Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Borderlands = La Frontera'

A organização da sociedade atual acontece em decorrência dos encontros entre culturas, sejam por meio de tragédias naturais, guerras mundiais, diásporas, reconfiguração de fronteiras ou da hibridização cultural. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar a construção da multiplicidade do Ser de fronteira a partir da perspectiva da escritora chicana Gloria Anzaldúa e do amazonense Milton Hatoum nas narrativas Borderlands/La frontera: The New Mestiza (1987), e Dois Irmãos (2000), respectivamente. Partindo das questões identitárias, o caminho para a análise das narrativas transita pelo espaço ficcional na intenção de evidenciar os deslocamentos e os fluxos migratórios das personagens como articuladores para compreender as feridas abertas nos espaços de fronteira. No decorrer da investigação foi possível ressignificar a fronteira como locus da diferença cultural e fragmentação para contrapor a ideia de que os lugares fronteiriços são fixos ou funcionam com divisores de sistemas culturais. Para desenvolver o trabalho, utilizo os métodos comparatistas e de aporte teórico da corrente culturalista. Uso os conceitos-chave de Walter Mignolo sobre a colonialidade do saber e de Stuart Hall e Homi Bhabha sobre as identidades heterogêneas. Na corrente filosófica, Jacques Derrida, com a teoria desconstrucionista, e Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, com o rizoma e a teoria dos agenciamentos. Esse aporte é o fio condutor do debate sobre a modernidade tardia e da diferença cultural, tendo em vista espaços elaboradores de sujeitos marginalizados, periféricos, excluídos e silenciados. Sendo assim, a negação da postura essencialista, a partir da leitura das obras, serve de estratégia analítica e de compreensão da ferida aberta como espaço da multiplicidade dos sujeitos em regiões de fronteira.
Nowadays society’s structure is built upon/on encounters between cultures, natural tragedies, world wars, diasporas, reconfiguration of borders and cultural hybridization. Thus, the aim of this research is to investigate the construction of the multiplicity of the Frontier Self as it is through the approach of the Chicano writer Gloria Anzaldúa and in the approach of the Amazonian writer Milton Hatoum in Borderlands/La frontera: The New Mestiza (1987) and Dois Irmãos (2000), respectively. Considering the identity issues, the analysis of the narratives transits/moves/focuses on through the fictional space to highlight the displacements and the migratory flows of the characters as articulators in order to understand the open wounds in border spaces. Therefore, during the research, it was possible to re-signify the frontier as a locus of cultural difference and fragmentation to counteract the idea that frontier places are fixed or function as divisors of cultural systems. To develop this work, I apply comparative and theoretical methods within the culturalist approach as well as the key concepts of Walter Mignolo on the coloniality of knowledge, and Stuart Hall and Homi Bhabha on heterogeneous identities. The denial of the essentialist position, based on the reading of the works, serves as an analytical strategy and understanding of the open wound as the space of the multiplicity in border regions.

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Nowadays the cultural-historical and literary context of great productivity in the U.S. has intensively promoted immigrant literatures, identities in transit, which led to the creation of a work like Borderlands/La Frontera: the new mestiza (1987), by Gloria Evangelina Anzaldúa. Anzaldúa speaks about a label in particular, the Chicano literature, resulting from the cultural life of the border of Mexico - United States. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to analyze Borderlands/La Frontera in its 4th edition, celebrating its 25th anniversary, in the aspects of artistic creativity, sociocultural context and the representation of the subaltern in her narrative, as well as the design of the concept of "autohistoria" as representative of her life story, surpassing the limits of the biography, becoming the history of her own people. Complements the analysis of the corpus, the files from the collection “The Gloria Evangelina Anzaldúa Papers (1942-2004)”, deposited in Nettie Lee Benson Latin American library at the University of Texas in Austin, United States. Therefore, the methodology that supports this work involves theoretical reflections and critical studies about post-colonial studies, especially concerning the works of Ashcroft & Griffiths & Tiffin (2003), Spivak (1988), Beverley (2004) Santiago (2004), Bhabha (2000), Mignolo (2003, 2007), Hall (2008), Hawley (2001) and works of literary criticism about Anzaldúa, as Keating (2009), Cantú (2012), Fernandes (2011), Malvezzi (2010), Bowen (2010) and Torres (2001). In this way, the structure of this work involves the contextualization of the analysis of Borderlands/La Frontera, then, the relations between text vs. context, manuscripts vs. editing and publication of the work, deepening the mutual comparison of the anzalduan file and repertoire as a fundamental component for understanding the narrative Borderlands/La Frontera. Indeed, the work particularly contributes to the expansion of Anzaldúa’s reading in Brazil, covering aspects of Latin American theoretical discourse and critical analysis.
