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Journal articles on the topic 'Book depreciation'
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1
Kang, Sok-Hyon, and Yuping Zhao. "Information Content and Value Relevance of Depreciation: A Cross-Industry Analysis." Accounting Review 85, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 227–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2010.85.1.227.
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ABSTRACT: Funds from Operations (FFO) is the prevailing performance measure in the Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) industry. However, prior studies are inconclusive about the superiority of FFO over GAAP net income. Because depreciation is the largest reconciling item between FFO and net income, we examine the information content and value relevance of depreciation for both the REIT and non-REIT industries and report the following findings. First, accumulated depreciation is value-relevant for the REIT industry, whereas accumulated depreciation has little value relevance for comparably capital-intensive non-REIT industries. Second, accounting depreciation deviates from economic depreciation to a greater extent for REITs than for non-REIT industries. Third, accumulated depreciation has predictive ability for future revenues for REIT firms, but not for non-REIT firms. Finally, only the REIT industry displays all of these properties. In sum, evidence supports the REIT industry's assertion that GAAP depreciation consistently exceeds economic depreciation and that book value of assets is systematically understated.
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Jackson, Scott B. "The Effect of Firms' Depreciation Method Choice on Managers' Capital Investment Decisions." Accounting Review 83, no. 2 (March 1, 2008): 351–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2008.83.2.351.
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This study examines whether straight-line depreciation, relative to accelerated depreciation, causes non-executive managers to make non-value-maximizing capital investment decisions. To do this, I conduct experiments in which managers must decide whether to continue using an existing asset or invest in a replacement asset. By design, replacing the existing asset yields higher cash flows and managers are aware of this fact. However, if the asset is replaced, then the greater remaining book value under straight-line depreciation relative to accelerated depreciation causes earnings to be lower. Lower earnings and psychological forces may push managers of firms that use straight-line depreciation away from making the economically efficient capital investment decision. The results suggest that managers of firms that use straight-line depreciation are less likely to invest in a replacement asset than are managers of firms that use accelerated depreciation. Further, the results suggest that managers perceive that an asset depreciated using straight-line depreciation has provided less retrospective utility than an asset depreciated using accelerated depreciation. In turn, I find that depreciation method-induced differences in managers' retrospective utility perceptions influence their prospective utility perceptions, which, in turn, influence managers' asset replacement decisions. By theoretically and empirically linking firms' depreciation method choice to managers' capital investment decisions, I provide evidence that a seemingly innocuous choice made for external financial reporting purposes can cause managers to make non-value-maximizing capital investment decisions.
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Slesarenko, G. V. "USE OF INDICATORS OF THE REPRODUCTION OF FIXED ASSETS IN ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THEIR USE." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 31, no. 2 (April 20, 2021): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2021-31-2-221-226.
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Depreciation of fixed assets is a measure that is used to estimate the technical condition of equipment in enterprises, while amortization is a mechanism for transferring the value of fixed assets to the value of the product produced in order to further reproduce it. Very often, both concepts are replaced, while depreciation is not reflected in the credentials, does not have a value expression and does not affect the financial statements, and depreciation is a indicator that reduces the initial value of fixed assets, a book value is formed, which is used to calculate equipment efficiency indicators at both the enterprise and industry levels. Amortization is also used to estimate the efficiency of using investments, the payback period of fixed assets, therefore it is one of the key financial indicators. A more precise meaning is needed to justify the conclusions and proposals on calculated asset utilization rates. The article presents historical aspects of depreciation as an economic category, statistics on the level of depreciation of fixed assets of the Udmurt Republic. It is also proposed to supplement the theoretical mechanism for assessing the effectiveness of fixed assets with new indicators, since the assessment of the reproduction of fixed assets directly depends on the quality of the information used.
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Harrison, S. J. "Deflating the Odes: Horace, Epistles 1.20." Classical Quarterly 38, no. 2 (December 1988): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800037083.
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Epistles 1.20, the last poem of its book, begins with an elaborate joke on the entry of Horace's book of epistles into the world and ends with a well-known σϕραγίς describing the poet himself. It will be argued here that this final poem recalls and subverts the pretensions of two earlier final poems in Horace's own Odes, and that its good-humoured depreciation of Horace himself is matched by a similar attitude towards his previous grand poetic claims as a lyric vates.
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Sita, Shella Iko, Andriana Andriana, and Ririn Irmadariyani. "Analisis Perlakuan Akuntansi Aset Tetap Pada Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Genteng." e-Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi 4, no. 1 (May 12, 2017): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejeba.v4i1.4570.
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Purpose of this research for to To know about suitability of management fixed assets at RSUD Genteng with GovernmentAccounting Standard 07 about accounting of fixed assets and Government Accounting Standard 08 about construction inprocess. This research is located in the RSUD Genteng. Collect the data through interview with respondent is chief ofaccounting division RSUD Genteng. Data analysis was performed with a model Miles and Huberman. The result of thisresearch indicate that there is mistake of depreciation expense in the presentation, It is not disclosure yet about base marking offixed assets, it does not deside yet capitalization policy of maintenance expense, There is fixed assets which the book value lessthen minimum value of capitalization in the list of fixed assets. Classification, measurement, depreciation, and disposal of fixedassets has appropriate with government accounting standart 07 and 08.
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Mariano, Stefania, Andrea Casey, and Fernando Olivera. "Managers and organizational forgetting: a synthesis." Learning Organization 25, no. 3 (April 9, 2018): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tlo-06-2017-0061.
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Purpose This paper aims to evaluate how managers influence accidental and intentional organizational forgetting, i.e. knowledge depreciation, knowledge loss and unlearning. Design/methodology/approach The literature was reviewed based on predetermined search terms to identify peer-reviewed articles published in English and available in full-text format from the EBSCOhost and Google Scholar databases. Empirical and theoretical contributions were included. Additional articles, books and book chapters were manually selected and included based on recent reviews and syntheses of organizational forgetting work. Findings Findings revealed that managers contributed to preventing accidental knowledge depreciation and loss and preserving organizational memory. With respect to intentional forgetting, findings revealed contradictory positions: on the one hand, managers contributed to the disbandment of existing beliefs and frames of reference, but on the other hand, they preserved existing knowledge and power structures. Research limitations/implications The study was limited by the accessibility of subscribed journals and databases, research scope and time span. Practical implications This paper provides useful guidelines to managers who need to reduce the disruptive effects of accidental forgetting or plan intentional forgetting, i.e. managed unlearning. Originality/value This paper represents a first attempt to review and define the influence of managers on organizational forgetting.
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Guenther, David A., and Richard C. Sansing. "The Valuation Relevance of Reversing Deferred Tax Liabilities." Accounting Review 79, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 437–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2004.79.2.437.
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This paper compares two attributes of a deferred tax liability (DTL) that arise from differences in book and tax depreciation methods. The first attribute is the effect of the DTL on the market value of the firm. The second is the length of time between when the asset is placed into service and when the DTL associated with that asset begins to reverse. The paper shows that a decrease in the time it takes for the DTL to begin to reverse is neither necessary nor sufficient for the value of the DTL to increase. It also shows that the value of the DTL is not equal to the present value of the future deferred tax expense. The effect of one dollar of DTL on firm value depends only on the tax depreciation rate and the discount rate.
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Asmara, Fany, and Yumniati Agustina. "EVALUASI PERLAKUAN AKUNTANSI ASET TETAP PADA CV SARANA ADI PUTRA PERIODE 2017 s/d 2018." Jurnal Riset Akuntansi 12, no. 1 (April 13, 2020): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/jra.v12i1.2796.
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accounting treatment of fixed assets in CV Sarana Adi Putra by using descriptive qualitative methods. This study refers to SAK ETAP Chapter 15 concerning fixed assets that apply in Indonesia. With the evaluation results of this study it can be concluded in terms of recognition of fixed assets are recognized if the fixed assets have been used as operational which is in accordance with SAK ETAP, and the acquisition of fixed assets is not in accordance with SAK ETAP because the company only records the purchase price, and costs incurred are directly charged . In terms of measurement of fixed assets, it is not in accordance with SAK ETAP because there is no policy governing the valuation. In terms of the methods of preparation, the company uses the straight-line method in accordance with SAK ETAP. In terms of the presentation of fixed assets, the company records acquisition costs, depreciation expense, accumulated depreciation, book value in which the accumulated depreciation is reduced according to SAK ETAP. in terms of disclosure of fixed assets, is not in accordance with SAK ETAP because there is no policy governing the disclosure.
