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Almeida, Christiano Pereira de. "A identificação de nomes e adjetivos por crianças adquirindo o PB." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2007. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/3442.
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Esta dissertação diz respeito ao processo de identificação dos elementos das categorias lexicais Nome e Adjetivo no Português do Brasil, buscando dar conta de especificidades do PB, como a variação possível de ordem dos elementos constituintes do DP complexo e a ausência de marcas morfofonológicas que distingam adjetivos de nomes A hipótese de trabalho assumida é a de que, em um primeiro momento da aquisição da linguagem, a informação estrutural disponibilizada pela ordem preferencial de ocorrência destes elementos no PB atua como uma pista robusta da qual a criança faz uso. A abordagem teórica adotada busca conciliar um modelo de língua que trate do fenômeno de aquisição (Programa Minimalista: Chomsky, 1995), com modelos de processamento voltados para a aquisição da linguagem (modelos de bootstrapping). Foram desenvolvidas atividades experimentais cujos resultados apontam para a importância da informação estrutural, em um primeiro momento, e da informação semântica em etapas posteriores do processo de identificação de nomes e adjetivos.
This dissertation aims at the identification process of elements in the lexical categories of Name and Adjectives in Brazilian Portuguese trying to treat the specificities of the BP such as the possible variation of the complex DP constituent elements order and the absence of morphophonological marks that distinguish adjectives and names. The working hypothesis assumed is that in a first moment of the language acquisition the structural information made available by the preferential order of occurrence of that elements in BP acts as a powerful clue of which the child makes use of. The theoretical approach adopted tries to conciliate a language model that treats the phenomenon of acquisition (Minimalist Program: Chomsky, 1995) and processing models for the language acquisition (bootstrapping models). Experimental activities were developed and the results point to the importance of the structural information in a first moment and the semantic information in posterior stages of the identification process of names and adjectives.
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Wallén, Jacob, and Evelina Karlsson. "Financial Bootstrapping : An Empirical Study of Bootstrapping Methods in Swedish Organizations." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15226.
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Small and recently started-up organizations find it hard to acquire external capital from financial institutions, such as banks, venture capitalists and private investors. Information asymmetry is the main reason behind this financial gap, from both a demand-side and supply-side standpoint. However, small organizations and start-ups do not need financiers to launch themselves, and the solution to the financial shortages is not necessarily by financial means. By being creative, resources can be acquired through different means, known in research as financial bootstrapping. Previous studies have been focusing on bootstrapping application in companies, and have not included any kind of associations in their investigations. This thesis aims to enlighten the area of bootstrapping usage in associations while comparing similarities and differences with companies. The thesis will also provide a base of knowledge for the collaboration company Coompanion, who requested to increase their understanding within the area of financial bootstrapping. A survey was conducted and 44 responses were received with a mixture of companies and associations. The survey included questions regarding the organizational profile, personal profile and handling of finance. The interactive questionnaire was distributed to the managers by email and the data gathered from the respondents was inserted and analyzed using Excel, SPSS and Gretl. The results demonstrate that organizations prefer internally generated money as a first resort before using external finance, consequently following the theories of pecking order. Organizations that need more capital are inclined to use more bootstrapping techniques compared to organizations with no need for further capital. The survey indicates that some bootstrapping methods are more commonly used, such as: Same terms of payment to all customers, Best terms of payment from suppliers, Buy used equipment instead of new, Sell on credit to customers, Make customers pay through installments on ongoing work and Obtain some kind of subsidy.
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Davel, Marelie Hattingh. "Pronunciation modelling and bootstrapping." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10112005-150530.
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Horine, Brent. "Bootstrapping Cognitive Radio Networks." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5306.
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Cognitive radio networks promise more efficient spectrum utilization by leveraging degrees of freedom and distributing data collection. The actual realization of these promises is challenged by distributed control, and incomplete, uncertain and possibly conflicting knowledge bases. We consider two problems in bootstrapping, evolving, and managing cognitive radio networks. The first is Link Rendezvous, or how separate radio nodes initially find each other in a spectrum band with many degrees of freedom, and little shared knowledge. The second is how radio nodes can negotiate for spectrum access with incomplete information. To address the first problem, we present our Frequency Parallel Blind Link Rendezvous algorithm. This approach, designed for recent generations of digital front-ends, implicitly shares vague information about spectrum occupancy early in the process, speeding the progress towards a solution. Furthermore, it operates in the frequency domain, facilitating a parallel channel rendezvous. Finally, it operates without a control channel and can rendezvous anywhere in the operating band. We present simulations and analysis on the false alarm rate for both a feature detector and a cross-correlation detector. We compare our results to the conventional frequency hopping sequence rendezvous techniques. To address the second problem, we model the network as a multi-agent system and negotiate by exchanging proposals, augmented with arguments. These arguments include information about priority status and the existence of other nodes. We show in a variety of network topologies that this process leads to solutions not otherwise apparent to individual nodes, and achieves superior network throughput, request satisfaction, and total number of connections, compared to our baselines. The agents independently formulate proposals based upon communication desires, evaluate these proposals based upon capacity constraints, create arguments in response to proposal rejections, and re-evaluate proposals based upon received arguments. We present our negotiation rules, messages, and protocol and demonstrate how they interoperate in a simulation environment.Ph.D.
Doctorate
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Electrical Engineering
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Zhan, Yihui. "Bootstrapping functional M-estimators /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8958.
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Feti, Andreea, and Aiga Dudele. "Financial bootstrapping : Motivation and usage of bootstrapping methods among SMEs in the tourism sector." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, ESOL (Entrepreneurship, Strategy, Organization, Leadership), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18423.
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Bootstrapping plays a vital role in the life of small and medium-sized enter-prises. By providing a large variety of financing alternatives bootstrapping ensures the existence of entrepreneurship, even though, too less attention is paid to bootstrapping in the specific literature. Therefore, the master thesis strives to eliminate the gaps in the theory by bringing new insights in the field of bootstrapping.The purpose of the master thesis is to investigate the usage of boot-strapping methods and understand the main motives for using these methods from a sectorial and cross-national point of view.In order to accomplish the purpose, the research has been carried out among travel agencies and tour operators (both belonging to the tourism sector) from Sweden, Latvia and Romania by conducting 11 semi-structured interviews, as well as by collecting 50 internet-mediated questionnaires.Empirical findings were analyzed and interpreted through the 4-category Model that was created for gaining a deeper understanding of the phenom-ena of bootstrapping. Results showed that there is a certain trend in the usage of bootstrapping methods within the tourism sector. Thus, seek-ing out best conditions possible with supplier/s and obtaining payments in advance from customer are recognized to be the most important bootstrap-ping techniques for the travel agencies and tour operators. Moreover, it was found that the main motive for bootstrapping is cost reduction. In addi-tion, the results revealed that there are no significant differences in the usage of bootstrapping methods and in the motivation that lay behind bootstrapping from a cross-national point of view.
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Emtehag, Erik, Hampus Udell, and Christoffer Vretlund. "Hur tre företagsledare använder bootstrapping." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-14176.
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Bootstrapping kan användas som komplement eller substitut till extern finansiering som metoder för resursanskaffning till lägsta möjliga kostnad. Samtliga respondenter föredrog internt genererade medel framför banklån. Ökning av eget kapital med hjälp av externa finansiärer visade sig vara det minst önskvärda alternativet för kapitalanskaffning. Studien visade att ägartillförda medel och nyttjande av släkt och vänner var de vanligast förekommande metoderna för bootstrapping i de tillfrågade företagen. Av de tillfrågade företagen var de som ansåg sig existera på en riskfylld marknad mer benägna att använda sig av bootstrappingmetoder.Bootstrapping can be used as an addition or a substitute for external financing as methods for acquisition of resources at lowest possible cost. All of the respondents preferred internally generated finances to bank loans. Financing by issuing equity was the least desirable method. The study showed that owner’s capital and usage of friends and family as cheap labor are the most commonly occurring methods of bootstrapping in the surveyed corporations. Among the surveyed corporations, those operating on unpredictable markets are more likely to use bootstrapping methods.
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Shimizu, Kenichi. "Bootstrapping stationary ARMA-GARCH models." Wiesbaden Vieweg + Teubner, 2009. http://d-nb.info/996781153/04.
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Liu, Fang. "Bootstrapping free-space optical networks." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1705.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Ostler, Patrick Sutton. "FPGA Bootstrapping Using Partial Reconfiguration." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2878.