Na contemporaneidade, o contexto histórico-cultural e literário de grande produtividade nos Estados Unidos tem fomentado intensivamente as literaturas imigrantes, de identidades em trânsito, que proporcionou a criação de uma obra como Borderlands/La Frontera: the new mestiza (1987), de Gloria Evangelina Anzaldúa, envolvendo o surgimento de um rótulo em particular, como o de literatura chicana, resultante do solo cultural da fronteira México – Estados Unidos. Por conseguinte, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar Borderlands/La Frontera em sua 4ª edição, comemorativa aos vinte e cinco anos de sua publicação, nos aspectos de criatividade artística, do contexto sociocultural e da representação tematizados em sua narrativa, bem como a concepção de “auto-história” enquanto representativo para a história de vida da escritora, ultrapassando os limites de sua biografia, tornando-se a história de seu próprio povo. Complementam o corpus de análise os arquivos da coleção The Gloria Evangelina Anzaldúa Papers (1942-2004), depositados na biblioteca Nettie Lee Benson da Universidade do Texas, em Austin, Estados Unidos. Para tanto, a metodologia que subsidia esta tese volta-se para as reflexões teórico-críticas acerca dos estudos pós-colonialistas, sobretudo as obras de Ashcroft & Griffiths & Tiffin (2003), Spivak (1988), Beverley (2004), Santiago (2004), Bhabha (2000), Mignolo (2003, 2007), Hall (2008), Hawley (2001) e ainda obras de exegese e fortuna crítica sobre Anzaldúa, como, Keating (2009), Cantú (2012), Fernandes (2011), Malvezzi (2010), Bowen (2010) e Torres (2001). Dessa forma, a operacionalização do trabalho contempla a contextualização da análise de Borderlands/La Frontera, seguida das relações de implicação entre texto vs. contexto, manuscritos vs. edição e publicação da obra, aprofundando no cotejamento do arquivo e repertório anzalduano como componente fundamental para compreensão da narrativa de Borderlands/La Frontera. Com efeito, o trabalho contribui particularmente para a ampliação da leitura de Anzaldúa no Brasil, contemplando aspectos de análise teórico-críticos do discurso latino-americano.

The present work, through a broad historical survey and an analysis of laws on mission administration during the period of domination by the Society of Jesus (1620-1767) and the post-Jesuit period (1768-1801) in the territory occupied by the Guaraní, analyzes the characteristics of two models of organization and administration for the Guaraní population: Jesuit communalism and Bourbon assimilation. Specifically, we reconstruct the ideological bases, the contextual factors and the political objectives inscribed in each model, as well as contrasting them via specific oppositional frames: purity and mestizaje, community and individual, spatial subjection and mobility, and segregation and assimilation.
En el presente trabajo, por medio de un recorrido histórico amplio y del análisis de ordenanzas sobre la administración misional emitidas en el periodo de dominio de la Compañía de Jesús (1620-1767) y en el posjesuita (1768-1801) en el territorio ocupado por los guaraníes, se analizan las características de dos modelos de organización y administración de dicha población: el de comunalización jesuita y el de asimilación borbónica. Específicamente, se reconstruyen las bases ideológicas, los factores contextuales y los objetivos políticos inscritos en ambos modelos, como también se contrasta a estos últimos a partir de ciertos cuadros de oposiciones: pureza y mestizaje, comunidad e individuo, sujeción espacial y movilidad, y segregación y asimilación.

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This study aims at discussing the complex constitution of an identity formed in the southwest border of the United States of America with Mexico, based on the Gloria Anzaldúa‟s narrative in her book Borderlands/La Frontera: the new mestiza. Anzaldúa is a chicana born in the State of Texas in a border city with Mexico. In this region there are at the same place cultural forces that face each other, ending in psychological and social conflicts of order in the citizens, the chicanos. The non-harmonious meeting of White, Mexican and Indigenous cultures increases linguistics, racial and gender problems, which can be seen from Anzaldúa‟s voice. In order to analyze this narrative, we made use of the French Semiotics methods of Greimas (1993; 1973; 2008) that are named Generative Course of Meaning, among others theorists who shared the same ideas (BARROS, 1990a, 1990b, 2001; FIORIN, 2001; FONTANILLE, 2007; et al). The theoretical choice of the analysis is justified by the understanding that this theory appropriately fit the narrative analysis, because it contains tools to reveal its structure; also because we believe that the French Semiotics theory has a broader range and can approach the Meaning and the discussions that appear in the book. During the analysis, we use the studies from other theorists related to the themes Language, Gender, Race in order to establish a dialogue with Anzaldúa, promoting the discussion of the conflicts on the border identities construction. From this discussion promoted by the theorists (ORLANDI, 1988; MÉNDEZ; O‟‟DONNELL; PINHEIRO, 2000; HALL, 2003; SPIVAK, 2010) we drive the discussion to an important fact that is behind this scenery managing the conflicts of identity: the politic issue. We perceive the politics mapping and keeping the difficult linguistics relationships of this region, as well as the relations of race and gender. Last but not least we understand that behind the political, psychological and social barriers because of the border identities, there is the desire and the problem of recognition.