Keywords: Fixed Assets, SAK ETAP Chapter 15 concerning Fixed Assets
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Canace, Thomas G., and Leigh Salzsieder. "The Timing of Asset Purchases to Achieve Earnings Thresholds." Journal of Management Accounting Research 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 81–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-51106.
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ABSTRACT This study examines whether managers use capital investment decisions, and the resulting depreciation expense, to achieve quarterly earnings thresholds. We also address whether these actions merely facilitate short-term earnings management or whether firms may trade off investment decisions to deliver earnings. We posit that managers may view capital expenditures as an alternative for earnings considerations because of the process for capital expenditure decision making and the accounting for these investments. Our findings suggest that managers use discretion over capital expenditures to achieve two well-documented earnings thresholds, but that these decisions largely reverse in the following quarter. We document the deferral of capital expenditures to avoid depreciation for industries where the median useful life averages approximately seven years. Cross-sectional tests also suggest that the use of capital expenditures for achieving thresholds varies depending upon the firm's capital intensity, remaining book value of assets, operating cash flow constraints, CEO horizon, and fiscal quarter. Data Availability: Data are available from the authors upon request.
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Sari, Pratiwi Nila. "Perlakuan Akuntansi Aset Tetap Berdasarkan SAK ETAP Pada PT Asia Pacific Energindo Di Jakarta." Jurnal Kajian Ilmiah 20, no. 1 (January 25, 2020): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31599/jki.v20i1.72.
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This study aims to analyze the accounting treatment of fixed assets for recognition, measurement, depreciation, termination, and presentation and disclosure at PT. Asia Pacific Energindo on the list of fixed assets in 2017. Tests are carried out by analyzing the extent to which the company has implemented a fixed asset accounting policy based on the Entity Financial Accounting Standards without Public Accountability (SAK ETAP) Chapter 15 in the company's operational activities. This study uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method that is to thoroughly describe the fixed asset accounting policies applied to PT. Asia Pacific Energindo in Jakarta and compared to SAK ETAP Chapter 15. The results of this study indicate that the recognition, measurement, depreciation, termination, and presentation and disclosure of fixed assets in practice are in accordance with the Entity Financial Accounting Standards without Public Accountability (SAK ETAP). Depreciation method uses a straight-line method, fixed assets are discontinued or released from usage then the book value is calculated and then all accounts related to the asset are written off. The presentation of accumulated depreciation is carried out separately for all fixed assets so that it can be seen directly how much accumulated depreciation for each group of fixed assets. This treatment makes it easier to read financial statements. For those who need financial statements, it will be easy to know some of the accumulated amount of the fixed assets in question and the book value of each of the asset groups.
Keywords: Accounting, Fixed Assets, SAK ETAP chapter 15
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perlakuan akuntansi aset tetap atas pengakuan, pengukuran, penyusutan, penghentian dan penyajian serta pengungkapan pada PT. Asia Pacific Energindo pada daftar aset tetap tahun 2017. Pengujian dilakukan dengan menganalisis sejauh mana perusahaan telah menerapkan kebijakan akuntansi aset tetap berdasarkan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Entitas Tanpa Akuntanbilitas Publik (SAK ETAP) Bab 15 dalam aktivitas operasional perusahaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif kualitatif yaitu menjabarkan secara menyeluruh terhadap kebijakan akuntansi aset tetap yang diterapkan pada PT. Asia Pacific Energindo di Jakarta dan dibandingkan dengan SAK ETAP Bab 15. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pengakuan, pengukuran, penyusutan, penghentian dan penyajian serta pengungkapan aset tetap dalam prakteknya sudah sesuai dengan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Entitas Tanpa Akuntanbilitas Publik (SAK ETAP). Metode penyusutan menggunakan metode garis lurus, aset tetap dihentikan atau dilepaskan dari pemakaian maka dihitung nilai bukunya untuk kemudian semua akun yang berhubungan dengan aset tersebut dihapuskan. Penyajian akumulasi penyusutannya dilakukan secara terpisah atas seluruh aset tetap, sehingga dapat dilihat langsung berapa akumulasi penyusutan untuk masing-masing kelompok aset tetap. Perlakuan seperti ini mempermudah membaca laporan keuangan. Bagi yang membutuhkan laporan keuangan, akan mudah mengetahui beberapa jumlah akumulasi terhadap aset tetap yang bersangkutan dan nilai buku dari masing-masing kelompok aset tersebut.
Kata kunci: Akuntansi, Aset Tetap, SAK ETAP Bab 15
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Herlambang, Yudha. "PEMODELAN FORMULA MATEMATIK UNTUK MENENTUKAN NILAI BUKU AKTIVA TETAP DAN ALGORITMANYA DALAM BAHASA PEMROGRAMAN QUICK BASIC." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 11, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2007.v11.i1.2228.
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According to General Accepted Accounting Priciples (GAAP), we realize that Fix Assets have been used during periodic useful live which be allocated for cost was called Deppreciation Cost .For the Fixed Assets which be depreciated will result the final Value of the Assets mentioned Book Value. The Book Value of Fix Assets in the first year was called the Historical Cost.The Book Value in each periodcan be calculated by using conventional method, we can make the tabulation chronologically until the end of useful life. In this paper, the author will design the mathematical formulation for determining the Book Value Directly at the year-t or Book Value Equation referred to the function t(time) without tabulation process, for each depreciation method used in Accounting Principle .In other side, the author will also design the programming and algorithm in Computer Language by using Quick Basic Software. And the last the author will test the validity of program and mathematic formulation by comparing the result with the result of conventional method (tabulation method).
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Sack, Robert J. "Interstate Transport, Inc.: A Case Study in Earnings Management." Issues in Accounting Education 17, no. 4 (November 1, 2002): 369–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace.2002.17.4.369.
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This case asks student teams to make a number of accounting decisions in the context of a single company. The decisions address the allowance for bad debts, inventory valuation, depreciation lives and methods, contingency provisions, and accounting for off-book entities. The case setting requires you to address those issues in an integrated way, and establish a rationale for the decisions required. The teamwork required illustrates the way differing personal judgments, regarding both facts and principles, enter into the determination of net income. Whether you mean to or not, your teams will be practicing “earnings management.”
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Agnihotri, Anurag, and Shagun Arora. "Asymmetric exchange rate exposure and its determinants: Analysis of the emerging market firms." Corporate Ownership and Control 18, no. 2 (2021): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv18i2art12.
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The wave of globalization has increased international trade and business to many folds. Countries moving toward capital account convertibility have enabled investors to invest in any part of the world. Consequently, financial integration has led to volatility in the currency and capital market. The variation in the exchange rate leads to fluctuation in stock return. However, the response of firms to currency fluctuation may vary for periods of appreciation and depreciation. The daily return of 260 firms was analyzed from 2004 to 2019. The study uses the orthogonalized model developed by Di Iorio and Faff (2000) and Koutmos and Martin (2003). The result shows that 66.54% of firms were affected by currency fluctuations and 12.2% of firms responded asymmetrically to periods of appreciation and depreciation. The analysis revealed that service sector firms are more exposed to currency fluctuation than the manufacturing sector. The study also explores a comprehensive range of determinants of exchange rate exposure. The research revealed that size and quick ratio are inversely related while asset turnover, foreign sales, and book-to-market value have a positive relationship with exchange rate exposure. The research will act as a guiding force to the policymakers to make an efficient exchange rate policy while portfolio managers can use the findings of the study in forming hedging strategies
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Desai, Hemang, Shivaram Rajgopal, and Mohan Venkatachalam. "Value-Glamour and Accruals Mispricing: One Anomaly or Two?" Accounting Review 79, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 355–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2004.79.2.355.
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We investigate whether the accruals anomaly is a manifestation of the glamour stock phenomenon documented in the finance literature. Value (glamour) stocks, characterized by low (high) past sales growth, high (low) book-to-market (B/M), high (low) earnings-to-price (E/P), and high (low) cash flow-to-price (C/P), are known to earn positive (negative) future abnormal returns. Note that “C” or cash flow is operationalized in the finance literature as earnings adjusted for depreciation. Sloan (1996) shows that firms with low (high) total accruals earn positive (negative) future abnormal returns. We find that a new variable, operating cash flows measured as earnings adjusted for depreciation and working capital accruals, scaled by price (CFO/P) captures mispricing attributed to the four traditional value-glamour proxies and accruals. Interpretation of this finding depends on the reader's priors. If the reader believes that value-glamour phenomenon can be operationalized only as C/P, and not CFO/P, then one would conclude that CFO/P is a parsimonious variable that captures the mispricing attributes of two distinct anomalies, value glamour and accruals. However, if a reader views the value-glamour anomaly broadly as a fundamentals-to-price anomaly, then (1) the CFO/P variable can be considered an expanded value-glamour proxy and; (2) our results are consistent with Beaver's (2002) conjecture that the accruals anomaly is the glamour stock phenomenon in disguise.