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Partial reconfiguration (PR) is the process of configuring a subset of resources on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) while the remainder of the device continues to operate. PR extends the usability of FPGAs and makes it possible to perform design bootstrapping. Just like bootstrapping in PCs, bootstrapping in FPGAs consists of using a small application to initialize basic services and load a larger, more complex application to the device. Bootstrapping allows for unique design applications that can be used to maintain communication services, increase design security, reduce initial configuration time, and reduce nonvolatile configuration memory storage. This thesis presents a generic bootstrap framework that can be used to construct a variety of bootstrap designs. This thesis also discusses necessary PR design rules and techniques for bootstrap design creation. Additionally, this thesis presents two applications that demonstrate the feasibility of bootstrapping. One application is a bootstrap loader featuring a PCI Express endpoint; this loader is capable of reconfiguring a subset of the hardware on an as-need basis. The other application is a prototype designed to demonstrate the bootstrapping for nonvolatile configuration memory reduction in space-bound payloads. While bootstrap design is more complex than standard FPGA designs, bootstrapping increases the flexibility and capability of FPGAs.
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Leung, Derek (Derek Ting-Haye). "Vault : fast bootstrapping for cryptocurrencies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117821.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 63-65).
Decentralized cryptocurrencies rely on participants to keep track of the state of the system in order to verify new transactions. As the number of users and transactions grows, this requirement places a significant burden on the users, as they need to download, verify, and store a large amount of data in order to participate. Vault is a new cryptocurrency designed to minimize these storage and bootstrapping costs for participants. Vault builds on Algorand's proof-of-stake consensus protocol and uses several techniques to achieve its goals. First, Vault decouples the storage of recent transactions from the storage of account balances, which enables Vault to delete old account state. Second, Vault allows sharding state across participants in a way that preserves strong security guarantees. Finally, Vault introduces the notion of stamping certificates that allow a new client to catch up securely and efficiently in a proof-of-stake system without having to verify every single block. Experiments with a prototype implementation of Vault's data structures show that Vault reduces the bandwidth cost of joining the network as a full client by 99.7% compared to Bitcoin and 90.5% compared to Ethereum when downloading a ledger containing 500 million transactions.
by Derek Leung.
S.M.
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Gajardo, Maureira Carlos Andrés. "Bootstrapping databases en equipos móviles." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/111958.
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Ingeniero Civil en ComputaciónUn Boostrapping Database es un motor de base de datos colectivo que intenta dar solución al problema que enfrentan las comunidades en línea con respecto al control de la calidad del contenido y la colaboración de sus miembros; Repositorium es una implementación de Boostrapping Database que permite a cualquier usuario iniciar una comunidad para compartir documentos de texto, actualmente es utilizado en contextos académicos y se busca abrir la plataforma a nuevas aplicaciones que aprovechen la estrategia de participación propuesta; en particular se busca facilitar el desarrollo de aplicaciones móviles en torno a Repositorium. Por consiguiente, el objetivo de esta memoria es dotar a Repositorium de una interfaz que permita a cualquier desarrollador implementar una aplicación móvil utilizando los datos y el modelo de participación disponibles. Para lograr éste objetivo se diseñó, implementó y documentó una API web que establece un canal de comunicación claro y consistente entre las aplicaciones móviles y Repositorium. Para mostrar la eficacia de la API web construida se desarrolló una aplicación móvil que, utilizando la API, logró dar respuesta a los desafíos que presentaba una comunidad en línea y de paso mostró un ejemplo de uso en un contexto no académico. Además la herramienta fue presentada a los alumnos del Taller de Proyectos de Programación Android, quienes se mostraron abiertos a trabajar con ella. Como resultado hoy Repositorium provee las herramientas para que desarrolladores de aplicaciones móviles puedan hacer uso de los datos, el modelo de participación y la estrategia de control de calidad disponibles.
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Olsson, Tomas. "Bootstrapping and decentralizing recommender systems." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för datalogi, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-86159.
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This thesis consists of three papers on recommender systems. The first paper addresses the problem of making decentralized recommendations using a peer-to-peer architecture. Collaborating recommender agents are connected into a network of neighbors that exchange user recommendations to find new items to recommend. We achieved a performance comparable to a centralized system. The second paper deals with the bootstrapping problem for centralized recommender systems. Most recommender systems learn from experience but initially there are no users and no rated items to learn from. To deal with this problem we have developed the Genesis method. The method bootstraps a recommender system with artificial user profiles sampled from a probabilistic model built from prior knowledge. The paper describes how this was done for a k-nearest neighbor recommender algorithm in the movie domain. We were able to improve the performance of a k-nearest neighbor algorithm for single predictions but not for rank ordered lists of recommendations. The third paper identifies a new domain for recommendations – product configuration – where new recommender algorithms are needed. A system that helps users configuring their own PCs is described. Recommendations and a cluster-based help system together with a rule-based configurator assist the users in selecting appropriate features or complete PC configurations. The configurator ensures that users cannot choose incompatible components while the recommender system adds social information based on what other users have chosen. This introduces new complexity in the recommendation process on how to combine the recommendations from the configurator and the recommender system. The paper proposes (1) three new recommender algorithms on how to make recommendations in the domain of product configuration, (2) a method for adding social recommendations to a rule-based configurator and (3) a method for applying the Genesis method in this domain. In this case the Genesis method is implemented by a Bayesian belief net that captures the designers' prior knowledge on how to configure PCs. Then instances of complete configurations are sampled from the model and added to the recommender algorithm.
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Weening, Richard Henry. "Completely bootstrapped tokamak." W&M ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623812.
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A fundamental requirement for the successful operation of a tokamak is the maintenance of a toroidal electric current within the tokamak plasma itself. Maintaining this internal plasma current can be a very difficult technological problem. In this work, a well-known but non-standard method for maintaining the tokamak current called the bootstrap effect is discussed. The bootstrap effect occurs when a fusion plasma is near thermonuclear conditions, and allows the tokamak to greatly amplify its electric current.;Because the bootstrap effect amplifies but does not create a plasma current, it has long been argued that a completely bootstrapped tokamak is not possible. That is, it has been argued that some fraction of the tokamak current must be created externally and injected into the plasma for a bootstrap amplification to occur. This injection of current is not desirable, however, since current-drive schemes are difficult to implement and are only marginally efficient.;An important but largely unexplored implification of the bootstrap effect is that the effect, by itself, creates hollow (outwardly peaked) tokamak current profiles. Hollow tokamak current profiles are known to lead to tearing modes, which are resistive (non-ideal) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) plasma instabilities. Although usually characterized as harmful for plasma confinement, it turns out that tearing modes may actually be beneficial for the tokamak bootstrap effect.;In this work, a new theoretical approach based on a helicity conserving mean-field Ohm's law is used to examine the interaction between the bootstrap effect and tearing modes. Magnetic helicity is a topological quantity which is conserved even in turbulent plasma. Computer simulation results of the mean-field Ohm's law are presented which suggest that a completely bootstrapped tokamak may indeed be possible. In a completely bootstrapped tokamak, the tokamak self-maintains its electric current by amplifying an intrinsic internal plasma current due to the tearing modes.
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Månsson, Daniel, and Madelen Ghayadh. "Finansiell Bootstrapping : En flermetodsforskning inom ämnet Bootstrapping och dess tillämpande bland medel-stora till stora bolag." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-37459.
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The aim of this investigative thesis was to further study the use of financial bootstrapping in medium to large sized enterprises. The thesis furthermore aimed to investigate if there are any prerequisite bootstrapping methods used in correlation to annual turnover, industry as well as to conduct research to whether enterprises are aware of their current use of financial bootstrapping. The study can conclude that financial bootstrapping is used among medium to large sized enterprises. Furthermore, the study can also conclude that there exists a correlation between desired bootstrapping methods used and annual turnover. A correlation to the current lifecycle phase currently presided in, in regard to a specific financial bootstrapping method used could not be solely concluded as well as industry-based preferences in regards to specific bootstrapping methods could not be established. The thesis overall conclusion is that further research is needed to conclude if there exist any industry-based preferences towards usage of specific bootstrapping methods, as well as further research should be aware of problems this study has identified in order to better prepare future study in the aimed field.Syftet med studien var att undersöka tillämpandet av finansiell bootstrapping bland medelstora och stora bolag. Studien ämnade även att vidareutforska huruvida det råder omsättnings & branschspecifika bootstrappingsmetoder samt förtydliga om det återfinns företag som själva inte framhäver sitt tillämpande. Resultaten visade att finansiell bootstrapping tillämpas bland medelstora och stora bolag samt att det råder vissa omsättningsspecifika bootstrappingsmetoder. Slutsatsen är att trots gynnsamma resultat krävs det vidareforskning inom ämnet för att ytterligare kunna påvisa branschspecifika bootstrappingsmetoder som dessutom kan generaliseras till en bredare population. Forskarna kan även konkludera att det krävs ett beaktande till rådande problematik denna studie påträffat för att öka framtida validitet ytterligare i genomförda studier.
