Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Border landscape'

Nearly two decades have passed since the strategic border security paradigm known as “prevention through deterrence” (PTD) took root in the landscape of Southern Arizona. The aim of PTD was to deter illicit migration by strategically amassing border security forces to funnel migrants into increasingly remote and treacherous territory where they would face increased risk. Indeed, risk was to be the prime factor of deterrence. Thousands of undocumented migrants died attempting to overcome those risks in an outcome known as the “funnel effect,” wherein migration patterns shifted to overcome bypass and overcome border security. When speaking about PTD taking root in southern Arizona, I mean that this geography is the locus of the funnel effect and has been since 2001. Southern Arizona represents the longest stretch of border walling in the United States and the highest concentrations of border security personnel and undocumented migration activity since the early 2000s. In this sense, this region is a useful point of focus for evaluating the outcomes and efficacy of the border security apparatus. Here, the PTD strategy has been physically tethered to the landscape as border security infrastructure has literally been dug into the ground. With the hundreds of border security infrastructure and wall projects have also come the hundreds of clandestine trails routed around them used by undocumented migrants, and hundreds of tons of left behind migrant survival materials like backpacks, water bottles, blankets, and rosaries. Over the years while border security has expanded, the evidence associated with migration has shifted in turn reflecting a dialectical engagement between the formal border security apparatus and the informal politics of migrants. While many scholars have studied either border security or the risks faced by migrants, few have looked at their mutual influence over time. This dissertation incorporated a multidisciplinary methodological approach, including ethnography, archival research, archaeology, and GIS technology. These methods allowed me to answer the following questions: What are the social and material effects of border enforcement policy on the ground? How have these changed over the 15 years of concentrated border enforcement in this area, both geographically and in terms of their volume and constitution? What are the stories, the experiences, and the tangible points on the landscape that mark these processes? I viewed the material signature of migration as a form of ruins both literally and metaphorically as they mark the scars of abandonment, loss, and failure. Following Walter Benjamin, I conceived of such ruins as an indictment of the political conditions that led to their formation. In the spirit of Benjamin, I also prioritized this form of marginalized material evidence. Questions of memory and materiality were also entwined with realities of absence and a search for fragmentary traces. I encountered this reality constantly in fieldwork, as when a place known to have been a major clandestine travel corridor for migration was often found completely cleared of all evidence of use. I also routinely walked past coordinates where migrant bodies were recovered, and where no evidence of that tragedy was left. A dialectical approach also highlighted how much more accessible and visible the actions related to the implementation of the United States border security were in relation to those of migrants. Further, the material evidence associated with migration was actively being removed, often as an environmental hazard. Thus, this project also came to encompass questions about the process of historical creation and heritage. Among those who live and work in the borderlands, this contemporary situation was already largely conceptualized in terms of its heritage potential. Will we remember this episode in history as we remember the Berlin Wall, or Japanese internment camps in the United States, as many of the border residents who participated in my project speculated? Certain public land managers along the border anticipated that their heritage future may well be as lands associated with the migration experience, circa the turn of the 21st century. It is acknowledged that this is a dark chapter of history. But, how does one curate history in the making? All of this inextricably links to issues of power. This is the power to decide what is culturally valuable or relevant, as well as the power to define historical narratives as they are made. Border security itself is about maintaining U.S. sovereignty, while defining the value of migrant lives and deaths as the border is secured. This is also a set of values that prioritizes border security over reform to the system that could facilitate labor migration. There is also a hierarchy to what survives between the monumental architecture of border security and the ephemeral tools and structures of clandestine migration. The latter are hidden and actively decaying while the former will stand the test of time. This dissertation analyzes the informal and the fragmentary side by side with the formal and monumental. What do decaying survival materials dropped by undocumented migrants, decaying migrant bodies in the wilderness, and hundreds of miles of clandestine smuggler trails in one of the most highly secured borderlands in one of the most powerful countries in the world say about power here? On a practical level, the accumulated evidence are read as an indictment of border security, revealing that the building of walls and surveillance structures have not stopped migration, though they have led to increasingly imperiled migrant journeys.

Mestrado em Arquitectura Paisagista - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Possessed with great conceptual amplitude, limit has been approached by different areas of knowledge over time. However, the concept of limit has an inseparable bond with landscape, whereby the contribution of several multidisciplinary studies allowed the strengthening of the activity of the landscape architect in its functions of study, formalization of the design and overall planning. In this sense, philosophy, anthropology, geography, land use and ecology are used as bases for the development of this thesis, working as a theoretical reflection on limit, its transversal meaning and its practical application. Additionally, the intersection between the theoretical content and the design work developed in office has enabled a new approach to the project, with more consistent and better defined concepts, associated with an equally unifying theme, time.

his thesis explores Early Bronze Age round barrows in a distinctive landscape, the Anglo-Welsh borderland. It is a landscape of contrasts, encompassing the lowlands and plains of the Midlands counties to the east and the uplands of the west. Although the region has been recognised as a valid unit of study, many previous studies have been constrained by national and county boundaries. Recent research on the prehistoric archaeology of the region has addressed this problem but until now the area’s round barrows have received little attention. This thesis se rves to redress this imbalance and considers round barrows in their historic and regional context. A multi-scalar approach to the study has been taken. At the macro scale, the morphology, distribution and broad topographic settings are examined in addition to an analysis of factors relating to the survival and destruction of the regions barrows. It is argued that the location of the borderlands may have led to some of the distinct architectural elements present in the region. For the most part, round barrows in the study area do not coalesce in to large cemeteries as seen elsewhere; the general pattern being that of isolated or paired barrows, yet relatively dense clusters have been identified. These are analysed at the meso scale to establish the relationships of barrows within these clusters to each other, to earlier monumentality and to the wider landscape. Here it is suggested that different rationales led to their formation, in some instances rep resenting different communities’ access to resources and routeways. The analysis then proceeds at the micro - scale and considers the problem of why build a round barrow in the first place. By examining a single, well excavated site of two barrows in close proximity with a reasonable degree of contemporaneity, it is possible to mitigate against certain variables to explore the role of choice when a community built a barrow. The role of deposition, including that of human remains is considered and it is argued that such practices were strategies to effect change within the world of the living.

Thesis deals with Šafov, small village located near Austrian border. History of the village is quite dramatic. Population is ten times smaller nowadays than during its greatest prosperity. At the village there was a jewish part destroyed during and after World War II. Nowadays there are only a few houses and jewish cemetary. Continuity was extremely aborted after World War II, when most residents had to leave their homes because of German nationality. New comming people early had to live very close to Iron Curtain. After many years Šafov can breathe freely but stigma of the past is still evident. I try to preserve dramatical history but also design new active plan. Thesis is divided to three parts: urban planning, architecture and landscape. There are some bigger interventions and also small and easily realizable ones.

Border landscapes often constitute geographical unities which have experimented distinct landscapes dynamics in each side of the border. This fact occurs because these border landscapes belong to different countries. The doctoral thesis states that a political border has consequences over the landscapes. In that sense, the thesis aims to analyse, firstly, the landscape evolution of the central area of the Catalan Cross-border Space and, secondly, to compare it to the Basque Eurocity´s central area. With the aim to identify the border landscapes structures, land use and land cover cartography for three periods of time was created (1950, 1980/1990 and 2000). Then, the role played by the Franco-Spanish border over the landscapes was assessed. Through this process we have determined the consequences of the two different political and economic models over these border landscapes, as well as the effects of the de-bordering process on the same ones
Els paisatges fronterers sovint configuren unitats geogràfiques, però la pertinença a Estats diferents fa que en nombroses ocasions no presentin les mateixes dinàmiques paisatgístiques a banda i banda de la frontera. Partint de la premissa que la presència d’una frontera política en un territori té implicacions en el paisatge, la tesi doctoral analitza l’evolució del paisatge de l’àrea central de l’Espai Català Transfronterer i, a títol comparatiu, de l’àrea central de l’Eurociutat Basca. L’elaboració de la cartografia dels usos i cobertes del sòl per tres períodes temporals des dels anys 50 fins al present (anys 50, 80/90 i 2000), permet identificar les estructures dels paisatges fronterers. A posteriori, s’avalua el rol de la frontera franco-espanyola sobre els paisatges, determinant quina és la incidència sobre els paisatges fronterers de la presència de dos models político-econòmics distints i quines han estat les implicacions paisatgístiques del procés de desfuncionalització de la frontera

Towards a Just Landscape is a multi-part project about the 49th Parallel, the 20-foot swath of clear-cut that divides the US from Canada along its International Boundary, as it physically marks the landscape between the Lake of the Woods and the Northern Rockies. More specifically, it is a project about the portion of the border swath that runs through the center of Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, dividing in two an area of land reserved to commemorate international peace and good will between two nations. Comprised of three artist's books, these works each address the political and ecological consequences of the border clearing on their surrounding landscape in their own unique way, and together seek to reimagine the way we interact with border regions.

Based on fieldwork carried out in a small town on the Polish border with Belarus, this thesis is concerned with the negotiation of a sense of place in a multi-religious municipality. My fieldsite was a well-known local Roman Catholic Mariological cult site and pilgrimage centre, yet many of the town’s residents were Eastern Orthodox Christians. The wider area also contained a number of important Eastern Orthodox and Greek Catholic religious sites. The negotiation of the pluralistic religious nature of my fieldsite is also influenced by representations of the area as a “frontier”. The idea of the borderland plays an important role in shaping regional attitudes to place, the EU, Belarus, Ukraine and the Polish state. The margin is conceptually important in this region and the shifting of state borders, the residues of socialism, changes to international border policies, and the presence and absence of diverse religious groups form multiple border landscapes. I argue that these landscapes are produced through the careful management of plurality. Plurality must be managed as it is constantly threatening to come apart. The relation between the periphery and the margin, or the inside and the outside, is constantly shifting through what I have called everyday religion, approaches to the border, and incorporation of visitors. A sense of place is messy, contradictory, and fragile, as the shape of the place is by no means fixed, and this thesis aims to explore how it is created, maintained, and recreated. This thesis starts by exploring the dominant religious landscape of my fieldsite, excavating underlying religious tensions and contradictions by paying close attention to Church buildings and cemeteries. I then turn to the forest, the river and the border to examine these tensions in light of attempts to link religious differences to ethnicity and larger EU boundary projects. In the final two chapters I draw out the hegemonic position of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland, and the ongoing silencing of the Eastern Orthodox population through a “heritagisation” of their spaces, looking specifically at pilgrimage, household religious objects and religious events.

A análise empreendida nesta pesquisa parte da percepção da necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados em relação às áreas de fronteira brasileiras, no que tange ao turismo, em especial na sua dimensão cultural e simbólica. Além dos desdobramentos políticos e das construções de sentido acerca das fronteiras, acentuados pelo processo de globalização, despontam novas concepções de patrimônio, ampliando seu entendimento e diversificando os instrumentos de proteção. No presente caso, o estudo centra-se na nova categoria de bem patrimonial Paisagem Cultural Brasileira, que enfatiza a inter-relação e interdependência mútua da ação humana e das características físicas do espaço na configuração especifica de determinada paisagem. Nesses termos, esta investigação apresenta como principal objetivo analisar a possibilidade da nova proposta de bem patrimonial Paisagem Cultural Brasileira dar conta da complexidade da condição limítrofe que permeia os relacionamentos que se processam nos espaços de fronteira, especificamente na fronteira entre Brasil e Uruguai. A investigação se desenvolve nas cidades de Jaguarão (Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil) e Rio Branco (Departamento de Cerro Largo, Uruguai), buscando compreender a dimensão cultural em um espaço ambíguo de separação-contato condicionado pelo rio Jaguarão e pela Ponte Internacional Barão de Mauá. Adota-se como base de sustentação metodológica o Pensamento Complexo, conforme proposto por Edgar Morin, e como técnicas de pesquisa a prática etnográfica e a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. A investigação indica que tanto o rio Jaguarão quanto a Ponte Internacional Barão de Mauá, em sua dinâmica de complementaridade, articulam a condição fronteiriça física e simbolicamente, bem como os múltiplos limites que se estabelecem entre os sujeitos de Jaguarão e Rio Branco, delineando contornos que os aproximam da ótica da nova categoria de bem patrimonial nacional, Paisagem Cultural, e contribuindo, nessa ótica, para o estímulo à valorização do patrimônio em uma perspectiva transfronteiriça.
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The analysis developed in this research origins from the perception of the need of more profound studies related to brazilian border areas, regarding tourism, specially in their cultural and symbolic dimension. Beyond the political issues and meaning constructions about frontiers, influenced by the globalization process, there s been emerging news conceptions about heritage, broadening its understanding and diversifying its instruments of protection. In the present case, the study focus on the new category of heritage Brazilian Cultural Landscape, that emphasizes the relation and mutual interdependence between the human action and the physical characteristics of space on the specific configuration of determined landscape. In these terms, the present investigation presents as main objective to analyse the possibility of the new proposition of heritage Brazilian Cultural Landscape comprehend the complexity of the boundary condition that manifests in the relationships established in the borderlands, specifically in the border area of Brazil and Uruguai. The research is developed in the cities of Jaguarão (State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) and Rio Branco (Department of Cerro Largo, Uruguai), searching to understand the cultural dimension in an ambiguous space of separation-contact condicioned by the Jaguarão river and the International Bridge Barão de Mauá. It´s adopted as base of methodologic sustentation the Pensamento Complexo, as proposed by Edgar Morin, and as techniques of research the ethnographic practical and bibliographic and documental research. The investigation indicates that the Jaguarão river and the International Bridge of Barão de Mauá, in it´s complementary dynamic, and due to the historic and symbolic context of their formation and use related to the cities of Jaguarão e Rio Branco, present the contours of a Brazilian Cultural Landscape, contributing, in this vision, to estimulate the valorization of heritage on a perspective beyond the political boundary.

