Journal articles on the topic 'Book industries and trade – History'

In the political and economic history of Germany, Leipzig alreadyheld a special place long before unification. Since the middle ages, ithas hosted one of the most important trade fairs in Europe. Whenindustrialization turned Germany in the late nineteenth century intoa leading European power, outpacing France and closely rivalingBritain, Leipzig added to its established and internationally acclaimedfur and book trade a mighty industrial sector in lignite-based chemicalsand vehicle production. At the turn of the century, Leipzig wasone of the largest and most affluent cities of Germany and indeedEurope. A rich stock of Gründerzeit houses remains to testify to thisillustrious past.

AbstractThe Habsburg Empire was a sovereign dynasty ruled by the Habsburgs between the 15th and 20th centuries. Although its borders were not defined before the 19th century, what is now Austria, Hungary, some areas of the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Italy were at some point part of the Empire. Starting in the 17th century, the Empire had Vienna as the capital, which was a hub for culture and craft where silk was a valued commodity. Despite the political and cultural importance of the Empire, little is known of its trade practices and sources of raw material. Using a combination of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detector (HPLC-PDA) for the study of a Viennese swatch book, we conducted the first systematic approach to understanding the industry. Benedict Codecasa, a prominent merchant active in Vienna between the late 18th and early 19th century sold silk and other textile goods. Authorized by the Royal Court, Codecasa was assumed to sell luxurious and high-quality textiles. However, our results suggested colored goods were dyed with more focus on aesthetics (finding a similar color) rather than quality through unique recipes. This greatly contrasts with other contemporary textile industries praised for their quality and which, in turn, might be related to comparatively lesser quality textiles sold in Vienna.

The author deals with the history of the Ob Ugrian husbandry and economy and aims at showing what phenomena of the Ob Ugrians’ economic life have attracted scholarly attention and how research approaches have changed. The works of ethnologists and historians are used as sources. Historiography is considered not so much as an account of achievements and discoveries of different authors, but more as ideas, research approaches that appear in a certain historical period. In the 18th–19th centuries, authors were concerned with the uniqueness of the economic activities of the Ostyaks and Voguls. They regarded fishing, hunting and reindeer herding as modes of livelihood strikingly different from those habitual to educated observers. In the middle 19th century, ethnographers paid attention to economic relations between the indigenous and Russian population of the Northern Ob Region and complied descriptions of trade at fairs and credit-trade relations. The turn of the 19th–20th centuries was the period of boom of ethnographic local lore, when empirical materials on the economy were supplemented with data on the Ugrian local groups, which were characterized by the accuracy of information and its attachment to a specific territory. In the 1920s, ethnographers were no longer attracted by the exoticism and uniqueness of northern peoples’ ways of economic activity. They sought to obtain the most accurate data on the husbandry and economy in order, relying on them, to overcome the “backwardness” of the aboriginal economy and raise it to the socialist level. In the 1960–1990s, Ugric scholars studied the traditional branches of the husbandry from the perspective of historical retrospect. During these years a lot of new data were introduced into the scientific turnover, the problems of formation and evolution of separate branches and economic complexes in different groups of the Khanty and Mansi were studied. The contemporary stage of the Ob Ugrian husbandry and economy research is characterized by special attention to the development of traditional industries under conditions of intensive industrial development and market relations.

One of the most influential ideas in Southeast Asian history in recent decades has been Anthony Reid'sAge of Commercethesis, which sees a commercial boom and the emergence of port cities as hubs of commerce over the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries, which in turn spurred political, social and economic changes throughout the region. But how new were the changes described in Reid'sAge of Commerce? This paper argues that the four centuries from circa 900 to 1300 CE can be seen as an ‘Early Age of Commerce’ in Southeast Asia. During this period, a number of commercial and financial changes in China, South Asia, the Middle East and within the Southeast Asian region, greatly promoted maritime trade, which induced the emergence of new ports and urban centres, the movement of administrative capitals toward the coast, population expansion, increased maritime links between societies, the expansion of Theravada Buddhism and Islam, increased monetisation, new industries, new forms of consumption and new mercantile organisations. It is thus proposed that the period from 900 to 1300 be considered the Early Age of Commerce in Southeast Asian history.

Based on the list of stores listed in the appendix to the “Chosun Commercial comprehensive book”, this paper examines the existence and trends of store merchants in the 1910s. The store merchant in the “Chosun Commercial Comprehensive Book” were largely emerging merchant forces, who differed from traditional merchants. The first characteristic that is noteworthy in the existence of store merchants in the 1910s is the bias by industry. Looking at the composition of the detailed industry, four types, commission agency business, general store, trade store, and cloth store, accounted for about 71% of all commercial-based stores. In the case of industrial-based stores, manufacturing pharmacies and shoe manufacturing stores accounted for nearly half of all handicraft stores. This industry bias phenomenon was due to the survival strategy of Korean commercial and industrial capitalists to respond to the impact of colonialism. The second characteristic that is noteworthy in the existence of store merchants is that there were several types surrounding the supply and demand of products and sales channels. It can be classified into five main types. First, the type that is produced in Chosun and sold in Chosun. Second, the type that is produced in Chosun and sold to Japan. Third, the type that is produced in Chosun and sold to China. Fourth, the type that is produced in Japan and sold to Chosun. Fifth, the type that is produced in China and sold to Chosun. It can be seen that small and medium-sized capitalists were also gradually dividing their economic existence due to colonial economic policy. Meanwhile, some of the store merchants have expanded their economic activities by establishing modern companies or factories or investing in other industries such as mining and agriculture based on the capital earned from store management. This aspect can be said to show that the path of personal economic growth was not completely impossible even for small and medium-sized capitalists, at least until this period.