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Björk, Erica, and Sofie Karlsson. "Finansiell Bootstrapping i tillverknings-och serviceföretag." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Business Studies, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1478.
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Hosamani, Mahantesh. "Bootstrapping trust in service oriented architecture." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
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Gimati, Yousef M. T. "Bootstrapping techniques to improve classification methods." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401072.
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Larson, Stephen David 1980. "Intrinsic representation : bootstrapping symbols from experience." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28462.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-96).
If we are to understand human-level intelligence, we need to understand how meanings can be learned without explicit instruction. I take a step toward that understanding by focusing on the symbol-grounding problem, showing how symbols can emerge from a system that looks for regularity in the experiences of its visual and proprioceptive sensory systems. More specifically, my implemented system builds descriptions up from low-level perceptual information and, without supervision, discovers regularities in that information. Then, my system, with supervision, associates the regularity with symbolic tags. Experiments conducted with the implementation shows that it successfully learns symbols corresponding to blocks in a simple 2D blocks world, and learns to associate the position of its eye with the position of its arm. In the course of this work, I take a new perspective on how to design knowledge representations, one that grapples with the internal semantics of systems, and I propose a model of an adaptive knowledge representation scheme that is intrinsic to the model and not parasitic on meanings captured in some external system, such as the head of a human investigator.
by Stephen David Larson.
M.Eng.
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Gray, Sean. "Bootstrapping the Three-dimensional Ising Model." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teoretisk fysik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-322146.
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This thesis begins with the fundamentals of conformal field theory in three dimensions. The general properties of the conformal bootstrap are then reviewed. The three-dimensional Ising model is presented from the perspective of the renormalization group, after which the conformal field theory aspect at the critical point is discussed. Finally, the bootstrap programme is applied to the three-dimensional Ising model using numerical techniques, and the results analysed.
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Guiot, J. "The Bootstrapped Response Function." Tree-Ring Society, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/262288.
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The bootstrap procedure provides a way to test the significance of the regression coefficients and the stability of the estimates in response functions generated by regression on principal components. A subroutine RESBO, which calculates a bootstrapped response function, has been added to Fritts' program PRECON.
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Kallin, Erica, and Camilla Ågren. "Bootstrapping : En studie om finansiering av småföretag." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1266.
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Denna studie behandlar ämnet finansiell bootstrapping av småföretag, vilket är ett ämne som fått en ökad betydelse de sista decennierna. Detta beror på att stor del av Sveriges näringsliv består av 99,3 procent småföretag, vilket indirekt innebär att dessa företag är viktiga för den svenska ekonomin. Finansiell bootstrapping inkluderar metoder för att minimera eller eliminera utflödet av finansiella medel och metoder för att öka hastigheten på inflödet av finansiella medel. Detta blir aktuellt då företagen behöver hitta alternativa finansieringsmöjligheter, vilket som sagt finansiell bootstrapping innebär.
Speciellt nystartade- och småföretag kan stöta på problem vid sina finansieringsbehov, då det i dessa sammanhang kan existera ett finansiellt gap. Finansiärers utbud av kapital respektive småföretagens efterfrågan på ytterligare pengar, synkar inte med varandra. Just dessa områden beskriver vi i den teoretiska referensramen. Denna är uppbyggd av teorier om företagens livscykel, för att beskriva att företag liksom produkter genomgår olika faser i sitt så kallade liv. I den teoretiska referensramen behandlar vi även hur kapitalstrukturen i små- och medelstora företag kan se ut, beroende på olika bakgrundsfaktorer, vilka kan ha inverkan på företagens val. Vidare har vi med ett avsnitt där den finansiella bootstrappingen beskrivs, där vi lyfter fram vilka olika grupper/metoder som finns samt hur användandet av dessa metoder kan påverka företaget. Dessa teorier har använts då vi velat besvara frågan om de olika stadierna i företagslivscykeln har inverkan på företagens val av boostrappingmetod.
Utgångspunkten i denna undersökning har varit en positivistisk kunskapssyn, då syftet har varit att undersöka förekomsten av olika bootstrappingmetoder bland mikro- och småföretag, samt att undersöka om dessa metoder används olika beroende på var företagen befinner sig i livscykeln.
Med ett betraktande perspektiv har vi använt oss av en kvantitativ enkätstudie av Sveriges småföretag, där vi med ett stickprov på 150 företag, försökt besvara vår ställda problemformulering. Vad vi kunnat se är att det främst är de relationsorienterade bootstrappingmetoderna som används, då det ligger nära till hands för företagen att använda dessa metoder. Detta beror på att det personliga nätverket används.
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Miller, Mitchell. "Bootstrapping Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2191.
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Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPGs) are a prominent genre in today's video game industry with the most popular MMORPGs generating billions of dollars in revenue and attracting millions of players. As they have grown, they have become a major target for both technological research and sociological research. In such research, it is nearly impossible to reach the same player scale from any self-made technology or sociological experiments. This greatly limits the amount of control and topics that can be explored. In an effort to make up a lacking or non-existent player-base for custom-made MMORPG research scenarios A.I. agents, impersonating human players, can be used to "bootstrap" the research scenario to reach the necessary massive number of players that define the game genre.
This thesis presents a system that makes its human players and A.I. players indistinguishable while preserving the basic characteristics of a typical MMORPG. To better achieve identical perception of human and A.I. players, our system centers around the collection, sharing, and exchange of information while limiting the means of expression and actions of players. A gameplay scenario built on the Panoptyk engine was constructed to imitate gameplay experienced in major MMORPGs. We conducted a user-study where subjects play through the scenario with a varying number of A.I. players unknown to them. Three versions of the scenario were created to assess how indistinguishable human and A.I. players were and vice versa.
We found, across 24 participants, there were 32% correct identifications, 30% incorrect identifications, and 38% answers of "I don't know". This was broken down into 20% correct identifications, 42% incorrect identifications, and 38% answers of "I don't know" for bot characters and 46% correct identifications, 16% incorrect identifications, and 38% answers of ``I don't know'' for human characters.
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Van, Zaanen Menno Matthias. "Bootstrapping structure into language : alignment-based learning." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2001. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1304/.
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refined and abstract meanings largely grow out of more concrete meanings. Bloomfield (1933) This thesis introduces a new unsupervised learning framework, called Alignment-Based Learning, which is based on the alignment of sentences and Harris's (1951) notion of substitutability . Instances of the framework can be applied to an untagged, unstructured corpus of natural language sentences, resulting in a labelled, bracketed version of that corpus. Firstly, the framework aligns all sentences in the corpus in pairs, resulting in a partition of the sentences consisting of parts of the sentences that are equal in both sentences and parts that are unequal. Unequal parts of sen tences can be seen as being substitutable for each other, since substituting one unequal part for the other results in another valid sentence. The unequal parts of the sentences are thus considered to be possible (possibly overlapping) constituents, called hypotheses. Secondly , the selection learning phase considers all hypotheses found by the alignment learning phase and selects the best of these. The hypotheses are selected based on the order in which they were found, or based on a probabilistic function. The framework can be extended with a grammar extraction phase. This extended framework is called parseABL. Instead of returning a structured version of the unstructured input corpus, like the ABL system, this system also returns a stochastic context-free or tree substitution grammar. Different instances of the framework have been tested on the English ATIS corpus, the Dutch OVIS corpus and the Wall Street Journal corpus. One of the interesting results, apart from the encouraging numerical results, is that all instances can (and do) learn recursive structures.
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Fischer, Manfred M., and Martin Reismann. "Evaluating Neural Spatial Interaction Modelling by Bootstrapping." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2000. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4241/1/WGI_DP_7200.pdf.
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This paper exposes problems of the commonly used technique of splitting the available
data in neural spatial interaction modelling into training, validation, and test sets that
are held fixed and warns about drawing too strong conclusions from such static splits.
Using a bootstrapping procedure, we compare the uncertainty in the solution stemming
from the data splitting with model specific uncertainties such as parameter
initialization. Utilizing the Austrian interregional telecommunication traffic data and
the differential evolution method for solving the parameter estimation task for a fixed
topology of the network model [ i.e. J = 9] this paper illustrates that the variation due to
different resamplings is significantly larger than the variation due to different parameter
initializations. This result implies that it is important to not over-interpret a model,
estimated on one specific static split of the data. (authors' abstract)Series: Discussion Papers of the Institute for Economic Geography and GIScience
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Braha, Krenare, and Azra Karupovic. "Invandrarföretagares användning av bootstrapping : en kvalitativ studie om invandrarföretagares användning av bootstrapping beroende på företagets livscykel och företagarens egenskaper." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-10831.
