Academic literature on the topic 'Book-to-market ratio effect'

Tujuan penelitian – To examine effect of firm size and market to book ratio on portfolio return.Desain/Metodologi/Pendekatan – Research sample consists of manufacture firm stock listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange 2011-2013. Portfolio return measured by excess return of average 5 highest return and 5 lowest return. Portfolio firm size measured by differences of average return of 5 biggest firm size with 5 smallest firm size. Portfolio book to market ratio measured by differences of average return of 5 highest book to market ratio with 5 lowest book to market ratioTemuan – Based on regression analysis, firm size and book to market ratio have negative effect on portfolio return. The result confirms existence of three factor model in return determination. Investor captures the size effect and financial distress indication of book to market ratio in return estimation and stock investment decision making.Keterbatasan penelitian – This research only used manufacture firm as sample, so the result could not be generalized to all firm population at Indonesia Stock Exchange. This research also did not separate between active stock and inactive stock which were traded monthly, so it probably there was bias return calculation because of the inactive stock.Originality/value – the high of book to market ratio showed that the firm had bad performance and tend to financial distress or poor prospect.

This paper examines the effects of a tax loss carryover on the market and book values of a firm's assets. The loss carryover has a direct effect on market value by sheltering future income from tax, and a direct effect on book value due to the recognition of a deferred tax asset. The failure to discount the deferred tax asset to its present value causes the market-to-book ratio of the deferred tax asset to be less than 1. However, positive skewness in the distribution of future taxable income can cause the market-to-book ratio to exceed 1 because the market value depends on the mean level of future tax benefits, while the book value is based on the median level of future tax benefits. The loss carryover also has an indirect effect on firm value in that it induces the firm to exercise its real option to invest early. This reduces firm value before investment takes place and decreases the market-to-book ratio of physical assets after investment takes place.

Abstract This study aims to examine the effect of equity market timing in determining the company's capital structure decisions. The sample used was Indonesian manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2013-2018 period. This study uses independent variables namely market to book ratio and External finance weighted average market to book ratio (EFWAMTB), the dependent variable used is market leverage, and the control variables used are profitability, tangibility, and size. This study uses panel data regression. The results of this study indicate that the MTB ratio and EFWAMTB have a significant negative effect on market leverage. So it can be said that Indonesian manufacturing companies apply the equity market timing theory in determining capital structure decisions. The profitability and firm size control variables give significant negative and the tangibility variable shows significant positive results on the company's market leverage. Keywords: equity market timing, market to book ratio, market to book ratio dan External finance weighted average market to book ratio (EFWAMTB), ROA, tangibility, size and market leverage. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh equity market timing dalam menentukan keputusan struktur modal perusahaan.Sampel yang digunakan adalah perusahaan manufaktur Indonesia yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) periode 2013-2018. Strudi ini menggunakan variabel independen yaitu market to book ratio dan external finance weighted average market to book ratio (EFWAMTB), variabel dependen yang digunakan yaitu market leverage dan variabel kontrol yang digunakan adalah profitabilitas, tangibilitas dan size. Studi ini menggunakan regresi data panel.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa MTB dan EFWAMTB berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap market leverage.Sehingga dapat dikatakan perusahaan manufaktur Indonesia menerapkan teori equity market timing dalam menentukan keputusan struktur modalnya. Variabel kontrol profitabilitas dan firm size memberikan hasil negatif signifikan dan untuk variabel tangibilitas menunjukan hasil positif signifikan terhadap market leverage prusahaan. Kata Kunci: equity market timing, market to book ratio, market to book ratio dan External finance weighted average market to book ratio (EFWAMTB), ROA, tangibility, size and market leverage

The objective of this research is to examine the effect of liquidity ratio, profitability ratio, solvabilitas ratio and market ratio both partially and simultaneously towards stock return. The liquidity ratio is proxied by Current Ratio; the profitability ratio is proxied by Return On Assets; the solvabilitas ratio is proxied by Debt to Equity Ratio and the market ratio is proxied by Price to Book Value. The testing method used in this research is linear regression.The objects of this study are manufacturing companies sub sector chemical which were listed in Bursa Efek Indonesia in the period 2011-2013. The samples are 20 companies determined based on purposive sampling. The data used in this study are secondary data such as financial statements and stock prices.The results of this study are (1) profitability ratio is proxied by Return On Assets partially have a significant effect towards stock return. (2) liquidity ratio proxied by Current Ratio partially, profitability ratio is proxied by Return On Assets; solvabilitas ratio is proxied by Debt to Equity Ratio and market ratio is proxied by Price to Book Value simultaneously have a significant effect towards stock return. Profitability ratio is proxied by Return On Assets partially have a significant effect towards stock return. Keywords: Current Ratio (CR), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), liquidity ratio, market ratio, Price to Book Value (PBV), profitability ratio, Return On Assets (ROA), solvabilitas ratio, stock return.