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Haque, Ziaul. "Subroto Roy and William E. James (editors). Foundations of India's Political Economy: Towards an Agenda for the I 990s. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1992. 339 pp.Hardbound. Indian Rupees 275.00." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i3pp.336-340.
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India, with 800 million people, vast land resources, heterogeneous linguistic, cultural, religious, and ethnic groups and caste and class divisions, faces complex and formidable social, economic, and political problems. After experimenting with a mixed and controlled, 'socialist' economy for four decades since 1947, in which the public sector played a predominant role, a new strategy of liberalisation and deregulation is being formulated with the aim of integrating Indian economy with the world market. This implies a framework of a liberal market economy with less control and more freedoms. The book under review is the outcome of a large interdisciplinary research project initiated in 1986 and completed in 1990 by Indian and foreign scholars. Divided into the two main sections of politics and economics, the book comprises ten independent but interlinked essays/chapters which discuss some of the longterm socio-economic problems facing India. The recent policy of liberalisation, it is important to note, reflects the urgency and relevance of some of the theses presented in this important book. The removal of unnecessary internal controls, greater stress on the private sector, curtailment of wasteful expenditures, depreciation of the Indian rupee and its freefloating against foreign currencies, and other economic reforms recommended are intended to enhance the comparative advantage of the Indian economy and to make it more competitive in the world market.
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Tiurina, M. M. "Tax Burden in the Management of Fixed Assets of Transport Enterprises in Ukraine." Business Inform 10, no. 513 (2020): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-10-339-348.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the structure and dynamics of the tax burden in the management system of fixed assets in transport enterprises based on a study of macroeconomic indicators and information provided by the State Tax Service of Ukraine and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Disparities in the tax burden, a significant increase in the amount of taxes paid are identified; their structure and distribution between periods and modes of transport are calculated. A significant increase in tax pressure on transport companies has been determined for all indicators. The amount of taxes paid increased more than two and a half times in 2015–2019, including the increase by 23% in 2019. The largest part of tax payments is occupied by value added tax and taxes and fees on personal income (a total of 47% of all tax payments), income tax, property tax, single tax, rent for transportation and use of subsoil, special use of water, environmental and excise taxes, fees for parking spaces for vehicles. A significant share is made up of other revenues related to the specifics of the activities of transport companies, in particular, the State form of ownership. The share of total taxes in net sales revenue at transport enterprises reaches 12.1%, the proportion of income tax in the book value of fixed assets increased to 1.1%. The unit value of fixed assets generates 12% of tax revenues. Given the capital intensity of the transport industry, the significant level of depreciation of fixed assets, insufficient use of depreciation as a tax shield and significant tax pressure on transport companies, it is important to find ways to improve tax planning, which should be considered in the fixed assets management system. The tax policy of the State should be aimed at supporting transport companies in the renewal and modernization of rolling stock and transport infrastructure.
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Vintilă, Gherghina, and Toader. "Exploring the Determinants of Financial Structure in the Technology Industry: Panel Data Evidence from the New York Stock Exchange Listed Companies." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12, no. 4 (October 22, 2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12040163.
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This paper aims to analyze the influencing factors on the financial structure of 51 companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange, in the technology industry, from 2005–2018. The objective is to see the impact of independent company-specific variables such as company size, tangibility of assets, growth opportunity, effective tax rate, current liquidity, depreciation, stock rotation, financial return, working capital, price to book value, price to earnings ratio, as well as the impact of governance variables and macroeconomic variables such as inflation rate, interest rate, market size, gross domestic product per capita. Using panel data and multiple linear regressions, we analyze the relationship between the independent variables listed above and the dependent variables, namely the total debt ratio, the long-term debt ratio and the short-term debt ratio. The results of the analysis showed that variables such as size, tangibility, liquidity, profitability have a significant influence on the dependent variables in accordance with the theories regarding the capital structure.
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Guenther, David A., and Richard C. Sansing. "Valuation of the Firm in the Presence of Temporary Book-Tax Differences: The Role of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities." Accounting Review 75, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2000.75.1.1.
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This study uses an analytical model to investigate the value of the firm when there are temporary differences between when revenue and expense items are recognized for tax- and financial-reporting purposes. The model shows that deferred tax assets and liabilities transform book values of underlying liabilities and assets into estimates of the after-tax cash flows on which the firm's market value is based. The analysis shows that if tax deductions are taken on a cash basis, and if the underlying assets and liabilities are recorded at the present value of their associated future cash flows, then the value of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities is their recorded amount, regardless of when the asset will be realized or when the liability will reverse. If tax deductions are not taken when the expenditure is made (e.g., depreciation) or if underlying assets and liabilities are recorded at more than the present value of their associated future cash flows (e.g., warranty liabilities), then the market value of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities is less than their recorded values. The value of the deferred tax account is independent of when that account will reverse.
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Supriyanto, Supriyanto. "ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM INFORMASI MANAJEMEN DAERAH (SIMDA) BARANG MILIK DAERAH." JURNAL AKUNTANSI UNIVERSITAS JEMBER 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jauj.v13i2.1890.
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After the enactment of Law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government, and Government Regulation No. 27 of 2014 on the Assets Management of State/Regions, each region must be manage its assets in an orderly administration, the rule of law, and physical order. To facilitate the local government in assets management, has been developed the Regional Management Information System-Regional Assets (SIMDA-BMD). Local government of Banjarnegara has implemented SIMDA-BMD since 2009. This paper discusses the analysis of the implementation of SIMDA-BMD on Local government of Banjarnegara. The purpose of this paper is to determine how SIMDA-BMD process data into information, internal controls have been applied, and the characteristics of the quality of information produced. The result of this paper, it SIMDA-BMD is good in processing data becomes information and internal control that is applied is sufficient. The information quality produced by SIMDA-BMD is meet the relevant quality characteristics, but has not completely reliable because the book value is equal to the purchase price, it is because SIMDA-BMD does not have the depreciation facility.
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Johnson, Nicole Bastian. "Residual Income Compensation Plans and Deferred Taxes." Journal of Management Accounting Research 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2010.22.1.103.
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ABSTRACT: Residual income is a popular performance metric that is often calculated from financial accounting numbers. Practitioners argue that financial accounting earnings and book value suffer from various biases and should be adjusted prior to the residual income calculation so that the resulting residual income metric will have better incentive properties, but they often disagree about what the adjustments should be. Using the criterion that a residual income performance metric should align owner and managerial investment incentives, I develop a simple investment model to show how financial accounting choices and adjustments must be chosen jointly to achieve incentive alignment. In particular, I examine conflicting recommendations from the practitioner literature about the proper adjustment for deferred taxes and show that more than one adjustment method can achieve incentive alignment if paired with the correct depreciation schedule. Further, I show that relationships among accounting variables introduce constraints that make some policies or adjustments more difficult to work with. The paper concludes with a brief discussion about how the use of sub-optimal adjustments can negatively influence the manager’s investment incentives.
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LISOVSKAYA, Irina A., and Natal'ya G. TRAPEZNIKOVA. "Accounting estimates as the most important factor in the formation of the book value of accounting objects." International Accounting 22, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 848–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ia.24.8.848.
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Subject. This article discusses the category of Accounting Estimates, which is important from the methodological and practical points of view, including the upcoming transition to Federal Accounting Standard 6/2020 (FAS 6/2020) – Property, Plant and Equipment. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the essence of the category of Accounting Estimates, including from the standpoint of the transformation of these estimates and their impact on the book value of fixed assets accounted for in accordance with FAS 6/2020. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of systems analysis and generalization. Results. Using some cases of transactions in fixed assets, the article shows that before the transition to FAS 6/2020, it is necessary to analyze which accounting estimates may get changed and how these changes will affect the dynamics of depreciation elements and financial statements indicators. Conclusions and Relevance. One of the reasons for the likelihood of practical difficulties associated with the justification and correct reflection of accounting estimates is the lack of knowledge of regulatory documents and international accounting practices. Therefore, it is advisable to prepare methodological recommendations on the reflection of changes in accounting estimates, given the upcoming transition to new accounting standards, and expand the practice of effective implementation of IFRS. The results of the study are intended for scientific and practical activities and training of specialists in the field of accounting, as well as the development of proposals for improving the Russian accounting methodology, focused on convergence with current international practice.