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Både entreprenörskap och invandring har ökat kraftigt i Sverige, såväl som globalt. Idag finns det över en miljon bolag i Sverige där enmansföretag (74,8%) och mikroföretag (21,7%) utgör den största delen. Detta ger en klar syn över att det svenska näringslivet domineras främst av mindre företag. Bakom många av dessa mindre företag står individer med utländsk bakgrund. Under 2010 talades det om att var sjunde företag som startas i Sverige, drivs av en individ med rötter från en annan del av världen.En av de viktigaste drivkrafterna för ett lands ekonomiska tillväxt är företag, vilket är en stor anledning till att fokus ligger på hur dessa väljer att finansiera sin verksamhet. Problemet för många invandrarföretagare är svårigheten med att erhålla extern finansiering under företagets livscykel, vilket leder till att alternativa finansieringsmetoder används som bootstrapping. Bootstrapping betyder att ”ta sig själv i kragen” samt att se till att bli ”självförsörjande”. Forskare menar på att företagarens egenskaper också spelar en väsentlig roll vid val av finansiering.Syftet med denna uppsats är att utforska huruvida invandrarföretagarens användning av bootstrapping påverkas av företagarens egenskaper och företagets livscykel. En hermeneutisk forskningsfilosofi har använts tillsammans med en deduktiv ansats och en kvalitativ metod. Detta för att skapa en djupare förståelse för ett okänt område. Den kvalitativa undersökningen har genomförts med hjälp av åtta respondenter för att ge svar på studiens problemformulering och syfte.Uppsatsen indikerar på att invandrarföretagare främst använder sig av ägarfinansierad under introduktions- samt tillväxtfasen. Studien påvisar att fördröjande bootstrapping även är en vanlig metod som invandrarföretagare använder sig utav under tillväxtfasen. En annan metod som också är användbar men inte i lika stor utsträckning är relationsorienterad bootstrapping. De mest påverkande egenskaperna vid användning av bootstrapping är företagarens kontrollbehov över verksamheten samt riskbenägenhet mot externa finansiärer.Both entrepreneurship and immigration has increased dramatically in Sweden, as well as globally. Today there are over a million companies in Sweden where one-person (74.8%) and micro enterprises (21.7%) represent the largest portion. This gives a clear view that the Swedish economy is dominated by small firms. Behind many of these smaller companies are individuals with a foreign background. In 2010 it was shown that every seventh company that was started in Sweden, operated by a person with roots from another part of the world.One of the main forces of a country's economic growth is the companies, which is a major reason that focus lies on how they choose to finance their business. The problem for many immigrant entrepreneurs is difficulty in obtaining external financing during its life-cycle, which leads to alternative financing methods used, named bootstrapping. Bootstrapping means to “lift oneself up” and make sure to become “self-sufficient”. Scientists believe that the entrepreneur's characteristics also play a significant role in the choice of financing.The purpose of this paper is to explore whether immigrant entrepreneur's use of bootstrapping is affected by the entrepreneur's characteristics and the company’s life cycle. A hermeneutic research philosophy has been used in conjunction with a deductive and a qualitative approach. The reason for using a qualitative approach is to create a deeper understanding of an unfamiliar area. The qualitative study has been performed with the help of eight respondents to answer the study's problem and purpose.The paper indicates that immigrant entrepreneurs mainly uses owner-financed in the introduction and growth phase. The study demonstrates that delaying bootstrapping is also a common method that immigrant entrepreneurs use during the growth phase. Another method that is also used but not as much as the other two methods is relationship oriented bootstrapping. The most influencing characteristics when using bootstrapping is the need of control over the business and risk aversion against external financiers.
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Flink, Elin, and Eifra Santesson. "När pengarna inte räcker : En studie om finansiell bootstrapping och hur det används inom svensk filmproduktion idag." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Institutionen för ekonomi och it, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-4607.
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Svensk filmindustri idag finansieras huvudsakligen genom statliga medel. Dock finns det inte tillräckligt med finansiella medel jämfört det antal svenska filmer som produceras varje år. När finansieringen är otillräcklig kan det vara av största vikt att förstå och kunna arbeta med finansiell bootstrapping som verktyg för att kunna slutföra produktionen av filmen. Finansiell bootstrapping är ett begrepp som kan fungera som ett resursanskaffande verktyg för att tillföra resurser till en produktion till en lägre kostnad än marknadspriset, eller till ingen kostnad alls. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka om detta verktyg finns inom svensk filmproduktion – och i så fall vilka som använder verktyget och varför. Forskningen avser också att utreda tillvägagångssätt och tankar kring känslor om användandet, både inom kort- och långfilmsproduktioner. Vi har funnit att användning av finansiell boostrapping finns och är generellt sett mer frekvent använt i produktioner som inte är fullt finansierade. Förekomsten av användandet är oftast vanligare i kortfilm än i långfilm, men att det existerar inom båda formerna av filmproduktion samt att verktyget används av olika befattningshavare. Utsagorna om känslor kring användandet av finansiell bootstrapping är tvetydiga – det uppstår enligt respondenterna ofta positiva känslor när det finns en ömsesidig vinning mellan de berörda avtalsparterna, men också negativa känslor när utbytet av överenskommelsen är mest gynnsamt för den ena parten.Contemporary Swedish film industry is financed mainly by government funding. However, there is potentially not enough funding in comparison to how many films are produced in Sweden every year. When funding is inadequate it could be paramount to master the concept and instrument of financial bootstrapping in order to complete a film. Financial bootstrapping is a term and tool regarding the acquirement of resources, albeit to a lower cost than market value or to no costs at all. This essay aims to investigate whether this phenomenon exist within the Swedish film industry, if so - who is using this tool and why. The research also intends to chart the approach and feelings of users both in short film as well as full feature film. We have found that utilization exists and is generally more frequent amongst films that are not fully financed. The occurrence is often more common in short films than in feature films; also it exists within the different levels of film production and is used by various positions. Thoughts regarding the practice of financial bootstrapping are ambiguous; there are positive approaches when there is a mutual gain between the relevant participants, but also, negative approaches when the benefits from the collaboration are divided unfairly.
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Lemme, Andre [Verfasser]. "Bootstrapping movement primitives from complex trajectories / Andre Lemme." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1070371718/34.
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Persson, Jonas, and Maria Mera. "Finansiell bootstrapping : -en undersökning av svenska nyregistrerade företag." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-12300.
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Bakgrund: Ur ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv är det ytterst viktigt att företag utvecklas och växer för att ersätta företag och branscher som går tillbaka eller försvinner. När det gäller tillväxt hos företag har beroendet av tillgång till kapital och nödvändiga resurser lyfts fram under lång tid. Samtidigt har flera aktuella rapporter visat att tillgång till banklån upplevs som ett relativt litet hinder för tillväxt. Finansiell bootstrapping används för att minimera eller helt eliminera behovet av finansiella resurser för att säkerställa tillgången till de resurser som företag behöver. Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att beskriva i vilken utsträckning svenska småföretag registrerade 2009 använder finansiell bootstrapping. I huvudsyfte ingår följande delsyften: 1) Beskriva vilka finansiella bootstrappingmetoder som används och redovisa skillnader i användningsfrekvens. 2) Undersöka om det är möjligt att identifiera särskilda grupper av metoder och användare som tillämpar liknande metoder. Avgränsningar: Av de flertalet olika finansieringsmöjligheter som står företagen till hands, har vi valt att endast behandla finansiell bootstrapping. Metod: En webbaserad enkätundersökning till 100 företag genomfördes för att undersöka användandet av finansiell bootstrapping. Insamlad data behandlades och analyserades med deskriptiv statistik och en faktoranalys. Resultat/Slutsatser: Samtliga företag som besvarade enkäten har använt sig av finansiell bootstrapping sedan företagsstart. 95 % av företagen har använt två eller fler metoder. Faktoranalysen identifierade två grupper av bootstrappingmetoder, vilka kan åtskiljas mot bakgrund av i vilken grad ett samarbete med andra organisationer krävs för att tillämpa metoderna inom de olika faktorerna. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: I kommande forskning är det intressant att studera hur finansiell bootstrapping har utvecklats med de nya möjligheter som den snabba tekniska utvecklingen erbjuder, inte minst i form av marknadsföring via sociala medier.
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Johansson, Sofia, and Lisbeth Alvina. "Finansieringsmöjligheter i småföretag : Traditionella metoder kontra finansiell bootstrapping." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för ekonomi, kommunikation och IT, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-7021.
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Cronjäger, Anke. "Bootstrappen ökonometrischer Mehrgleichungsmodelle : die rückwärtige Berechnung von Prognoseintervallen /." Wiesbaden : Wiesbaden : Dt. Univ.-Verl. ; Gabler, 1996. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=007006175&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Leibbrandt, Richard Eduard, and richard leibbrandt@flinders edu au. "Part-of-Speech Bootstrapping Using Lexically-Specific Frames." Flinders University. Computer Science Engineering and Mathematics, 2009. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20090805.143606.