This thesis studies the state of current border politics as it can be read through three objects of representation. These correspond to the three chapters. The first deals with a map, read as a text that represents death, made by the Humane Borders organization. The second treats a literary text (2666 by Roberto Bolaño) that also represents death and the border landscape and announces a failure of representation when treating a contemporary horror. The third chapter treats a technological tool thought of as electronic disturbance, designed to help migrants navigate the arduous terrain while crossing to the U.S. On one hand this work is concerned with death at the border as an irreversible fact and also as a matter of representation. Death at the border has been used as a trope to represent migrants and their afflictions (regarded many times as a consequence of ignorance, wildness or uncivilization). It has also been used as part of a political agenda: constructing migrants' illegality and death as a consequence for misconduct. On the other hand, this thesis is concerned with the trope of the desert as the space and a landscape that today is not dissociable from the meanings of death. The analysis takes a discursive angle, but also takes the desert as a material environment, which constitutes a tangible reference in which the practices of sovereignty are carried out. It also considers death as a real, embodied fact. This landscape of death has been marked by the intensification of border control as well as the intensification of humanitarian activism. Indeed, the desert is a site that highlights the precariousness of what is understood to be human life. "The human" moves in and out of being through the interaction of physical political and social elements. This thesis, thus, is concerned with the material and the discursive dimensions that shape the Sonoran Desert as the border between states, between human and non-human matter and as a bordering practice regarding the governance of a population.

This thesis attempts to study the prehistoric archaeology of the English-Welsh Marches (the Anglo-Welsh borderland) from a theoretical position which includes the concept of belonging engendered by landscape and which is informed by border theory. As such it critiques recent approaches which emphasise ethnicity and personhood. The concept of culture is also critically examined and an approach taken which is described as a "border perspective". The Neolithic and Bronze Age archaeology of the region is outlined and three classes of evidence form the main focus of the study. The use of stone and flint for the production of tools is considered and the distribution of these materials used to illustrate the presence of a prehistoric population with connections outside the region. The use of stone' as a potting material in the later part of the Bronze Age is also considered, and the use of special materials from places such as the Malvern Hills and Clee Hills is described. The analysis of the production, utilisation and discard of Bronze Age metalwork is the second class of material covered here. Distinctive patterns of use and deposition are identified and some interpretations of the possible meanings of these patterns are forwarded. The construction of enclosures is the final class of evidence considered. The construction of enclosures throughout prehistory is a well-known practise, but those in the study area differ in a number of ways to those found elsewhere. Particular attention is focussed on the construction of hilltop enclosures/hillforts in the later part of the Bronze Age and the social role these might have played. A number of themes run through the research presented here. These include the use of places such as hilltops and wetlands for certain kinds of practise; the nature of difference and how this may be accounted for and the negotiation of different kinds of border by individuals in the past.

Thesis (M.Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture; and, (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-99).
This thesis addresses the relationship between San Diego, California and Tijuana, Mexico. Although these two cities are part of a single landscape and ecology, they are divided, not only by a physical wall, but very different cultural, social, political and economic realities. This thesis is a proposition about exchange. Economic exchange has always been the driving force for interaction between San Diego and Tijuana. Their relationship has operated at a very fundamental level, rooted in a market economy driven by the laws of supply and demand. My goal is to build on this interaction, to exchange beyond the mutual economic interests and to provide a forum for a broadened, more meaningful exchange. Social, cultural and environmental exchange will heighten understanding and mutual respect, and begin to dissipate the psychological barriers that exist between the two sides, serving to better connect the people of this border region. I believe the foremost place for such interaction is the border region, itself. Currently, it is a painfully disconnected, forbidding and blighted region that harshly articulates the uneasy relationship between the two sides. The border marks a physical line of convergence that could begin to celebrate intellectual and social convergence. My proposal offers an east-west solution to this north-south problem. It establishes a new directionality that runs parallel to the border rather than across it. This new corridor uses the landscape to emphasize that which is shared, while establishing points of reflection and dialogue. The intention is to reinvent the border region as a critical juncture between cultures and nations, making the border not a point or a line, but an engagement.
Michelle Apigian.
M.C.P.
M.Arch.

Transboundary landscapes were introduced to southern Africa through colonialism and persist in the present day. These transboundary landscapes are constructed through political boundaries separating states as well as through the linkage of nature reserves and game parks located in adjacent countries. These landscapes have caused shifts in the livelihoods of the rural communities existing near them. This is the case for the Mbangweni rural area in northern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. This rural area, located in a transboundary landscape formed by the national border that separates Mozambique and South Africa, sits in between Ndumo Game Reserve and Tembe Elephant Park. The proposed linkage of these two nature reserves to each other and to the Maputo Special Reserve in Mozambique seeks to create a transboundary landscape that has negative consequences for the livelihoods of the Mbangweni community. Through the analysis of this rural community and the nature reserves on either side of it, this research sought to enhance understanding about how rural communities interact with transboundary landscapes, as well as the perceptions held by these rural communities and other actors (especially within the conservation sector) about how these landscapes influence rural livelihoods as well as the consequences of these landscapes on rural livelihoods. The study sought to also understand the level of institutional fit and interplay that exists between the institutions that govern over this landscape as well as between the institutions and the lived realities of the Mbangweni community by documenting the historical and current transboundary livelihood practices of the people of Mbangweni, determining the manner in which government actors and conservation authorities perceive and conceive of the transboundary landscape, determining whether or not (and to what extent) local and government perceptions about the transboundary landscape in Mbangweni are similar, and if not, how that affects livelihood activities on the ground and visually mapping out the different perceptions of the landscape held by the Mbangweni community and associated governing institutions. Qualitative data collection methods were used. These included 10 oral history interviews, 2 focus groups and 3 key informant interviews. The findings of this study reveal that the initial establishment of the transboundary landscape in this region led to the separation of the population of the Maputaland. The communities in northern KwaZulu-Natal and those in southern Mozambique once lived as a single population group. The national border separating South Africa from Mozambique was introduced and forced some of the population to settle on one side of the border and the rest on the other side. Although initially very rigid, the border's laws now allow for the informal movement of people and trade of goods between the southern Mozambique and northern KwaZulu-Natal areas. The study, therefore, found that the border's porous nature had a positive impact on the livelihoods of the people of Mbangweni. The findings also revealed that in addition to the national border, other institutions and entities were considered important for the livelihoods of the community. These institutions and entities include the traditional authority, the local municipality and the nature reserves adjacent to the Mbangweni community. These key role players each contributed to and impacted the rural livelihoods with the traditional authority having the biggest influence and most positive impact, the local municipality having the smallest influence and not much of an impact and the nature reserves having relatively minimal influence on the daily conduction of livelihoods but the most negative impact on how these livelihoods are conducted and sustained. Furthermore, the study showed that the key role players hold differing perceptions of the landscape and that these perceptions also differ from those held by the Mbangweni community. The study showed that the disconnect in perceptions of the landscapes results in isolated and fragmented land use by the entities and institutions occupying the same space. Conflict then arises due to the entities understanding and viewing the landscape as a space for different priorities. The nature reserves and their governing institution prioritise natural resource conservation and the Mbangweni community and the traditional authority, as its governing institution, prioritise their livelihoods and access to natural resources. These differing perceptions of the landscape perpetuate the institutional misfit and lack of interplay between the entities and governing institutions. The study found that even with different understandings of the landscape they occupy, each entity and relevant governing institution have the potential to facilitate institutional bricolage which would require adjustments of and changes to their mandates and goals to accommodate the mandates and goals of other institutions, other entities as well as the lived realities of the Mbangweni community. By fostering this bricolage, a transboundary landscape that adequately serves the needs and purposes of all its entities, whilst minimising opportunities for conflict between them, would be created.

Le paludisme est un des maladies vectorielles les plus communes qui est situé principalement dans les régions tropicales. La zone étudiée est la région transfrontière Guyane française-Brésil. Le niveau et la dynamique intra-annuelle de la transmission y sont variables, avec un taux d’incidence qui est relativement élevé dans l’Amérique du Sud. Les facteurs environnementaux, en particulier l'occupation et l'usage du sol, influent significativement sur la présence, la densité et la distribution spatiale des moustiques du genre Anophèles, vecteurs de la maladie. Les données sur l'environnement, la population et les systèmes de santé sont rarement comparables de part et d’autre de la frontière Guyane-Brésil, excluant une vision bilatérale homogène. La télédétection permet de caractériser spatialement l’environnement de manière quasi continue et complète. L’objectif de ce travail est de caractériser par télédétection des milieux favorables au développement des vecteurs et les interactions hommes-vecteurs pour la zone transfrontalière Guyane-Brésil. Un indicateur spatialisé d’aléa de transmission du paludisme a été développé à l’échelle locale. Il permet de spatialiser la contribution de l'interaction entre milieux forestiers et non-forestiers sur la transmission du paludisme. Ce modèle a été mis en œuvre à l’échelle de la région amazonienne. Cet indice permet de quantifier et d’expliquer l’influence du paysage dans les interrelations homme - vecteurs adultes. L’identification des gîtes larvaires potentiels a été testée à une échelle régionale, à partir de la fusion d’images satellites optiques et radar, afin de mettre en évidence la distribution spatiale de zones humides pérennes et de grandes tailles (lacs, rivières, étangs, etc.) et les interfaces avec les milieux urbaines et forestiers. La distribution et la densité des vecteurs sont affectées par les propriétés physiques et chimiques des gîtes larvaires potentiels qui sont liées à la typologie des sols. Un modèle conceptuel de l’évaluation des sols adapté à la zone amazonienne présente que les caractéristiques géomorphologiques (altitude, courbure, etc.) sont indicateurs de l’évolution des sols. Une typologie des sols a été réalisée à l’échelle régionale à partir de données altimétriques et de ce modèle conceptuel. Les méthodologies, les cartes d’occupation et d’usage du sol, les cartes d’aléa du paludisme mises en place dans le cadre de cette thèse seront intégrés à l’Observatoire transfrontalier (Guyane-Brésil) qui est en cours de création. Ce travail de thèse contribue ainsi à l’exploitation des nouvelles connaissances sur le mécanisme de transmission du paludisme qui peuvent être utilisées pour définir les nouvelles stratégies de prévention aux échelles locale et régionale
Malaria remains one of the most common vector-borne diseases what is predominantly located in the tropics. The study area is the cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil where the level and intra-annuel dynamic of malaria transmission are variable, with the incidence rates which are relatively high in South America. The environmental risk factors, in particular, land use and land cover, significantly influence the presence, density and spatial distribution of disease vectors, Anopheles mosquitoes. Environmental information, population data and health systems database are rarely comparable on both sides of the Guyana-Brazil border which exclude the homogeneous and bilateral vision. Remote sensing permits to spatially characterize the environment on both sides of the border in an almost continuous and complete manner. The objective of this study is to characterize the favorable environment for the development of vectors and the vector-human interaction in the cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil using remote sensing. A spatial landscape-based hazard index of malaria transmission was developed at the local scale. Such index allows spatializing the contribution of interaction between forest and non-forest areas on malaria transmission which was then implemented in the entire Amazon region. It quantifies and explains the influence of landscape on the interaction between human population and adult vectors. The identification of potential breeding sites of vectors was tested on a regional scale using the optical and SAR fusion for highlighting the spatial distribution of perennial and large wetlands (lakes, rivers, ponds etc.) and the interfaces with urban and forest environments. The distribution of vectors’ density is affected by physical and chemical properties of potential breeding sites which are related to soil typology. A conceptual model of soil evolution adapted to the Amazon region presents that geomorphological characteristics (altitude, curvature, etc.) are indicators of soil evolution. A soil classification was realized at the regional scale using altimetry data and the conceptual model. The methods, land use and land cover and malaria hazard maps established in this thesis will be integrated in the Observatory Sentinel of cross-border which is being built. This study also contributes to the exploitation of new knowledge about malaria transmission mechanism which can be used to define novel prevention strategies at the local and regional scales

In this dissertation, we study integrodifference equations in patchy landscapes. Specifically, we provide a framework for linking individual dispersal behavior with population-level dynamics in patchy landscapes by integrating recent advances in modeling dispersal into an integrodifference equation. First, we formulate a random-walk model in a patchy landscape with patch-dependent diffusion, settling, and mortality rates. We incorporate mechanisms for individual behavior at an interface which, in general, results in the probability-density function of the random walker being discontinuous at an interface. We show that the dispersal kernel can be characterized as the Green's function of a second-order differential operator and illustrate the kind of (discontinuous) dispersal kernels that arise from our approach. We examine the dependence of obtained kernels on model parameters. Secondly, we analyze integrodifference equations in patchy landscapes equipped with discontinuous kernels. We obtain explicit formulae for the critical-domain-size problem, as well as, explicit formulae for the analogous critical size of good patches on an infinite, periodic, patchy landscape. We examine the dependence of obtained formulae on individual behavior at an interface. Through numerical simulations, we observe that, if the population can persist on an infinite, periodic, patchy landscape, its spatial profile can evolve into a discontinuous traveling periodic wave. We derive a dispersion relation for the speed of the wave and illustrate how interface behavior affects invasion speeds. Lastly, we develop a strategic model for the spread of the emerald ash borer and its interaction with host trees. A thorough literature search provides point estimates and interval ranges for model parameters. Numerical simulations show that the spatial profile of an emerald ash borer invasion evolves into a pulse-like solution that moves with constant speed. We employ Latin hypercube sampling to obtain a plausible collection of parameter values and use a sensitivity analysis technique, partial rank correlation coefficients, to identify model parameters that have the greatest influence on obtained speeds. We illustrate the applicability of our framework by exploring the effectiveness of barrier zones on slowing the spread of the emerald ash borer invasion.