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Sivaprasad, Sheeja, and Roshni Dadhaniya. "An empirical analysis of the performance of sponsored vs non-sponsored IPOs." Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies 10, no. 1 (December 6, 2019): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaee-05-2019-0100.
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Purpose India is one of the largest IPO markets in the world. However, IPO research in the developing world is limited. The purpose of this paper is to test the performance of Indian IPOs based on sponsored vs non-sponsored issues. The authors classify the IPO sample into venture capital (VC) and private equity (PE) sponsored issues and non-sponsored ones and include key operating characteristics as performance predictors. Design/methodology/approach The dependent variable is the buy-and-hold abnormal returns. The study uses key operating characteristics such as market capitalization, net sales, earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, depreciation and amortization, price-to-book, asset turnover and leverage. A cross-sectional analysis is applied to test the long-run performance. Findings Sponsored IPO issues convey favourable information to investors about future earnings and prospects of the firm. The findings indicate that sponsored issues and, in particular PE sponsored issues are perceived by investors as having a positive impact on the operational performance of firms that the PE firms are involved in relative to the constituents of the index and this superior operational performance over time also leads to relatively better performing share prices. There are significant differences in terms of market size, industry classification and key operating characteristics across the three groups of issues. Research limitations/implications This study has had to deal with much smaller samples of PE and VC when compared to similar studies conducted in the developed markets such as the UK and the USA. Further robustness tests on the market performance using factor models posed a problem due to limitation of the availability of these factors. Practical implications For the capital markets investors and policy makers, this research demonstrates the increasingly important role that PE and VC funds play in the investment landscape in India. It exhibits the increasing investor confidence in the Indian capital markets. Originality/value Using a sample of Indian IPOs comprising VC sponsored and PE sponsored issues, this study analyses the performance of Indian IPOs in an emerging market setting. This study, thus, contributes to the limited IPO research undertaken in developing markets.
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Ismayilov, Niyazi. "Innovative Approaches in the Accounting and Audit of the Book Value of Assets: Bibliometric Analysis." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 3 (2020): 319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2020.3-23.
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The paper deals with the analysis on the innovative approaches in the accounting and audit of the book value of assets. The results of analyses proved that of the book value of assets in the accounting and audit, especially in the context of financial crises, implementation of the new or modified standard of accounting and reporting becomes an important part of the issues. Herewith, financial and management decision, which compare book and market value, trying to predict the future (fair) value of assets or even a company (firm). The main goal of the paper is analysed of the tendency in the scientific literature on the accounting and audit of the book value of assets to identify future research directions. For the analysis, the VOSviewer and Scopus tools were used. This study reviews 714 papers from the Scopus database. The time for analysis was all timeline of the Scopus database. The results showed the growing tendency in publishing the documents in the Scopus database focused on the accounting and audit of the book value of assets issues. It began to increase from 1997 to 1999, from 2007 to 2009, and from 2014 to 2017. Moreover, the focus of investigation moved from general issues to problem of the fair value of assets, implementation of modifying standards of reporting and accounting. In 2018, the number of documents increased by 1225% compared to 1997. It was the year with the biggest number of paper devoted to analysing the innovative approaches in the accounting and audit of the book value of assets. Mostly the innovative approaches in the accounting and audit of the book value of assets were analysed under the subject area as follows: Business, Management and Accounting; Economics, Econometrics and Finance; Social Sciences; Engineering. Besides, the biggest share of the scientists which investigated issues the innovative approaches in the accounting and audit of the book value of assets was from the USA, United Kingdom, Australia and China. In 2019 papers focused on analyses of the innovative approaches in the accounting and audit of the book value of assets were published in journals with high impact factor as follows: Contemporary Accounting Research, Accounting Review, International Journal of Accounting, Managerial Finance,Accounting And Business Research. Such results proved that theme on the innovative approaches in the accounting and audit of the book value of assets is actually in the ongoing trends of the modern accounting, finance, management and audit. The findings from VOSviewer identified 6 clusters of the papers which investigated innovative approaches in the accounting and audit of the book value of assets from the different points of views. The first most significant cluster merged the keywords as follows: accounting information, fair value, financial reporting, fair value accounting, firm value, intangible assets, intellectual capital etc. The second biggest cluster merged the keywords as follows: costs, cost accounting, accounting method, assets value, assets valuation, depreciation, cost-benefit analyse, balance sheet etc. The third biggest cluster focused on criminal aspects of value relevance, book value, the book value of equity, equity valuation, earnings, dividend etc. Such tendency allows making a conclusion, financial and management decision, which compare book and market value, trying to predict future (fair) value of assets or even a company (firm) are very close and popular in different issues. Keywords book value, asset value, accounting, financial accounting, audit, innovative approaches.
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Nowacki, Albert. "Młodość wobec starości: szacunek czy deprecjacja? „Namir!” Lubka Deresza." Slavica Wratislaviensia 163 (March 17, 2017): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1150.163.34.
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Youth to old age: respect or depreciation? Namir! by Lubko DereshThis article deals the problem of old age in the novel Namir! by Ukrainian writer Lubko Deresh. To accomplish this research task, at the beginning of the presentation problem of how the elderly was presented in culture and literature over the centuries was analyzed, and then was analyzed the novel itself. Studies have shown that in his book the author raised the question of a confrontation of youth with an old age. Our analyzes of Namir! by Deresh turned out that it repeats the patterns of mass culture, showing atendency to devaluation the elderly. During the study revealed, however, achange in approach to the problems of old age, which is visible attitude of respect for the elderly linked to equality in the face of inevitable death.Молодість перед старістю: пошана чи зневага? Намір! Любка ДерешаМетою цієї статті є спроба показати проблему старості в романі українського письменника Любка Дереша Намір! Щоб успішно висвітлити так окреслене завдання, на початку було звернено особливу вагу на те, як питання старості представлялося культурою та літературою протягом століть, і тільки тоді було звернено увагу на саму повість. Дослідження показали, що в своїй книзі автор використав питання конфронтації молодого віку із старістю. Під час аналізу нами було встановлено, що Намір! повторює схеми масової культури та показує виразну схильність автора до девальвації літніх людей. Наше дослідження показало, однак, певну зміну в підході до проблеми старості, а саме, що зміна зневаги на ставлення з повагою до літніх людей пов’язана із рівністю всіх людей перед обличчям неминучої смерті.
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Felisia, Agustina, and Dian Purnama Sari. "Kinerja Keuangan Dan Penghematan Pajak Sebelum Dan Sesudah Revaluasi Aset." Akutansi Bisnis & Manajemen ( ABM ) 26, no. 02 (September 2, 2019): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.35606/jabm.v26i02.457.
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Revaluation of assets is considered capable of fulfilling relevant information to investors and can improve the company's financial performance. In addition to improving financial performance, there are other studies that mention the revaluation of fixed assets may cause tax savings. Researches mostly discusse the impact of revaluation of fixed assets related to financial performance using quantitative methods, while researches looking at taxation aspects are discussed with qualitative methods. Therefore the researcher will try to connect financial performance using variables in the form of debt to equity ratio, operational profit margin, total turnover assets, and return on assets and tax savings using effective tax rate before and after revaluing fixed assets. The variable was tested using a mean difference test-MANOVA method and the sample used was a public company that revalued its fixed assets in 2013 year. The results of the study did not prove that there were differences in financial performance and tax savings before and after the company revaluing fixed assets. This has no effect because the company that revalues fixed assets is merely to meet the target of the government or actually the impact of the tax changes does not have a significant influence because there may be other impacts such as new additional costs for example appraiser fees, increased depreciation costs, all of which may make the company’s profits declined and final tax must be paid by the company. Instead, the revaluation just increase the book value of fixed assets and not the fixed assets physically
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Dixit, Bipin Kumar. "Operating performance of acquirers after acquisition: evidence from India." Journal of Indian Business Research 12, no. 3 (November 18, 2019): 327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jibr-08-2018-0204.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the operating performance of Indian using difference-in-difference (DD) methodology. It, further, examines whether there is a difference in the operating performance of acquirers doing partial and full acquisitions. Design/methodology/approach Four different benchmark criteria are used to select control firms, namely, size, size and industry, size and leverage, and size and book-to-market ratio. To measure the operating performance, return on assets (ROA) is calculated as the ratio between earnings before depreciation, interest, tax and amortization (EBDITA) and total assets (TA), expressed in percentage. This paper examines the ROA of event and control firms for three years in each pre- and post-acquisition period and finally compares them using the DD method. Findings Using a sample of Indian acquirers, the results show that the operating performance of Indian acquirers neither improves nor deteriorates after accounting for an appropriate benchmark. Operating performance of event firms significantly reduces in the post-acquisition period. However, non-acquiring firms of similar size and pre-operating performance also exhibit similar results. Finally results show that, the operating performance of acquirers making full acquisitions deteriorates. Originality/value It provides insights into the operating performance of Indian acquirers with an improved methodology, which accounts for the performance of control firms. The author also uses multiple matching criteria to find control firms to overcome the possible bias of the results dependent on the matching criteria. To the best of the author’s knowledge, the author could not find other studies comparing the operating performance of acquirers making partial and full acquisitions.