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The work in this thesis presents and evaluates a number of strategies by which English-learning children might discover the major open-class parts-of-speech in English (nouns, verbs and adjectives) on the basis of purely distributional information. Previous work has shown that parts-of-speech can be readily induced from the distributional patterns in which words occur. The research reported in this thesis extends and improves on this previous work in two major ways, related to the constructional status of the utterance contexts used for distributional analysis, and to the way in which previous studies have dealt with categorial ambiguity.
Previous studies that have induced parts-of-speech from word distributions have done so on the basis of fixed windows of words that occur before and after the word in focus. These contexts are often not constructions of the language in question, and hence have dubious status as elements of linguistic knowledge. A great deal of recent evidence (e.g. Lieven, Pine & Baldwin, 1997; Tomasello, 1992) has suggested that childrens early language may be organized around a number of lexically-specific constructional frames with slots, such as a X, you X it, draw X on X. The work presented here investigates the possibility that constructions such as these may be a more appropriate domain for the distributional induction of parts-of-speech. This would open up the possibility of a treatment of part-of-speech induction that is more closely integrated with the acquisition of syntax.
Three strategies to discover lexically-specific frames in the speech input to children are presented. Two of these strategies are based on the interplay between more and less frequent words in English utterances: the more frequent words, which are typically function words or light verbs, are taken to provide the schematic backbone of an utterance. The third strategy is based around pairs of words in which the occurrence of one word is highly predictable from that of the other, but not vice versa; from these basic slot-filler relationships, larger frames are assembled.
These techniques were implemented computationally and applied to a corpus of child-directed speech. Each technique yielded a large set of lexically-specific frames, many of which could plausibly be regarded as constructions. In a comparison with a manual analysis of the same corpus by Cameron-Faulkner, Lieven and Tomasello (2003), it is shown that most of the constructional frames identified in the manual analysis were also produced by the automatic techniques.
After the identification of potential constructional frames, parts-of-speech were formed from the patterns of co-occurrence of words in particular constructions, by means of hierarchical clustering. The resulting clusters produced are shown to be quite similar to the major English parts-of-speech of nouns, verbs and adjectives. Each individual word token was assigned a part-of-speech on the basis of its constructional context. This categorization was evaluated empirically against the part-of-speech assigned to the word in question in the original corpus. The resulting categorization is shown to be, to a great extent, in agreement with the manual categorization.
These strategies deal with the categorial ambiguity of words, by allowing the frame context to determine part-of-speech. However, many of the frames produced were themselves ambiguous cues to part-of-speech. For this reason, strategies are presented to deal with both word and context ambiguity. Three such strategies are proposed. One considers membership of a part-of-speech to be a matter of degree for both word and contextual frame. A second strategy attempts to discretely assign multiple parts-of-speech to words and constructions in a way that imposes internal consistency in the corpus. The third strategy attempts to assign only the minimally-required multiple categories to words and constructions so as to provide a parsimonious description of the data.
Each of these techniques was implemented and applied to each of the three frame discovery techniques, thereby providing category information about both the frame and the word. The subsequent assignment of parts-of-speech was done by combining word and frame information, and is shown to be far more accurate than the categorization based on frames alone. This approach can be regarded as addressing certain objections against the distributional method that have been raised by Pinker (1979, 1984, 1987).
Lastly, a framework for extending this research is outlined that allows semantic information to be incorporated into the process of category induction.
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Antonovic, Manuela. "Dezentrale Bootstrapping-Verfahren für Peer-to-Peer-Systeme." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:93-opus-32296.
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Kolberg, Leticia Schiavon 1990. "O processo de bootstrapping na aquisição de linguagem." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/271185.
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Orientador: Ruth Elisabeth Vasconcellos LopesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T13:05:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kolberg_LeticiaSchiavon_M.pdf: 4780312 bytes, checksum: 5100646d80c91b736957133628e83277 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: O papel do input na aquisição tem sido amplamente discutido dentro das teorias de bootstrapping, que postulam que certas informações linguísticas seriam responsáveis pelo disparo dos mecanismos inatos de aquisição. Embora não se acredite que apenas um tipo de pista (sintático, prosódico ou semântico) dê conta do processo de aquisição por si só, a maioria dos autores postula uma hierarquia de acesso a esses sistemas linguísticos. Pinker (1989) afirma que a informação semântica é a responsável pelo início da aquisição, sendo a base para a estrutura sintática; já Mazuka (1996) postula que para iniciar a aquisição é necessário determinar certos parâmetros básicos a partir do ritmo, sendo este o responsável lógico pelo disparo dos mecanismos inatos. A dificuldade em se chegar a um consenso sobre qual tipo de pista seria usado inicialmente gera o chamado bootstrapping problem (PINKER, 1989): Como se chega à estrutura sintática pela semântica sem compreender a correlação entre a estrutura sintática e a conceitual? Da mesma forma, como se pode usar pistas prosódicas sem a transposição do nível fonético/fonológico para o nível de representação formal? A fim de resolver estas questões, Hirsh-Pasek & Golinkoff (1996) postulam um modelo de coalisão em que pistas sintáticas, semânticas e prosódicas são usadas em conjunto desde o início, embora assumam pesos diferentes conforme a aquisição procede. Para isso, ressaltam três fases do desenvolvimento linguístico, baseadas no tipo de informação mais saliente: a fase prosódica, aproximadamente dos 0 aos 09 meses, na qual a criança realiza a segmentação inicial da fala e a delimitação de eventos; a semântica, dos 09 aos 24 meses, na qual ocorre o mapeamento semântico e a determinação de parâmetros básicos a partir de pistas redundantes do contexto; e a sintática, dos 24 aos 36 meses, na qual os parâmetros sintáticos mais complexos são determinados. As fases são corroboradas por evidências empíricas de crianças adquirindo o inglês, mas os resultados são considerados universais. A fim de somar evidências em favor desta hipótese, o objetivo principal desta dissertação é a adaptação de um dos testes realizados pelas autoras com crianças adquirindo o português brasileiro. O teste escolhido investigará a compreensão da ordem de palavras e sua correlação com os papéis de agente e paciente por crianças na segunda fase a partir do Paradigma de Olhar Preferencial Intermodal (SPELKE, 1979): dois monitores mostram vídeos dos personagens Ju e Nino realizando ações, sendo que em um monitor Ju é a agente, e no outro, paciente. O estímulo auditivo apresenta sentenças como "A Ju está coçando o Nino", correspondentes a apenas um dos vídeos, enquanto uma câmera grava o tempo de fixação do olhar das crianças para cada vídeo. Os resultados gerais não mostram um tempo de fixação maior para o vídeo correspondente, o que poderia ser justificado pela falta de conhecimento do significado dos verbos usados no teste pelas crianças, já que, diferente de Hirsh-Pasek & Golinkoff, não acessamos esta informação antes da testagem. Estes, no entanto, nos farão questionar as fases do modelo de coalisão, levando-nos à reflexão de que a saliência perceptual entre os sistemas linguísticos talvez alterne não apenas conforme a fase da aquisição, mas também conforme as características de cada problema apresentado.