For decades, the peaks of Sharr Mountains had defined the border between two federal units of Former Yugoslavia, but after the political changes in Central and Eastern European Countries this massif became an intersected mountain. In this thesis work I saw of interest to analyze the status change from a massif unit as part of one state, to a cross-border mountain between two states and its affect on spatial development; - was there any cooperation on mountain management in the past; - how is the current mountain management proceeding on both sides; - which were the opportunities of cross-border cooperation in previous European experiences; - what can be expected from independent mountain side management on report to other side without any environmental assessment; and in the end to find and highlight the possible cross-border cooperation opportunities toward sustainability and eco-management of the Sharr Mountains in the future.
Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning DSP - Officer for International Cooperation Prishtina - Kosovo tel: + 381 38 517 712

This project was designed to aid community design professionals, specifically those professionals associated with "towns and cities that border public lands" (Howe, McMahon, Propst 1997), also known as gateway communities. Many of these towns have already begun a process of planning for future development, realizing the importance of conservation and preservation of their natural resources. By further expanding the goals and scope of town planning, this creative project intends to serve as a promotional resource and model of sustainable community design. More specifically, this creative project intends to provide Gatlinburg city officials with a conceptual master plan for the city's downtown corridor, instituting a combination of SmartCode and Smart Growth strategies with several other innovative strategies in an attempt to produce a sustainable design solution.If used as a guide for new planning and construction, this document should aid inmaintaining a lasting partnership between Gatlinburg and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and preserve the Park as a viable natural resource. The solutions produced in this creative project aim to uphold a balance between human settlement and nature and which are environmentally responsible, socially just, and economically viable.Due to the magnitude of change required for many of the proposed development strategies, and to promote consideration for the equity of future generations, the conceptual master planning will be envisioned as a long-range build-out with suggested phasing. Working towards a sustainable goal far into the future will enable local gateway planning and design to become less reactive and promote a vision which the entire community can own.
Department of Landscape Architecture

In the matrix of land uses beyond protected areas, people protect nature in a myriad of ways, and have, in some cases, for millennia. With the growth of global databases of Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas and Territories (ICCAs) and registries of sacred natural sites, opportunities are emerging for conservationists to engage custodians of sacred forests beyond protected areas. As conservation expands beyond protected areas, successful engagement emerges from unities in the perspectives of conservationists and custodians of sacred forests. This thesis aims to identify unities for conservationists' engagement with custodians of sacred forests on a landscape scale. The thesis geolocates sacred forests and assesses the implications for conservation in four diverse landscapes in the Gambia, Ethiopia, Malaysia and Japan. The scale of inquiry varies across the papers, from the sub-district level to a national scale. This research indicates that while sacred forests may be overlooked by conservationists due to their small size and autonomous management, when they are considered in concert on a landscape scale, opportunities for conservation engagement become apparent. This thesis demonstrates that sacred forests can be prevalent in diverse landscapes, persist over time, and provide ecosystem services due to their spatial distribution.

Après une analyse théorique et historique de la notion de paysage et à partir de l'étude diachronique et thématique de l'œuvre rigonienne, il apparaît que le paysage y occupe une place prépondérante tout en revêtant plusieurs dimensions. Tour à tour élément constitutif de l'être, écoumène, personnage à part entière ou simplement miroir de l'âme, il sous-tend et anime la narration en même temps qu'il accompagne l'homme tout au long de son existence. L'écriture de Mario Rigoni Stern nous fait ainsi prendre conscience du rôle central des paysages pour notre compréhension du monde. Au-delà du simple concept de nature, les paysages deviennent alors révélateurs d'une organisation sociétale et culturelle et constituent un véritable axis mundi autour duquel s'organisent Histoire de l'Humanité et histoire(s) des hommes ; un livre dont les pages se tournent au fil des saisons, qui contient les signes de nos civilisations et nous permet de découvrir la mémoire de nos ancêtres. Ainsi les paysages qui jalonnent la vie de l'auteur ne sont plus de simples cadres où l'homme évolue mais se retrouvent intrinsèquement liés à son expérience sensible et existentielle. Entre altérité et identité, la perception de l'espace environnant devient dès lors une fenêtre ouverte sur le monde, une clé de lecture essentielle de notre paysage intime et du cosmos
After a theoretical and historical analysis of the notion of landscape, and from the study of both diachrony and themes in Rigoni Stern's works as well, it seems that the landscape achieves pre-eminence there, while taking on several dimensions. By turns a constituent element of the being, the place where man has left his mark, an authentic character or simply a mirror of the soul, it underlines and livens up the narrative while accompanying man all along his life. Mario Rigoni Stern's writing makes us become aware of the central part played by the landscapes in our apprehension of the world. Beyond the mere concept of nature, the landscapes then point to a social and cultural organization and constitute both a true axis mundi on which hinge both the History of Mankind and the history or histories of men, and a book the pages of which are turned over as the seasons go by, containing the signs of our civilizations and allowing us to discover our ancestors' memory. So the series of landscapes which mark the author's life do not prove any longer to be mere surroundings where man evolves, but appear to be intrinsically linked to his sensitive and existential experience. Between otherness and identity, the perception of the surrounding space from then on becomes a window open on the world, an essential key to understand both our inner landscape and the cosmos

This thesis enters a territory infrequently visited by English archaeologists – the early modern period. I have chosen a research area encompassing fifty neighbouring parish churches along the border of East Hampshire and West Sussex and studied what survives of their post-medieval material culture. Though these medieval churches have generally been altered in the 19th century many of them still retain material, architectural, landscape and documentary clues which reveal important aspects of their early modern condition and the religious experiences of their parishioners in life and death. A major aim has been to show that far from being stripped of imagery and cultural artefacts, other materials were introduced, designed to communicate new forms of Protestant ritual to parishioners who may frequently have been bewildered by the rapid religious changes of the 16th and 17th centuries. Having described the area and visited its historical biography in Part One and in order to capture a sense of what it was like to participate in parish religion, I concentrate on four themes emanating from my studies of these churches: space, sensory experience, the performance of memory and gender. Thus Part Two deals with the spatial qualities of new architectural innovations and the effects of the reorganisation of church furniture and is followed by an account of the sensory experiences which religious participation evoked. These discussions centre on the lives of parishioners. Part Three turns to parishioners’ encounters with death and their understandings of the ways in which the church and churchyard framed and enabled the performance of social memory. The final discussion chapter is a series of case studies centred on tombs commissioned by individual gentlewomen for their families and themselves and their nuanced interpretations of mortuary imagery. A major element of this study lies in the way it develops contemporary methodological frameworks within early modern social archaeology. This allows a wider synthesis to be achieved using thematic regional approaches which run alongside the contextual exploration of the sample’s locales over this long transitional period. My approach is also informed by theoretical issues emanating from a number of associated disciplines such as history, art history and anthropology. This is an unusual standpoint which aims to provide a particularly multilayered exploration of an area and time rich in archaeological material which builds on and develops current scholarly thinking in this particular realm of social archaeology.

As florestas representam o mais importante reservatório de carbono (C) dentre os ecossistemas terrestres e sua conversão para usos antrópicos da terra pode afetar o estoque de C na vegetação e no solo. Esse processo pode ser mediado pela composição e configuração da paisagem, em particular em função dos efeitos de borda nas áreas florestais e pelas mudanças no tipo de uso do solo e na idade das matas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar como a distância da borda, as mudanças de uso do solo, a matriz e a idade da mata impactam os estoques de C na vegetação e no solo em paisagens fragmentadas de Mata Atlântica. Para isso, foram escolhidos doze fragmentos florestais (14 - 235 ha) em duas classes de idade (jovens: =70 anos) e em contato com diferentes tipos de matriz (plantações de Eucalipto, que têm menor contraste com a floresta, e campo antrópico, com maior contraste), onde foram estimados os estoques de C acima e abaixo do solo ao longo de dois transectos com 130 x 5 m perpendicular à borda de cada fragmento. No total foram amostrados 1.310 troncos e coletadas amostras de solo em três profundidades entre 0-30 cm e em quatro distâncias da borda, além de amostras de solo nos dois tipos de matriz. O estoque de C foi calculado por equações alométricas para a vegetação e por oxidação do C orgânico para o solo. Concorreram modelos lineares mistos com o estoque de C na vegetação ou no solo em função de diferentes combinações das variáveis: idade do fragmento, tipo de matriz e a distância da borda. Para o estoque de carbono no solo também concorreram modelos com combinações entre tipo de uso do solo e a declividade do terreno. O estoque de C teve média de 14,84 ± 5,67 Mg ha-1 na vegetação e 74,86 ± 19,0 Mg ha-1 no solo da floresta (profundidade 0-30 cm). O estoque de C na vegetação foi, conforme esperado, menor nas bordas de fragmentos antigos com matriz de campo, principalmente nos primeiros 40 m. No entanto, contrariamente ao esperado, em fragmentos jovens, o estoque de C foi invertido, sendo maior nas bordas, principalmente em contato com a matriz de eucalipto e nos primeiros 40 m da borda. Esse padrão foi determinado principalmente pela contribuição de C das árvores com DAP 10-20 cm, as quais foram responsáveis por grande parte do estoque de C (46%). O estoque de C no solo não foi explicado pela idade, matriz ou distância da borda, mas varia com a declividade dependendo do tipo de uso do solo: aumentou na floresta, diminuiu no eucaliptal e não variou no campo. Os resultados sugerem que os efeitos de borda têm um impacto diferente na biomassa aérea em fragmentos antigos (remanescentes) e jovens (regenerantes). Assim, os efeitos de borda podem estar beneficiando a comunidade vegetal presente nos fragmentos jovens e prejudicando a comunidade dos fragmentos antigos. O estoque de C do solo é pouco sensível às alterações da estrutura florestal (i.e. aos efeitos de borda e da idade da mata), porém responde ao tipo de uso do solo, sendo perdido quando este uso é mais intenso. Em suma, os resultados mostram que os estoques de C em paisagens que sofreram longo processo de desmatamento e fragmentação, como as da Mata Atlântica, são bastante heterogêneos e modulados pela estrutura da paisagem. Esse processo levou a importantes perdas nos estoques aéreos, enquanto os estoques no solo ainda permanecem altos, em particular em áreas florestais ou menos manejadas. Esse padrão espacial heterogêneo nos estoques de C em paisagens fragmentadas deve ser considerado em políticas públicas que visem fomentar serviços ecossistêmicos de regulação climática em florestas tropicais
Among terrestrial ecosystems, the forests compose the most important carbon reservoir and its conversion for anthropogenic use may affect the stored carbon in both vegetation and soil. In this context, the landscape structure (composition and configuration) can strongly modulated this process throughout edge effects and consequently by changes on land use and forest age. We aim investigate how edge effects, the changes on land use, the type of matrix and the forest age affects the carbon stock in fragmented landscapes in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. For this, were chosen twelve forest fragments (14-235 ha) in two age classes (second growth =70 years) and in contact with different kinds of matrix (eucalyptus plantations - less contrasting edge and anthropogenic fields - more contrasting edge). In each forest fragment was stablished two perpendicular transects to the forest edge (130 x 5 m) were the stored carbon below and above-ground were estimated. In total were sampled 1.310 trunks and 756 soil samples in both types of matrix in four edge distances and carbon stored was calculated using alometric equations for vegetation and carbon organic oxidation for soil. Linear Mixed Models were building where the carbon stored above and below-ground could be a function of different combining variables: forest age, matrix type and edge distance. For the stored carbon below-ground were also included in the models the soil type and soil slope. The mean stored carbon above and below-ground was respectively 14.84 ± 5.67 Mg.ha-1 and 74.86 ± 19.0 Mg.ha-1. The stored carbon above-ground was lower in the edge (mainly first 40 m) in the most contrasting matrix (anthropogenic fields). However, unlike our hypothesis the stored carbon was reverse in the youngest forests with higher values in the edge (mainly in eucalyptus matrix and in the first 40m of the edge). This pattern can be assigned by the higher number of trees with DAP 10-20 which were responsible of the major part of the stored carbon (46%). The stored carbon below-ground has no relationship with the forest age, with the matrix type, neither with the edge distance. Although, it varies with the slope and land use: increase in the forest and decrease in eucalyptus plantations and does not change in the anthropogenic fields. Our results suggests that edge effects has different impact on stored carbon above-ground in old-growth and second-growth forests. The microclimatic changes due edge effects seems benefits second-growth forest composition while in old-growth forests, the opposite seems occurs. The carbon stored below-ground is little sensitive to changes on forest structure (i.e. edge effects and forest age), for another hand, it seems be strongly related with the land use type where the higher losses occurs when the land use is more intense. Nevertheless, the stored carbon above-ground are very heterogeneous and it should be due the intense process of deforestation and fragmentation of the Atlantic Forest. This intense process lead to important losses of stored biomass while the stored carbon below-ground remains higher mainly in forested areas or lesser managed lands. This heterogeneous pattern of stored carbon found in fragmented landscapes should be considered by decision makers aiming the provision of regulation ecosystem services mainly related to climate change in tropical forests

El paisaje, concebido como una unidad espacial y temporalmente pluriescalar caracterizada por unos patrones de distribución - una estructura-, unas funciones y una red de flujos de materia, energía e información (Forman y Godron, 1986), constituye un modelo apropiado para estudiar el territorio (Marull, 2002).
En la presente investigación se hace un análisis de los cambios ocurridos en la estructura del mosaico paisajístico de la comarca de l´Alt Empordà entre 1957 y 2001, para ellos se divide la comarca en unidades paisajísticas basadas en criterios fisiográficos determinados a escala 1:25000. El análisis de la estructura paisajística de las diferentes unidades paisajísticas se ha realizado a través de indicadores de composición y de estructura según clases paisajísticas (cubiertas o usos del suelo), mediante el cálculo y análisis de indicadores de estructura desarrollados por la ecología del paisaje, los cuales, han permitido caracterizar y analizar las transformaciones en el tamaño, la forma y el arreglo espacial de los parches tipo que configuran el mosaico paisajístico. Para el proceso de cálculo y análisis espacial se han empleado los sistemas de información geográfica (SIGs), el programa Patch Analyst 1.2. La información cartográfica se elaboró a partir de ortofotomapas digitales y fotos aéreas generados por el ICC, así como de fuentes secundarias.
Además, el trabajo incluye una aplicación teórico-metodológica a la identificación de redes ecológicas a través del uso de indicadores, así como el uso de inventarios fitosociológicos en la evaluación de hábitats borde.
Landscape is conceptualized as a pluriscalar spatial and temporal unit, characterized by distribution patterns -structure- function and a net of flows of matter, energy and information giving territorial dynamics (Forman y Godron 1986), which permits us study territories from a ecosystem approach (Marull, 2002).
This research is concern with the changes in the landscape structure of the comarca Alt Empordà between 1957 and 2001. In order to conduct the analysis, the territory was divided into landscape units based on physiographic criteria using a map scale of 1: 25 000. The structure of each landscape unit was then calculated and analysed based on cover and landuse classes (patches) using fractal indicators such as type of patch, size, form and spatial distribution.
The analysis was conducted by using aereal photographs developped by the Instituto Cartográfico de Cataluña, geographic information systems and the sofware Patch Analysist 2.1.
In addition, this reaserch includes a landscape ecologypcal approach identifying econets throw the use of different structure indicators. Forthemore, it incorporates an analysis of edge habitats based on phytosociologic information.