This study aims to determine the effect of profitability ratios and market ratios on stock prices on transportation companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange with the study period of 2013-2017. Profitability ratios used in this study are Return On Assets (ROA) and Return On Investment (ROI) and Market Ratios used in this study are Price Earning Ratio (PER) and Market to Book Value (MBV) to stock prices. The sample in this study were 24 transportation companies listed on the IDX. The data analysis method in this research is multiple linear regression which aims to obtain a comprehensive picture of the effect of the Profitability Ratio and Market Ratio variables on stock prices using the SPSS program. The results showed that only partially market ratio variables had an effect on stock prices both measured by PER and MBV while profitability ratio variables measured by ROA and ROI simultaneously had no effect on stock prices. Simultaneously shows that all variables namely profitability ratios and market ratios together have an influence on the stock prices of transport companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013-2017.

<pre>The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of market to book ratio on leverage change with ownership structure as moderating variable. The research sample is 41 companies in Indonesia Stock Exchange which conducted IPO in 2005 - 2010. The analysis period is five years after an IPO. The independent variable is market to book ratio, the dependent variable is leverage change and control variable is tangibility, profit and size. The moderating variables are managerial and institutional ownerships which included as ownership structure. This research is using data panel regression. The results show that companies in Indonesia pursued the equity market timing strategy because there is a positive effect of market to book ratio into equity issue and negative effect of market to book ratio into leverage change. The results also show that institutional ownership structure moderating the equity market timing. However, managerial ownership does not moderating the equity market timing.</pre>

The focus of this study is to analyse whether market to book value ratio and firm size determine the extent of initial returnrate of firms making initial public offering (IPO). The subject of the study is all IPO from the period of 2007-2016. There are 173 IPOs used as sample. It uses two measurements of initial retuns, the raw return and the market adjusted return. As documented in many studies, there is evidence that on average the Indonesian IPO experience underpricing. Results using regression analysis show that market to bookvalue ratio and firm size have negative and significant effect on both of the measures for initial return. This finding asserts the importance of understanding the market to book value ratio in the valuation of Indonesia IPOs.

This article contends that a firm's performance is affected by various factors and capital structure is one of the factors among them. The basic objective of the research is to analyze and compare the impact of financial leverage on firms' Market to Book Value (MV/BV) and Tobin's Q ratio of DSE-listed MNCs & domestic firms of Bangladesh over a 20-year period (1996-2015). Explained variables are Market to Book Value (MV/BV) and Tobin's Q ratio. Explanatory variables of the interest are indicators of six financial leverage ratios. MV/BV is negatively related with leverage ratios of both types of companies. Domestic companies' MV/BV decreases by 0.016 times for 1% increase of debt ratio while MNCs' MV/BV decreases by 0.048 times for 1% increase of debt-equity ratio and vice-versa. With debt-equity ratio, domestic companies' Tobin's Q is positively related while that of MNCs is negatively related.

Using the event study method to analyze one year of daily trading data of formal and Over-The-Counter (OTC) stocks in Taiwan, this study investigates whether the Brexit referendum led to abnormal returns, as well as the financial characteristics of the stocks, and the influential financial variables. The Taiwan stock market had negative abnormal returns on the day of the Brexit referendum. The high-abnormal return group was more significantly affected than the low-abnormal return group. The book-to-market ratio, price-to-earnings ratio, yield rate, average foreign shareholding ratio, and stocks overbought and oversold had a more significant impact on the low-abnormal return group. Abnormal returns were generated mostly in the OTC (Over-The-Counter) market. This event affected financial stocks more significantly than electronics and information technology stocks. The effects on formal stocks, OTC (Over-The-Counter) stocks, and the overall market were the most significant for the turnover rate and stocks overbought and oversold, yield rate, and turnover rate and book-to-market ratio, respectively. The results confirm that the model of the impact of a special event on the behavioral response in the Taiwan stock market can be used to predict changes in stock market prices when a special event occurs in the future.