Gutenberg in Shanghai is a book about the industrial revolution in China's print culture and the ensuing rise of print capitalism ‘with Chinese characteristics.’ It offers a coherent and unique account of the introduction, adaptation and eventual imitation of modern, i.e. Western, print technology in China, with the aim of establishing the material basis on which to study the transition of China's ancient literary culture into the industrial age. It reconstructs the history of print technology from the first cast type matrices to the adaptation of the electrotype process, from photo-lithography to the colour-offset press, from the platen press to the rotary printing press, and tells the stories of three of the most dominant lithograph and letterpress publishers of the late Qing and the early Republican period respectively. This is a worthwhile undertaking, exploring an aspect of modern publishing in China, which hitherto has not received the attention it deserves. The study is based on missionary writings, personal reminiscences, collections of source materials, documents on the early book printers' trade organizations from the Shanghai Municipal Archives, and oral history materials (interviews conducted during the 1950s with former printing workshops apprentices). The bibliography also lists a couple of interviews, but unfortunately it is not clear how relevant they are to the story told in the book.The introduction of lithography into Shanghai by Jesuit missionaries in 1876 plays a pivotal role in this account. Lithography, especially photolithography coming a few years later, was a technology particularly suited to Chinese needs and cheaper than traditional wood-block printing.

History notes that America has gotten two giant economic crises both the Great Depression of 1930s and the Financial Crisis of 2008’s. On August 15, 1971 the United States Dollar went down drastically. Without Congressional approval, President Nixon ended the coinage between the United States Dollar and the gold. Consequently the dollar becomes Monopoly Money. After that, the biggest economic boom in history has begun. In 2009, when the economy ran aground, Central Bankers in the world created trillion dollars, yen, pesos, euros and pounds by following a monopoly for bankers.1 The concept has changed to the present time. The distribution of money has become a concept of debt in various forms, including the use of money as a capital instrument. The main contributors to capital in Islamic trade traffic (muamalah) are economic real, not loans (non-loans), actors who direct money used for business capital are concentrated in the form of financing, but after the end of the Gold standard (fiat money), how far the meaning of financing can fulfill justice based on Islamic economics. The concept of the Bank is any camouflage with the money industry, and it is not clear enough, exactly the difference between the Bank and Islamic nuances, because all financial industries are under one container, namely the interest-base central bank. In short, Islamic banking with a financing system, while conventional banking with a loan system. Two different central banks are greatly needed.

Praise be to God as great as the number of His creation, the contentment of Himself, the weight of His Throne, and the extent of His words, and prayers and peace be upon the most honorable of His creation and the seal of the prophets, the Chosen One, Muhammad, and upon his family and his good and pure companions, and after… The selection of this topic is to deal deeply with of the history of this ancient city and the important era, namely from the economic side, through the book of Sahih Al-Bukhari, which is considered one of the important, comprehensive and correct hadith books especially it included hadiths with economic which has an effect on the life of the Islamic community. The researcher also tried to write about an aspect of the main aspects of Islamic civilization in which Islam’s supremacy and its richness in financial and economic policy becomes clear and evident, and how its provisions reformed economic conditions and financial systems removed the injustice that was the distinguishing feature of previous eras, and its repercussions on social conditions. The political and intellectual, as well as the importance of the place and the historical era, which is considered one of the brightest eras of Islam. It also deals the agricultural activity, and discussed the issues that Islam dealt with to reform the agricultural aspect, and then reviewed the most important agricultural crops. It also dealt tackled the industrial activity, and reviewed the most important industries at that time. This paper also sheds light on commercial activity. The role of immigrants in promoting the commercial process in the city is also shown, as well as reviewing the most important trades that took place in it. It further clarified the role of Islam in organizing the commercial process in civil society, by controlling steadiness and weights, and finally a chapter is devoted to explain The process of browsing and raising animals.

