, 0.319 and 0.466 (L4), 0.213 and 0.002 (RPSIS), and 0.96 and 0.073 (LPSIS). Percent agreement between expert and testers ranged from 18.75%–81.3% for L4 spinous process. Conclusions Our results indicate novice athletic trainers are generally poor at reliably locating lumbopelvic anatomical landmarks, and this should be addressed within educational programming.

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CHERN, T. C., I. M. JOU, W. C. CHEN, K. C. WU, C. J. SHAO, and P. C. SHEN. "An Ultrasonographic and Anatomical Study of Carpal Tunnel, with Special Emphasis on the Safe Zones in Percutaneous Release." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 34, no. 1 (January 7, 2009): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193408097322.

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We examined 40 wrists of 12 embalmed and eight fresh cadavers and defined the relative position of the flexor retinaculum to the neurovascular structure, ultrasonographic markers and safe zones by ultrasonography and anatomical dissection. Both longitudinal and transverse ultrasonographic sections clearly depicted the flexor retinaculum, neurovascular bundles, median nerve, flexor tendons and bony boundaries of the underlying joints. Topographic measurement showed [i] good correlation between the actual extent of the flexor retinaculum and the ultrasonographically determined distance between bony landmarks in all hands, and [ii] the widths and lengths of well-defined safe zones. A comparison study confirmed the accuracy of ultrasonography. We conclude that these ultrasonographic landmarks can locate the flexor retinaculum and facilitate safe and complete carpal tunnel release with open or minimally invasive techniques.

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Gooris, Peter J. J., Barbara S. Muller, Leander Dubois, Jan E. Bergsma, Gertjan Mensink, Maaike F. E. van den Ham, Alfred G. Becking, and Karlien Seubring. "Finding the Ledge: Sagittal Analysis of Bony Landmarks of the Orbit." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 75, no. 12 (December 2017): 2613–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2017.07.156.

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Yoon, Jung-Ro, Taik-Seon Kim, Hong-Chul Lim, Hyung-Tae Lim, and Jae-Hyuk Yang. "Is Radiographic Measurement of Bony Landmarks Reliable for Lateral Meniscal Sizing?" American Journal of Sports Medicine 39, no. 3 (January 13, 2011): 582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546510390444.

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Taser, Figen, Qaiser Shafiq, and Nabil A. Ebraheim. "Anatomy of lateral ankle ligaments and their relationship to bony landmarks." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 28, no. 4 (April 27, 2006): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-006-0112-1.

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Hazani, Ron, Saeed Chowdhry, Arian Mowlavi, and Bradon J. Wilhelmi. "Bony Anatomic Landmarks to Avoid Injury to the Marginal Mandibular Nerve." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 31, no. 3 (March 1, 2011): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090820x11398352.

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Lefevre, Etienne, Caroline Apra, Salomao Faroj Chodraui-Filho, Dorian Chauvet, Stanislas Smajda, Michel Piotin, and Robert Fahed. "Reliability of Bony Landmarks to Predict Intradural Location of Paraclinoid Aneurysms." Clinical Neuroradiology 30, no. 4 (March 13, 2020): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00062-020-00896-0.

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Seidel, Geoffrey K., David M. Marchinda, Marcel Dijkers, and Robert W. Soutas-Little. "Hip joint center location from palpable bony landmarks—A cadaver study." Journal of Biomechanics 28, no. 8 (August 1995): 995–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(94)00149-x.

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Husk, Katherine E., Lauren D. Norris, Marcella G. Willis-Gray, Kristy M. Borawski, and Elizabeth J. Geller. "Variation in bony landmarks and predictors of success with sacral neuromodulation." International Urogynecology Journal 30, no. 11 (February 7, 2019): 1973–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00192-019-03883-3.

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Nicastro, Andrea, and Richard Walshaw. "Chronic Vaginitis Associated With Vaginal Foreign Bodies in a Cat." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 43, no. 6 (November 1, 2007): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0430352.