Este trabalho pretende discutir a constituição complexa de uma identidade que se forma na fronteira sudoeste dos Estados Unidos com o México, baseado na narrativa de Gloria Anzaldúa em sua obra Borderlands/La Frontera: the new mestiza. Anzaldúa é uma chicana nascida no Estado do Texas em uma cidade fronteiriça ao México. Nessa região limítrofe coexistem forças culturais que se chocam, culminando em conflitos de ordem tanto social quanto psicológica nos habitantes, os chicanos. O encontro desarmonioso das culturas branca, mexicana e indígena intensifica problemas com a língua, com a raça e com o gênero, que podem ser vistos a partir da narrativa de Anzaldúa. Para analisar essa narrativa utilizamos os métodos da semiótica francesa de Greimas (1993; 1973; 2008) que são chamados de percurso gerativo de sentido, junto com outros teóricos seguidores de Greimas (BARROS, 1990a, 1990b, 2001; FIORIN, 2001; FONTANILLE, 2007; et al). A escolha teórica de análise se justifica por entender que essa é uma teoria que satisfaz a análise narrativa contendo instrumentos adequados para revelar a sua estrutura; e também por acreditar que a teoria semiótica francesa tem maior abrangência podendo melhor contemplar o sentido e as discussões propostas pela obra. No decorrer da análise outros teóricos relacionados aos temas suscitados pela obra sobre língua, gênero e raça são trazidos ao trabalho para dialogarem com Anzaldúa, promovendo a discussão dos conflitos sobre a constituição das identidades de fronteira. Com a discussão promovida entre os teóricos (ORLANDI, 1988; MÉNDEZ; O‟‟DONNELL; PINHEIRO, 2000; HALL, 2003; SPIVAK, 2010) chegamos a um importante fator que está por trás desse cenário gerenciando tais conflitos identitários: o fator político. Encontramos a política mapeando e, em determinada medida, mantendo as difíceis relações linguísticas dessa região, assim como as relações de raça e de gênero. E, ao final, entendemos que por trás dos impasses políticos, sociais e psicológicos causado pelas identidades de fronteira encontra-se o desejo e o problema do reconhecimento.

The 1960s and 1970s represent a pivotal period in US history and there is a growing body of critical research into how the massive changes of the era (re)shaped institutions and individuals. This dissertation furthers that research by focusing its attention on the creation of the Chicano Indian American Student Union (CIASU) at The University of Iowa in 1971 from an Interdisciplinary perspective. CIASU as the subject of study offers a site that is rich in context and content; this dissertation examines the ways in which a small group of minority students was able to create an ethnically defined cultural center in the Midwest where none had existed prior and does this by looking at the intersection of ethnic identity and student activism. Covering the years 1968-1972, this work provides a "before" and "after" snapshot of life for Chicano/a and American Indian students at Iowa and does so utilizing only historical documents as a way of better understanding how much more research needs to be done. I explore the way in which various social movements such as the Anti-War Movement, the Chicano Movement, the American Indian Movement, the Women's Movement and the cause of the United Farm Workers influenced founding members Nancy V. "Rusty" Barceló, Ruth Pushetonequa and Antonio Zavala within their Midwestern situatedness as ethnic beings. My dissertation draws from and builds upon the work of Gloria Anzaldua in Borderlands/La Frontera by interrogating the ways in which CIASU and its "House" acted as a self-defined "borderlands" for the Chicano/a and American Indian students. I examine the ways in which the idea of "borderlands" is not limited to any one geographical area but is one defined by context and necessity. Also interrogated is how performativity of ethnic identity worked as both cultural comfort and challenge to the students themselves as well as to the larger University community through the use of dress and language, especially "Spanglish". This dissertation examines the activism of CIASU within the University context and out in the Chicano/a and American Indian communities as liberatory practice and working to affect change. Specifically, presenting alternatives for minority communities through actions such as Pre-School classes and performances of El Teatro Zapata and Los Bailadores Zapatista and recruitment of Chicano/a and American Indian high school students. On campus, activism through publication is examined; El Laberinto as the in-house newsletter provides insight into the day-to-day concerns of the students and Nahuatzen, a literary magazine with a wider audience that focused on the larger political questions of the day, taking a broader view of the challenges of ethnic identity as a way to educate and inform. This dissertation views CIASU as a "bridge"; the students worked to create alliances between themselves and the larger University population as well as Chicano/a and American Indian communities. With the recent fortieth anniversary of CIASU it is evident the founding members' wish "to preserve our heritage and our identity" (Daily Iowan, November, 1970) continues and the organization they founded, now known as the Latino Native American Cultural Center, still serves the needs of Latino and American Indian students at Iowa.