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
We did this experiment in the Corumbataí river Basin, São Paulo, southeastern Brazil (22°41'28" S e 47°56'15'' O). In this Basin, the original phytophysiognomies were dramatically reduced; nowadays the native ecosystems are represented by small and fragmented seasonal semideciduous forest communities. Although these forests are very degraded, they represent the last forest remnants of this region. So, the conservation of their alfa and beta diversity should begin through description of their woody species composition. In this sense, the objective of this experiment was to describe the composition of trees and shrubs in the edges of seasonal semideciduous forests that are inserted in matrices of sugar cane and in consolidated pastures. We aimed to verify if different sources of disturbances may promote distinctive successional pathways, related to particular composition and structure between the forests inserted in sugar cane matrices, and those inside the consolidated pasture ones. We sampled 12 forest fragments in a systematical way , through sixty 8 m x 30 m plots (total sampled area: 1.44 ha) - 30 plots in sugar cane matrices, and 30 plots in pastures matrices (five plots per forest). We sampled the plants with the perimeter at breast height (PBH) equal or higher than 15 cm. We compared the floristic composition and structure between forest remnants by similarity dendrograms and ANOVA. We sampled 1,990 plants, belonging to 163 species (46 families). The forest communities presented low floristic similarity; we observed no significant differences in the structural patterns among the 12 forest fragments. These results indicate that both composition and structure of those communities were not related to the nature of the agricultural matrices. We also observed that the 12 communities have high values of diversity, despite they are inserted in a very modified landscape; such a result refers to their conservation. In this sense, we think that actions related to ecological management in landscape scale, and ecological restoration practices to improve the ecosystemic atributes of the seasonal semideciduous forests from Corumbataí river Basin are necessary.
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Corumbataí (BHRC), SP (22°41'28" S e 47°56'15'' O), onde a vegetação original foi drasticamente reduzida e a cobertura vegetal predominante é composta por pequenos fragmentos de florestas estacionais semideciduais. Apesar de altamente fragmentados e degradados, eles são os únicos remanescentes da vegetação regional, portanto, conhecê-los em relação à composição florística é uma das únicas formas de conservar a diversidade regional. Nesse contexto, este trabalho objetivou caracterizar a composição arbustiva e arbórea das áreas de borda de remanescentes florestais inseridos em matrizes consolidadas de cana-de-açúcar e pastagem, com o intuito de verificar se diferentes impacto relacionados às matrizes provocam diferentes trajetórias sucessionais gerando diferenças na composição e estrutura dos fragmentos. Para caracterização da vegetação, foram alocadas de modo sistemático, 60 parcelas de 8,0 m x 30,0 m, sendo 30 em matrizes de cana-de-açúcar e 30 em matrizes de pastagens, distribuídas em doze fragmentos florestais (cinco parcelas por fragmento). Para o levantamento das espécies foram considerados indivíduos com perímetro à altura do peito (PAP) maior ou igual a quinze centímetros. Os fragmentos amostrados foram comparados quanto à composição florística e estrutura a partir de dendrogramas de similaridade e de análises de variância. A área total amostrada foi de 1,44 ha. Foram coletados 1.990 indivíduos, pertencentes a 163 espécies, distribuídas em 46 famílias. Quanto à composição florística, os fragmentos apresentaram baixa similaridade quando comparados entre si. Quanto a estrutura, não foram verificadas diferenças significativas na comparação dos dados obtidos nos 12 fragmentos amostrados. Os resultados indicam que a composição e a estrutura dos fragmentos não estão relacionadas ao tipo de matriz agrícola em que os fragmentos se inserem. Também foi observado que, apesar dos fragmentos amostrados estarem inseridos em uma paisagem agrícola modificada, eles ainda detêm elevada diversidade florística, que rementem à sua conservação. Para tal, julgam-se necessárias ações de gerenciamento ecológico na escala da paisagem e execução de estratégias de manejo nos fragmentos da BHRC.

Politische und sozioökonomische Rahmenbedingungen haben entscheidenden Einfluss auf Landnutzungswandel; die relative Bedeutung dieser Faktoren untereinander ist jedoch oftmals unklar. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, durch die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen der politischen und sozioökonomischen Transformation auf Landnutzungswandel in Osteuropa zu einem besseren Verständnis solcher übergreifenden Einflussfaktoren beizutragen. Am Beispiel des Dreiländerecks Polen-Slowakei-Ukraine in den Karpaten wurden hierzu grenzüberschreitende Landschaftsvergleiche durchgeführt, da solche Vergleiche die Entkopplung der Faktoren allgemeiner Landnutzungstrends von Faktoren länderspezifischer Veränderungen ermöglichen. Darüber hinaus sind die Auswirkungen postsozialistischen Landschaftswandels auf die Karpaten, einem Gebiet mit einzigartigem ökologischen Wert, bisher weitestgehend unerforscht. Mit Hilfe von Landsat TM/ETM+ Satellitendaten aus dem Jahr 2000 wurden rezente Landschaftsunterschiede zwischen Ländern quantifiziert. Auf der Basis von Bildern von 1986-2000 wurde anschliessend überprüft, ob Länderunterschiede auf sozialistischen oder post-sozialistischen Landschaftswandel zurückführbar sind. Die Ergebnisse dieser Analysen zeigten weit verbreiteten Landnutzungswandel nach 1989 als Folge von sich verschlechternden wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen, geschwächten Institutionen und gesellschaftlichem Wandel. Die Länder unterschieden sich jedoch auch deutlich hinsichtlich Forstveränderungen, Brachfallung und Parzellierung von Ackerland. Diese Unterschiede lassen sich durch verschiedene Besitzverhältnisse, Bewirtschaftungsformen und Landreformen erklären. Während sich Polen und die Slowakei landschaftlich seit 1989 annähern, entfernt sich die Ukraine zunehmend. Diese Arbeit unterstreicht die Bedeutung ökonomischer und institutioneller Veränderungen für Landschaftswandel und zeigt, wie unterschiedliche Besitzstrukturen und Landreformen Landschaftswandel beeinflussen.
Broad-scale political and socio-economic conditions are powerful determinants of land use change. Yet, their relative importance is unclear. The main goal of this thesis was to increase the understanding of such broad-scale drivers of land use change by studying how Eastern Europe’s landscapes were affected by the political and socio-economic transition after the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989. The border triangle of Poland, Slovakia, and Ukraine in the Carpathians was selected as a study area, because cross-border comparisons of land use change allow for decoupling overall trends in the transition period from country specific changes. Moreover, the Carpathians are of exceptional ecological value, but little is known about land use effects on these ecosystems after 1989. Post-socialist land use change was quantified based on Landsat TM/ETM+ images by (1) comparing contemporary (year 2000) landscapes among countries, and (2) using images from 1986 to 2000 to investigate whether differences originated from socialist or post-socialist land use change. Results indicated that forest change, farmland abandonment, and farmland parcelization were widespread in the transition period, likely due to worsening economic conditions, weakened institutions, and societal change. However, land use trends also differed strongly among the three countries due to dissimilar land ownership patterns, land management practices, and land reforms. Poland and Slovakia converged in the transition period in terms of land cover, while Ukraine clearly diverged. This thesis provided compelling evidence of the importance of economic and institutional change for land use change and underpinned the pivotal role of ownership patterns and land management policies. These factors were important to understand land use change in Eastern Europe, and they are likely equally important elsewhere.

L'évolution historique des types et techniques de production agricole a causé celle de l'organisation paysagère, via les parcellaires notamment. Les bordures de parcelles créent des discontinuités dans les processus d'érosion-dépôt de sol. L'objectif est ici de comprendre l'effet du parcellaire et de son évolution sur la distribution actuelle des sols et la morphologie des versants. Un versant cultivé (16 ha) dans le SW du Bassin Parisien a été étudié. La distribution spatiale de figures morphologiques linéaires et de l'épaisseur des sols a été analysée. Les deux types de figures identifiés correspondent à des épaississements de sols (dépôts) induits par des bordures de parcelles, pérennes depuis plusieurs siècles pour les premières, et disparues en 1967 (remembrement) pour les secondes. Ces épaississements ont été cartographiés grâce à une analyse statistique (CART) de la morphologie du versant. L'étude de traceurs granulométriques et minéralogiques (SEDI) a permis d'identifier les processus d'érosion-dépôt impliqués. La solifluxion périglaciaire puis le ruissellement auraient affecté l'ensemble du versant avant la pérennisation d'un parcellaire. Puis, des processus hydriques et aratoires ont agi dans des unités (parcelles) fixées par des bordures : les plus pérennes (1000 ans) montrent les dépôts les plus marqués (banquettes). La distribution spatiale du 137Cs et sa conversion en taux d'érosion (modélisation numérique) ont permis d'évaluer l'implication relative des processus hydriques (15%) et aratoires (85%) depuis 1954. Le remembrement parcellaire de 1967 s'avère avoir favorisé l'érosion des sols, convertissant des zones de rétention en zones sources (ondulations).

1. Os serviços de controle de pragas têm papel fundamental para a sustentabilidade da agricultura, porém ainda pouco se sabe sobre como a estrutura da paisagem, tanto em termos de composição (tipos de uso e cobertura das terras) quanto de configuração (proximidade a fragmentos florestais, grau de fragmentação, entre outros), regula a provisão destes serviços em paisagens fragmentadas. 2. Nesse estudo, testamos a capacidade de formigas promoverem o controle da broca-do-café (CBB), a principal praga do café em termos econômicos, e testamos ainda se a provisão desse serviço varia em função da estrutura da paisagem. Medimos o controle de CBB em plantações de café a pleno sol em dez paisagens do Sudeste do Brasil, que representavam um gradiente de cobertura florestal e de café. Utilizamos experimentos de exclusão de formigas, dispostos a diferentes distâncias dos fragmentos florestais, e comparamos o nível de controle de pragas dentro e fora dos experimentos. Testamos como o controle de CBB é afetado pelas interações da exclusão de formigas com parâmetros da estrutura da paisagem, incluindo a proximidade a fragmentos florestais, a cobertura florestal (em raios de 2 km e 300 m) e a cobertura de café (em raios de 300 m). Consideramos três indicadores de controle de pragas: presença de CBB, grau de infestação por CBB e o dano aos grãos de café por CBB. 3. Os resultados mostram que as formigas diminuem fortemente a presença de CBB e o dano aos grãos de café por CBB. Além disso, o controle de CBB ocorre, independentemente da sua proximidade aos fragmentos florestais, mas aumenta após 25 m, sugerindo que as formigas que prestam esse serviço estão adaptadas às condições ambientais das plantações de café a pleno sol. 4. A existência de pelo menos 35% de cobertura florestal, num entorno de 2 km, reduz a infestação de CBB e o dano aos grãos de café. Os resultados sugerem ainda que a expansão da cobertura de café aumenta a presença de CBB, mas diminui o dano aos grãos de café. 5. Síntese e aplicações. Esse estudo apresenta novas evidências que as formigas provêm controle de CBB e esse serviço é modulado pela estrutura da paisagem. Este estudo fornece assim dados importantes para planejar paisagens de cultivo de café que ao mesmo tempo permitam maior controle de CBB e conservação de habitats naturais
1. Pest control services play a fundamental role in agriculture sustainability. However, little is known on how they are regulated by landscape composition (i.e. land-use and land cover change) and configuration (i.e. proximity to forest fragments and fragmentation intensity). 2. We measured whether landscape structure influences the ability of ants to control coffee berry borer (CBB), coffee\'s most economically influential pest, in sun coffee agroecosystems in Southeastern Brazil. We measured pest control among 10 landscapes that represented a gradual difference in forest and coffee cover. We manipulated ants through exclusion experiments (set at varied distances from forest fragments) and compared pest control inside and outside exclusion experiments. We tested whether CBB control is influenced by interactions of ant exclusions with landscape structure metrics, including distance to forest fragments, forest cover (2 km and 300 m-levels), and coffee cover (300 m-level). We considered three indicators of pest control: CBB presence, CBB infestation, and CBB bean damage. 3. Results show ants provide CBB control, strongly reducing CBB presence and bean damage. Also, CBB control is maintained regardless from its proximity to forest fragments, but increases after 25 m (hinting ants who provide this pest control service are adapted to habitat conditions in sun coffee farms). 4. Existence of at least 35% of forest cover in radii of 2 km reduces CBB infestation and bean damage. Results suggest further that expanding coffee cover increases CBB presence, but decreases bean damage. 5. Synthesis and application. This study presents new evidence of ants as efficient providers of CBB control in sun coffee agroecosystems and how this service is influenced by landscape structure. This study provides important data useful to adequately plan coffee landscapes with both enhanced CBB control as well as potential for conservation of natural habitats