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Menichini, Amilcar. "On the determinants of firm leverage: evidence from a structural estimation." International Journal of Managerial Finance 11, no. 2 (April 7, 2015): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-04-2014-0054.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the phenomena of convergence and stability of leverage reported by Lemmon et al. (2008). Design/methodology/approach – A dynamic trade-off model of the firm was used to simulate investment, leverage, and payout decisions for different types of firms. From an econometric standpoint, the Efficient Method of Moments was used to recover the structural parameters. Findings – The structural model generates a leverage ratio that oscillates around a long-run, time-invariant level and consistently reproduces the convergence and stability of leverage reported by Lemmon et al. (2008). The model also suggests the causes of those observed properties of the data. That is, convergence is due to the mean-reversion of profits while stability is due to the different fundamental characteristics (e.g. capital elasticity, volatility of profits, etc.) of the firm. Practical implications – Determining the optimal capital structure of a firm is a complex problem that has challenged academics and practitioners for a long time. Understanding leverage decisions is of great importance not only for financial managers, but also for investors, such as banks, debt-holders, equity-holders, and other capital providers, who need to understand how firms make capital structure decisions in order to achieve an efficient allocation of funds. Originality/value – The author shows that the firm-specific fixed effects in leverage regressions are not related to the usual determinants (e.g. profitability, market-to-book ratio), but to the primitive characteristics of the firm (e.g. elasticity of capital in the production function, the volatility of profits, the capital depreciation rate, the income tax rate, etc.)
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Svinous, I., L. Gavryk, N. Khomyak, S. Khomovyi, and V. Zabolotny. "Improving methodological approaches to assessing the components of the production potential of agricultural enterprises in the languages of transformation of the accounting system and financial reporting." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1(162) (April 22, 2021): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2021-162-1-154-165.
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The article reveals the assessment of the current state of assessment of the components of the production potential of agricultural enterprises, in particular: agricultural land, biological assets, fixed assets. It is proved that an independent assessment of the components of the resource potential of farms of the corporate sector of the agricultural economy can be used as a justification for the fiscal authorities of the cost and the size of the VAT base as a whole; optimization of the top management salary based on the market capitalization (value) of the business; optimization of insurance payments, which are accrued depending on the market value of agricultural assets; preparation of reliable financial statements in accordance with IFRS in attracting international capital, because the international audit of such statements requires a preliminary assessment of fixed assets and other assets (including biological current assets) by an independent appraiser; optimization of the amount of collateral, the market value of which requires an independent assessment in all commercial banks. We believe that the reasonable value of land could be determined by the market after the lifting of the moratorium on the sale of agricultural land, but there is a risk of concentration in the hands of one owner. According to the results of research, the book value of fixed assets of agricultural enterprises differs several times from the market, which causes a mismatch between the amount of depreciation deductions to the amount required for a simple reproduction of fixed assets. At the same time, the regulations governing the valuation of fixed assets need to be harmonized to regulate their revaluation in agriculture at the macro level to ensure an objective measurement of fixed capital and its costs in the process of agricultural production at the micro level. Key words: agricultural land, fixed assets, biological assets, valuation, value, agricultural enterprises.
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Milward, A. S. "Book Reviews : German Macroeconomic History 1880-1979: A Study of The Effects of Econ omic Policy on Inflation, Currency Depreciation and Growth. By Andrea Sommariva and Giuseppe Tullio. London: Macmillan. 1987. xx+264 pp. L33.00." German History 8, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549000800121.
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Cobham, David. "The Lawson boom: excessive depreciation versus financial liberalisation." Financial History Review 4, no. 1 (April 1997): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565000000846.
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Rosenthal, Caitlin. "Balancing the Books: Convergence and Diversity of Accounting in Massachusetts, 1875–1895." Journal of Economic History 80, no. 3 (August 21, 2020): 782–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050720000388.
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The late nineteenth century is often described as an era of innovation in managerial practice, including accounting. However, despite rich case studies of individual firms, we have little quantitative knowledge of average practices. This paper uses errors and omissions in balance statements to estimate the prevalence of double-entry bookkeeping and depreciation at Massachusetts corporations between 1875–1895. In 1875, 62 percent of firms balanced their returns, but by 1895 this number exceeded 96 percent. The proportion considering depreciation increased from 18 to 24 percent over the period. Firms using these techniques survived longer on average.
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Wren-Lewis, Simon, and Fiona Eastwood. "Chapter II. The World Economy." National Institute Economic Review 121 (August 1987): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795018712100103.
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Scarcely a year ago there was a good deal of discussion about whether the collapse in oil prices would bring about a boom in the world economy. Now there is widespread talk of a world recession. In both cases speculation is likely to prove unfounded. Recent pessimism has been associated with the effects of the dollar's depreciation and lower OPEC demand for manufacturing imports. We argue below that, while both factors could lead to a temporary slowdown in the aggregate level of world activity, they should not lead to a major world recession.
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Kurihara, Yutaka. "Are Unconventional Monetary Policy and Large Scale Fiscal Policy Effective?: The Case of Japan." Applied Finance and Accounting 3, no. 2 (May 8, 2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/afa.v3i2.2410.
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Japan has been under recession for more than twenty years. During that period, drastic measures to overcome deflation have been undertaken. Unconventional monetary policy and huge amounts of fiscal policy have been repeatedly implemented. This paper examines whether or not these policies were effective with a focus on exchange rates. The empirical results showed that recent monetary policies are effective at present and the effectiveness of fiscal policies has been decreasing. On the other hand, exchange rate depreciation has boosted the Japanese economy. Stock prices and wages are related strongly with the economic boom. These variables are important factors to the economy.
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Muhartono, Rizky, Ahmad Zamroni, and Zahri Nasution. "EVALUASI KEBIJAKAN PENGATURAN SISTIM BAGI HASIL (Kasus Implementasi Undang-undang Bagi Hasil (UUBH) No. 16/1964 pada Perikanan Rumpon di Kabupaten Badung, Bali)." Jurnal Kebijakan Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 2, no. 2 (December 18, 2012): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jksekp.v2i2.9278.
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Tulisan ini didasarkan pada hasil penelitian yang dilaksanakan di Desa Kedonganan, Kabupaten Badung, Bali. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan evaluasi terhadap implementasi UU Bagi Hasil No. 16/1964. Pendekatan studi kasus diterapkan dalam penelitian ini. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan responden yang dipilih berdasarkan metode purposive sampling. Responden yang terpilih merupakan nelayan rumpon yang telah bekerja minimal satu tahun. Mengacu pada pendekatan evaluasi kebijakan, analisis mencakup aspek materi, aspek implementasi dan aspek faktor penentu. Dari pendekatan analisis tersebut, diperoleh kesimpulan-kesimpulan sebagai berikut: Pertama, teridentifikasi adanyaketidaksesuaian penerapan UU di lapangan, antara lain dalam hal besaran proporsi, beban tanggungan, dan jangka waktu perjanjian; Kedua, kelemahan yang menyebabkan penyimpangan tersebut, terjadi baik padaaspek materi maupun implementasi. Pada aspek materi, ditemukan bahwa produk hukum tersebut tidak selaras dengan kondisi lokal, termasuk adat setempat. Sementara itu, pada aspek implementasi, produk hukum tersebut tidak berjalan baik karena keterbatasan informasi, ketiadaan ruang untuk modifikasi, dan ketiadaan lembaga kontrol yang secara efektif mengawal pelaksanaannya. Rekomendasi yang dirumuskan berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini adalah: (1) Beberapa pasal UU 16/1964 sebaiknya disempurnakan, yaitu yang menyangkut bagian pemilik modal, biaya penyusutan aset, dan umur ekonomis aset produksi dalam perhitungan bagi hasil; (2) Perlu diberikan mandat khusus kepada sebuah lembaga yang untuk melakukan pengawalan implementasi UU sehingga efektivitas UU dapat ditingkatkan; (3) Perlu disusun sebuah naskah akademis yang dikembangkan berdasarkan perluasan cakupan kajian ini, yang digunakan untuk mendorong penyempurnaan UU, sehingga selaras dengan kondisi saat ini, demi perkembangan perikanan yang lebih baik. Title: Evaluation of Policy on Benefit Shareing Systim (A case study on Implementation of Law 16/1964 in Rumpon Fishery of Badung Regency, Bali) This paper was based on the results of research conducted at Kedonganan, Badung Regency, Bali. Purpose of the research is to valuate the implementation of Benefit Sharing System Regulation No. 16/1964. Case study approach was adopted in this research. Data were obtained through interviews with selected respondents based on purposive sampling method. In this case, the rumpon fishers selected as respondent who has worked at least one year. Referring to the policy evaluation approach, the analyses covered three components: material, implementation, and factor aspects. Results showed the following: firstly, it was identified that that several applications deviated from those directed by the law. These included the proportion scheme, burden sharing and contract tenure. Secondly, it was observed that imperfection causing these deviations occurred in both the material and implementation aspects. Regarding material aspects, it was found that this legal product was incompatible with local conditions, including local traditions/customs. Meanwhile, concerning the implementation aspect, the law was found ineffective due to lacks of information, room for modification and effective control institution. In line with these findings, it is recommended that: (1) Several articles of the law, namely those related to the the share of capital owners, depreciation, and productive assets economic age should be refined; (2) A certain mandate should be granted to an institution so as that implementation can be carried out effectively, and (3) A study extending from these findings should be carried out to result in a white book aimed at revisiting the law, for the sake of better fishery development.