Orientador: Maria Viviane do Amaral Veras
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Historicamente, a tradução tem sido pensada em função de pares dicotômicos (original/tradução; autor/tradutor; domesticação/estrangeirização; língua-fonte/línguaalvo), raciocínio que revela a crença na possibilidade de uma língua homogênea e estanque. Contudo, em comunidades cuja política e sociedade são fortemente marcadas por fatores de heterogeneidade étnica e linguística, tal crença fica abalada, sobretudo, quando se nota a enorme diversidade de línguas decorrente dessa heterogeneidade, tanto nas interações entre os falantes quanto na literatura. Esse é o caso da literatura chicana, que constitui o corpus desta pesquisa, sendo representada por Gloria Anzaldúa e Rolando Hinojosa, autores de Borderlands/La Frontera - The New Mestiza e Dear Rafe/Mi Querido Rafa, respectivamente. Tais obras, guardadas suas singularidades, apresentam marcas de heterogeneidade linguística (a escrita construída a partir do inglês, do espanhol e até mesmo do nahuatl, língua falada no império asteca; o codeswitching [ou alternância de código]; o braiding languages [ou entrelaçamento de línguas]; a subversão dos limites dos gêneros textuais) que desafiam qualquer projeto tradutório que se paute por noções tradicionais de língua e tradução. Com base nesse panorama, analisamos neste trabalho as possibilidades de reflexão que as obras do corpus podem oferecer ao campo dos estudos da tradução e as consequências de tal reflexão para a ética e para o tradutor (se é possível pensarmos em um único perfil). Tal reflexão é feita com base em conceitos e ideias propostos por linguistas, tradutores e teóricos da tradução de linha pós-estruturalista, tais como Lawrence Venuti, Kanavillil Rajagopalan e Alexis Nouss, pensadores de orientação pós-moderna, como Jacques Derrida, e teóricos de linha pós-colonialista, como Homi Bhabha
Abstract: Translation theories have been historically based on dichotomies (original/translation; author/translator; domestication/foreignisation; source language/target language). Such discourse unveils the belief in the possibility of linguistic homogeneity. Nevertheless, such belief becomes unsustainable in communities which politics and society are expressly marked by ethnic and linguistic heterogeneity issues, and mainly by the enormous range of linguistic diversity due to such heterogeneity, among speakers and in the literature. Chicano literature is an example, and two of the major Chicano works constitute the corpus of this research: Gloria Anzaldúa's Borderlands/La Frontera - The New Mestiza and Rolando Hinojosa's Dear Rafe/Mi Querido Rafa. Besides their own singularities, these two books are marked by linguistic heterogeneity (the writing is based on English, Spanish and Nahuatl, originally spoken in the Aztec empire; the codeswitching, the braiding languages; the transgression of genre boundaries) and defy any attempt of translation based on traditionalist language conceptions. Based on that, we propose an analysis of how the corpus of this research allows new possibilities of thinking translation and the consequences of these analyses for a translation ethics and for the translator (if we can think in such terms). Such analysis is based on concepts and ideas proposed by poststructuralist linguists, translators and translation theorists such as Lawrence Venuti, Kanavillil Rajagopalan, and Alexis Nouss. We also base our study on the works of postmodern thinkers, such as Jacques Derrida, and postcolonialist writers, such as Homi Bhabha
Mestrado
Teoria, Pratica e Ensino da Tradução
Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

A pesquisa tem como objetivo geral compreender as representações sobre a fronteira São Borja-Santo Tomé, divisa entre Brasil e Argentina, que circulam entre os profissionais da mídia são-borjense e nos meios de comunicação em que trabalham, a partir de entrevistas com esses sujeitos e da análise de produções que elaboram. Para tanto, foi constituído um corpus de unidades informativas a partir do jornal Folha de São Borja e dos programas radiofônicos Gente é Notícia e Atualidades, das emissoras Cultura AM e Fronteira FM, respectivamente. Os três veículos pertencem ao mesmo grupo empresarial de comunicação da cidade limítrofe brasileira. O período elegido para as análises inclui os meses de dezembro de 2016, janeiro e fevereiro de 2017, e foi definido por ser considerado de maior movimento na região, devido ao trânsito de pessoas pelas festas de final de ano, férias escolares e volta às aulas. Os principais conceitos acionados na investigação dizem respeito a jornalismo informativo, mídia local, fronteiras internacionais, culturas, identidades e representações sociais. A construção empírica e analítica buscou uma confluência de perspectivas e estratégias metodológicas, com entradas no campo nos dois municípios, pesquisa exploratória, entrevistas semiestruturadas com os profissionais da mídia são-borjense, diálogos informais com moradores das cidades-gêmeas, e Análise de Conteúdo das produções jornalísticas informativas mapeadas nos meios de comunicação As categorias encontradas remetem, prioritariamente, a representações de Interação e de Passagem ocorrendo no contexto investigado, e evidenciam eixos temáticos vinculados a Relações Comerciais, Institucionais, Culturais e Identitárias. Ainda, costumam ser construídas abordagens em torno das identidades argentinas, muitas vezes, sem diferenciar os santo-tomenhos e os turistas advindos de outros locais, e das identidades missioneiras, fazendo alusão ao passado comum dos povos vizinhos, em virtude da experiência histórica enquanto região de Reduções Jesuítico-Guarani. A pesquisa tem a pretensão de contribuir com as reflexões sobre as fronteiras internacionais no Campo das Ciências da Comunicação, contemplando uma realidade ainda pouco investigada na área, e pontuando aproximações e diferenciais desse cenário específico e particular, tendo em vista propostas desenvolvidas em publicações anteriores.
