Academic literature on the topic 'Born accessible'
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Journal articles on the topic "Born accessible"
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Turner, Brad. "Benetech global literacy services: Working towards a ‘born accessible’ world." Learned Publishing 31, no. 1 (2018): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/leap.1141.
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Zhou, Yongli. "Are Your Digital Documents Web Friendly?: Making Scanned Documents Web Accessible." Information Technology and Libraries 29, no. 3 (2010): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ital.v29i3.3140.
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The Internet has greatly changed how library users search and use library resources. Many of them prefer resources available in electronic format over traditional print materials. While many documents are now born digital, many more are only accessible in print and need to be digitized. This paper focuses on how the Colorado State University Libraries creates and optimizes text-based and digitized PDF documents for easy access, downloading, and printing.
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Tanner, David E., James C. Phillips, and Klaus Schulten. "GPU/CPU Algorithm for Generalized Born/Solvent-Accessible Surface Area Implicit Solvent Calculations." Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 8, no. 7 (2012): 2521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ct3003089.
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Degenhardt, Sven. "Umsetzung der Marrakesch-Richtlinie an Hochschulen: Befugte Stellen - Universal Design - Born Accessible Publishing." Bibliotheksdienst 53, no. 10-11 (2019): 652–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bd-2019-0091.
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Zusammenfassung Eine inklusive Hochschulentwicklung folgt dem Grundansatz des „Universal Design“ - im baulichen, medialen, sozialen und hochschuldidaktischen Sinne. Das Marrakeschgesetz (BGBl 2018) regelt seit dem Inkrafttreten am 01.01.2019 die urheberrechtlichen Aspekte des Zugangs zu Werken der Literatur, Kunst und Wissenschaft in barrierefreien Formaten für Menschen mit Seh- und Lesebehinderung. Konzeptionell entstehen damit zwei Herausforderung: Einerseits bedarf es der Entwicklung von Strategien, wie trotz stellenweise rigiden Regelungen des Marrakeschgesetzes der Zugang zu barrierefreien studienrelevanten Dokumenten für einzelne Anspruchsberechtigte qualitativ und quantitativ verbessert werden kann. Andererseits sollte es aber im Sinne des Universal Design auch das Ziel sein, dass allen Studierenden barrierefreie Dokumente zur Verfügung gestellt werden und diese damit flexibel auf unterschiedlichen Medien genutzt werden können sowie eine „Sonderversorgung“, die im Sinne der hochschuldidaktisch angezeigten kooperativen und kollaborativen Lehr-Lern-Settings neue Barrieren aufbauen würde, reduziert wird. Eine transparente Umsetzung des Marrakeschgesetzes und ein aktives Eintreten für ein Born Accessible Publishing als Standard kann darüber hinaus einen weiteren Baustein für das „Erleben inklusiver Denk- und Arbeitsweisen“ innerhalb der Studienbiographien darstellen.
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Helfrich, Kurt G. F. "Questions of authenticity: challenges in archiving born-digital design records." Art Libraries Journal 35, no. 3 (2010): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200016503.
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Born-digital design records are among the most interesting and challenging digital objects that archivists have to preserve. Currently transitioning from 2-D to 3-D computer-aided design imaging applications in proprietary file formats, design firms and their future archivists face real obstacles in preserving and making these materials accessible in the long term. This article examines three recent web projects/resources in Europe and North America that have attempted to establish guidelines and standards for archiving these objects, and discusses upcoming projects at the British Architectural Library’s Drawings & Archives Collections to tackle collecting born-digital design records.
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Rajh, Zdenka Semlič. "Problems with Describing E-born and Digitized Archival Records." Atlanti 27, no. 1 (2017): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.33700/2670-451x.27.1.193-204(2017).