Orientador: Rozely Ferreira dos Santos
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T10:34:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_ElisaHardtAlves_D.pdf: 8333224 bytes, checksum: b6d47d6eee01814ae49bfd51c1fedb06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: A proposição de estratégias e critérios de valoração da conservação biológica a partir de elementos estruturais da paisagem pode auxiliar no planejamento ambiental e subsidiar a tomada de decisão. Nessa direção, esse estudo teve como objetivo qualificar o estado de conservação de paisagens passadas e presente e cenários de expectativa dos grupos sociais por meio da interpretação da heterogeneidade estrutural e da valoração da paisagem. Essa proposta foi aplicada na Serra do Japi, uma área de florestas conservadas e legalmente protegidas do Estado de São Paulo, tendo como estudo de caso o loteamento Ermida, um empreendimento regularmente aprovado antes das medidas de proteção dessa área e que hoje enfrenta restrições para sua implantação. Foram utilizados Sistemas de Informação Geográfica e programas estatísticos para mapear o uso da terra, construir cenários, identificar fronteiras, criar mosaicos e valorar a paisagem por métricas de disponibilidade de recursos, permeabilidade e fragmentação. Os resultados mostraram que medidas de quantidade de floresta podem trazer decisões distintas daquelas que consideram a avaliação da heterogeneidade estrutural da paisagem por mosaicos, que se revelou mais eficaz na evidência de mudanças históricas e de interações e domínios de fronteiras. As métricas de valoração indicaram que o aumento da quantidade de habitat nem sempre representou um acréscimo na qualidade da paisagem. A via de acesso foi a ação antrópica de maior influência sobre as florestas. Seu efeito de borda foi de extensão variável de acordo com a vizinhança e com o indicador desse efeito na estrutura ou na composição da floresta. Esse estudo mostrou que as mudanças dos últimos 40 anos da Serra do Japi evoluíram em direção às expectativas de conservação em termos de quantidade, disponibilidade de recursos e permeabilidade da paisagem. Diferentemente do esperado, o cenário legal apresentou uma tendência de fragmentação da paisagem maior do que a situação atual. No caso do loteamento Ermida, os critérios adotados não mostraram uma perda substancial de florestas em área e a sua existência não impediu a continuidade do processo sucessional, bem como a conectividade da paisagem. Por outro lado, houve grande diminuição da disponibilidade de recurso ótimo, causada pela disposição das vias de acesso e pelo efeito de borda resultante. Por essa razão, entre as expectativas dos grupos sociais, a melhor alternativa para a conservação foi aquela que previu a otimização dos acessos.
Abstract: The proposal of strategies and valuation criteria for biological conservation based on structural elements of the landscape may help the process of environmental planning and decisionmaking. This study was aimed at assessing the quality of the conservation status of past and present landscapes and expectations of social groups scenarios based on the interpretation of the structural heterogeneity and the valuation of the landscape. This study was conducted in Serra do Japi, a preserved and legally protected area in São Paulo State. The case study was the Ermida residence property development, which was legally approved before the protective measures for the preservation of Serra do Japi, and that currently faces restrictions for its implementation. Geographic Information Systems and statistic software were used to: map land use, construct scenarios, identify borders, create mosaics and appraise the landscape based on resource availability, permeability, and fragmentation. The results revealed that measurements of the amount of forest may lead to decisions different from those based on the evaluation of the heterogeneity of landscape mosaics, which was more effective to show evidences of historical changes and interactions, and establishment of limits. The metrics of valuation indicated that the increase in the amount of habitat not always represented an increase in landscape quality. An access road was the anthropogenic component with the highest impact on forests. The extent of the edge effect varied depending on the neighborhood and on the indicator of this effect in the structure or composition of the forest. This study revealed that the changes in the last 40 years in Serra do Japi evolved toward conservation, regarding quantity, availability of resources and permeability of the landscape. Unlike the expected, the legal scenario presented a stronger tendency of fragmentation of the landscape than the current situation. In the case of the Ermida development area, the criteria used did not indicate a substantial loss of forests in the area and its existence did not prevent the continuity of the successional process, as well as the connectivity of the landscape. On the other hand, the availability of optimum resources greatly decreased, caused by the availability of access roads and by the resulting edge effect. Because of that, among the expectations of social groups, the best alternative for conservation was the one that predicted the optimization of road access.
Doutorado
Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais
Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Os efeitos de borda e a alteração da estrutura das paisagens constituem consequências negativas da fragmentação florestal responsáveis por transformações nos processos ecológicos. Decorrentes da expansão desordenada de atividades antrópicas, estas alterações podem comprometer o futuro dos remanescentes florestais e a manutenção dos recursos naturais na superfície terrestre. Nesta dissertação a dinâmica da vegetação arbórea foi analisada em oito transectos perpendiculares às bordas de seis remanescentes florestais entre 1996 e 2012. As paisagens do entorno destes transectos foram caracterizadas a partir de imagens orbitais de 1995 e 2011 para a verificação das mudanças ocorridas no uso do solo e para a investigação da influência de seus parâmetros físicos e estruturais sobre as taxas de mortalidade e recrutamento de espécies. Os resultados indicaram que, ao longo do tempo, a influência das bordas se pronunciou em direção ao interior dos remanescentes florestais, enquanto que o contraste entre a borda e o interior se atenuou. A distância média da borda das espécies: pioneiras/iniciais, anemocóricas e de dossel foi significativamente maior em 2012 do que em 1996. A comunidade arbórea apresentou menor similaridade em sua composição ao longo do tempo a menores distâncias da borda. Apesar da dinâmica verificada no uso do solo, a proporcionalidade dos parâmetros físicos e estruturais das paisagens se manteve entre 1995 e 2011. De maneira geral, estes parâmetros apresentaram pouca influência sobre a dinâmica da comunidade arbórea. Apenas as taxas de mortalidade das espécies exóticas e as taxas de recrutamento das espécies pioneiras/inicias apresentam forte relação com o tamanho e o número dos fragmentos florestais nas paisagens. Estes resultados indicam que os efeitos de borda precisam ser atenuados e que o contexto das paisagens deve ser incorporado às estratégias conservacionistas para que estas sejam efetivas e o futuro dos remanescentes florestais não seja comprometido.
Edge effects and landscape structure alterations are among the negative consequences of forest fragmentation responsible for ecological process alterations on the earths surface. Originated from the disordered expansion of anthropogenic activities these alterations may endanger the remaining forest patches future and the maintenance of natural resources. This dissertation was pledged to analyze the vegetation dynamics at forest edges and its relations with landscape features. The vegetation dynamics was examined through eight perpendicular-to-edge transects within six forest patches and the alterations on the arboreal community distribution and composition were assessed between 1996 and 2012. The surrounding landscapes of the analyzed transects were characterized from 1995 and 2011 orbital images and its land use changes were evaluated. Landscape structure and physical parameters influence were analyzed over species recruitment and mortality. The results indicated that the distance of edge influence increased over time while its magnitude was attenuated. The average distance from the edge of pioneer/earlysuccessional species, wind-dispersed and canopy species in 2012 became significantly larger than in 1996. Over time lower similarities in species composition were found to be closer to the edges. Although the observed land use changes in the surrounding landscapes of the edge transects landscape structure and physical parameters proportionality was maintained between 1995 and 2011. Overall the arboreal community dynamics were poorly associated with landscape features. A strong relation of the variables was only found between the exotic and pioneer/early-successional species mortality and recruitment and the size and the amount of forest patches within the landscapes. These results indicate that to be effective conservation planning must tackled edge effects and incorporate the landscape context otherwise they will fail for the maintenance of the future of forest patches.

A modificação de padrões espaciais de uso da terra geram consequências para os indivíduos, espécies, comunidades e ecossistemas. A expansão da malha viária e intensificação do tráfego nas estradas influenciam a conectividade da paisagem e comprometem processos ecológicos. A incorporação dos efeitos das estradas sobre a biodiversidade nas análises da paisagem propicia a compreensão dos impactos resultantes e subsidiam a escolha de medidas de mitigação adequadas. Pouco se sabe sobre a magnitude dos efeitos das estradas sobre a biodiversidade nos Neotrópicos, o que dificulta a elaboração de diretrizes para a implantação de estradas juntamente com a mitigação de seus impactos. Estudos que avaliem a permeabilidade das estradas são muito necessários no atual cenário de crescente implantação de empreendimentos lineares. Partindo do princípio de que é essencial manter ou restabelecer a conectividade da paisagem e dos fluxos biológicos, o presente trabalho buscou analisar a estrutura da paisagem no Mosaico da Cantareira (SP, Brasil) considerando as rodovias existentes na região e sua influência potencial para a conectividade entre os remanescentes florestais. Esta região circunscreve importantes unidades de conservação de proteção integral do Mosaico da Cantareira, composto por formações da Mata Atlântica. No Capítulo I, há uma análise sobre a conservação da biodiversidade em paisagens fragmentadas, considerando diferentes potenciais de influência das estradas sobre a conectividade dos remanescentes na paisagem. No Capítulo II, é proposto um índice de permeabilidade das rodovias em relação a cinco grupos taxonômicos de fauna a partir de dados obtidos através da consulta a especialistas. Algumas proposições e inferências pertinentes ao efeito de borda e ao efeito barreira das estradas sugerem que as pesquisas futuras se dediquem a propor medidas de mitigação ou compensação das interferências causadas pelas estradas na paisagem. Algumas métricas de paisagem permitem a incorporação de efeitos conhecidos, mesmo com a ausência de dados empíricos locais. O conhecimento acumulado por especialistas em grupos taxonômicos da fauna constitui uma fonte de informação muito relevante, mesmo com a incerteza e subjetividade inerentes a este tipo de informação. As principais características da paisagem na escala local que afetaram diretamente a permeabilidade das estradas foram intensidade de tráfego, gerando ruído e luminosidade, topografia local, presença de passagens funcionais, de habitat nos lados da via e de corpos dágua. Foi detectada uma variação da permeabilidade das estradas entre os grupos taxonômicos, principalmente devido à estratégia e capacidade de locomoção de cada um. Este resultado demonstra que é necessário condicionar a inclusão de infraestruturas de passagens mais generalistas que contemplem uma gama variada de grupos taxonômicos e grupos funcionais. Devem ser adotadas medidas mitigadoras para efeitos possíveis das estradas, mesmo que não haja uma comprovação empírica, para que seu monitoramento gere informações mais precisas em longo prazo. Ecólogos devem ser consultados a respeito do planejamento, pavimentação e ampliação de estradas, para auxiliar decisões imediatas e gerar protocolos que preencham as lacunas e contemplem delineamentos pertinentes para análises de longo prazo.
Changes in spatial patterns of land use have consequences for individuals, species, communities and ecosystems. Road network expansion and traffic intensification affect landscape connectivity and threat ecological processes. Incorporating road effects on biodiversity in landscape analysis improves the choice of adequate mitigation measures for the resulting impacts. Little is known about the magnitude of road effects on neotropical biodiversity, for this reason elaborating guidelines for road construction and mitigation is difficult. The current scenery of increasing linear enterprises requires information about road permeability. Assuming its essential for biodiversity conservation to maintain or reestablish landscape connectivity and biological flow, this research analyzed landscape structure in the Cantareira Mosaic of protected areas (São Paulo, Brazil) considering existing roads and their potential influence over forest remnants connectivity. This region includes important natural reserves with Brazilian Atlantic Forest remnants. In Chapter I, we analyze biodiversity conservation in fragmented landscapes considering various potential road influences on landscape connectivity. In Chapter II, we propose the Road Permeability Index based on expert knowledge of five fauna taxa with different mobility. Several propositions and inferences concerning edge and barrier effects of roads suggest that future research should propose mitigation and compensation measures to prevent road interference on landscape. It is plausible to incorporate known road effects to some landscape metrics even without empirical local data. In this sense, expert knowledge about wildlife constitutes a relevant source of information regardless its uncertainty. Traffic intensity, its noise and light, topography, crossing structures, habitat and water bodies were the main landscape features with local effect on road permeability. A variation in road permeability was identified between the five taxa considered in the study case mainly due to their kind of mobility. This demonstrates the necessity of adoption of more general crossing structures to embrace different groups of organisms. Other mitigation measures must be adopted based on possible impacts regardless empirical data so that their monitoring may generate this detailed information in the long term. Ecologists must be consulted during road planning and in case of widening and paving of roads. These experts can assist decisions and provide protocols to fill in knowledge gaps and suggest pertinent monitoring and experimental designs for long term analysis.