The main goal of this research is to understand the representations of the São Borja-Santo Tomé borderlands, between Brazil and Argentina, circulating amongst media professionals in São Borja and within the media outlets at which they work, drawing on interviews with said subjects as well as on the analysis of what they produce. The corpus, in that sense, encompasses informative units from newspaper Folha de São Borja and from radio programmes Gente é Notícia and Atualidades, from radio stations Cultura AM and Fronteira FM, respectively. All three outlets belong to the same corporate media group based on the Brazilian side of the boundary. The period chosen for analyses included the months of December 2016 as well as January and February 2017. It was defined in consideration of a larger flow of people in the region, due to the holiday season, the school holidays, and the back-to-school period. The main concepts to have been activated during this investigation relate to information journalism, local media, international borders, cultures, identities, and social representations. Empirical and analytical construction sought for a confluence of methodological perspectives and strategies, including fieldwork in both cities, exploratory research, semi-structured interviews with media professionals from São Borja, informal dialogues with residents of the twin cities, as well as Content Analysis of the production of information journalism mapped from the media outlets Categories found refer chiefly to representations of Interaction and of Passage that take place in the context in question, which bring forth thematic axes linked to Commercial, Institutional, Cultural, and Identity Relations. What is more, approaches around Argentine identities are usually often built without differentiating people from Santo Tomé to tourists from elsewhere in the country. Likewise, there is an approach around Missionary identities, alluding to a shared past of these neighbouring peoples due to historical experience as the Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis. This research intends to contribute with reflections on international borders within Communications, encompassing a reality that is still understudied in this field, highlighting approximations and differentials of this specific and particular scenario, considering the propositions of previous publications.
La pesquisa tiene como objetivo general comprender las representaciones sobre la frontera São Borja – Santo Tomé, línea divisoria entre Brasil y Argentina, que circulan entre los profesionales de los medios de São Borja y en los medios de comunicación en los que trabajan, a partir de entrevistas a estos sujetos y del análisis de las producciones que elaboran. Para lo cual, se construyó un corpus de unidades informativas del periódico Folha de São Borja, y de los programas radiofónicos Gente é Notícia de la emisora Cultura AM y Atualidades de la emisora Fronteira FM. Los tres vehículos pertenecen al mismo grupo empresarial de comunicación de la ciudad limítrofe brasilera. El periodo elegido para el análisis incluye los meses de diciembre de 2016, enero y febrero de 2017, y fueron seleccionados, considerando, el mayor movimiento en la región, debido al tránsito de personas por las fiestas de fin de año, vacaciones escolares, y regreso a clases. Los principales conceptos accionados en la investigación abordan temas de periodismo informativo, medios locales, fronteras internacionales, culturas, identidades y representaciones sociales. La construcción empírica y analítica buscó una confluencia de perspectivas y estrategias metodológicas, con acercamientos de campo en los dos municipios, pesquisa exploratoria, entrevistas semiestructuradas con los profesionales de los medios de São Borja, diálogos informales con moradores de las ciudades-gemelas y, Análisis de Contenido de las producciones periodísticas informativas, mapeadas en los medios de comunicación Las categorías encontradas hacen referencia, principalmente, a las representaciones de Interacción y de Tránsito que suceden en el contexto investigado, y evidencian ejes temáticos vinculados a Relaciones Comerciales, Institucionales, Culturales e Identitarias. Todavía, se suele construir abordajes en torno de las identidades argentinas, muchas veces, sin diferenciar a los santotomenses y a los turistas que llegan de otros lugares, y de las identidades misioneras, haciendo alusión al pasado común de los pueblos vecinos, en virtud de la experiencia histórica en cuanto región de reducciones jesuitas-guaraní. La investigación pretende contribuir con las reflexiones sobre las fronteras internacionales, en el campo de las Ciencias de la Comunicación. Contemplamos una realidad, todavía, poco investigada en el área, y puntuamos aproximaciones y diferencias de ese escenario específico y particular, tomando en cuenta propuestas desarrolladas en publicaciones anteriores.