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A 2-year-old, spayed female, domestic shorthaired cat was presented for evaluation of a chronic, purulent vulvar discharge. Survey radiographs of the abdomen and pelvis revealed bone fragments in the pelvic canal. A vaginoscopy was performed, and five bony foreign bodies were removed from the vaginal lumen. Using anatomical landmarks, the bones were identified as remnants of a fetal kitten.

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Bulsara, Ketan R., Jean-Christophe Leveque, Linda Gray, Takanori Fukushima, Allan H. Friedman, and Alan T. Villavicencio. "Three-dimensional Computed Tomographic Analysis of the Relationship Between the Arcuate Eminence and the Superior Semicircular Canal." Operative Neurosurgery 59, suppl_1 (July 1, 2006): ONS—7—ONS—12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000219929.13839.b8.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE: The location of the superior semicircular canal (SSC) is often determined intraoperatively based on its topographic association with the arcuate eminence (AE). This determination is not always possible because of the potential variability in the relationship between these two structures. The goal of this study was to describe the three-dimensional (3-D) relationship between the AE and SSC using 3-D computed tomography (CT) and to evaluate the utility of 3-D CT for preoperative planning for surgical approaches to the middle cranial fossa. METHODS: We studied 11 patients (22 sides) radiographically using 0.8- to 1-mm thick reconstructed CT images. A standard set of structural relationships was measured between the AE, SSC, and other regional landmarks. RESULTS: 3-D CT clearly demonstrated the relationships between traditional landmarks along the petrous ridge and middle cranial fossa. The relationship between the arcuate eminence and SSC was found to be highly variable. The average distance between the tips of the two structures was found to be 5.7 mm (range, 2.7–10.4 mm). CONCLUSIONS: There is significant variability in the relationship between the AE and the SSC. The AE is not a consistent or reliable landmark for identifying the precise position of the SSC. Detailed preoperative information regarding the relationship between the AE, SSC, and other bony landmarks can be easily and quickly assessed using 3-D CT.

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40

Westbury, John R. "Mandible and Hyoid Bone Movements during Speech." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 31, no. 3 (September 1988): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3103.405.

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Relatively little is known about the extent to which speech-related movements of the mandible and hyoid bone involve rotation and translation. Data were derived from an existing high-speed cineradiograph of 27 disyllables produced by a single adult male speaker of English to address this issue. Time histories of relative locations of both bony components of the mandibular system expressed in terms equivalent to the sagittal-plane coordinates of two landmarks on each, were analyzed to determine (a) their respective ranges of position and orientation, (b) associations between selected segmental and suprasegmental variables, and subregions of those ranges, and (c) interdependencies between articulator rotation and landmark displacement. In general, data from this speaker, for the mandible and hyoid bone, are consistent with previous reports for the mandible alone, all of which suggest that rotational and translational components of their motions are sufficiently independent to warrant kinematic descriptions that treat both structures as rigid bodies moving in a plane.

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Kruckeberg, Bradley M., Jorge Chahla, Gilbert Moatshe, Mark E. Cinque, Kyle J. Muckenhirn, Jonathan A. Godin, Taylor J. Ridley, Alex W. Brady, Elizabeth A. Arendt, and Robert F. LaPrade. "Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of the Medial Patellar Ligaments: An Anatomic and Radiographic Study." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 1 (October 10, 2017): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517729818.