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National Program for Culture defines that the digitization and preservation of digital content in the field of culture, which include archives and libraries are among the basic tasks of public institutions dealing with cultural heritage. However, it would be reasonable to think how the digitization of library and archival material and free access to the online content are reflected in the description of digital content. Libraries and archives implemented in the last ten years various digitization projects. However, they did not pay attention to the description of digitized material, which raises the question of the importance of context. This raises also the question of the evidential value of the digitized archives as well as authenticity, integrity and accountability of the digitized material in a broader context, which archives provide on the basis of the principles of provenance and original order. The digitization of archives is not specific only from the standpoint of the digitization process itself but also from the standpoint of the description of digitized archives. Adequate description enables namely the wide use of digitized archival material. A short presentation of literature and up to now accomplished research is followed by an analysis of online accessible descriptions of digitized archival material. The analysis was conducted in 48 foreign archival information systems and their databases. These are large systems, some of which operate as a common database of several smaller archives, but some systems are individual systems of the large national archives. The analyses was conducted in publicly accessible user interfaces, and was based on a direct applicability of the descriptions of digitized archival material within individual database. This is the query that can be performed by average user of archival material with access to the search engine knowing at least the basics of the web browser and of searching and sorting of the results.
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De Vletter, Martien. "Don’t Be Afraid of the Digital." Arts 8, no. 1 (2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts8010006.
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The Canadian Centre for Architecture (CCA) in Montreal started to receive born digital material in the late 1990s. Not knowing what to do with it, typically only the physical appearance was described. Since 2012, the CCA has seriously started to look into its born digital collections and actively started to acquire more. CCA was not very interested in how to overcome the technocratic question as to how to preserve and give access to born digital material, but wanted to understand how the digital technology has changed and shaped architecture. The curatorial approach and the investment in staff and expertise led to success: the CCA is now able to preserve its born digital collections, to describe it, to access nearly all files, to make it accessible for research, and to share this with the community. How? By just doing it, making mistakes, and learning by doing.
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McDowell, Julia, and Annie Nissen. "A digital archive is born." Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, no. 21 (August 5, 2021): 144–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/alpha.21.09.
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This paper explores the opportunities offered and the challenges involved in digitising, presenting and preserving data and materials on cinemagoing during the interwar years collected in the course of Cinema Culture in 1930s Britain, a pioneering inquiry led by Professor Annette Kuhn. The Cinema Memory and the Digital Archive (CMDA) project team is tasked with archiving and digitising the extensive materials that were originally collected in the 1990s: which include over a hundred audio-recorded interviews with 1930s cinemagoers and a wealth of related correspondence, documents and contemporary publications, along with postcards, diaries, scrapbooks and other memorabilia donated by participants. The primary focus of CMDA is to make these existing materials available online, applying the most appropriate formats and standards to make them accessible and engaging to a global audience of both scholars and the general public. In so doing, the project has placed an emphasis on developing logical and transparent systems for indexing and accessioning, collaborating to create a bank of shareable digital assets to help ensure interoperability between the project's own website and remote systems such as Lancaster University Library and Cambridge Digital Library. Drawing on our experiences as a close-knit research team, we describe the development of the project from two distinct perspectives, that of web developer and that of archivist. Identifying key issues, we highlight initial impressions and detail ongoing experiences and knowledge gained in the fields of cinemagoing history and memory studies, examining decisions taken in the early stages of the project that have enabled progression towards its goals. The challenges inherent in bringing such a valuable and unique set of resources ‘back to life’ and into the realm of digital humanities are immense; and we conclude by reflecting on lessons learned and offering fresh perspectives and insights to researchers undertaking similar work.
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Pudas, Sara, and Michael Rönnlund. "School Performance and Educational Attainment as Early-Life Predictors of Age-Related Memory Decline: Protective Influences in Later-Born Cohorts." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 74, no. 8 (2018): 1357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby137.
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Abstract Objectives Evidence is accumulating that early-life characteristics and experiences contribute significantly to differences in cognitive aging. This study investigated whether school performance at age 12 predicted late-life level and rate of memory change over 15–25 years, and whether its potential protective influence on memory change was mediated by educational attainment or income. Methods Latent growth curve models were fitted to 15–25 year longitudinal memory data from a population-based sample, stratified on age cohorts (n = 227, born 1909–1935; n = 301, born 1938–1954). Results A latent-level school grade variable significantly predicted both memory level and slope in later-born cohorts. Higher grades were associated with higher level and reduced decline, measured between ages 45 and 70 years, on average. In the earlier-born cohorts, grades predicted memory level, but not slope, measured between ages 66 and 81 years. Follow-up analyses indicated that the protective influence of higher school grades in later-born cohorts was partially mediated by educational attainment, but independent of income. Discussion The results suggest that higher childhood school performance is protective against age-related cognitive decline in younger or later-born cohorts, for which further education has been more accessible. Education may exert such influence through increased cognitive reserve or more well-informed health- and lifestyle decisions.