The border between Russia and Estonia has undergone significant changes in the past two and a half decades from a border between two Soviet republics to an international border and external EU border. In the public discourse and the scholarly literature, this border has been characterised as a battlefield shaped by divergent geopolitical visions and evaluations of the shared past. While Estonia has sought to distance itself from Russia and condemns the Soviet past as an occupation, Russia derives pride from its historical role in liberating Europe in World War II and continues to hold on to positive memories of the Soviet past and its role in the Baltic states. The thesis looks at how these official narratives have been negotiated locally in the once united border towns of Narva and Ivangorod in the Russian-Estonian borderland. Based on an extended fieldwork stay and the analysis 58 life-story interviews with people living on both sides of the border, it examines how people living in the borderland position themselves in the context of shifting narrative and structural frameworks. How do they re-evaluate the relations to the other side and reconsider their memories of the shared past? In examining these questions, the thesis seeks to make two general contributions to existing literature: it brings together the fields of border studies and memory studies to explore the reconfiguration of both temporal and spatial orderings in the making of a border. Secondly, it outlines a model for studying border change that focuses on the interrelations between the vernacular and the official level. The first part of the thesis looks at the politics of temporal orderings in the borderland and explores how people belonging to different ethnic groups and generations remember the past in the context of changing borders. It shows how people in part reproduce the polarised narratives mobilised at the official level but also how local experiences and generational change lead to a diversification of temporal orderings. The second part of the thesis explores the politics of spatial orderings in post-socialist memories. It looks at how by remembering the past people both reproduce and undermine borders; it demonstrates that it is not simply the memories of a shared past but also new inequalities following the establishment of the border that shape the ways in which people relate to their cross-border neighbours. Overall, the thesis provides a complex and differentiated account of border change in which different temporalities and spatialities at the vernacular and official levels can interact, interrelate and stand in opposition to each other. It shows that although people living in the borderland experience constraints and even powerlessness in the face of changes in the border, they have an active role in negotiating the changes and develop multiple responses to official narratives. It demonstrates how by appropriating official narratives and relating them to their own purposes, people articulate local concerns and make claims for belonging, recognition and state care in the face of the changes.

My thesis proposes a theory of relational identity development in Chicana literature. Gloria Anzaldua's Borderlands/La Frontera offers an interpretation of Chicana identity that is largely based on historical models and mythology, which many scholars have found useful in interpreting Chicana literature. However, I contend that another text, Sandra Cisneros's The House on Mango Street, not only illustrates the need for an alternative paradigm for considering identity development, but in fact offers such an alternative. I argue that Cisneros shows a model for relational identity development, wherein the individual develops in the context of her community and is not determined solely by elements of myth or genealogy. In questioning the historical paradigm of identity development, I examine three key aspects associated with Chicana identity development: gender, home, and language. Employing the theories of Édouard Glissant, I discuss how individual identity development is better understood in terms of relationships and experience rather than historical models. For Chicanas, the roles of women have largely been interpreted as predetermined, set by the mythic figures La Malinche and La Virgen de Guadalupe. However, Cisneros's work shows that this historical tradition is less fruitful in understanding identity than recognizing individuals' experience in context of their relationships. With this communal understanding established, I question the common associations of home and Chicana identity. I argue that Cisneros challenges our very concept of home as she engages and counters the notions of theorist Gaston Bachelard. The idea of a house is metaphorical, becoming a space of communal belonging rather than a physical structure to separate individuals. Finally, I consider how both spoken and written language contribute to relational identity development. I argue that Cisneros's use of language demonstrates that not only does language provide the means for development within a community, but also the means for creation within that society. The theoretical implications of such a relational identity construct are not only an expansion of what is entailed in Chicana identity, but an invitation for broadening the community of theoretical discussion surrounding Chicana literature.