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Mirza, Ejaz, Nazak Hussain, and Syed Ali Shah. "ELT Syllabus: Hegemonic Sabotaging of Pakistan’s Ideology at HSSC level." Global Language Review III, no. I (December 30, 2018): 58–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2018(iii-i).04.
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English Language Teaching has become a compulsory subject in the curricula of many developing countries. There has been an increase in the trend of skeptic viewing of the credibility of this subject for teaching only a language and not its ideology and culture. Studies show that under the impact of ELT learners develop a positive attitude to English culture and depreciation of the indigenous one. Same is the case in Pakistan. English ideologies and cultural representation were uncovered through the application of CDA. The main ideologies found in these books were superiority of “Us/Self” and the inferiority of “Them/Other”. The paper present the source and target culture in their true perspective making the source culture part of esteem instead of the foreign culture.
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Wang, Qiao-Chu, Peng Wang, Yang Qiu, Tao Dai, and Wei-Qiang Chen. "Byproduct Surplus: Lighting the Depreciative Europium in China’s Rare Earth Boom." Environmental Science & Technology 54, no. 22 (September 28, 2020): 14686–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02870.
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Svoboda, P. "Valuation of tangible fixed assets pursuant to the Czech accounting law and international accounting standards." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 10 (January 7, 2008): 466–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/927-agricecon.
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The valuation of assets is a relatively challenging activity as well as a scientific discipline having an impact on the amount of the reported assets and economic result process. The report deals with the issue of valuation of the tangible fixed assets in the accounting entities compiling the financial statements pursuant to the Czech national legislation and in conformity with the requirements of the International Accounting Standards IAS/IFRS and US GAAP. The substantial differences in the definitions and valuation of the tangible fixed assets in these systems have been determined, indicating the impact on the economy of the accounting entity, both at the primary acquisition and as at the day of the closing of books. Attention has also been paid to the possibilities of recording the value decreases and to subsequent expenses. The analysis of legal regulations was completed with the analysis of the financial statements from selected economic entities. As per the international standards, the main difference consists in the possibility of component depreciation of tangible assets or, on the other hand, the possibility of group depreciation, in the differences in valuation in the event of acquisition paid for and of acquisition by one’s own production and in the possibility to consider the costs of disposal of assets. The subsequent expenses are also construed in a different manner: as per the Czech regulation, they are construed as repairs and maintenance. The substantial difference in comparison with the Czech regulation consists in the possibility of re-valuation of assets upwards as well as the method of actual value determination.
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Svoboda, Patrik. "Reporting of tangible fixed assets pursuant to the Czech accounting law and International Accounting Standards IAS/IFRS and US GAAP." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, no. 6 (2007): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755060255.
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The valuation of assets is a relatively challenging activity as well as a scientific discipline having an impact on the amount of the reported assets and economic result process. The report deals with the issue of valuation of the tangible fixed assets in the accounting entities compiling the financial statements pursuant to the Czech national legislation and in conformity with the requirements of the International Accounting Standards IAS/IFRS and US GAAP. The substantial differences in the definitions and valuation of the tangible fixed assets in these systems have been determined, indicating the impact on the economy of the accounting entity, both at the primary acquisition and as at the day of the closing of books. Attention has also been paid to the possibilities of recording the value decreases and to subsequent expenses. The analysis of legal regulations was completed with the analysis of the financial statements from selected economic entities. As per the international standards, the main difference consists in the possibility of component depreciation of tangible assets or, on the other hand, the possibility of group depreciation, in the differences in valuation in the event of acquisition paid for and of acquisition by one’s own production, and in the possibility to consider the costs of disposal of assets. The subsequent expenses are also construed in a different manner: as per the Czech regulation, they are construed as repairs and maintenance. The substantial difference in comparison with the Czech regulation consists in the possibility of re-valuation of assets upwards as well as the method of actual value determination.
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Baldi, Gregory. "The State of the Federal Republic: German Governance in an Era of Change." German Politics and Society 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2005.230405.
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Among the sub-disciplines of political science, comparative politics is arguably the most prone to periodic fads and fashions. Arguments and ideas that dominate academic debates for one generation of comparative graduate students may well seem like curious historical artifacts by the time the next cohort arrives. Indeed, the great majority of comparative books and articles have an active shelf life of only a few years and, with some notable exceptions, works that do find their way into the current discourse are often cited only as examples of the old paradigms or simply used as markers that show how far the field has come in the intervening period. Some may argue that such rapid depreciation is hardly a drawback in an academic field. Instead, they view it as a reflection of the vibrant character of an active and advancing discipline.
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Bailey, Wendy J., and Janet A. Samuels. "Analyzing Two Investments—An Instructional Case to Introduce Basic Financial Accounting Concepts." Issues in Accounting Education 33, no. 4 (September 1, 2018): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace-52254.
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ABSTRACT This case introduces basic financial accounting concepts to graduate business students in an accounting orientation session (i.e., “boot camp”). Students assume they have invested in two cupcake businesses in Paris and they now want to determine which business performed best. Instructors can use this case, which provides students an opportunity to compare two businesses, to achieve several learning objectives including those related to accrual accounting (i.e., when to record transactions), the legal aspects of business (i.e., company structure, stock ownership, international accounting), and the use of estimates in financial reporting (i.e., depreciation, bad debts). This case also introduces students to the three basic financial statements (i.e., balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows), and the evaluation of financial results (i.e., net income versus cash flow, ratios). We have found that this simple, straightforward case helps students feel more confident when working with basic financial accounting concepts.
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Seay, Martin C., Somer G. Anderson, Andy T. Carswell, and Robert B. Nielsen. "Characteristics of Rental Real Estate Investors During the 2000s." Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 29, no. 2 (November 2018): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1052-3073.29.2.369.
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Using data from the 2001, 2004, and 2008 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), this research examines the characteristics of households that invested in rental real estate during the 2000s. Given the tumultuous real estate market during that decade, rental real estate investment was investigated during the early part of the housing market boom (2001), the height of the boom (2004), and after the market began to decline (2008). Results reveal relative stability with slight investment increases in rental real estate (4.57% in 2001 to 5.00% in 2004 to 5.08% in 2008), and several investor demographic and financial characteristics consistently associated with the investment decision. Evidence of potential over-reliance on real estate investment by some households indicates that financial planners should work to educate clients who invest, or are seeking to invest, in real estate. Education would emphasize that overweighting portfolios with real estate could be deleterious to client’s wealth goals in times of slow rental or depreciating housing markets.
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Kasian, P. A. "MEASURING THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND VALUE OF COMPANIES." APPEA Journal 35, no. 1 (1995): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj94051.