- Leonard Y. Andaya, H.A. Poeze, Excursies in Celebes; Een bundel bijdragen bij het afscheid van J. Noorduyn als directeur-secretaris van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 1991, 348 pp., P. Schoorl (eds.) - Anne Booth, Adrian Clemens, Changing economy in Indonesia Volume 12b; Regional patterns in foreign trade 1911-40. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute, 1992., J.Thomas Lindblad, Jeroen Touwen (eds.) - A.P. Borsboom, James F. Weiner, The empty place; Poetry space, and being among the Foi of Papua New Guinea. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991. - Martin van Bruinessen, Ozay Mehmet, Islamic identity and development; Studies of the Islamic periphery. London and New York: Routledge, 1990 (cheap paperback edition: Kula Lumpur: Forum, 1990), 259 pp. - H.J.M. Claessen, Timothy Earle, Chiefdoms: power, economy, and ideology. A school of American research book. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 341 pp., bibliography, maps, figs. - H.J.M. Claessen, Henk Schulte Nordholt, State, village, and ritual in Bali; A historical perspective. (Comparitive Asian studies 7.) Amsterdam: VU University press for the centre for Asian studies Amsterdam, 1991. 50 pp. - B. Dahm, Ruby R. Paredes, Philippine colonial democracy. (Monograph series 32/Yale University Southeast Asia studies.) New Haven: Yale Center for international and Asia studies, 1988, 166 pp. - Eve Danziger, Bambi B. Schieffelin, The give and take of everyday life; Language socialization of Kaluli children. (Studies in the social and cultural foundations of language 9.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. - Roy Ellen, David Hicks, Kinship and religion in Eastern Indonesia. (Gothenburg studies in social anthropology 12.) Gothenburg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 1990, viii 132 pp., maps, figs, tbls. - Paul van der Grijp, Pierre Lemonnier, Guerres et festins; Paix, échanges et competition dans les highlands de Nouvelle-Guinée. (avant-propos par Maurice Godelier). Paris: Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, 1990, 189 pp. - F.G.P. Jaquet, Hans van Miert, Bevlogenheid en onvermogen; Mr. J.H. Abendanon en de Ethische Richting in het Nederlandse kolonialisme. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 1991. VI 178 pp. - Jan A. B. Jongeneel, Leendert Jan Joosse, ‘Scoone dingen sijn swaere dingen’; een onderzoek naar de motieven en activiteiten in de Nederlanden tot verbreiding van de gereformeerde religie gedurende de eerste helft van de zeventiende eeuw. Leiden: J.J. Groen en Zoon, 1992, 671 pp., - Barbara Luem, Robert W. Hefner, The political economy of Mountain Java; An interpretive history. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. - W. Manuhutu, Dieter Bartels, Moluccans in exile; A struggle for ethnic survival; Socialization, identity formation and emancipation among an East-Indonesian minority in The Netherlands. Leiden: Centre for the study of social conflicts and Moluccan advisory council, 1989, xiii 544 p. - J. Noorduyn, Taro Goh, Sumba bibliography, with a foreword by James J. Fox, Canberra: The Australian National University, 1991. (Occasional paper, Department of Anthropology, Research school of Pacific studies.) xi 96 pp., map, - J.G. Oosten, Veronika Gorog-Karady, D’un conte a l’autre; La variabilité dans la litterature orale/From one tale to the other; Variability in oral literature. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1990 - Gert Oostindie, J.H. Galloway, The sugar cane industry: An historical geography from its origins to 1914. Cambridge (etc.): Cambridge University Press, 1989. xiii 266 pp. - J.J. Ras, Peter Carey, The British in Java, 1811-1816; A Javanese account. Oriental documents X, published for the British academy by Oxford University Press, 1992, xxii 611 pp., ills., maps. Oxford: Alden press. - Ger P. Reesink, Karl G. Heider, Landscapes of emotion; Mapping three cultures of emotion in Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme. 1991, xv 332 p. - Ger P. Reesink, H. Steinhauer, Papers on Austronesian linguistics No. 1. Canberra: Department of linguistics, Research school of Pacific studies, ANU. (Pacific linguistics series A- 81). 1991, vii 225 pp., - Janet Rodenburg, Peter J. Rimmer, The underside of Malaysian history; Pullers, prostitutes, plantation workers...Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1990, xiv 259 p., Lisa M. Allen (eds.) - A.E.D. Schmidgall-Tellings, John M. Echols, An Indonesian-English Dictionary. Third edition. Revised and edited by John U.Wolff and James T. Collins in in cooperation with Hasan Shadily. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1989. xix + 618 pp., Hasan Shadily (eds.) - Mary F. Somers Heidhues, Olaf H. Smedal, Order and difference: An ethnographic study of Orang Lom of Bangka, West Indonesia, Oslo: University of Oslo, Department of social anthropology, 1989. [Oslo Occasional Papers in Social Anthropology, Occasional Paper no. 19, 1989]. - E.Ch.L. van der Vliet, Henri J.M. Claessen, Early state economics. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1991 [Political and Anthropology Series volume 8]., Pieter van de Velde (eds.) - G.M. Vuyk, J. Goody, The oriental, the ancient and the primitive; Systems of marriage and the family in the pre-industrial societies of Eurasia. New York, Cambridge University Press, (Studies in literacy, family, culture and the state), 1990, 562 pp. - E.P. Wieringa, Dorothée Buur, Inventaris collectie G.P. Rouffaer. Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 1990, vi 105 pp., 6 foto´s.