Mestrado em Gestão
Uma das correntes teóricas centrais do universo da investigação em finanças assenta na Efficient Markets Hipothesys, segundo a qual os mercados são eficientes e os investidores racionais, na lógica do pensamento de Markowitz e do modelo CAPM. No entanto, têm vindo a ser identificadas na literatura diversas anomalias, nomeadamente overeraction, underreaction, efeito earnings value, efeito dimensão e efeito book to market, entre outros. O estudo destas anomalias tem vindo a ser levado a cabo sobretudo no contexto do paradigma Behavioural Finance. Fama e French (1992) identificam o efeito dimensão e o efeito book to market como os mais relevantes para a explicação da evolução dos preços dos activos financeiros, desenvolvendo com base neles um modelo multi-factor para a explicação das respectivas rendibilidades. Para o efeito, assumem os respectivos indicadores como proxies de factores de risco (Fama e French, 1993). Por contraposição, Daniel e Titman (1997) apresentam evidência de que a dimensão e o book to market explicam a rendibilidade dos títulos por serem características relevantes da empresa e não por constituírem proxies de factores de risco. Resultados que Davis, Fama e French (2000) rebateram com um conjunto de dados diferente e com uma nova metodologia de tratamento. Quem terá razão? Eis a nossa dúvida inicial. No entanto, a nossa surpreendente e inesperada evidência para o mercado inglês começa por contrariar o modelo proposto por Fama e French (1993) e mostra grandes contradições na relação entre os efeitos dimensão e book to market, por um lado, e rendibilidade e volatilidade na Inglaterra e nos EUA. Surgiram aparentes irracionalidades, de tal forma que as bases de suporte da nossa questão deixaram de fazer sentido. Uma coisa parece certa: os resultados confirmam, no mínimo, a má-especificação do CAPM e, no máximo, sugerem que os mercados financeiros não são de todo eficientes.
The Efficient Markets Hypothesis is one of the mainstream theories in the financial world. Financial markets are supposed to be efficient and its players rational as defined by Markowitz (1959) and assumed by the CAPM. However, several anomalies, such as overreaction, underreaction, earnings value, size effect or book to market effect, have been reported during the last 25 years, especially in the 80's. Many of the academic working in this subfield regards their results as strong evidence against the Efficient Markets Hypothesis. This approach is usually known in the financial markets academic community as the Behavioural Finance paradigm. In work published in 1992, Fama and French have studied all these anomalies concluding that size effect and the book to market effects are the most relevant ones. With these two variables and a market factor P they have proposed a multifactor model to explain the stock return. They assume that all market value and Book to Market Ratio are proxies to some distress factor. However, Daniel and Titman (1997) show that these factors can not be understood as distress factor proxies, but as relevant characteristics that can actually explain the cross section variation in stock returns. On their work Davis, Fama and French (2000) refuse these results using a different set of data and another methodology. The question is Who's right? This was our initial focus. However, we have found surprising and unexpected evidence against the Fama-French Model in the United Kingdom market and challenging about the size and market to book effects in both UK and USA. Some irrationality has come up making our initial question irrelevant under the Daniel and Titman (1997) and Davis, Fama and French (2000) methodologies. One issue remain certain: our results, at least, support a bad CAPM specification and, at most, suggest that financial markets are not efficient, at all.

Whether the quality of a firm's reported earnings affects investors' ability to predict future earnings and stock returns is still a subject of much debate among accounting researchers. Lev (1989) suggests that low quality earnings may be causing the relatively low correlation between reported earnings and stock returns (or the market's evaluation of future earnings). This dissertation used the valuation model described in Ohlson (1995) and Feltham and Ohlson (1995) to explore the possible links between accounting method choices and the ability of investors to use reported earnings to predict future earnings. The results demonstrate that prior researchers' assumptions regarding which accounting methods are generally conservative or liberal are reasonably accurate over large numbers of firms. The results also show that one group of analysts (Value Line Investment Survey) is able to predict future earnings more accurately over medium-term and long-term forecast horizons for firms using generally conservative accounting methods than those firms employing generally liberal accounting methods. This research adds to the prior "quality of earnings" research by showing that analysts can predict earnings more accurately for certain classes of firms (i.e., firms using conservative accounting methods), thus increasing our knowledge of what constitutes high-quality earnings. The research also explores the effects of growth on the quality of earnings question, the effects of firm size, leverage, and industry membership on the relationship, and the robustness of the Feltham and Ohlson Model to alternative definitions of key components of the model.
Ph. D.