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Accounting performance measures such as earnings per share growth and return on equity and their related valuation measures (price to earnings and price to book ratios) have severe limitations in comparing the economic performance of companies and explaining how the market prices stocks. Although the traditional cash flow-based valuation methodologies as taught in business schools are, in theory, more sound approaches, they suffer problems in practical implementation. In particular, the large number of forecasts and arbitrary decisions that need to be made in deciding upon an appropriate discount rate prevent meaningful back testing of the approach. Hence the validity of the assumptions being made are always open to question. This approach also fails to provide a measure of a company's actual current performance but rather measures forecasted performance.Cash flow return on investment (CFROI) overcomes many of these limitations. It measures the rate at which assets are generating cash flow while explicitly taking into account the distortions caused by inflation, asset age, asset life, and different mixes of depreciating and non-depreciating assets. CFROI spread, the difference between a firm's performance and its market-derived cost of capital, has a much higher correlation with how the market values companies. It has provided a useful insight into Santos' share price performance as well as the efficiency with which the company utilises its asset base relative to other Australian and US oil and gas companies. The CFROI also lends itself to the valuation of individual companies in such a way that it enables meaningful back testing to be performed. Using Santos as an example it was found that the assumptions implicit in this approach are applicable to oil and gas companies.
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Miu, Lucretia, Elena Badea, Claudiu Sendrea, Maria-Cristina Micu, Simona Maria Paunescu, and Iulia Maria Caniola. "The Behavior of Sheep Leather Parchment to Artificial Ageing." Leather and Footwear Journal 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/lfj.20.3.9.
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Parchment used for restoration, book binding and art requires special performance on physical-chemical, organoleptic and aesthetic characteristics, but also good long-term stability. In this sense, the parchment is ecologically processed, with features that ensure firmness, fullness, light resistance, dimensional stability, thermal stability, malleability, flexural/pressure bending resistance. For a good behaviour in time and to artificial ageing, it is found that in the case of parchments made/obtained from sheepskin, the fat or volatile matter content must be as low as possible. The parchment with these qualities allows for the creation of new covers or historical replicas, complements for the integration of old covers, hot and/or cold stamping modelling, incision, entrainment, deposition of gold and silver foil, colouring and decoration with pigments and dyes. Some niche areas such as book bindings and art require a dedicated craftsmanship that promotes the survival of artisanal forms of production and the perpetuation of local creativity and identity. The parchments have undergone artificial ageing treatments based on the concomitant action of temperature and relative humidity for up to 16 days. Chemical (volatile matter, extractable substances, total ash, total nitrogen, dermal) and physical-chemical (measurement of colour variation and shrinkage temperature) analyses were performed to evaluate colour parameters and collagen hydrostability. The fat content of the parchment leads to oxidation reactions that cause the bathochromic effect, closing the colour, but also the deterioration over time of the fibrillar structure by depreciating the contraction temperature.
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Wang, Kyungsoon. "Housing market resilience: Neighbourhood and metropolitan factors explaining resilience before and after the US housing crisis." Urban Studies 56, no. 13 (November 28, 2018): 2688–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018800435.
Full textAbstract:
The advent of the millennium witnessed unparalleled volatility in the housing market, a cycle of bust and recovery to which some US neighbourhoods were resilient and others not. Most planning scholars interested in resilience have paid little attention to examining the resilience of the housing market to economic shocks at the neighbourhood level across the USA. Using cluster analysis and hierarchical linear models, together with changes in housing prices, this study examines patterns and drivers explaining neighbourhood resilience within the context of metropolitan housing markets over periods of housing boom, bust, and recovery. Findings suggest that neighbourhood and metropolitan factors associated with housing market resilience varied across space and time: housing and mortgage market conditions affected neighbourhood recovery in the relatively short term while most urban form variables affected recovery over the long term. In addition, the associations and recovery patterns varied among the types of metropolitan areas, showing that neighbourhoods in strong markets had more drivers of resilience and reverted to their original status more quickly than those in weak markets, highlighting the growth of regional housing disparity during the housing recovery. Across the nation, however, home values in neighbourhoods that experienced more extreme periods of boom and bust underwent short-lived depreciation during the recession but long-term appreciation. This study should help policy makers establish sound policies that stabilise neighbourhoods and prevent future downturns.
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Liparteliani, Nino. "WHAT WORLDVIEW FEEDS THE EXISTENCE OF CRYPTOCURRENCY?" Economic Profile 15, no. 20 (December 25, 2020): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2020.20.08.
Full textAbstract:
Cryptocurrency is a virtual digital currency. The main reason for the popularity of digital currency is its decentralization and the peculiarities arising from it. Austrian economist and philosopher Friedrich August von Hayek In the 1970s, he became interested in the benefits of money-laundering by the state and began exploring the possibilities of alternative currencies. In 1976 he published the book: Denationalization of Money: An Analysis of the Theory and Practice of Concurrent Currencies. According to Hayek, the state monopoly on the issue of money should be abolished, he writes: The special right of the country's governments to issue and regulate money could not help the society to receive much better money than it would have without the intervention of governments. It was this work by Hayek that prepared the ideological basis for the creation of decentralized digital currency. The purpose of creating a cryptocurrency is to get rid of the directives of central banks. If cryptocurrencies are created by the governments of countries, the basic idea of creating a virtual currency that virtual capital in the Internet space must be beyond the control and regulation of the government is lost. It is in this fundamental idea that the best degree of freedom is best seen, the increased degree of human dependence on free money, which raises many questions, namely: What is the philosophical concept of creating cryptocurrency? What worldview feeds the existence of cryptocurrency? Does the existence of cryptocurrency have an intellectual basis? What is the future of this venture? What principles or obligations should the government follow when talking about cryptocurrency? Is the world preparing for a single currency? The term decentralized digital currency has great appeal, the freedom to depend on money on this scale has long been awaited by mankind, despite the fact that we have numerous examples of independent money making in the world. Can cryptocurrency free us from default? The answer to this question is heterogeneous. One group of experts believes that they do not see default in the crypto world at all, because there will be no need to attract capital by traditional methods, there will be no need for long-term commitments, no bonds will be needed, we will move from the industrial era to the service era, cryptocurrencies. Wall Street positioners even call this view futuristic and say that bonds are a structure of contracts and rules that are not in the crypto world. In our opinion, this may be the traditional paradigm of the attitude of the old representatives of the financial world to the crypto industry. There have been serious tectonic shifts in recent geoeconomics, such as Brexit, the struggle for Catalan independence, the Donald Trump phenomenon, the Recep Tayyip Erdogan factor, and so on. All this breaks the old economic models that we previously thought were unalternative. In the final part of the research topic, we discuss the pros and cons of cryptocurrency, namely that the exchange rate of any cryptocurrency fluctuates rapidly in a very short period of time, there may be a complete depreciation of a particular currency, nothing can prevent it, Return is virtually impossible because the transactions are anonymous, there have been numerous cases of cryptocurrency exchanges in the world, it is practically impossible to investigate the fact, due to the anonymity of these transactions, cryptocurrencies are not secured by any assets, unlike shares they do not allow buyers or property. Against this background, it is interesting to see what place cryptocurrency will occupy in the new currency system. The fact is that virtual finance is a new word in online technology that will change in the future, no matter what the new model of running the economy.
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Hołda, Artur, and Anna Staszel. "The Concept of Low‑Value in the Context of Fixed Assets." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 5, no. 350 (October 30, 2020): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.350.01.
Full textAbstract:
This article aims to present the possibilities of making simplifications to accounting, particularly in the recognition of fixed assets and other carrying value items, according to the principle of relevance and fair presentation. In order to achieve this aim, the authors used deductive and inductive research methods, such as a literature review, analyses of the content of financial statements, and statistical verifications of the findings. Simplifications may be made to accounting provided that this does not distort a given entity’s true financial picture, and thereby does not mislead the users of the financial statement; making it irrelevant. Establishing the levels at which some type of information should be deemed relevant is difficult but crucial in reporting and financial audit. The authors of the article propose a model to enable establishing the levels of relevance (with regard to both the financial statement as a whole and its components) in each economic entity, regardless of its size and industry in which it operates. This model was created based on the reporting data of Polish companies, constituting a correction of similar models applied in Western Europe. It facilitates the definition of an objectified level of partial relevance basically for all reporting items. The authors used this model to research 148 companies by analysing their financial reports of 2007–2014, thereby reviewing the data of 1,184 financial statements, and other 337 smaller entities by analysing their financial reports of 2010–2017, thereby reviewing the data of 2,696 financial statements. In total, the authors analysed data from 3,880 financial statements. As a result, they drew conclusions as to the possibility of making simplifications in the recognition of fixed assets by entities. This research made it possible to establish the levels of relevance for the entities listed on WIG30, mWIG40, and sWIG80 as well as for the stock exchange companies not listed on any of the indices named, par ticularly the partial relevance considered for depreciation (amortisation). The analysis of the research results, including the application of the Chi square test, has led to the question whether from the financial accounting point of view making one‑off depreciations in the amounts of approx. PLN 10,000 (which the entities may want to practice in relation to the amendment to tax regulations) does not distort a given entity’s financial picture in the view of its financial statement. The research hypothesis of the study assumes that not all entities maintaining accounting books may apply tax regulations in the field of recognition of low‑value fixed assets. The analysis of the data contained in 3,880 financial statements of both larger and smaller entities has shown that the following research hypothesis should be adopted: not all entities maintaining accounting records may apply tax regulations for the recognition of low‑value fixed assets.