Promouvoir le service de contrôle biologique des bio-agresseurs des cultures nécessite de comprendre le fonctionnement des populations d’ennemis naturels dans des mosaïques agricoles qui sont hétérogènes et dynamiques. Cette thèse porte sur l’étude des déterminants de l’abondance des carabes impliqués dans la régulation des adventices via la consommation de leurs graines. L’analyse des variations d’abondance des espèces à une échelle nationale nous a permis d’évaluer le rôle relatif des facteurs locaux et paysagers et de mettre en évidence le rôle important de la proportion de colza et de prairie dans le paysage sur l’abondance de carabes consommateurs de graines dans les parcelles cultivées. Le suivi expérimental de la composition des communautés de carabes ainsi que du statut nutritionnel et des mouvements de plusieurs espèces dans des dispositifs colza/blé et colza/bordure pérenne sur l’ensemble de la période d’activité des carabes nous a permis de mettre en évidence que (i) les carabes répondent l’hétérogénéité de cette mosaïque agricole (type de culture, qualité de l’habitat au sein d’un même type de culture), avec des réponses souvent spécifiques (ii) que le colza d’hiver joue un rôle important dans le fonctionnement des populations de carabes consommateurs de graines du fait de sa haute qualité d’habitat pour ces espèces, (iii) que la variation de la qualité d’habitat peut jouer sur le mouvement des carabes vers l’habitat adjacent et (iv) que la présence d’une bordure pérenne au voisinage d’une culture favorise le maintien et le fonctionnement de plusieurs espèces consommatrices de graines d’adventices dans la mosaïque agricole
Promoting biological pest control in crops requires to understand the functioning of natural enemies in heterogeneous and dynamic agricultural mosaics. This thesis focuses on the study of the determinants that influence the abundance of ground beetles involved in the regulation of weeds via the consumption of their seeds. In an analysis of the variations of species abundance at a national scale we identified the respective role of local and landscape factors and showed that oilseed rape and grassland proportions in the landscape were key determinants of the abundance of carabid species in cultivated fields. We then studied carabid communities through combined measured of their abundance, nutritional status and between-habitat movements, during an entire cropping season, in pairs of habitats consisting in winter oilseed rape fields with either a crop (winter cereal fields) or a semi-natural habitat (grassy field margins) as adjacent habitat. We demonstrated that (i) ground beetles respond to the heterogeneity of arable mosaic (crop type, habitat quality within the same crop type), often with specific responses, (ii) winter oilseed rape plays an important role in the functioning of weed seed-eating carabid species due to its high habitat quality, (iii) variations in habitat quality can influence the movement of beetles to the adjacent habitat and (iv) the presence of a grassy field margin in the vicinity of a crop promotes the maintenance and functioning of several species in arable mosaics

Cette thèse s’attache à questionner le rôle d’un jardin informel, fortement porteur de sens, dans la compréhension de la relation au paysage des Tangérois. Ce jardin interstitiel œuvrerait, non comme un espace simplement récréatif et décoratif, mais comme un talisman paysager. L’objet de la recherche est l’étude de jardins vernaculaires, nés dans un phénomène urbain massif, initié en l’an 2000. Une étude critique du paysage local, menée par l’observation ethnobotanique, géographique et paysagère d’actions jardinières potentiellement coercitives, est conduite dans le contexte actuel de planification urbaine. À certains égards, les Tangérois sont des marcheurs, des arpenteurs, des connaisseurs de leur environnement. Ils tirent une interaction positive avec leur milieu dans un contexte métropolitain : connaissance des fleurs ; des résines ; des abeilles ; des animaux sauvages ; des phénomènes météorologiques et géologiques. Autant d’éléments hétérogènes qui entrent dans ce qu’on peut nommer le paysage. Cette particularité tangéroise a permis d’explorer le fait urbain sous deux angles. D’abord celui de la cité séculaire sans cesse réinventée dans son territoire. Puis, celui de la ville comme reflet contemporain de la modernité. La question plus globale qui sous-tend cette recherche est : de quelle façon le jardin induit-il une relation au paysage ? De quelle manière la recherche portée sur une figure achétypale du jardin, permet-elle de comprendre une relation étendue à la nature et au grand territoire ? Les statuts informels et interstitiels des espaces observés, font qu’ils sont des lieux de marges, de frontières, qui sont précisément des espaces de transformation et d’accueil de l’altérité, et non des lieux de la séparation. Le corps de la recherche est centré sur la question suivante. Comment est-ce que l’invisible, l’ordinaire, « l’a-spectaculaire » est-il porteur d’une forme de réinvention de relation au monde ? Comment est-ce que, retisser des histoires de jardins et de jardiniers, permet-il de concevoir un mode de relation à la terre, qui ouvre sur d’autres liens possibles au vivant ? Comment le caractère hybride de ces espaces, conduit-il les jardiniers et ceux qui sont en contact avec leurs savoir-faire, à composer avec l’instabilité du monde contemporain et à s’insérer dans l’expansion métropolitaine de la ville ? Par un ensemble d’actions, une gamme de modes relationnels au paysage s’est révélée dans l’étude. La double temporalité du jardin de pied d’immeuble s’éclaire dans ce contexte. Il est à la fois, quelque chose de proprement contemporain, lié à un exode rural et à une culture paysanne proche ; et, dans une certaine mesure, un des préalables à l’édification urbaine, un « porte-chance » pour les nouveaux arrivants. En cela, le jardin est le lieu d’une continuité culturelle et le lieu d’un investissement des communautés, dans la construction de la ville. L’enquête ethnographique et l’importance octroyée à l’arpentage de terrain, permet d’entrevoir un renouvellement de l’approche méthodologique en sciences du paysage. En quoi est-ce que la méthode de lecture du paysage est-elle infléchie par le terrain ? De quelle manière transforme-t-il celui qui y évolue ? Le faisceau d’éléments hétérogènes glanés dans l’étude, constitue une sémantique du lieu, par des effets de juxtaposition et de rapprochement a posteriori. Le pistage d’indices et la capture de fragments, font partie des outils principaux du terrain. Herbier, photographie, cartographie entrent dans cette collecte documentaire qui constitue un exsiccata dont la thèse se veut être le lieu de formulation et de traduction
The thesis seeks to question the role of an informal garden, one that strongly conveys meaning, in understanding the relationship to the landscape of the people of Tangier. This interstitial garden would be not simply a recreational and decorative space, but also a landscape talisman. The object of the research is the study of vernacular gardens, sprung from a major urban phenomenon, initiated in the year 2000. A critical study of the local landscape, carried out through ethnobotanical, geographical and landscape observation of potentially coercive garden actions, is conducted in the current context of urban planning. In a way, the people of Tangier are walkers, surveyors, specialists of their environment. They derive a positive interaction with their surroundings in a metropolitan context: knowledge of flowers; resins; bees; wild animals; meteorological and geological phenomena. These are all heterogeneous elements that make up what can be called the landscape. This peculiarity of Tangier has allowed us to explore the urban fact from two angles. Firstly that of the secular city constantly reinvented in its territory. Then, that of the city as a contemporary reflection of modernity. The more global question underlying this research is: how does the garden induce a relationship with the landscape? In what way does the research carried out on an achetypal figure of the garden allow us to understand an extended relation to nature and the great territory? The informal and interstitial statuses of the spaces observed make them places of margins, of frontiers, which are precisely spaces of transformation and reception of otherness and not places of separation. The body of research is centred on the following question. How does the invisible, the ordinary, the "aspectacular" carry a form of reinvention of relation to the world? How does reweaving stories of gardens and gardeners allow us to conceive of a mode of relation to the earth that opens up other possible links to the living? How does the hybrid character of these spaces lead gardeners and those who are in contact with their skills, to deal with the instability of the contemporary world and to fit into the metropolitan expansion of the city? Through a series of actions, a range of modes of relations to the landscape is revealed in the study. The double temporality of the garden at the foot of a building is highlighted in this context. It is at the same time, something very much contemporary, linked to a rural exodus and a nearby peasant culture; and, to a certain extent, one of the prerequisites for urban construction, a "lucky charm" for newcomers. In this sense, the garden is the place of cultural continuity as well as a place for communities to participate in the construction or development of the city. The ethnographic survey and the importance given to land investigation, enables to envisage a new methodological approach to landscape sciences. In what way the method of reading the landscape is influenced by the characteristics of the site itself? In what way does it transform the person who evolves in it? The bundle of heterogeneous elements gleaned in the study, constitutes a semantics of the place, through effects of juxtaposition and a posteriori approximation. The tracking of clues and the capture of fragments are among the main tools of the field. Herbarium, photography and cartography are part of this documentary collection which constitutes an exsiccata whose thesis is intended to be the place of formulation and translation

The diploma thesis deals with the topic of contemporary countryside. The result of the thesis - illustrative Manual originated from searching for the basic principles in the area of land-use planning. It focuses especially on urban issues and tries to answer some of them in a comprehensible form. Manual consists mostly of schematics, sketches, visualizations, etc. The issue of new construction and the so-called satellites become one of the key issues. The Manual offers an alternative for this land-grabbing style and it motivates to create a better environment. The basic principles are applied to a specific municipality. Consultation with nine village mayors could be considered as the added value of the work. Mayors shared their experience in building and planning and gave feedback on some chapters. Interesting mayor's remarks are are incorporated in the Manual. The appendix to the manual – Good Practice Examples brings inspiration for creation of regional architecture. The intention is to offer this Manual to all of those who are involved in the management of smaller municipalities.

Les bords de route constituent un des principaux habitats herbacés et linéaires des paysages agricoles, ils jouent le rôle de refuge pour différentes espèces et constituent aussi un habitat favorable pour des espèces adventices jugées problématiques. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mesurer les effets de la structure du paysage et des pratiques de gestion sur la flore de l’interface route – champ cultivé. Nos résultats suggèrent que les communautés végétales de l’interface ont une réponse temporellement décalée vis-à-vis des changements paysagers. L’étude de la végétation exprimée et de la dispersion des graines montre que la fauche tardive n’est pas le levier de gestion optimal pour favoriser la diversité végétale du bord de route, et que les pratiques de fauche influencent aussi la flore de la bordure intérieure du champ. Afin de limiter les influences croisées des pratiques de gestion, nous suggérons des stratégies réfléchies à l’échelle de l’interface route – champ
Road verges constitute the main herbaceous and linear habitats of arable landscapes. They represent a refuge for different species, but also constitute a habitat for weeds considered problematic. The aim of this thesis was to measure the effects of landscape structure and management practices on the flora of the road-field boundary. Our results suggest that plant communities of road-field boundary have a time lagged response to landscape changes. The study of the vegetation and of seed dispersal showed that late mowing was not the optimal method to promote plant diversity on road verges and that mowing practices also influenced the flora of the inner field margin. To limit the cross-influence of management practices, we recommend well thought out strategies at the scale of the road-field boundary

La fragmentation des paysages et des habitats induite par les infrastructures linéaires de transport terrestres est une des principales causes de la perte de biodiversité actuelle. Parmi ces infrastructures, la route est un acteur majeur de fragmentation, d’autant plus qu’elle possède des effets propres dus au trafic circulant qui induit des collisions véhicule-faune et une pollution des paysages. Afin de diminuer ces effets négatifs, des mesures de réduction sont mises en place, notamment des passages à faune permettant de faire traverser la faune de part et d’autre des voies. La route crée aussi de nouveaux habitats potentiels pour les espèces de la petite faune dans des paysages anthropisés et fragmentés. Dans ce mémoire sont démontrées (1) la potentialité d’habitat de différents éléments routiers ; (2) la possibilité de prédire les collisions véhicule-faune afin de positionner au mieux les mesures de réduction ; (3) l’importance de la méthodologie dans l’évaluation de l’efficacité des passages à faune ; et (4) la possibilité d’améliorer les passages à faune existants. Ces résultats permettront d’améliorer les stratégies de défragmentation des paysages
Habitats and landscape fragmentation, caused by linear land transports infrastructures, is one of the major cause for the current loss of biodiversity. Among those infrastructures, road is a major cause of fragmentation, especially as it possess specific traffic-linked effects, which induces wildlife-vehicles collisions and landscape pollution. In order to decrease those negative effects, mitigation measures are taken, among which wildlife crossings, enabling wildlife to cross the road. Road also creates new potential habitats for small wildlife species in anthropogenic and fragmented landscapes. In this essay are shown (1) the potential as habitat of different road-linked elements; (2) the possibility to anticipate wildlife-vehicles collisions in order to improve the position of mitigation measures; (3) the importance of methodology in the evaluation of wildlife crossings effectiveness; and (4) the possibility to improve existing wildlife crossings. Those results will allow improving landscape defragmentation strategies

The preservation of cultural landscapes takes an understanding of a region’s shared history, their sense of place, and the sensory and spatial behavior of their appropriated spaces. That being said preserving cultural landscapes in urban areas can be especially challenging. They are constantly growing and evolving which requires special considerations to avoid suffocation of the space and the inhabitants’ spatial behavior. The practice of preserving cultural landscapes on an urban scale has been relatively lacking in the United States. The same preservation strategies are used for various types of cultural landscapes that have their own characteristics and stories. Different tactics and mentalities for varying cultural landscapes hasn’t been thoroughly investigated or acknowledged. That being said, the underdeveloped strategies provided a challenging and yet free interpretation of what preservation of cultural landscapes may look like. This paper discusses the key components that were used as a guide to prepare a plan and design a contemporary intervention for promoting a cultural landscape in a city located in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Harlingen, Texas is a unique border town with its varying layers of settlement and inhabitancy has created a particular assemblage of people from a diverse set of backgrounds and heritages. It holds a distinctive location in the southern portion of Texas as it sits closely to the Mexican border as well as the coast of the Gulf of Mexico which has created a distinctive dynamic between nature and culture. If one were to observe Harlingen in all its qualities a question arises: How can we celebrate Harlingen as a unique culture and historic resource while allowing the small urban setting in South Texas to continue developing and growing. With the understanding of Harlingen’s unique character, history, and sense of place this paper works to implement the components of preserving a ‘living cultural landscape’ where consideration of preserving the physical aspects as well as Harlingen’s daily life are the main priority.

碩士
淡江大學
中國文學系碩士班
103
This study attempts to "literary property", raised the level of discussion, regarded as a genre. And with "Real Estate Literature" box to limit its architecture, in addition to the reaction of recent social protest unequal distribution of resources and frequent the contemporary scene, also tried in the past literature coming out of real estate, placed in the can for people to understand the context. Finally, the study of literature and landscape, to face geographic scale, time and space, disciplinary boundaries, the boundaries of genre and other restrictions, not just analyze the interpretation of the text, but also complex social visit. This thesis analyzes described sequentially from construction, land and other factors, to build the city''s three-dimensional space, and then address the people in the cities are thinking think, appropriate action. The scope of the study is selected in the Taipei area, in addition to the continuation of the Urban Literature angle living space, but also because creative destruction of capitalism concentrated in metropolitan areas, real estate corresponding conflict phenomenon is relatively significant and writing stories, but due to space homogenized phenomenon extends all the way to fresh water, and other cities triple the outer edge of the region, the paper said, and the space community really relaxed to broad range of the greater Taipei area. The architectural forms of diachronic study, in addition to writing a book citing apartment development began, before also forward study of housing in the form of post-modern and post-modern. Watertown pre-modern addition to the natural beauty and Japanese-style dormitory, there are self-settlement today continue to struggle to write, then the wrong vertical modern confusion of the Viaduct and remote new towns, in addition to the contemporary consciousness echo upward development, but also reflecting the people and places of ambiguous wavering, unstable relationships. This thesis defines "the real estate literature" as a concept to approach extensive domain, the "literary landscape", and tries to delimit its concepts. Although literary landscape’s become popular recently, but the contents often confused with topography literature and local cultural tourism, failing to grasp the dialectical relationshop between the literary landscape and real landscape. Therefore, this thesis takes the"real estate literature" as a pathways to examine the movement and action of people in the city who are distressed at dilemma of dwellings, and conflictions between people and society. It demonstrates a preliminary model to propose an analytical context of the demonstration, the role of intertextuality, and emotions and ideologies of the literature in space.