A desigualdade sócio-especial é uma característica distinta do Brasil que se expressa em diferentes formas, seja no acesso à educação, à saúde, à política ou à disponibilidade de renda e bens materiais. Estas desigualdades, muitas vezes, são determinantes para limitar as oportunidades dos indivíduos a uma vida longa, saudável e produtiva. No Brasil observa-se um elevado número de óbitos que ocorrem precocemente, reduzindo a expectativa de vida e impactando negativamente no desenvolvimento humano. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o padrão de mortalidade por causas externas na região da faixa de fronteira brasileira entre os anos de 2000 e 2005, abordando o impacto no desenvolvimento humano, em relação aos determinantes geográficos, demográficos, socioeconômicos e temporais. Para a caracterização, a mortalidade foi estratificada por sexo, faixa etária e agregada em regiões e sub-regiões, utilizando o coeficiente de mortalidade geral-CMG, coeficiente de mortalidade específico e a razão de mortalidade proporcional-RPM e Anos potenciais de vida perdidos-APVP e, para a mensuração do impacto da mortalidade por causas externas no desenvolvimento humano, o valor da perda de produção bruta-VPPB e o índice de desenvolvimento humano-IDH. Materiais e Métodos. Este estudo descritivo, do tipo ecológico, considerou como unidades de informação os 588 municipios contidos na faixa de fronteira, agrupados em 3 regiões e 19 sub-regiões. Os dados referentes à mortalidade do capítulo XX do CID-10 foram obtidos no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade-SIM para as causas básicas classificadas entre V01 e Y34 selecionados por municípios de residência. As populações dos municípios e projeções, em intervalos qüinqüenais, foram obtidas no Ministério da Saúde/DATASUS os dados referentes ao PIB municipal foram obtidos no site do IBG e relacionados aos dados não-espaciais em Sistemas de Informações geográficas-SIG para produção de representações cartográficas. Para a representação do contexto em que se insere o assunto estudado foram calculados indicadores de mortalidade e desenvolvimento. Resultados. As causas de óbitos de maior freqüência foram aquelas relacionadas à violência e aos acidentes, representadas pelas agressões (armas de fogo e objetos cortantes/penetrantes), acidentes de transporte, lesões e autoprovocadas e afogamento e submersão acidental, principalmente do sexo masculino entre 20 e 49 anos. A exclusão das causas externas do calculo do IDH mostrou impacto pouco significativo na classificação das sub-regiões, porém com ganhos médios anuais referentes a longevidade chegaram a 4%5 na região Norte reduzindo-se gradativamente na direção da região sul.
The sócio-spatial inequality is a distinctive feature of Brazil that expresses itself in different forms, such as access to education, health, politics or the availability of income and material goods. These inequalities often are crucial to limit the opportunities of individuals to a long life, healthy and productive. In Brazil there is a high number of deaths that occur early, reducing life expectancy and impacting negatively on human development. This work aims to study the pattern of mortality from external causes in the region along Brazil between the years 2000 and 2005, approach the impact on human development, for determining geographic, , demographic, socioeconomic and time. To characterize mortality was stratified by sex, age and aggregate into regions and subregions, using the General Mortality Rate-GMR, Specific Mortality Rate-SMR, Proportional Mortality Ratio and Potencial years of Life Lost-PYLL, to measure the impact of mortality from external causes in human development, the value of lost production Gross-LPG and the Human Development Index-HDI. Methods: This descriptive study of the ecological type, considered as units information the 588 municipalities in the border area, grouped into three regions and 19 subregions. Data for mortality form chapter XX of ICD-10 were obtained from the Mortality Information System -SIM for the underlying causes ranked among V01 and Y34, selected by city of residence. The population of the municipalities and projections in five year intervals, were obtained from the ministry of health / DATASUS The data on GDP were obtained from the municipal site of IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics). Data on education were obtained from the Ministry of Education. The geo-referenced vector maps of Brazil were obtained from the IBGE\'s website and related to non spatial data in Geographic Information Systems-Gis for the production of cartographic representations. To represent the context in which it appears the subject studied were calculated mortality rates and development. Results: The causes of deaths most often were those related to violence and accidents, represented by the assault (firearms and sharp objects / piercing), transport accidents, self harm and accidental drowning and submersion, mostly males between 20 and 49 years. The exclusion of external causes of calculating the HDI showed negligible impact on the classification of subregions, but with average annual income related to longevity reached 4.5% in the North reduces gradually toward the South.

Situated on the north-eastern coast of Morocco, the Spanish enclave of Melilla is a paradigmatic case of an unusual yet increasingly common kind of community. These are small, rather isolated communities with no industry or natural resources of their own, which rely heavily on capital and labour drawn from outside. Together with Ceuta, Melilla is one of the two only land borders between Europe and Africa. The enclave’s economic and political set up reflects its geopolitical importance. Across the border from Melilla lies the Moroccan province of Nador, home to one of the largest communities of Moroccan emigrants in Europe and a steady source of unskilled labour on which the Spanish enclave relies. Connections across the border are strong, including kinship links, employment networks and a wide range of both legal and illegal commercial transactions. Based on twelve months of fieldwork conducted on both sides of the border, this thesis departs from prevailing images of the borderland as either an abstract space of ‘creolisation’ and ‘hybridity’ or a locus of resistance to state power, and suggests, instead, that we carefully consider the large-scale political and economic processes through which places like Melilla and Nador are produced, and analyse the ways in which such global structures shape local reality. A fundamental aim of the thesis, therefore, is to elucidate the nature of the relations between space, place and capital at the Spanish-Moroccan frontier, and understand how such relations affect the lives of those who inhabit the region. This involves thinking about the language of a ‘community’ and the discourses and practices of morality that sustain it; analysing discourses of ‘us’ vs. ‘them’ in contexts of institutionalised economic inequality; and understanding local conceptions of identity, morality and legitimacy, and how the three interact.