This clearly written, well-researched monograph analyzes the shop-floor actions, strikes, and general insurgency of German chemical workers during and after World War One, proving, once again, that reports of labor history's demise are premature. Patton's work suggests that we still have much to learn from an anatomy of militant working-class behavior. In the classic manner, Flammable Material surveys the overall economic and industrial context of rebellion while also offering a detailed comparative study of conditions, organization, and activity in specific companies—in this case, the four biggest concerns, Bayer, Höchst, Leuna, and BASF. Simultaneously, the book moves beyond traditional labor history (at least of the dominant German variety) by adopting the perspective “from below” as opposed to from inside trade unions and socialist parties. Moreover, Patton criticizes assumptions that often crop up even in the field of the new labor history. Indeed, his study was motivated by his dissatisfaction with explanations of the oft-noted volatility of chemical workers from 1918 to 1921. He challenges, first, the notion that their actions were “wild” or spontaneous, showing that they were driven by long-festering, well-articulated grievances and steered by shop-floor leaders and organizations. He disputes, second, the assumption that chemical workers were apolitical. To understand both the curve and content of workplace solidarity and militancy, he argues, the historian must consider the impact of partisan politics on chemical workers, on the one hand, and their intense concern with the balance of power between employees and management, on the other.

The 1808 American Burns ‘edition’, unrecorded in earlier Burns scholarship, which is described here from the copy in Mr Todd’s collection. is significant both for its nineteenth century owner, the American politician and orator Edward Everett (1794–1865), and for its strange printing history. Everett’s bookplate and a manuscript inscription show that the Todd copy was presented to Everett by a young American poet Epes Sargent (1813–1880), and together these suggest an under-documented interest in Burns in America outside the Scottish diaspora before the 1840s, when Burns’s work would be championed by Emerson, Frederick Douglass and others. The title page states the edition was published in Boston, Massachusetts, but the book’s irregular pagination shows that it was printed in Scotland, not Boston, and was made up of sheets of an 1807 Scottish edition. The American title page (a close but not exact match with the Scottish one), whether printed in Edinburgh or Boston, disguised its Scottish origin during a period of strong protectionism in the American book-trade; if the title page were printed in Scotland, the 1808 Boston Burns would seem to be the only known early nineteenth century example of such an arrangement.

The international academic conference “Historical, Cultural, Interethnic, Religious and Political Relations of the Crimea with the Mediterranean Region and the Countries of the East” is an annual major academic symposium, held in Sevastopol, the Crimea. The organizers of the conference include the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastopol State University, the State Historical and Archaeological Museum-Reserve Taurid Chersoneses, traditionally hosting the event. The conference was held in both off-line, and online formats. Within three working days, from October 4 to 6, 2022, a total of more than 150 people took part in it — representatives of more than 30 academic organizations, higher educational institutions, museums. By the beginning of the symposium, were published collected papers by the participants. The book contains the work of researchers from the Russian Federation (Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Simferopol, Sevastopol, Kerch), and foreign countries — Germany, Abkhazia, Belarus. The forum consisted of nine sections focusing on interethnic and political relations of the peoples of the Crimea in past and present; political, trade, cultural relations of the Crimea with the countries of the Mediterranean region and the countries of the East; written sources on the history of the region, historiography and cartography of the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas; ethnic history of Crimea, archeology, numismatics and epigraphy of Crimea in the context of economic and cultural relations of the peninsula. As a result of the conference, a resolution was adopted, which noted the importance of holding this event as one of the most significant academic symposia in Sevastopol, and the need to continue the work of the annual conference.

The article analyzes the contribution of law scholars of forest legislation of the 19th century; highlights their creative and life path. No state can exist without laws in general and without development of legislation of specific institutions, industries, structures, clusters, etc. Long-standing underdevelopment of Russian forest legislation can be explained by vastness of forests, lack of access to the seas, and lack of market relations. Transition from artisan mode of production to manufacture, the country's need for a fleet, and awareness of the necessity of replenishing the treasury through timber trade radically changed the picture and drew attention to the forest. All these changes required development of forest legislation, which actually happened in the 18th – 19th centuries. There are certain people behind each phenomenon, and the forest legislation is no exception. Those people, who harmonized fragmented and overlapping forest laws and in part, narratively, gave the legislative forest process itself a problem-chronological and explanatory character, did a huge and very useful theoretical and practical work, fully deserving the good memory of their descendants and recognition of jurists and all engaged in forestry. The empirical basis of the research is sources, which can be divided into several groups: reference books and encyclopedias of forest legislation; works analyzing the formation and improvement of Russian forest legislation; normative legal acts concerning forests. The methodological basis of the study is general dialectical method of cognition contributing to progressive development from specific to the general, as well as method of hermeneutics, lore of understanding and interpretation of legal texts; and approach emphasizing the objective nature of a historical personality’s activities, revealed through causality and conformity of historical development. The approach proposed by the author to consider the formation of the issue and its development by superimposing it with the history of personalities who solved the issue provides a new look on the problem, a better understanding of reasons that prompted scientists to deal with it, and saturates scientific narrative with brighter colors. The peculiarity of biographical research conducted by the author consists in understanding their life path, creative credo, and the history of the Fatherland.

AbstractBetween 1810 and 1940, a large GDP per capita gap appeared between the industrial core and the poor periphery, the latter producing, increasingly, primary products. Over the same period, the terms of trade facing the periphery underwent a secular boom then bust, peaking in the 1870s or 1890s. These terms of trade trends appear to have been exogenous to the periphery. Additionally, the terms of trade facing the periphery exhibited relatively high volatility. Are these correlations spurious, or are they causal? This Figuerola Lecture, to be given at Carlos III University (Madrid), argues that they are causal, that secular growth and volatility in the terms of trade had asymmetric effects on core and periphery. On the upswing, the secular rise in its terms of trade had powerful de-industrialization effects in the periphery. Over the full cycle 1810–1940, terms of trade volatility suppressed accumulation and growth in the periphery as well.