This thesis analyzes the relationship between stock returns and firm-specific characteristics including market beta, size, book-to-market ratio, leverage, earnings yield, net sales-to-price ratio and prior return performance in Istanbul Stock Exchange during the period 1993-2003. Moreover, the predictability of some macroeconomic variables based on the stock market return behavior is investigated.

Bakgrund: Denna studie är ett test av investeringsstrategi baserad på relativvärdering av multiplar. Den multipel som kommer att studeras som investeringsstrategi är Price-to-Book (P/B). Valet av multipel på P/B beror på att det är en väl omskriven multipel som fortfarande väcker frågeställningar avseende betydelsen av bokfört värde i kombination med marknadsvärde. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka och analysera multipeln P/B som investeringsstrategi för aktier. Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka aktier med låga respektive höga P/B från de olika börslistorna Small, Mid och Large Cap på Stockholmsbörsen. Genomförande: Sex portföljer skapas baserat på låga respektive höga P/B från de marknadsvärdemässiga börslistorna Small, Mid och Large Cap på Stockholmsbörsen. Portföljerna ombalanseras årligen och följs mellan 2006 och 2016. Resultat: Fyra av sex portföljer har högre ackumulerad avkastning än jämförelseindex före och efter riskjustering. Dock hindrar svag statistisk evidens påvisande av överavkastning över tid. På motsvarande vis finnes svaga säkerställda skillnader i avkastning mellan låga och höga P/B. Ej heller förefaller det förekomma signifikanta skillnader i avkastning och risk mellan portföljer på Small, Mid och Large Cap.
Background: This study is a test of an investment strategy based on relative valuation of multiples. The multiple to be studied is Price-to-Book (P/B). P/B is chosen because although previously researched, the implications of book values paired with market values are still not well understood. Aim: The aim of this study is to examine and analyze the multiple P/B as an investment strategy for stocks. Moreover, this study intends to examine stocks with low and high P/B: s from the Small, Mid and Large Cap on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Completion: Six portfolios are created based on low and high P/B: s respectively from the market value-based stock exchange lists Small, Mid and Large Cap on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. The portfolios are rebalanced annually and are followed between 2006 and 2016. Results: Four out of six portfolios exhibit higher levels of cumulative returns than the chosen stock index before and after adjusting for risk. However, weak statistical evidence prevent conclusive showings of excess returns over time. Similarly, we find weak support for differences in returns between low and high P/B: s. Neither does there seem to exist significant differences in return and risk between the Small, Mid and Large Cap.

This thesis investigates whether IFRS adoption has led to an increase in the relevance of accounting information for investment decisions. Furthermore, the effects of IFRS are implicitly compared across accounting traditions. As such,  the effects of IFRS on the “quality” of financial reporting are measured based on the cases of listed firms in Germany and listed firms in the UK. This study approaches the effects of IFRS on the quality of financial reporting from two angles. First a review of the academic literature is done to determine whether there has been a general consensus about the effects of IFRS adoption on financial reporting of listed firms in Germany and the UK. As a result of this literature study, a number of propositions are deduced about the effects of IFRS. Subsequently, the investigation of the effects of IFRS takes a statistical perspective. Financial and accounting data are obtained for two samples, one of German listed firms and another of UK listed firms. A number of empirical models are used to determine the quality of financial reporting, including the earnings-returns association (Lev ,1989; Lev & Zarowin, 1999), asymmetric sensitivity of earnings and asymmetric persistence of earnings (Basu, 1997), and the market-to-book ratios (Roychowdhury & Watts, 2003). Additionally, a new tool is introduced for a joint interpretation of the econometric test results, leading potentially to a new method of financial report analysis under dynamic regulatory conditions. Significant statistical evidence is found suggesting a drastic reduction (to the point of complete elimination) in income smoothing in Germany corresponding to the transition from the German national GAAP to IFRS. Additionally, with the introduction of IFRS, the information content of accounting earnings in German firms appears to have increased substantially, while market-to-book ratios have converged towards “1”. On the other hand, the introduction of IFRS in the UK corresponds to statistical evidence consistent with a shift from asymmetric timeliness of earnings under UK GAAP to a significant downward bias in earnings under IFRS. The study also shows significant inter-industry differences in the effects of IFRS that suggest that the inconsistencies in the results of previous studies may have been due to the significant noise created by diverse samples, or due to biased industry representations in the data.