Abstract: The role of the input in language acquisition has been widely discussed within bootstrapping theories, that postulate that certain linguistic information are responsible for triggering innate mechanisms for language acquisition. Although no author believes only one type of cue (syntactic, semantic or prosodic) would handle the acquisition process on itself, most of them postulate that the linguistic systems are accessed hierarchically. Pinker (1989) says that the semantic information is responsible for the beginning of language acquisition, being the basis for syntactic structure; on the other hand, Mazuka (1996) postulates that, in order to bootstrap acquisition, it is necessary to determine certain basic parameters through rhythmic information, the logic responsible for the triggering of innate mechanisms. The difficulty in getting to a consensus about what type of cue would be initially accessed generates the Bootstrapping Problem (PINKER, 1989): how does one gets to syntactic structure through semantics without knowing the correlation between conceptual and syntactic structure? By the same logic, how can one use prosodic cues without transposing the phonetic/phonological level to the level of formal representation? In order to solve these questions, Hirsh-Pasek & Golinkoff (1996) created a coalition model in which syntactic, semantic and prosodic cues are accessed together since the beginning of acquisition, although they take different weights as it proceeds. The authors postulate three phases of linguistic development, based on the most salient cues: the prosodic phase, from 0 to 9 months of age, in which the child performs initial segmentation of the input speech and the delimitation of events in the context; the semantic phase, from 9 to 24 months, when the processes of semantic mapping and basic parameter determination through redundant syntactic/semantic cues occur; and the syntactic phase, from 24 to 36 months, when more complex syntactic parameters are determined. Those phases are corroborated by empirical evidences from children acquiring English, but the results are considered universal. In order to gather evidence in favor of this hypothesis, the main goal of this dissertation is the adaptation of one of the tests ran by the authors, to be ran with children acquiring Brazilian Portuguese. The chosen test will investigate the comprehension of word order and its correlation with the agent and patient roles by children in the second phase postulated by the authors, through the Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm (SPELKE, 1979): two video monitors show videos of the characters Ju and Nino performing transitive actions, and when Ju is the agent in one video, it is the patient in the other. The audio presents sentences such as "Ju is scratching Nino", corresponding to only one of the video screens, while a hidden camera records the eye fixations of children to each video screen. The main results do not show a longer fixation time to the video corresponding to the linguistic stimulus, which could be justified by the lack of knowledge of the meanings of the verbs being tested, since, unlike Hirsh-Pasek & Golinkoff's, we did not access this information before the test. These results, however, will make us question the phases of the coalition model, leading us to the conclusion that the perceptual salience between linguistic systems perhaps alternate not just in conformity with the phase of development, but also with the characteristics of each presented problem
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestra em Linguística
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Rupasinghe, Arachchige Don Hasthika Sriyantha. "BOOTSTRAPPING ANALOGS OF THE ONE WAY MANOVA TEST." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1425.
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The classical one way MANOVA model is used to test whether the mean measurements are the same or differ across p groups, and assumes that the covariance matrix of each group is the same. This work suggests using the Olive (2017abc) bootstrap technique to develop analogs of one way MANOVA test. A large sample theory test has also been developed. The bootstrap tests can have considerable outlier resistance, and the tests do not need the population covariance matrices to be equal. The two sample Hotelling's T^2 test is the special case of the one way MANOVA model when p =2.
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Le, Goff Léni. "Bootstrapping Robotic Ecological Perception with Exploration and Interactions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS219.
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La robotique a atteint une grande précision sur beaucoup de tâches, comme par exemple la manipulation ou la navigation. Mais la plupart des études sont basées sur une analyse complète du problème à résoudre par un ingénieur en robotique. Ces approches sont ainsi limitées aux environnements traités par l'ingénieur, en d'autres termes, à des environnements contrôlés. Aujourd'hui, la communauté de recherche en robotique adresse la problématique de permettre à des robots de réaliser des tâches de façon autonome dans des environnements réalistes et ouverts. De tel environnements sont complexes et dynamiques, comme par exemple notre environnement de tous les jours qui parait simple et structuré mais qui varie beaucoup d'un endroit à un autre. Dans ce genre de contextes, le robot doit être capable de s'adapter à de nouvelles situations qui n'ont pas pu être prévues par les ingénieurs qui l'ont conçu. Notre travail de recherche se concentre sur le développement d'une perception écologique adaptative pour un système robotique. La perception écologique d'un agent qualifie sa perception du monde à travers ses sens et ses capacités d'action. D'après J.J. Gibson qui a initié la psychologie écologique, les humains et les animaux perçoivent le monde par les actions qu'ils peuvent utiliser. Ainsi, un système robotique équipé de la compétence de réinitialiser de façon autonome sa perception quand il fait face à une nouvelle situation, serait hautement adaptatif. Notre but est de fournir à un robot la capacité d'apprendre une première représentation de ce qui l'entoure, capacité qui fonctionnerait sur n'importe quel environnement. Cela permettrait au robot d'apprendre de nouvelles représentations à partir de situations inconnues. Il est proposé de générer cette capacité par une méthode de perception interactive. Les méthodes de perception interactive prennent avantage de l'action pour construire ou améliorer la perception du monde. Pour ensuite exploiter ces représentations afin d'avoir des actions plus précises. Cette relation entre action et perception peut être formalisée facilement grâce aux affordances. Une affordance est un concept introduit par J.J. Gibson. C'est une relation entre des caractéristiques visuelles, des compétences de l'agent et des effets possibles. Le système collecte des données de l'environnement en interagissant avec lui grâce à une action spécifique associée à un effet attendu. Avec ces données, un classifieur probabiliste est entraîné en ligne pour construire une carte de perception. Cette carte représente les zones qui génèrent l'effet attendu quand l'action est appliquée. La carte est appelée une carte de pertinence. Plusieurs cartes de pertinence peuvent être construites en fonction de différentes actions et effets, la somme de ces cartes représente une perception riche de ce que le robot peut faire sur ce qui l'entoure. Nous nommons cette carte finale une carte d'affordances puisqu'elle permet au robot de percevoir l'environnement à travers les actions qu'il peut utiliser. Notre méthode a été testée sur le robot PR2Robotics has reached a high accuracy on many tasks, like for instance manipulation or navigation. But most of the studies are based on a deep analysis of the problem to solve by the robot designer. These approaches are thus limited to the environment considered by the robot designer, i.e. to a closed environment. Robotics research community is now addressing the issue to allow robots to autonomously achieve tasks in realistic open environments. Such environments are complex and dynamic, like for instance human everyday environment which seems simple but vary a lot from one place to another. In this kind of contexts, the robots must be able to adapt to new situations which were not forecasted by the engineers who designed the robot. Our research work is focused on the development of an adaptive ecological perception for a robotic system. An agent ecological perception defines how it perceives the real world environment through its sensing and acting capabilities. According to J.J. Gibson who has initiated ecological psychology, humans and animals perceive the world through the actions that they can use. Thus, providing a robotic system with the skill to bootstrap autonomously its perception when facing a new unknown situation, would allow the system to be highly adaptive. Our goal is to provide the robot with the capacity to learn a first representation of its surrounding which would work on any environment. This would allow the robot to learn new representations from unknown situations. It is proposed to generate this ability through an interactive perception method. Interactive perception methods take advantage from action to build or enhance representations of the world and then exploit these representations to have more accurate actions. This relation between action and perception can be easily formalized thanks to affordances. Affordance is a concept introduced by J.J. Gibson which is a relationship between visual features, agent skills, and possible effects. The system collects data from an environment by interacting with it thanks to a specific action associated to an expected effect. With these data a probabilistic classifier is trained online to build a perceptual map. This map represents the areas that generate the expected effect when the action is applied. Therefore, the map is called a relevance map. Several relevance maps could be built according to different actions and effects, the sum of these maps represents a rich perception of what the robot can do on its surrounding. We name this final map an affordances map as it allows the robot to perceive the environment through the actions it can use. Our methods was tested on the PR2 robots
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Almoaber, Basmah. "Bootstrapping Trust Evaluation Using a Trust Certificate Model." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32141.
Full textAbstract:
Trust plays a vital role in the decision to initiate any interaction. Rational agents may use past experiences and other agents’ opinions to decide to trust, but due to the nature of open multi-agent systems, where agents can dynamically join and leave the system at any time, agents may find themselves dealing with complete strangers whom neither they nor their friends have encountered before. This situation forces the agents to choose partners randomly, which significantly increases the risk of encountering unreliable agents. For instance, service requesters may become reluctant to initiate communication with newly-joined service providers. And when the newcomers are service requesters, who are willing to exploit the environment, service providers may also hesitate to start any connection with them. As a result, newcomers are excluded from the competition and old agents lose the possibility of interacting with better agents. In this thesis, we address that issue by creating a Trust Certificate (TC) model in which each agent is equipped with a certificate that works as a reference by providing information about its holder. The information is obtained and stored by the agent itself and is available to other agents who request it to evaluate the holder’s trustworthiness for a potential interaction. The stored information is about the agent’s role in the society and its performance in past interactions. The TC model allows agents to retrieve reputation information and make initial trust evaluations when evidence is unavailable. It also helps agents to avoid the need to make random partner selection due to the information scarcity. We show how this model enhances the interaction process between agents by evaluating it in the context of a simulated multi-agent system.
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Ciarfella, Alessandro. "Corpuscolar description of bootstrapped Newtonian gravity." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18790/.
Full textAbstract:
One of the main features of General Relativity is that, under very general assumptions
and for sufficiently dense objects, it always leads to the creation of space-time singularities
that are quite difficult to handle both from an intuitive and a mathematical point of view.
Moreover, these singularities are in contrast with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle
since they would form a region of space with infinite density of energy. In the last
years, Dvali and Gomez suggested a novel approach to black holes' physics, according to
which the gravitational field can be described as a collection of soft gravitons. In this
picture some phenomena that are very well known in the geometrical picture of gravity
are explained in terms of Quantum Mechanical effects related to gravitons. The aim of
this work is to provide a self consistent quantum corpuscolar description of gravitational
interactions with a classical background given by the bootstrapped Newtonian gravity,
where no space-time singularities arise, and compare the results with the assumptions
made by Dvali and Gomez about the properties of gravitons.