This article provides interesting information about the history of trade, development and the exchange of cultures between countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. Also given are the types of spices ,the legends of “incense” and their use in cooking, medicine and other industries. Also determine the authenticity of spices, which is very relevant today. The historical facts are given that the trade in spices and spices has influenced the development of the history of culture of the countries of the world and plays important role in various fields of science and industries.

Jean-Baptiste Say is generally portrayed as an unrelenting champion of laissez faire who believed commercial activity promoted economic well-being. However, I develop a more nuanced portrait of Say’s thinking by showing that he did not believe that free trade was an unmitigated good. He thus identified several exceptions to free international trade that justified government intervention in the form of restrictions on imports and public subsidies to domestic industries. Going beyond Adam Smith’s arguments for protective tariffs, Say maintained that government could play a role to protect infant industries, insisting on the fact that protectionism could only be gradually and carefully removed. Drawing upon Say’s published writings and archival sources, I show that Say developed original views on domestic and international trade, several of which were distinct from those of Smith. Overall, Say’s analysis of free trade sheds greater light on his conception of the role of government in a market economy. It illustrates under what conditions the government should intervene in order to achieve both economic efficiency and social justice.

In the second half of the 19th century, printing was an important sector in the North German city of Hannover. The city was the world leader in the industrial production of account books; the product itself had been invented there. It is all the more surprising that the fourth-largest printing works in the city in the 1920s should have been almost entirely forgotten by the early 21st century. As a Jewish-owned firm, the family business of A. Molling & Comp. had been forced to sell during the Nazi dictatorship and its owners emigrated in the late 1930s. In the absence of the more obvious sources such as company records, much of the history of the firm could only be traced through its products. Unusually for Hannover, as well as printing colour advertising and packaging for many well-known companies, Molling had specialised in children’s picture books, which were marketed worldwide. Editions of their books were sold as far afield as Indonesia, Estonia, South America and the USA. This article presents a brief account of the firm, highlighting the analysis of surviving products to trace the ramifications of Molling’s international contacts, including work for world-famous companies such as Raphael Tuck of London. The study is of interest to historical geographers, economic and urban historians and book historians. The research fills a gap not only in the specific, local historical geography of Hannover, but also in our knowledge of aspects of globalisation in the early twentieth century.

AbstractFrank Tannenbaum is best known for his studies of Mexican agrarian reform and for his contributions to the comparative history of slavery and slave societies. But as a young man he had made a name for himself as a notorious labor agitator, and he went on to publish two books on the US labor movement, which are worthy of reconsideration as important interpretations of independent trade unionism and political reform. The first volume appeared in 1921 and offered an original perspective on the popular syndicalism that formed such a large, positive element of the philosophy of the International Workers of the World (IWW), to the extent it had one, at the center of which lay the struggle for social recognition on the part of immigrant and (supposedly) unskilled workers. The second appeared thirty years later and provided a thoughtful defense of the private, employment-based welfare and industrial relations system that the New Deal established in the United States. Together the books offer a provocative account of the social and individual radicalism of US-style “pure and simple” trade unionism.

Small and Medium Industries (IKM) are the most important pillars of the economy in the city of Tanjungpinang. Of course, Pemko continues to encourage local economic growth through micro, small and medium enterprises. This can be seen from the number of business units in the city of Tanjungpinang which continues to increase every year. It was recorded that in 2019-2022 there were 997 IKMs with various types of businesses including 670 food IKMs, 165 clothing IKMs, 68 crafts IKMs, and 94 other types of business IKMs. Because so far the IKM sector has proven its important role in making a significant contribution to the economy of the city of Tanjungpinang. In line with that, from 2019-2022, the number of workers who received competition-based training reached 359 people. The aim of this research is to find out the Role of the Department of Trade and Industry in Promoting Small and Medium Industries (IKM) in Tanjungpinang City in 2022 by using Ndraha Labolo's theory. The method used is a qualitative research method with as many as 7 informants and uses techniques and data collection in the form of interviews, observation and documentation. The results of this study show that the role of the Trade and Industry Office of the City of Tanjungpinang as a regulator is regulated in Mayor Regulation No. 39 of 2016 concerning Description of the Main Tasks and Organizational Functions and Work Procedures of the Office of Trade and Industry of the City of Tanjungpinang. The role played by the Trade and Industry Office of Tanjungpinang City as a dynamic in advancing the Small and Medium Industries (IKM), namely by providing training, coaching to the Small and Medium Industries (IKM) so that difficulties in obtaining business licenses and obtaining halal certificates can be resolved easily by using PTSP. The role of the Government as a facilitator for Small and Medium Industries (IKM), namely by providing promotion space for Small and Medium Industries (IKM) as well as in obtaining halal certification, the Government's Department of Trade and Industry has facilitated the issuance of halal certification from BPOM. Key Word: Advancing, Small and Medium Industries (IKM), Role.