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Background: The qualitative and quantitative anatomy of the medial patellar stabilizers has been reported; however, a quantitative analysis of the anatomic and radiographic attachments of all 4 ligaments relative to anatomic and osseous landmarks, as well as to one another, has yet to be performed. Purpose: To perform a qualitative and quantitative anatomic and radiographic evaluation of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), medial patellotibial ligament (MPTL), medial patellomeniscal ligament (MPML), and medial quadriceps tendon femoral ligament (MQTFL) attachment sites, with attention to their relationship to pertinent osseous and soft tissue landmarks. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Ten nonpaired fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees were dissected, and the MPFL, MPTL, MPML, and MQTFL were identified. A coordinate measuring device quantified the attachment areas of each structure and its relationship to pertinent bony landmarks. Radiographic analysis was performed through ligament attachment sites and relevant anatomic structures to assess their locations relative to pertinent bony landmarks. Results: Four separate medial patellar ligaments were identified in all specimens. The center of the MPFL attachments was 14.3 mm proximal and 2.1 mm posterior to the medial epicondyle and 8.3 mm distal and 2.7 mm anterior to the adductor tubercle on the femur and 8.9 mm distal and 19.9 mm medial to the superior pole on the patella. The MQTFL had a mean insertion length of 29.3 mm on the medial aspect of the distal quadriceps tendon. The MPTL and MPML shared a common patellar insertion and were 9.1 mm proximal and 15.4 mm medial to the inferior pole. The MPTL attachment inserted on a newly identified bony ridge, which was located 5.0 mm distal to the joint line. The orientation angles of the MPTL and MPML with respect to the patellar tendon were 8.3° and 22.7°, respectively. Conclusion: The most important findings of this study were the correlative anatomy of 4 distinct medial patellar ligaments (MPFL, MPTL, MPML, MQTFL), as well as the identification of a bony ridge on the medial proximal tibia that consistently served as the attachment site for the MPTL. The quantitative and radiographic measurements, while comparable with current literature, detailed the meniscal insertion of the MPML and defined a patellar insertion of the MPTL and the MPML as a single attachment. The data allow for reproducible landmarks to be established from previously known bony and soft tissue structures. Clinical Relevance: The findings of this study provide the anatomic foundation needed for an improved understanding of the role of medial-sided patellar restraints. This will help to further refine injury patterns and/or soft tissue deficiencies that result in lateral patellar instability, which can then be addressed with an anatomic-based reconstruction or repair technique and potentially lead to improved outcomes.

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Chung, Hwan Hoon, Jong Soo Ha, Sang Hoon Cha, Baek Hyun Kim, Kee Yeol Lee, Taik Kun Kim, Seung Hwa Lee, Jung Hyuck Kim, and Hae Young Seol. "Femoral Arterial Puncture: Comparison of Using the Inguinal Crease and Bony Landmarks." Journal of the Korean Radiological Society 54, no. 4 (2006): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3348/jkrs.2006.54.4.251.

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Gadelha Figueiredo, E., M. Castillo De La Cruz, N. Theodore, P. Deshmukh, and M. C. Preul. "Modified Cervical Laminoforaminotomy Based on Anatomic Landmarks Reduces Need for Bony Removal." min - Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery 49, no. 1 (February 2006): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-932146.

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Cooper, Kay, Lyndsay Alexander, Elizabeth Hancock, and Francis W. Smith. "The use of pMRI to validate the identification of palpated bony landmarks." Manual Therapy 18, no. 4 (August 2013): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2012.10.005.

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45

Bourne, D., A. Choo, W. Regan, D. MacIntyre, and T. Oxland. "Accuracy of digitization of bony landmarks for measuring change in scapular attitude." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 223, no. 3 (February 3, 2009): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544119jeim480.

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Chaudhuri, A., and C. R. G. Quick. "Approaching the Saphenofemoral Junction Using Bony Landmarks: A Simple and Effective Method." EJVES Extra 2, no. 5 (November 2001): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ejvx.2001.0081.

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Roberts, Shannon L. "The importance of precise, validated bony landmarks for blocks and radiofrequency ablation." Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 44, no. 10 (August 26, 2019): 909–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2019-100879.

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Schabort, D., J. M. Boon, P. J. Becker, and J. H. Meiring. "Easily identifiable bony landmarks as an aid in targeted regional ankle blockade." Clinical Anatomy 18, no. 7 (2005): 518–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.20191.

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Smith, Joshua D., Christopher C. Surek, and Edwin A. Cortez. "Localization of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina using palpable, bony landmarks." Clinical Anatomy 23, no. 4 (May 2010): NA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.20923.

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Smith, Joshua D., Christopher C. Surek, and Edwin A. Cortez. "Localization of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina using palpable, bony landmarks." Clinical Anatomy 23, no. 4 (May 2010): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.20989.

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