El propósito de la tesina presente es analizar la manera de expresar las dificultades de una identidad híbrida en dos poemas contemporáneos de dos escritoras de origen latinoamericano, Gloria Anzaldúa y Julia Alvarez. Se han analizado los dos poemas elegidos teniendo en cuenta la perspectiva de una identidad híbrida y los problemas que ello conlleva en una sociedad llena de normas y fronteras entre grupos étnicos, culturales y sexuales. Después del análisis de los poemas sigue una comparación entre los resultados de la investigación y finalmente presentamos nuestras conclusiones. El estudio muestra que a pesar de que los poemas parezcan muy diferentes se han encontrado puntos de relación, como por ejemplo la similitud de los mensajes principales de los poemas; que necesitamos aceptar las mezclas de culturas, etnias y sexos.
The purpose of this study is to analyse the expression of the difficulties with a hybrid identity in two contemporary poems written by two authors from Latin America, Gloria Anzaldúa and Julia Alvarez. The analysis of the two poems take into account the perspective of a hybrid identity and the problems that this entails in a society filled with rules, standards and boundaries between different ethnic, cultural and sexual groups.  The analysis of the two poems is followed by a comparison of the results of the investigation and ultimately is presented the conclusions. The study shows that the poems share several respects, despite that they at first seems very different. An example is the similarities of the main messages that the poems convey, that we need to accept the mix of cultures, ethnics and sexualities.

Cultures are characterized by diversity, and such diversity is manifested in those spaces of encounter and conflict where there is an overlap of identities which try to coexist. In the case of immigrants, once they are settled, they need to adapt to the new world. They struggle to achieve a certain adjustment without losing their own traditions, those that make up their culture and therefore, their identity. The categories of identity and culture have been the centre of attention and the object of study in several disciplines, and ever since the introduction of postcolonial theory, they have been consistently explored, deconstructed and reassembled. Defining postcolonialism is a difficult enterprise, since a range of conflicting viewpoints preclude any simple conceptualization. Nonetheless, it is a key concept in order to understand contemporary society and its practices. Scholars that study and are exponents of postcolonial theory are Gayatri Spivak, Edward Said, and Homi Bhabha, or as Young (1995) calls them, “the Holy Trinity of Postcolonial Theory” (as cited in Mellino, 2005, 36). Their studies serve as a landmark in the study of this theory; therefore, their ideas will contribute to dispel part of the complexity.

abstract: La frontera entre México y Estados Unidos es un territorio que se ha conceptualizado y construido por el centralismo mexicano y por el discurso chicano dominante: el de Borderlands. Estos dos focos equidistantes establecen sus perspectivas a partir del contacto que la región fronteriza tiene con los Estados Unidos en términos de intercambios económicos y culturales. La tradición de definir la zona fronteriza se inicia a partir de 1848 con el Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo. Más tarde, dicha región estaría en indiferencia por su distancia geográfica con el centro mexicano, excepto durante la Revolución mexicana. Sin embargo, la región fronteriza empieza a recibir gran atención hacia finales del Siglo XX, cuando nuevas formas de intercambio económico entre México y Estados Unidos se empiezan a desarrollar. La frontera, entonces experimenta un crecimiento económico que se refleja, a su vez, en el resurgimiento y crecimiento de la cultura fronteriza. El antropólogo cultural, Nestor García Canclini intentó definir la cultura fronteriza al analizar el uso del idioma inglés en Tijuana. En sus estudios, tanto Tijuana: la casa de toda la gente (1989) como Culturas híbridas: Cómo entrar y salir de la modernidad (1992), García Canclini sostiene que la frontera es un espacio de hibridación cultural. Por otro lado, las teorías dominantes dentro del campo chicano definen la frontera en términos metafísicos. Para Gloria Anzaldúa, el espacio fronterizo es el Borderlands: un área geográfica en donde los paradigmas de la psicología del individuo están en constante conflicto. Considerando estos antecedentes como punto de partida, esta investigación se enfoca en el estudio de la cultura fronteriza como múltiples universos de signos que entran en contacto unos con otros. Tal como lo establece Iury Lotman en su estudio teórico La semiosfera (1996), una semiosfera es un espacio delimitado por una frontera que, a su vez, tiene la función de traducir información de otras semiosferas. De manera que dicho concepto se muestra adecuado para analizar El gran preténder (1992) de Luis Humberto Crosthwaite y Berlín 77 (y otros relatos) (2003) de Carlos Adolfo Gutiérrez Vidal. En última instancia, al establecer los espacios fronterizos como universos culturales (semiosferas) se devela el nivel de contacto entre éstas, especialmente entre las semiosferas mexicana/americana y la fronteriza.
Dissertation/Thesis
M.A. Spanish 2011