The secondhand clothes trade was a vital reflection of consumer demand in preindustrial and early industrial England, one that has gone unrecognized because of the nature of the trade. It did not involve the manufacture, finishing, or refining of raw materials or the sale of new commodities. It was largely invisible trade, leaving few records and generating no legislation. Yet the trade in secondhand clothing was a common feature of English life and met the needs of much of the English population in a way that other manufacturing trades and industries did not. Historians considering the characteristics of the domestic market in this era have naturally focused on the new manufactures and the widening range of goods produced in response to domestic demand both in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries—everything from caps, stockings, and pottery to the products of the British cotton industry. The growth of these industries has been seen as a testament to a strong demand among consumers for varied, attractive, and inexpensive goods. But the extent of demand among the various ranks of people and the intensity of this demand cannot accurately be determined solely from the development of new industries and the sale of new commodities.The demand for clothing, textiles, and other consumer goods was not the sum total of the consumer impulse. An equally powerful drive was manifested not through the purchase of new commodities but through the sale, trade, and purchase of secondhand merchandise. Joan Thirsk has noted that “the labouring classes found cash to spare for consumer goods in 1700 that had no place in their budgets in 1550.”

En las últimas décadas las referencias al Análisis de Redes han ganado protagonismo entre los historiadores. Hemos asistido a una auténtica proliferación de artículos, monográficos y proyectos de investigación en los que el estudio de las interconexiones en sociedades del pasado ocupa un papel central. Desafortunadamente, en algunos de estos trabajos la conceptualización y la cuantificación han estado ausentes. El presente artículo pretende explorar el potencial del Análisis de Redes como herramienta metodológica aplicable a la disciplina histórica en sus distintos campos de investigación. Pretendemos hacer una apuesta clara por la integración de esta herramienta, superando la retórica de las palabras, pero también de la imagen. Para ello, incorporamos una panorámica de las principales aportaciones al Análisis de Redes en la historiografía. Además, analizamos sus elementos fundamentales y describimos su uso con ejemplos de publicaciones recientes, explorando los retos que se plantean de cara al futuro. Palabras Claves: Análisis de Redes, Metodología, Métricas, VisualizaciónTopónimos: Latinoamérica, EuropaPeriodo: Neolítico-Siglo XX ABSTRACTDuring recent decades, historians have referred with increasing frequency to network analysis. We have witnessed a veritable proliferation of papers, monographs and research projects in which the study of interconnections among individuals from past societies plays a central role. Unfortunately, conceptualization and quantifications have been absent from most of these works. This paper aims to explore the potential of network analysis as a methodological tool applied to history. The objective is to integrate this tool into the historian’s work, transcending the rhetoric of words and images. To this end, I first present the main contributions of network analysis to historiography, together with a description of its main elements, using examples from recent academic works. The paper also explores the challenges facing future research. Keywords: Network Analysis, Methodology, Metrics, VisualizationPlace names: Latin America, EuropePeriod: Neolithic- 20th Century REFERENCIASAhnert, R., Ahnert, S., Coleman. C. N. y Weingart, S. B. (2020), The Network Turn. Changing Perspectives in the Humanities, Cambridge, University Press.Batagelj, V. Mrvar, A. (2001), “A subquadratic triad census algorithm for large sparse networks with small maximum degree”, Social Networks, 23, pp. 237-243.Bernabeu Aubán, J., Lozano, S y Pardo-Gordó, S. (2017), “Iberian Neolithic Networks: The Rise and Fall of the Cardial World”, Frontiers in Digital Humanities (4).Bertrand, M., Guzzi-Heeb, S. y Lemercier, C. (2011), “Introducción: ¿en qué punto se encuentra el análisis de redes en Historia?”, REDES. Revista hispana para el análisis de redes sociales, 21, pp. 1-12.Böttcher, N., Hausberger, B. e Ibarra, A. (2011), Redes y negocios globales en el mundo ibérico, siglos XVI-XVIII, Ciudad de México, IberoamericanaBrughmans, T., Collar, A. y Coward, F. (2106), The Connected Past. Challenge to Network Studies in Archaeology and History, Oxford, University PressBrown, D. M., Soto-Corominas, A. y Suárez, J. L., (2017), “The preliminaries project: Geography, networks, and publication in the Spanish Golden Age”, Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, 32-4, pp. 709-732.Burt, R. (1995), Structural holes: The social structure of competition, Boston, Harvard University Press.Cachero, M. (2011), “Redes mercantiles en los inicios del comercio atlántico. Sevilla entre Europa y América, 1520-1525”, en N. Böttcher, B. Hausberger y A. Ibarra (eds.), Redes y Negocios Globales en el Mundo Ibérico, siglos XVI-XVIII, Ciudad de México, Colegio de México, pp. 25-52.Carvajal de la Vega, D. (2014), “Merchant Networks in the Cities of the Crown of Castile”, en A. Caracausi y C. Jeggle (eds.), Commercial Networks and European Cities, 1400–1800, Londres, Pickering Chatto, pp. 137-152.Castellano, J. L. y Dedieu, J. P. (1998), Réseaux, familles et pouvoirs dans le monde ibérique à la fin de l'Ancien Régime, París, CNRS.Crailsheim, E. (2016), The Spanish Connection. French and Flemish Merchant Networks in Seville. 1570-1650, Viena, Bohlau Verlag.