This diploma thesis is focused on the development of linear features in agricultural area of the Pilsen region border area. Transformation in the landscape microstructure are researched by an evaluation of the linear features changes. The states in the middle of the 20th century and in the present are compared by the indicator 'density of the linear features in the agricultural landscape'. According to the assumption, the number of the linear features has noticeably declined. The biggest declined number refers to the linear features of communications. The number of the dry vegetation and wet watercourses linear features has slightly increased. Concerning length, the biggest decrease refers to the number of the narrowest and narrow linear features, while the number of wide linear features have increased. The decline of the linear features is more noticeable in areas struck by the expulsion of Czech Germans than in areas where Czech inhabitants have lived. The assumption, that demographical changes had influenced changes in the microstructure of the border areas, was proved. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The presented diploma thesis deals with the effects of the Czech-German relict border on the religiosity and the sacral landscape of the city region called Manetin, which consists of the permanent Czech territory and the Nectiny village of German historical origin. The theoretical introduction of this work therefore includes a part dedicated to the topic of borders, introducing different types of borders, focusing particularly on the terms relict and ethnic borders used in the further study. The second part of the theoretical introduction contains the characteristics of the religiosity and the sacral landscape, its evolution on the national level after the Second World War, highlighting the consequent processes related to the exile of the German population after 1945. The research section of the thesis consists of the micro-regional analysis of the reference region. The analysis is based on the field study and semi-structured interviews, which were complemented by the demographic statistics. The main aim of the investigation presented in the thesis is to analyze the differences in the religiosity and the sacral landscape in the regions under study through the chosen methodological approaches and consequently to evaluate the continuity of the relict border existence. Key words: relict border,...

The presented diploma thesis deals with the effects of the Czech-German relict border on the religiosity and the sacral landscape of the city region called Manetin, which consists of the permanent Czech territory and the Nectiny village of German historical origin. The theoretical introduction of this work therefore includes a part dedicated to the topic of borders, introducing different types of borders, focusing particularly on the terms relict and ethnic borders used in the further study. The second part of the theoretical introduction contains the characteristics of the religiosity and the sacral landscape, its evolution on the national level after the Second World War, highlighting the consequent processes related to the exile of the German population after 1945. The research section of the thesis consists of the micro-regional analysis of the reference region. The analysis is based on the field study which consists of semi-structured interviews, which were complemented by the descriptive statistical analysis and method of observing the condition and location of sacral objects. The main aim of the investigation presented in the thesis is to analyze the differences in the religiosity and the sacral landscape in the regions under study through the chosen methodological approaches and...

Title of thesis is: ,,Vanished cultural landscape of the Czech border - an interactive learning guide for the 2nd grade school". Graduation thesis consists of an analysis of literature (textbooks geography, citizenship and education history, professional, nonfiction literature, didactic literature and multimedia documents). The practical part has a form of an interactive learning guide. Most of the work is devoted to the issue of the Sudetenland which to the largest extent represents the vanished cultural landscape of the Czech border. Sudetenland are evaluated from several different perspectives. An integral part of a thorough and detailed geographic mapping will clarify the historical circumstances but also the consequences that come with intricate development of the Czech border to bring ,,our" society today. The main section has its own interactive learning guide for students of upper primary school. In our case it will serve as the superstructure teaching material and therefore it can be used for grammar schools as well.

This dissertation argues that spiritual and religious worldviews (i.e. Mexican Catholicism, indigenous spiritualities, and popular religion) have historically intersected with social and political realities in the development of Mexican origin communities of the United States. More specifically, as creative writers from these communities have endeavored to express and represent Mexican American experience, they have consistently engaged these intersections of the spiritual and the material. While Chicano/a criticism has often overlooked, and in some ways dismissed, the significant role which spiritual and religious discourses have played in the political development of Mexican American communities, I examine how the works of creative writers pose important questions about the role of religious faith and spirituality in healing the wounds of social violence. By placing literary texts in conversation with scholarship from multiple disciplines, this project links literary narratives to their historical, social, and political frameworks, and ultimately endeavors to situate literary production as an expressive cultural product. Historical and regional in approach, the dissertation examines diverse literary narratives penned by writers of Mexican descent between the 1930s and the current decade. Selected textual pairings recall pivotal moments and relations in the history of Mexico, America, and their shared geographical borderlands. Through the lens of religion and spirituality, a broad array of social discourses emerges, including: gender and sexuality, landscape and memory, nation-formation, race and ethnicity, popular traditions, and material culture.
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Depuis au moins 500 ans, au sud du bassin du lac Tchad, la région des monts Mandara représente la rencontre géographique et culturelle entre deux mondes aux modes de pensée opposés : les populations des montagnes, égalitaires et non-islamisées, et celles des plaines environnantes, vivant sous le contrôle hiérarchique d’États islamiques, tels que Bornou et Wandala. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans une longue tradition de recherches archéologiques et ethnologiques entreprises depuis une quarantaine d’années dans cette région du monde afin de documenter le rapport ambigu qui existe entre ces deux systèmes sociopolitiques, au passé et au présent. Entre 1993 et 2012, les équipes d’archéologues du Projet Maya Wandala (PMW) et du Projet DGB (Diygyd- bay) ont mis sur pied l’une des plus grosses bases de données céramiques uniformisées de la région. Suivant une approche holistique, diachronique et régionale de la question des contacts culturels en zone frontalière, cette étude porte sur le décor céramique de 150 000 tessons issus de ce corpus. Provenant de huit sites clés du Nord-Cameroun et du Nord-Nigéria, ces petits objets racontent plus de 3000 ans d’histoire de cette région, du Néolithique jusqu’à la fin de l’Âge du Fer Final. Les méthodes d’analyses statistiques de classement (cluster analysis) par nuées dynamiques (k-moyennes) et d’agrégation Ward ont été mises à profit afin d’explorer les similarités et les différences de ces collections, à travers le temps et l’espace. Par la comparaison de mes résultats avec les données archéologiques, ethnologiques et historiques de notre région d’étude, une histoire chronologique de chacun des sites est proposée. Sur le site DGB-1/-2, plus important témoin à ce jour de l’occupation préhistorique des montagnes, les lieux de vie quotidienne, cooking area par exemple, se distinguent de ceux qui servent à l’aménagement physique, entre autres les remblais, malgré la similitude des décors céramique qu’on y retrouve. L’identification de quatre groupes aux décors céramiques particuliers met en exergue les différences qui apparaissent entre les populations des plaines et des montagnes, ainsi qu’entre les populations des plaines associées à l’élite étatique de Wandala, et les autres. Dans le contexte de la mise en place des premiers États centralisateurs dans la région, nous voyons donc comment ce phénomène historique d’importance a eu des répercussions non seulement sur l’occupation et la perception du paysage, mais également sur l’identité céramique.
For the last 500 years at least, in the southern area of Lake Tchad, the Mandara Mountains region represents the geographical and cultural meeting point of two contrasting ways of thinking: the egalitarian and non-Muslim populations of the mountains; and the populations of the surrounding plains—dominated by the hierarchical authority of Islamic states, including Bornou and Wandala states. This thesis is the continuation of a long tradition of archaeological and ethnological research completed during the last 40 years in this region. Its aim is to document the ambiguous relationship that exists between these two socio-political systems, in the past and the present. Between 1993 and 2012, teams of archaeologists working on both the Projet Maya Wandala (PMW) and the Projet DGB (Diy-gyd-bay) established one of the largest ceramic databases in the region. Following a holistic, diachronic and regional approach regarding the issue of cultural contacts in the border area, the present thesis focuses on the analysis on ceramic decoration from this dataset. These potsherds (n=150,000), originating from eight key archaeological sites located in Northern Cameroon and Northern Nigeria, tell the story of the region spanning more than 3000 years, dating from the Neolithic to the end of the Late Iron Age (LIA). Methods of statistical analysis, such as cluster analysis by dynamic clustering (K-Means) and Ward aggregation, have been used in order to explore both similarities and differences present in these collections, through time and space. After a comparison of my results with the archaeological, ethnological and historical data of the study area, a chronology of these sites is proposed based on the ceramic data. On the DGB- 1/-2 site, the most important evidence of prehistoric occupation of the mountains, the domestic spaces, such as the cooking area, are differentiated from those used for redeposited materials, despite the similarity of ceramic decorations found there. The identification of four groups of distinct ceramic decorations underlines the differences that arise between the lowland populations and those from the mountains, as well as between the lowland populations associated with the Wandala elite, and other groups. In the context of the emergence of the first centralised states in this region, we can see how this important historical phenomenon had consequences, not only on occupation and the use of the landscape, but also on ceramic identity.

Peter Coleman's (2011) Attractor Landscape Model (ALM) is a promising new framework for analysing and tackling intractable conflicts: conflicts that are highly destructive and highly resistant to conflict resolution. However, this thesis suggests that Coleman's ALM may be based on unreliable assumptions about homogenous group psychology. The aim is to test the reliability of the ALM from this perspective, and to suggest ways to successfully operationalise the ALM. The reliability of the ALM is tested using the case study of professional negotiators in the Israel- Palestine Track-I peace process 2007-2011. 12 interviews are conducted with negotiators from four key actors: the EU, the US, Israel and the Negotiation Support Unit (NSU). The transcripts of these interviews are coded for patterns of 'behaving' and 'thinking', and tested against five hypotheses derived from negotiation theories and the Conceptual Integrative Complexity Scoring Manual (Baker- Brown et al., 1992). It is concluded that the case study of the Israel-Palestine Track-I peace process 2007-2011 generally provides support for the attractor landscape model. However, negotiators from the NSU stood out as a significant exception. This suggests that future studies using the ALM should investigate potentially significant differences in...