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Stolyarov, Yu N. "Digital library studies: The subject and definition." Scientific and Technical Libraries 1, no. 7 (August 7, 2021): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2021-7-13-32.
Full textAbstract:
The author demonstrates that the problems of library process automation have been put forward in 1970s. He refers to the book by Gerard Salton (1927–1995) (well-known author and designer of SMART – System for the Mechanical Analysis and Retrieval of Text): «Dynamic information and library processing» (1973). In his monograph, Salton reviewed the libraries and predicted their future as electronic institutions; he also proposed the model of efficient library collection circulation and discussed the issues of collection quality, file organization and storage, technology of computer-aided classification, etc. He concluded the monograph with the paragraph on the collection growth and document removal. In fact, it was one of the first and significant works in electronic collection studies. Russian e-librarianship dates back to 2001 when the first edition of textbook by Andrey I. Zemskov and Ya. L. Shrayberg was published. The priority of theoretical conceptualization of electronic processes was given to IT professionals. They were enthusiastic about new technologies but rather depreciative about the time-honored provisions of general and applied library science. They have been thinking that they are to design the library of special kind and, correspondingly, that the library science of special kind bears no relation to traditional library studies. Empirically they have adopted the approach of their predecessors of the dawn of civilization. They have been interpreting the subject of electronic library studies etymologically – as the book depository (i.e. the system of two elements: e-documents and facilities). The e-library, however, has got the same structure as any other library, and the structure of library science is also the same; it comprises the rovisions related to the whole e-library and each of its four elements of its primary contour, i.e. library collection, user/reader contingent, facilities and resources, and library staff. Each of the provisions is specified in the article.
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Purnama, Dian, Saiful Muchlis, and Andi Wawo. "Harga Pokok Produksi Dalam Menentukan Harga Jual Melalui Metode Cost Plus Pricing Dengan Pendekatan Full Costing." JRAK: Jurnal Riset Akuntansi dan Komputerisasi Akuntansi 10, no. 1 (August 21, 2017): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33558/jrak.v10i1.1647.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to determine the calculation of the cost of production and selling price setting process at PT. Istiqamah Prima Sejahtera. Calculating the cost of production for the full costing method and setting the selling price using a cost plus pricing. This type of research is quantitative research. Based on the characteristics of the issues raised by the researchers, the study is classified as a quantitative descriptive research. The data used in this study are primary data obtained directly from the company such as data from interviews with the company and the data contains information on the production costs of companies during the month of September 2016. As for the secondary data obtained from books, journals, internet or other media which supported this research.
From the analysis of the data, the results showed that the company's calculation of the cost of production is lower than the production cost price calculation using a full costing method. Cost of production is calculated using a method that is equal Rp85.472 company and according to the full costing method that is equal to Rp85.962. This is because in the calculation of factory overhead cost companies do not take into account some costs into the cost of production as the cost of maintenance and maintenance of production equipment, and the cost of depreciation on a shredded fish product. In addition, setting the selling price of the company only to estimate the selling price calculations per kg of shredded fish with a mark-up rate of 40%, amounting to Rp120,000 to set the selling price on the packaging of 100 grams, 250 grams and 500 grams. While using the cost plus pricing method with a mark up of 40% lower than the selling price according to the company in the amount of USD 12 683. (100 grams), Rp 30,488 (250 grams), and USD 60 798 (500 grams). So, setting the selling price should be done precisely because the price is too high will make the product less competitive, while the sale price is too low will lead to losses for the company.
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Naanen, Ben. "Economy within an Economy: the Manilla Currency, Exchange Rate Instability and Social Conditions in South-Eastern Nigeria, 1900–48." Journal of African History 34, no. 3 (November 1993): 425–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700033740.
Full textAbstract:
This paper studies the effects of the coexistence of the manilla currency and British currency in south-eastern Nigeria, and the way in which this monetary situation created political tensions which eventually led to the redemption of the manilla. When British control of Southern Nigeria was formalized in 1900 and British currency introduced in the south-east in the following year, the inability of the colonial authorities to put into circulation adequate supplies of British coins, coupled with historically entrenched use of traditional currencies, compelled the colonial state to recognize the latter as legal tender. However, the continuing circulation of these currencies alongside British coins created financial and economic difficulties, causing the colonial state to adopt a number of legislative measures to eradicate them. While other traditional currencies capitulated to these measures, the manilla continued to be popular as a result of objective economic factors, and was strengthened by some of the very instruments designed to eliminate it.Meanwhile, the constantly fluctuating exchange rate of the manilla was generating discontent. These fluctuations were caused primarily by the gyrations of the world market. Improved prices of palm products–the main sources of British currency in the economy of southeastern Nigeria–brought about the appreciation of the manilla. This caused hardship among wage-earners by reducing the exchange value and the purchasing power of their meagre and fixed income which had to be converted to manillas in order to buy food and other locally produced goods and services. Periods of depression, on the other hand, caused manilla depreciation as a result of a diminished inflow of British currency. This reduced the income of peasant producers, while increasing the purchasing power of workers. The ferments generated by fluctuating manilla values have remained, until now, unidentified causal links in the political movements in south-eastern Nigeria, including especially the women's movements of the 1920s.The discontent intensified in the 1940s, when the influx of cash into the Nigerian economy caused by war-time military spending and the post-war commodity boom caused a continuous appreciation of the manilla. This development made life more difficult for workers, whose incomes were already being decimated by inflation. The resulting intensified political tension, as well as the existing obstacles to trade and smooth collection of taxes (also caused by unabating manilla fluctuations), made the demonetization of the manilla through redemption inevitable. With the elimination of the manilla, which had constituted a sub-system within the economic system of colonial Nigeria, the colonial state's economic control of Nigeria can be said to have been completed.
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Noviasari, Evi, and Richad Alamsyah. "Peranan Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Pendekatan Full Costing Dalam Menentukan Harga Jual Dengan Metode Cost Plus Pricing." Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Kesatuan 8, no. 1 (April 25, 2020): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37641/jiakes.v8i1.287.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study were to know the role of calculation cost of goods manufactured and determination of the selling price of shoes in the Heriyanto’s shoes MSME. To knowing the extent of differences in determination the cost of goods manufactured by using the company method and the full costing approach and compare the selling price according to the company's method with using the Cost Plus Pricing.
The type of research used is qualitative research. The analytical method used in this study is qualitative descriptive analysis. The data used in this study are primary data. Data were obtained directly through observation and interviews with the Heriyanto’s shoes MSME and data in the form of information on production costs such as raw material costs, labor costs, and factory overhead costs MSME during December 2018. While for secondary data. Data were obtained from intermediary media such as books or literature, journals related to the title of the research, and can also be via the internet. The results of the study it can be concluded that the cost of goods manufactured calculation according Heriyanto’s MSME is lower than the cost of goods manufactured calculation using the full costing method. The cost of goods manufactured according heriyanto’s MSME is Rp. 15.675/pair or Rp. 313.492/score (Hamer Material) and Rp. 14.600/pair or Rp. 291.992/score (Kavaro Material). While the cost of goods manufactured used the full costing method, which is Rp. 16.310/pair or Rp. 326.201/score (Hamer Material) and Rp. 15.235/pair or Rp. 304.701/score (Kavaro Material). This is caused factory overhead costs that are not calculate by Heriyanto’s MSME such as electricity costs, gas costs, maintenance costs for machinery and factory vehicles, and depreciation costs.
Determination of selling price must be appropriately because the determination of selling prices that are too high will result in difficulty competition with similar products while the determination of selling prices too low will result in reduced income generated by Heriyanto’s MSME. The difference in determination the cost of good manufactured will affect the Heriyanto’s MSME in determining the selling price, because the cost of goods manufactured is the main element in determination selling price. Calculation of selling prices according Heriyanto’s MSME is Rp. 18.026/pair or Rp. 360.516/score (Hamer Material) and Rp. 16.790/pair or Rp. 335.791/score (Kavaro material). While the selling price used the Cost Plus Pricing method which is Rp. 18.814/pair or Rp. 376.281/score (Hamer Material) and Rp. 17.578/pair or Rp. 351.556/score (Kavaro material).
Keywords : Cost of Goods manufactured, Selling Price, Full Costing, Cost Plus Pricing