— (2020), “Flemish merchant networks in early modern Seville. Approaches, comparisons, and methodical considerations”, en F. Kerschbaumere et al., The Power of Networks. Prospects of Historical Network Research, Londres, Routledge, pp. 84-109.Deicke, A. J. E. (2017), “Networks of Conflict: Analyzing the ‘Culture of Controversy’ in Polemical Pamphlets of Intra-Protestant Disputes (1548-1580)”, Journal of Historical Network Resarch, 1, pp. 71-105.Dermineur, Elise (2019), “Peer-to-peer lending in pre-industrial France”, Financial History Review, 3, pp. 359-388.Freeman, L. (2012), El desarrollo del análisis de redes sociales. Un estudio de sociología de la ciencia, Bloomington, Palibrio.Garrués-Irurzun, J. y Rubio, J. A. (2012), “La formación del espacio empresarial andaluz: 1857-1959”, Scripta Nova. Revista electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, 16, http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn/sn-404.htm (Consulta: 04-07-2020).Graham, S., Milligan, I. y Weingart, S. (2016), Exploring big historical data: the historian’s macroscope, Londres, The Imperial College Press.Gil Martínez, F. (2015), “Las hechuras del Conde Duque de Olivares. La alta administración de la monarquía desde el análisis de redes”, Cuadernos de Historia Moderna, 40, pp. 63-88.Heredia López, A. J. (2019), “Los comerciantes a Indias y la Casa de la Contratación: vínculos y redes (1618-1644)”, Colonial Latin American Review, 28:4, pp. 514-537.Herrero Sánchez, M. y Kaps, K. (2017), Merchants and Trade Netwokrs in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, 1550-1800, Londres, RoutledgeHinks, J. y Feely, C. (2017), Historical networks in the Book Trade, Nueva York, Routlege.Ibarra, A. (2000), “El consulado de comercio de Guadalajara, 1795-1821. Cambio institucional, gestión corporativa y costos de transacción en la economía novohispana”, en B. Hausberger y N. Böttcher (ed.), Dinero y negocios en la historia de América Latina, Frankfurt, Vervuert, pp. 231-264.Iglesias, D. (2016), “Las redes político-intelectuales y los orígenes del Plan Barranquilla, 1929-1931”, en A. Pita González, Redes intelectuales transnacionales en América Latina durante la entreguerra, Ciudad de México, Universidad de Colima, pp. 25-50.— (2017), “El aporte del análisis de redes sociales a la historia intelectual”, Historia y Espacio, 49, pp. 17-37.Imízcoz Beunza, J. M. (1998), “Communauté, reséau social, élites. L'armature sociale de l'Ancien Régime”, en J. L. Castellano y J. P. Dedieu, Réseaux, familles et pouvoirs dans le monde ibérique à la fin de l'Ancien Régime, París, CNRS, pp. 31-66.— (2011), “Actores y redes sociales en Historia”, en D. Carvajal de la Vega et al. (eds.), Redes sociales y económicas en el mundo bajomedieval, Valladolid, Castilla ediciones, pp. 21-33.— (2018), “Por una historia global. Aportaciones del análisis relacional a la ‘global history’”, en A. Ibarra, A. Alcántara y F. Jumar (eds.), Actores sociales, redes de negocios y corporaciones en Hispanoamérica, siglos XVII-XIX, Ciudad de México, UNAM- Bonilla Artigas Editores, pp. 27-57.Imízcoz Beunza, J. M. y Arroyo Ruiz, L. (2011), “Redes sociales y correspondencia epistolar. Del análisis cualitativo de las relaciones personales a la reconstrucción de redes egocentradas”, REDES, Revista para el análisis de redes sociales, 21, pp. 99-138.Kerschbaumer, F., Keyserlingk-Rehbein, L., Stark, M. y Düring, M. (2020), The Power of Networks. Prospects of Historical Network Research, Londres, Routledge.Lamikiz, X. (2020), Reseña de The Spanish Connection. French and Flemish Merchant Networks in Seville. 1570-1650, Investigaciones de Historia Económica, 16-1, pp. 60-61.Lemercier, C. (2015), “Formal network methods in history: why and how?”, Social Networks, Political, Institutions, and Rural Societies, Leiden, Brepols, 281-310.Lemercier, C. y Zalc, C. (2019), Quantitative methods in the Humanities. An Introduction, Charlosttesville, University of Virginia Press.Mac Shane, B. A. (2018), “Visualising the Reception and Circulation of Early Modern Nuns’ Letters”, Journal of Historical Network Research, 2, pp. 1-25.Maillard Álvarez, N. (en prensa), “Las grandes compañías europeas en el mercado hispano del libro durante siglo XVI: el caso de Sevilla y Ciudad de México”, en P. Bravo (ed.), Livres écrits, lus, transmis, échangés, collectionnés: circulation des livres et des hommes au Siècle d'Or, París, Presses de la Sorbonne Nouvelle.Martín Romera, M. Á. (2010), “Nuevas perspectivas para el estudio de las sociedades medievales: el análisis de redes sociales”, Studia Historia. Historia Medieval, 28, pp. 217-239.Martínez Carro, E. y Ulla Lorenzo, A. (2019), “Redes de colaboración entre dramaturgos en el teatro español del Siglo de Oro: nuevas perspectivas digitales”, RILCE: Revista de Filología Hispánica, 35-3, pp.896-917.Molina, J. L. (2001), El análisis de redes sociales. Una introducción, Barcelona, Edicions Bellaterra.Pascua Echegaray, E. (1993), “Redes personales y conflicto social. Santiago de Compostela en tiempos de Diego Gelmírez”, Hispania, 53-185, pp. 1069-1089.Picazo Muntaner, A (2015), “Comparative systems and the functioning of networks: the Caribbean and Indo-Pacific models of trade. XVII and XVIII centuries”, Culture History Digital Journal, 4 (1): e0009.Polonia, A., Pinto, S. y Ribeiro, A. S. (2014), “Trade Networks in the First Global Age. The case study of Simon Ruiz Company: Visualization Methods and Spatial Projections”, en A. Crespo Solana, Spatio-Temporal Narratives: Historical GIS and the Study of Global Trading Networks (1500-1800), Cambridge, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 140-177.Ponce Leiva, P. y Amadori, A. (2008), “Redes sociales y ejercicio del poder en la América Hispana: consideraciones teóricas y propuestas de análisis”, Revista Complutense de Historia de América, 34, pp. 15-42.Rodríguez Treviño, Julio César (2013), “Cómo utilizar las Redes Sociales para temas de historia”. Signos Históricos, 29, pp. 102-141.Rubio, J. A. y Garrués-Irurzun, J. (2017), “Escasez de vínculos débiles: el atraso económico de la Andalucía contemporánea desde la perspectiva de redes empresariales”, Hispania, 257, pp. 793-826.Sánchez Balmaseda, M. I. (2002), Análisis de redes sociales e historia, una metodología para el estudio de redes clientelares, Madrid, Universidad Complutense.Sarno, E. (2017), “Análisis de redes sociales e historia contemporánea”, Ayer, 105, pp. 23-50.Shepard, J. (2018), “Networks”, Past Present, 238, supplement 13, pp. 116-157.Smith, R. M. (1979), “Kin and Neighbors in a Thirteenth-Century Suffolk Community”, Journal of Family History, 4, pp. 27-62.Starnini, M. (2012), “Random walks on temporal networks”, Physical Review, 85, núm. 5.Vieira Ribeiro, A. S. (2011), Mechanisms and Criteria of Cooperation in Trading Networks of the First Global Age. The case study of Simón Ruiz network. 1557-1597 (Tesis doctoral defendida en la Universidad de Oporto), http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/mechanisms-and-criteria-of-cooperation-in-trading-networks-of-the-first-global-age-the-case-study-of-simon-ruiz-network-1557-1597/ (Consulta: 23-12-2020)Vieira Ribeiro, A. S. (2015), Early Modern Trading Networks in Europe. Cooperation and the case of Simon Ruiz, Abingdon, Routledge.Wetherell, C. (1998), “Historical Social Network Analysis”, International Review of Social History, 43, pp. 125-144.