Tese de doutoramento em Geografia (Especialização em Geografia Humana)
Este trabalho reporta-se à teorização do pensamento geográfico ibérico sobre a individualização da fronteira lusitano-castelhana nas primeiras décadas do século XX, pretendendo-se demonstrar à luz dos conceitos geopolíticos, que a Ibericidade foi, como ainda é, uma marca indelével em termos geográficos e uma necessidade em termos históricos para o conjunto dos dois países peninsulares. Evidentemente que essa percepção espacial da fronteira ibérica constitui figurativamente o território privilegiado para o geógrafo exercer a polimatia orlandiana, devido à sua própria complexidade paisagística, na medida que vai depender da própria cultura subjacente à população que habita essa área, cabendo-lhe opor-se a influências estranhas ou pelo contrário, aceitar a partilha do seu espaço com outras nacionalidades de cuja heterogeneidade nascerá um conceito de Nação diferente, que se afirmou a partir da Reconquista até pelo menos ao século XIV. A mesma que implicará uma estrutura organizacional do Estado mais complexa e eficiente, capaz de responder ao evoluir da sociedade e da economia. Podemos observar que na época cronológica a que se refere esta Dissertação, a distinção entre Geografia Política e Geopolítica é muito diversificada, dependendo da Escola de Geografia a que pertencem cada um dos seus autores, mas também das concepções político-ideológicas do foro pessoal bem como da respectiva nacionalidade. A Geografia Política refere-se essencialmente à descrição de fenómenos políticos enquadrados no território nacional, sendo este delimitado pelas suas fronteiras, enquanto a Geopolítica resulta das relações de forças centrífugas e centrípetas entre Estados limítrofes e que têm expressão espacial desde épocas recuadas até às primeiras décadas do século XX, época esta em que adquirem expressividade sob a forma de nacionalismos, muito vivos após o redesenhar das fronteiras europeias na sequência da Primeira Guerra Mundial que ensanguentou a Europa. Por essa razão, desenvolvem-se nessa mesma época os estudos teóricos sobre o conceito e funções da fronteira, seja ela natural ou zonal, opondo-se os geógrafos da Escola Alemã de cariz ratzeliano, como Otto Maull (1925) Hermann Lautensach (1924) - especialmente importante pelos minuciosos estudos consagrados à Península ibérica - ou Arthur Dix (1929), aos da Escola Francesa de âmbito regionalista, como Camille Vallaux (1908,1911 e 1933), Jean Brunhes (1921 e 1925) e Jacques Ancel (1936 e 1938). Considera-se que o traçado e fixação de uma fronteira é interdependente com o princípio das nacionalidades, assunto em voga, embora pouco respeitado e pretexto para inúmeras alterações fronteiriças no decorrer dos anos vinte e sobretudo nos anos trinta do século passado, resultante do progressivo avivar das tensões internacionais, cujo ponto mais sensível é sempre a fronteira política, bem patente no antagonismo entre regimes políticos demoliberais e totalitários como o nazi-fascismo. Estas fronteiras, especialmente na Europa Central tornaram-se «vivas» porque a tensão existente, muito dependente do valor do solo, do território e da densidade populacional, provocou modificações no seu traçado através de acordos diplomáticos, prelúdio do posterior conflito mundial que se inicia em 1939, data em que finaliza a cronologia da nossa investigação pela multiplicidade das transformações geopolíticas, fruto de uma mudança de mentalidades, de novas prioridades culturais e até de alteração de regimes políticos ocorridas nos anos subsequentes. Relativamente à delimitação das fronteiras existentes na Península ibérica, avultam em Espanha os nomes de Dantin Cereceda, Hernández-Pacheco; J.Vicens-Vives, A. Melón e M. Terán, partidários de uma diferenciação natural entre ambos os países peninsulares; excepto o último destes geógrafos que se aproxima mais da posição dos investigadores portugueses em que se destacam Orlando Ribeiro, Amorim Girão e Mendes Corrêa. Estes três geógrafos apresentam como denominador comum o facto de considerarem que a delimitação fronteiriça ibérica é (quase) sempre artificial, produto e obra da acção do Homem, mesmo quando apresenta como limites acidentes naturais. A prova mais cabal deste facto resulta de que quase todos os tratados jurídico-diplomáticos assinados entre Portugal e Castela-Leão foram efectuados já depois desses territórios estarem ou terem sido ocupados anteriormente pelas hostes portuguesas, ou ao invés, pelas forças castelhano-leonesas, estabelecendo as respectivas fronteiras comuns e definindo os limites e respectivas estratégias de actuação no que ficou conhecido por Reconquista cristã. Efectivamente, foram mais significativos os Tratados e Acordos que as desavenças sobrevindas entre os dois reinos ibéricos, o que permitiu a progressão das forças portuguesas e castelhano-leonesas em direcção ao extremo meridional do Algarve, que seria cedido a Portugal pelo Tratado de Badajoz em 1267 e ratificado posteriormente em Alcañices, no ano de 1279, com apenas algumas posteriores alterações pontuais no traçado da fronteira oriental. Pode por conseguinte afirmar-se que se a consolidação da fronteira luso-espanhola foi sancionada pelos acordos político–diplomáticos, também não é menos verdade que a sua delimitação zonal em termos espaciais se foi afirmando progressivamente à medida que se estabilizavam as fronteiras resultantes da progressão da Reconquista para locais mais meridionais. Assinale-se o facto de apesar de não existirem limites naturais significativos entre ambos os reinos, se formou uma delimitação tão estável que perdurou até aos dias de hoje. O relacionamento entre os Estados ibéricos ao longo da Idade Média até à dualidade peninsular ocorrida nos alvores do Renascimento, em que Quinhentos prefigura o «século de ouro» espanhol, com o breve intróito da unificação peninsular - fundamentada na geografia e na história comuns, mas que as alianças político-militares ditadas pelos interesses de países estranhos ao iberismo, como a Inglaterra, a Holanda e a França se encarregaram de destruir - pode-se aplicar nos séculos seguintes ao conjunto do espaço geopolítico ibérico. A este correspondem diversas nacionalidades, ou pelo menos nacionalismos ciclicamente emergentes, sempre subalternizados em termos políticos, que não económicos, em relação ao núcleo Castela-Leão, cuja tendência dominadora dentro de uma mesma área geográfica originou forças centrífugas de expansionismo e forças centrípetas de aglutinação e integracionismo, que conduziram à supressão gradual dos Estados ibéricos vizinhos com excepção de Portugal. Considera-se numa vertente histórico-geográfica que a fronteira luso-portuguesa no sentido clássico do termo, nunca existiu, foi antes uma criação imagética medievo-renascentista de cariz político-diplomático e militar, que aproveitou aos seus mentores, os políticos os diplomatas, os clérigos e os nobres, todos aqueles que de alguma forma estavam conotados com o Poder ou que dele se aproveitavam, seja este a nível nacional ou internacional. Com efeito, a separação de Portugal, deve-se mais à influência franco-inglesa em cumplicidade com os poderes políticos nacionais, especificamente a partir de oitocentos, do que às políticas dinásticas de antanho sempre executadas no sentido de uma aproximação quando não de uma união dos povos ibéricos. Aquela situação que ainda perdurava nas primeiras décadas do século XX, conduzia à construção de um discurso histórico–geográfico que procurava evidenciar senão mesmo deturpar os eventos da Reconquista Cristã e da formação das nacionalidades peninsulares a par de sobrepujar a autonomia de Portugal versus individualidade da sua fronteira como argumento para a construção do mito da portugalidade numa óptica nacionalista e integralista. Paradoxalmente, será a militarização e agressividade do franquismo que irá permitir uma normalização do relacionamento político–diplomático entre Portugal e Espanha, que tem o seu culminar na assinatura do Tratado de Não Agressão (1939 e 1940) e posteriormente designado por Pacto Ibérico (1942). Será por demais evidente que a ideologia dominante em cada um dos países ibéricos considerados, terá profundas repercussões no modo de (re)pensar a geopolítica ibérica e consequente levantar de interrogações sobre o papel e significado da fronteira peninsular.
This work refers to the theorization of the geographic Iberian thought on the individualization of the Luso-Castilian border in the first decades of the twentieth century, seeking to demonstrate, according to the geographical concepts, that the Ibericity (ibericidad/ ibericidade) was, and still is an indelible mark in geographical terms and a necessity in historical terms for the whole of the two peninsular countries. Obviously that special perception of the Iberian border is figuratively the privileged territory for the geographer to exercise the orlandian polymathy, due to its own complex landscape, as it is going to depend on the culture itself underlying the population who inhabits that area, being his duty to oppose the strange influences or, on the contrary, to accept sharing their area with other nationalities whose heterogeneity will produce a different concept of Nation, which got stronger from the Reconquest (Reconquista) onwards until at least the fourteenth century. The same one that will imply a more complex and efficient organizational structure of the State capable of responding to the evolution of society and economy. We can o serve that in the chronological epoch referred to in this Dissertation, the distinction between Political Geography and Geopolitics is very diversified, depending on the School of Geography each one of its authors belonged to, the individual’s political and ideological conceptions as well as respective nationality. Political Geography is confined to the description of political phenomena framed within the national territory, this being limited by its borders, while Geopolitics results from the relations of centrifugal and centripetal forces between neighbouring States and which have special expression from remote times to the first decades of the twentieth century, a time when they acquire expressiveness in the form of nationalisms, much alive after the redrawing of the European borders in the sequence of First World War that stained Europe with blood. For that reason, at that same time, the theoretical studies are developed on the concept and functions of the border either national or zonal, opposing the geographers of the German School of ratzelian nature, such as Otto Maull (1925), Hermann Lautensach (1924) – especially important for the detailed studies devoted to the Iberian Peninsula – or Arthur Dix (1929), to the ones of the French School of regionalistic scope, such as Camille Vallaux (1908, 1911 and 1933), Jean Brunhes (1921 and 1925) and Jacques Ancel (1936 and 1938). It is considered that the beginning and settlement of a border are interdependent with the principle of nationalities, subject in vogue, although little respected and pretext for innumerable border-line changes during the twenties and above all in the thirties of the last century, as a result of the progressive enlivenment of international tensions – whose most sensible point is always the border policy, quite clear in the antagonism between demo-liberal and totalitarian political regimes as Nazi-fascism. These borders, especially in Central Europe have become “alive“ because the existing tension, very dependent on the soil value, territory and population density, has caused changes in their planning through diplomatic agreements, prelude to the subsequent world-wide conflict that begins in 1939, when the chronology of our investigation ends by the multiplicity of the geopolitical transformations, the result of a change of mentalities, new cultural priorities and even alterations of political regimes occurred in subsequent years. Concerning the delimitation of the existing borders in the Iberian Peninsula, there are in Spain an increasing number of people whose names are: Dantin Cereceda, Herrnandez-Pacheco, J. Vicens- Vives, A. Melón e M. Terán, supporters of a natural differentiation between both peninsular countries, except the last of these geographers, who is closer to the Portuguese researchers’ position, standing out the names of Orlando Ribeiro, Amorim Girão and Mendes Corrêa. These three geographers, have as common denominator the fact of considering that the Iberian border delimitation is nearly always artificial, product and work of Man’s action, even when it presents natural accidents as limits. The most complete proof of this idea results from the fact that almost all the juridic-diplomatic treaties signed between Portugal and Castile-León have been carried out after these territories had been previously occupied by the Portuguese hosts, or on the contrary, by the Castilian-Leonese forces, establishing the respective common borders and defining the limits and defining the respective operation strategies, which was known by Christian Reconquest. As a matter of fact, the Treaties and Agreements were more significant than the quarrels happening between the two Iberian kingdoms, allowing the progression of the Portuguese and Castilian-Leonese forces towards the southern end of the Algarve, which would be ceded to Portugal by the Treaty of Badajoz in1267 and subsequently ratified in Alcañices, in the year of 1279, with just a few occasional subsequent alterations in the planning of the eastern border. One can therefore assert that the consolidation of the Spanish-Portuguese border was sanctioned by the politico-diplomatic agreements, it is also no less true that its zonal delimitation in special terms was getting progressively stronger, as the borders, resulting from the progression of the Reconquest to locations further south were stabilizing. It should be noted that these are no significant natural boundaries between both kingdoms, it was formed a delimitation so stable that it lasted until nowadays. The relationship between the Iberian States in the course of the Middle Ages until the peninsular duality occurred at the dawn of the Renaissance, in which Five Hundreds prefigure the Spanish “Gold Century“ with the brief introduction of the peninsular unification – based on the common geography and history, which the politico-military alliances, dictated by the interests of foreign countries towards iberism (iberismo) like England, Holland and France, are responsible for destroying – can be applied to the whole of the Iberian geopolitical space in the following centuries. Several nationalities correspond to this one or at least cyclically emerging nationalisms, always subordinated in political terms that not economical in relation to the core: Castile-León, whose dominant tendency inside the same geographical area gave rise to centrifugal expansionist forces and centripetal agglutinative and integrationist forces, which led to the gradual suppression of the neighbouring Iberian States with the exception of Portugal.It is considered in a historic-geographic perspective that the Spanish-Portuguese border, in the classical sense of the term, never existed, it was rather a medievo-renascentist imagetic creation of politico-diplomatic and military nature that profited from its mentors, the politicians, diplomats, clerics and nobles, all the people who, in any way were connoted with the Power or profited from it, either on a national or an international basis. As a matter of fact, is especially owed to the Franco-English influence in complicity with the national political powers, specifically after 800s and less to the dynastic policies in former times, always executed as an approach or even a union of Iberian people. The situation that was still lasting in the first decades of the twentieth century, was leading to the construction of a historico-geographical speech that sought to highlight or even misrepresent the events of the Reconquest and formation of peninsular nationalities, simultaneously, overcoming the autonomy of Portugal versus individuality of its border as an argument for building the myth of portugality (portugalidade) in a nationalist and integrationist perspective. Paradoxically, it will be the militarization and the aggressiveness of Francoism that will allow a normalization of politico-diplomatic relationship between Portugal and Spain, which has its culminating point in the signing of the Non- Aggression Treaty (1939 and 1940) and afterwards called Iberian Pact ( 1942 ) a real triumph for the diplomacy and politics of salazarism in the Second World War scenario. It will be rather obvious that the dominant ideology, in each of the Iberian countries in analyses, will have deep repercussions in the way of (re) thinking the Iberian geopolitics and consequent raising of questions about the role and meaning of the peninsular border.

Occidentalism in Russian Travel Literature in the 18th Century: Example of Nikolaj Mihailovič Karamzin Summary The purpose of this research is to explore how the national and cultural identity of Russia was constructed in the eighteenth century through the vehicle of travel writing. At the heart of this research is a close analysis of the travels of the Russian author Nikolaj Karamzin to the Western Europe. Karamzin's Letters of a Russian Traveller is a travelogue in the form of memoir in epistolary arrangement based on his travels through the states of Germany, Switzerland, France and England in 1789-1790. The era and the author chosen are justified by the graveness that the eighteenth century has for the history of the Russian literature. An era of major transformations in all social and cultural aspects of the till-then known Russian lifestyle set the ground for a move towards modernity. By travelling to the Western Europe and displaying the values and rich greatness of some aspects of the cultural, political and social lives, Karamzin proposes a set of alternative national ideals. These ideals would assist the country and the nation to get closer to the standards of the Western traditions and subsequently closer to 'paradise' and the 'perfect' life. As a contextual backup for the analysis of Karamzin's...

At the turn of the twentieth century, apples served as a catalyst for far-reaching social and environmental change in the North American West. As people debated the future of North American society as a rural or urban civilization, rural advocates found their answer in horticulture. Steadfast in their conviction that urban environments were corrupt, immoral, and disordered, people on both sides of the international boundary engaged in a boisterous promotional campaign that culminated with the creation of an orcharding landscape that spanned British Columbia, Washington State, and Oregon. Consequently, countless communities found new purpose or came into existence organized around the cultivation of apples and other assorted fruits. Fully aware of negative stereotypes that depicted farming as backwards and unfulfilling, horticulturists argued that fruit farming would lead to the creation of a modern countryside. Guided by scientific agriculture, refined and intelligent settlers would transform rural life by uniting in partnership with “Dame Nature,” leading to bountiful harvests as nature was finished to its “intended end.” As a result, the orcharding landscape would organize an alternative modernity that stood in juxtaposition to the urban-industrial axis of development. Despite their location in different political projects, fruit farmers on either side of the International Boundary bore striking affinities that were affirmed and reinforced through publications, associations, exhibitions, and educational initiatives, underlining the significance of the border as a vantage to appreciate divisions as well as continuities. While the creation of a modern countryside was sustained by high hopes, growers did not anticipate that nature’s bounty would in many instances stand as a curse rather than a blessing. Through two world wars, growers wrestled with the changing contours of rural life, particularly as it related to rural growth. While orcharding endured, its original conception as the nucleus of a progressive and middle class rural society did not.

This diploma thesis focuses primarily on the relation between inner and outer landscape in postmodern fiction, i.e. on specific concepts of individual fictional spaces and the ways in which they resonate with the protagonists' means of perception. As a particular starting point, these four works are used: Trýznivé město by D. Hodrová, Pravěk a jiné časy by O. Tokarczuková, Země vod by G. Swift and prose collections Fikce and Alef by J. L. Borges. In the diploma thesis, the term "inner landscape" refers to a spectrum of concepts connected with the theme of subjective perception, among which the most important are topics of recollection and descending into deeper layers of the space - i.e. to the symbolical or mythical layer - and, thus, deeper to understanding one's identity. Therefore, a crucial part of the diploma thesis is to grasp characteristic features of individual fictional worlds and to interpret them in relation to perception and identity of characters. This interpretation is based on the definition of individual topoi and dominants as well as on the presupposition of the vertical structure of the works which implies merging of different time, space and conceptual levels. In the diploma thesis, the dynamic aspect is accentuated so the attention is paid to the protagonists' moving through...