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Neri, Giulio. "Effective metric for bootstrapped Newtonian sources." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21717/.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, we address the problem of constructing an effective space-time picture for the gravitational field in the bootstrapped Newtonian theory (BNT). After a short review of the singularity problem and the corpuscular model of black holes, we present a
detailed introduction to the BNT. This theory provides us with an exact formula for the gravitational potential felt by slowly-moving particles outside a static and spherically symmetric source. Our goal is to determine the most general metric tensor that reproduces this potential in the Newtonian limit and use it in relativistic or strong-gravity scenarios. After we make so that the effective space-time agrees with the experimental constraints and contains a black hole region, we study its properties in two opposite limits: the weak- and the strong-field regime. In the first case, we find departures from the predictions of General Relativity as early as order GNM=R2, where R is the characteristic length scale of a given system. In the second case, we discover that the BN black hole is different from the Schwarzschild one, and it generally violates the first law of black hole mechanics. In the end, we restore time-dependence to study the propagation of gravitational waves in the reconstructed space-time. The upshot is that we cannot exclude the existence of scalar waves.
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Mauritzson, Albin, and Oskar Mauritzson. "Finansiell bootstrapping i småföretag : en kvantitativ studie om hur infödda företagare och invandrarföretagares sociala samt professionella nätverk påverkar valet av finansiell bootstrapping." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-16901.
Full textAbstract:
Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva hur styrkan i småföretags sociala och professionella nätverk påverkar valet av finansiell bootsrapping, med företagarens ursprung som betingad faktor. Målet med studien är att introducera och ge en generell översikt över orsakssambandet mellan de berörda koncepten. En undersökning genomfördes bland småföretag i Sverige för att identifiera det sociala och professionella nätverkets påverkan på finansiell bootstraping. I undersökningen antogs företagarens ursprung ha en modererande roll. Dessutom ingick en rad kontrollvariabler för att undersöka deras effekt på orsakssambandet. Sålunda ger det en djupare insikt om vilka underliggande individuella och organisatoriska attribut som påverkar företagares val av finansiell bootstrapping. En utökad kunskap för fenomenet finansiell bootstrapping kan ses som ett konkurrenskraftigt hjälpmedel vid egenföretagande. Framförallt blir det påtagligt för småföretagare som stöter på hinder i anskaffningen av externt finansiellt kapital. Denna uppsats baserades på 136 frågeformulär som returneras från småföretagare som är etablerade på den svenska marknaden. Medan resultatet bekräftar vikten av finansiell bootstrapping för småföretag, identifieras ursprungsskillnader i användningen av olika finansiella bootstrappingmetoder. Dessutom identifieras variationer i invandrare och inföddas användning av sociala och professionella nätverk. Vidare upptäcker vi att styrkan i småföretags nätverk har en positiv påverkan på finansiell bootstrapping. Däremot när ursprung antas ha en modererande effekt ges blandade resultat. Sålunda indikerar resultatet på att det finns vissa likheter i invandrare och infödda företagares finansieringsbeteende
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Yazici, Ceyda. "A Computational Approach To Nonparametric Regression: Bootstrapping Cmars Method." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613708/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Bootstrapping is a resampling technique which treats the original data set as a population and draws samples from it with replacement. This technique is widely used, especially, in mathematically intractable problems. In this study, it is used to obtain the empirical distributions of the parameters to determine whether they are statistically significant or not in a special case of nonparametric regression, Conic Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (CMARS). Here, the CMARS method, which uses conic quadratic optimization, is a modified version of a well-known nonparametric regression model, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS). Although performing better with respect to several criteria, the CMARS model is more complex than that of MARS. To overcome this problem, and to improve the CMARS performance further, three different bootstrapping regression methods, namely, Random-X, Fixed-X and Wild Bootstrap are applied on four data sets with different size and scale. Then, the performances of the models are compared using various criteria including accuracy, precision, complexity, stability, robustness and efficiency. Random-X yields more precise, accurate and less complex models particularly for medium size and medium scale data even though it is the least efficient method.
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Klinger, Christopher Martin, and chris klinger@unisa edu au. "Process Physics: Bootstrapping Reality from the Limitations of Logic." Flinders University. SoCPES, 2005. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20080430.132508.
Full textAbstract:
For all the successes of the two edifices of modern physics, quantum theory and Einstein's relativity, a fundamental description of the Universe as a whole -- a theory that informs as to the true nature of reality -- has continued to elude science. This thesis describes the development and evolution of a new paradigm called Process Physics, a radical information-theoretic modelling of reality. It is argued that the failure of the extant approaches in physics is the direct consequence of limitations stemming from the mathematization, language and methodology of theoretical physics: the limitations of the postulated background spatial concepts and geometric modelling of time, the limitations of quantum theory in its failure to account for the measurement process and classicality; and the limitations of formal systems. In contrast, Process Physics utilizes the limitations of logic first identified by Godel and asserts the priority of process and relational endophysics, realized via a stochastic, autopoietic bootstrap system whose properties emerge a posteriori rather than being assumed a priori. The work is arranged in two parts. Part I discusses the historical, philosophical, and metaphysical foundations of physics to consider how the prevailing views in modern physics arose and what this revealed and contributed to the development of Process Physics. Part II describes the fundamentals of the new theory and its implementation, and demonstrates the viability of looking outside the current paradigms by showing that Process Physics yields unified emergent phenomena that permit an understanding of fundamental processes and penultimately motivate both quantum theory and relativity as relevant higher-level descriptors within their respective domains.
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Hawthorne, Kara Eileen. "From Sound to Syntax: The Prosodic Bootstrapping of Clauses." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/283672.
Full textAbstract:
It has long been argued that prosodic cues may facilitate syntax acquisition (e.g., Morgan, 1986). Previous studies have shown that infants are sensitive to violations of typical correlations between clause-final prosodic cues (Hirsh-Pasek et al., 1987) and that prosody facilitates memory for strings of words (Soderstrom et al., 2005). This dissertation broaches the question of whether children can use this information in syntax acquisition by asking if learners can use the prosodic correlates of clauses to locate syntactic constituents. One property of certain syntactic constituents in natural languages is that they can move, so learning of constituency was inferred if participants treated prosodically-grouped words as cohesive, moveable chunks. In Experiment 1, 19-month-olds were familiarized with sentences from an artificial grammar with either 1-clause or 2-clause prosody. The infants from the 2-clause group later recognized the prosodically-marked clauses when they had moved to a new position in the sentence and had a new acoustic contour. Adults in Experiment 2 showed similar learning, although their judgments also rely on recognition of perceptually-salient words at prosodic boundaries. Subsequent experiments explored the mechanisms underlying this prosodic bootstrapping by testing Japanese-acquiring infants on English-based stimuli (Experiment 3) and English-acquiring infants on Japanese-based stimuli (Experiment 4). Infants were able to locate constituent-like groups of words with both native and non-native prosody, suggesting that the acoustic correlates of prosody are sufficiently robust across languages that they can be used in early syntax acquisition without extensive exposure to language-specific prosodic features. On the other hand, adults (Experiment 5) are less flexible, and are only able to use prosody consistent with their native language, suggesting an age- or experience-related tuning of the prosodic perceptual mechanism. This dissertation supports prosody as an important cue that allows infants and young children to break into syntax even before they understand many words, and helps explain the rapid rate of syntax acquisition.
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Stauffer, Christopher P. (Christopher Paul) 1971. "Perceptual data mining : bootstrapping visual intelligence from tracking behavior." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8111.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (p. 161-166).
One common characteristic of all intelligent life is continuous perceptual input. A decade ago, simply recording and storing a a few minutes of full frame-rate NTSC video required special hardware. Today, an inexpensive personal computer can process video in real-time tracking and recording information about multiple objects for extended periods of time, which fundamentally enables this research. This thesis is about Perceptual Data Mining (PDM), the primary goal of which is to create a real-time, autonomous perception system that can be introduced into a wide variety of environments and, through experience, learn to model the activity in that environment. The PDM framework infers as much as possible about the presence, type, identity, location, appearance, and activity of each active object in an environment from multiple video sources, without explicit supervision. PDM is a bottom-up, data-driven approach that is built on a novel, robust attention mechanism that reliably detects moving objects in a wide variety of environments. A correspondence system tracks objects through time and across multiple sensors producing sets of observations of objects that correspond to the same object in extended environments. Using a co-occurrence modeling technique that exploits the variation exhibited by objects as they move through the environment, the types of objects, the activities that objects perform, and the appearance of specific classes of objects are modeled. Different applications of this technique are demonstrated along with a discussion of the corresponding issues.