Half of humanity experienced an unprecedented situation of lockdown during the Covid-19 pandemic of 2020. The sharp slowdown in trade and the shutdown of entire industrial and commercial sectors had major economic consequences, with a historic collapse in household consumption, particularly in Europe. One country after another decided to gradually organize a lockdown exit, taking into account the heavy health constraints involved. This lockdown exit, and the resulting boom of trade, is likely to come up against a major disruption of supply chains, which needs to be evaluated now. The research note proposes an exploratory reflection on a unique situation since the WW II, and the logistical implications of what can be called the “day after” the Covid-19 pandemic. In order to limit serious disorders in product flow monitoring, the question of a moderate rhythm of lockdown exit and economic recovery is raised.

As in other Slovenian towns and market towns, in the Middle Ages, handicrafts also began to develop in Ljutomer and its surroundings, which boasted numerous craftsmen. Most handicrafts in Ljutomer reached their zenith at the end of the nineteenth century. The greatest boom was experienced by joinery as well as the tanning and brickmaking trades, which gradually evolved from small handicrafts workshops into semi-industrial and industrial plants that continue to be in operation today. Among many handicrafts, the article focuses primarily on the development of tailoring, well digging, pottery, shoemaking, joinery, ropemaking, blacksmithing, wheelwrighting, milling, confectionery, and gingerbread making.

As in other Slovenian towns and market towns, in the Middle Ages, handicrafts also began to develop in Ljutomer and its surroundings, which boasted numerous craftsmen. Most handicrafts in Ljutomer reached their zenith at the end of the nineteenth century. The greatest boom was experienced by joinery as well as the tanning and brickmaking trades, which gradually evolved from small handicrafts workshops into semi-industrial and industrial plants that continue to be in operation today. Among many handicrafts, the article focuses primarily on the development of tailoring, well digging, pottery, shoemaking, joinery, ropemaking, blacksmithing, wheelwrighting, milling, confectionery, and gingerbread making.