(cont.) Given the resulting rich description of the active objects in the environment, it is possible to model temporal patterns. An effective method for modeling periodic cycles of activity is demonstrated in multiple environments. This framework can learn to concisely describe regularities of the activity in an environment as well as determine atypical observations. Though this is accomplished without any supervision, the introduction of a minimal amount of user interaction could be used to produce complex, task-specific perception systems.
by Christopher P. Stauffer.
Ph.D.
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Van, Heeswijk Dirk. "Bootstrapping the OIS curve in a South African bank." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27104.
Full textAbstract:
The financial crisis in 2007 highlighted the credit and liquidity risk present in interbank (LIBOR) rates, and resulted in changes to the pricing and valuation of financial instruments. The shift to Overnight Indexed Swap (OIS) discounting and multi-curve framework led to changes in the construction of interest rate zero curves, with the OIS curve being central to this methodology. Developed markets, such as the European (EUR), were able to adopt this framework due to the existence of a liquid OIS market. In the case of the South African (ZAR) market, the lack of such tradeable instruments poses the issue of how to construct or infer the OIS curve. Jakarasi et al. (2015) proposed a method to infer the OIS curve through the statistical relationship between SAFEX ROD and 3M JIBAR. The extension of the statistical relationship used by Jakarasi et al. (2015) to more statistically rigorous models, capable of capturing more information relating to the relationship between the rates, arises from the expected cointegrating relationship exhibited between rates. This dissertation investigates the implementation of such statistical models to infer the OIS curve in the ZAR market.
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Sundberg, Victor. "Application and Bootstrapping of the Munich Chain Ladder Method." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-182136.
Full textAbstract:
Point estimates of the Standard Chain Ladder method (CLM) and of the more complex Munich Chain Ladder method (MCL) are compared to real data on 38 different datasets in order to evaluate if MCL produces better predictions on average with a dataset from an arbitrary insurance portfolio. MCL is also examined to determine if the future paid and incurred claims converge as time progresses. A bootstrap model based on MCL (BMCL) is examined in order to evaluate its possibility to estimate the probability density function (PDF) of future claims and observable claim development results (OCDR). The results show that the paid and incurred predictions by MCL converge. The results also show that when considering all datasets MCL produce on average better estimations than CLM with paid data but no improvement can be seen with incurred data. Further the results show that by considering a subset of datasets which fulfil certain criteria, or by only considering accident years after 1999 the percentage of datasets in which MCL produce superior estimations increases. When examining BMCL one finds that it can produce estimated PDFs of ultimate reserves and OCDRs, however the mean of estimate of ultimate reserves does not converge to the MCL estimates nor do the mean of the OCDRs converge to zero. In order to get the right convergence the estimated OCDR PDFs are centered and the mean of the BMCL estimated ultimate reserve is set to the MCL estimate by multiplication.Punktskattningar gjorda med Standard Chain Ladder (CLM) och den mer komplexa Munich Chain Ladder-metoden (MCL) jämförs med verklig data för 38 olika dataset för att evaluera om MCL ger bättre prediktioner i genomsnitt än CLM för en godtycklig försäkringsportfölj. MCLs prediktioner undersöks också för att se om de betalda och de kända skadekostnaderna konvergerar. En bootstrapmodell baserad på MCL (BMCL) undersöks för att utvärdera om möjligheterna att estimera täthetsfunktionen (probability density function, PDF) av framtida skadekostnader och av ”observable claim development results (OCDR)”. Resultaten visar att MCLs estimerade betalda och kända skadekostnader konvergerar. Resultaten visar även att när man evaluerar alla dataseten så ger MCL i genomsnitt bättre prediktioner än CLM med betald data, men ingen förbättring kan ses med CLM med känd skadekostnadsdata. Vidare visar resultaten även att genom att bara titta på dataset som uppfyller vissa krav, eller genom att bara använda olycksår efter 1999, så ökar andelen dataset där MCL ger bättre prediktioner än CLM.Vid evaluering av BMCL ser man att den kan producera estimerade PDF:er för ultimo-reserver och OCDR:er, men att medelvärdet av ultimo-reserv prediktionerna från BMCL inte konvergerar mot MCL-prediktionerna och att medelvärdet av OCDR:erna inte konvergerar mot noll. För att få rätt konvergens så centreras OCDR PDF:erna och ultimo-reservernas medelvärden sätts till motsvarande MCL-prediktionens värde genom multiplikation.
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Gunnvard, Linda, and Åza Jorudd. "Bootstrapping : - hur fem kvinnliga egenföretagare finansierar sitt företag i introduktionsfasen." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-11399.
Full textAbstract:
In Sweden, many new companies started each year and more women become self-employed. With this pursued the debate about women that generally has more difficult getting access to credit, information and bank loans. Several studies show that lenders prefer to lend to larger and more established companies. This study is a qualitative survey about five female self-employed in Östersund active in the service industry, who was asked how they financed their first three years. About these women used the services of non-traditional financing, i.e. bootstrapping that as an alternative to minimize and eliminate the required resources and costs. There are five methods of bootstrapping; detaining, owner financed, minimized, relationship-oriented and contribution-oriented. The results of the study showed that the women used bootstrapping in large extent and that they did not have any financing problems. Furthermore, the study shows that the women prefer external capital today, and they have a positive vision for the future of the company.
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Nosov, Igor, and Rustam Hamraev. "Educating Bootstrapping : Financial decision making processes in Create Business Incubator." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-6567.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, small businesses have attracted much attention from scholars and businessmen, since the significance of these businesses estimated essential in rapid changing business environment from the perspective of wealth and job creation. Simultaneously, it is well known that most infant entrepreneurs are constrained by shortage of financial resource for development and growth of their business. Some entrepreneurs carry out the need for resources by applying the particular methods of financial bootstrapping. Therefore, a number of researches have been conducted in order to define characteristics of bootstrapping and to analysis how it effects to financial decision making process of entrepreneurs.
Under specific constrains and difficulties, the majority of the start-ups gain financial capital for business establishment from family funds and other informal sources based on personal contacts. Being directly connected with bootstrapping, financial decision making also must be implemented efficiently in the start-up phase of the company. Practically, the majority of nascent entrepreneurs face the lack knowledge about financing of small business frequently. Thus, the study of bootstrapping methods and the exploration of the factors, that effect decision making process, is important for both researchers and entrepreneurs.
The regarding thesis, in turn, examines bootstrapping behavior and financial decision making processes of four different companies in the Create Business Incubator. First of all, it investigates financing, financial choice, network and learning in order to conceptualize appropriate frame for conducting the thesis work. Then, necessary hands-on information obtained by conducting certain interviews and analyzing the networking and coaching circumstances of the Incubator. Consequently, after analyzing the characteristics of business and entrepreneurs, a priori conclusion and recommendations are proposed which help to increase the financial awareness of nascent entrepreneurs in the Incubator in terms of financing small business.
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Ventura, Valerie. "Likelihood inference by Monte Carlo methods and efficient nested bootstrapping." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362032.
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Parr, N. "Conceptual-intentional bootstrapping in the acquisition of the English verb." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1355955/.
Full textAbstract:
In the thesis I argue that intentionality, infant subjective knowledge and metacognitive growth, all interact to constrain and focus language acquisition to an inevitable and successful outcome. Neither innate UG, nor emergent usage based theories adequately address these elements and the literature review reveals that some or all them are either assumed, side-lined or left unconsidered by standard bootstrapping hypotheses. When foregrounded however, these elements can be demonstrated to provide a bridge between the conceptual and syntactic systems. I show that initially, infants’ utterances focus on the ‘here-and-now’ in joint attention, and they express infant subjective knowledge about how dynamic properties are attributive of substantive objects/entities. Uses of apparent nominal and verbal forms lack their typical grammatical function. Infants around 18months old, experience an inherent meta-cognitive development, which enables them to collate representations of Manifest Events, alongside a contrasting, constructed representation of a desired or intentional state of affairs. These Complex Events involve sub-events which are not currently in shared attention. Associated utterances involve intentions and desires, which require them to be understood by others. The acquisition of a conventional means of expression is therefore paramount. The research presents three sets of corpus studies based on 22,000 infant utterances, and includes exemplification from diary evidence, to show the inevitable bootstrapping effect of such intentional utterances. Complex Events require a predicate that describes an intentional state change and also a means to refer to a theme object that ‘measures out’ the change. In effect, it requires the use of Verbs and DPs. In contrast to other theories I show that it is only Complex Events that are the locus for the advent of grammatical categories [V] and [DP] and that a surprisingly simple, minimalist Merge process licensed by a selectional feature afforded by ‘it’, effectively bootstraps the syntactic system for English.