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Velte, Ashlyn, and Olivia M. Wikle. "Scalable Born Digital Ingest Workflows for Limited Resources: A Case Study for First Steps in Digital Preservation." Preservation, Digital Technology & Culture 49, no. 1 (2020): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pdtc-2020-0004.
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AbstractThis article seeks to provide an example of a scalable and achievable born digital ingest workflow for cultural heritage institutions of any size, including those with limited funding. Like many small archives, the University of Idaho (U of I) Library Special Collections and Archives (SPEC) has accepted born digital material when it arrives as part of analog collections for the last 20 years. However, the Library has faced numerous challenges similar to those of other small institutions when developing workflows for born digital preservation and ingest. These include lack of funding, systems, and policies. Despite a growing number of resources that support digital preservation work, among current best practices it is difficult to find scalable workflows for institutions with limited staff and funds. By implementing accessible open-source software and prioritizing preservation tasks, U of I Library has developed a low-cost way to implement systems for digital preservation with responsibilities that can be spread out among librarians and archivists with varying technical expertise.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Born accessible"
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Vora, Disha. "Emerging Ed-tech and Accessibility." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc407857/.
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Recent developments in the field of education have led to a proliferation of educational technologies (or “ed-tech”), yet access to educational content for students with special needs remains a challenge. This research study aims to assess the current state of accessibility in emerging ed-tech and to identify barriers in enabling educational content to be born accessible. Detailed discussions with various ed-tech platforms revealed less of a need for technical tools, but a more prevailing need for knowledge and education around accessibility – what it means and how best to incorporate accessibility into their platforms. The more experienced teams advocate incorporating accessibility into product development right from the design phase, while the younger teams expressed challenges in navigating accessibility laws and the dire need for easy-to-follow guidelines and best practices. A detailed review of educators' content creation processes reveals multiple dependencies in the ecosystem of ed-tech where partnerships and compatibilities are crucial in enabling accessibility throughout the process. Likewise, an urgent need exists for increasing awareness of accessibility among instructors authoring educational content using emerging ed-tech.
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Stander, Melissa. "Assisted reproduction services : accessible screening and semen profiling of HIV-positive males." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40837.
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Introduction
International guidelines endorse the screening of patients for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Chlamydia trachomatis before assisted reproductive techniques (ART). At present no such guidelines exists in South Africa. At the Reproductive and Endocrine Unit (referred to as “the Unit”) of Steve Biko Academic Hospital, all patients with unknown HIV status are counselled and a blood sample is collected during the initial visit for automated laboratory based HIV screening. These HIV results are not available before semen samples are processed. Furthermore, patients are not screened for HBV, HCV and Chlamydia trachomatis. Couples attending the Unit are of a low to middle socio-economic status and experience financial constraints. Moreover, automated laboratory based assays are expensive to perform. Rapid testing is a cost effective and practical method from screening patients, with a 20–30 minute result turnover time. Until screening at the Unit is improved, the possible identification of semen characteristics that could indicate HIV infection would be a useful tool.
Materials and Methods
The following rapid point-of-care assays were evaluated: Determine® HIV-1/2 combo test (n=100), Determine® HBsAg test (n=100), DIAQUICK HCV kit (n=74), and the DIAQUICK Chlamydia trachomatis kit (n=30). For profiling, parameters from a basic semen analysis of HIV-positive males (n=60) were compared with HIV-negative males (n=60). Information pertaining to CD4 count, antiretroviral treatment and plasma viral load of HIV-positive males were analysed.
Results
From all patients included in the study, 8% tested positive for HIV. The risk of a female being HIV-positive was 3.73 times higher than for males. In the pilot study to explore rapid testing for HBV and HCV, 1% and 1.4% of patients tested positive respectively. When testing for Chlamydia trachomatis 31.3% of females, but no males tested positive. Comparing semen profiles, no significant differences were found between samples from HIV positive and negative males or between HIV positive males categorised by CD4 cell count (p>0.05). For the HIV-positive group with a detectable plasma HIV viral load (>40 copies/ml), a significant difference was observed in the semen viscosity (p=0.0460). Significant differences were noted in the sperm motility (immotile sperm p=0.0456, progressive sperm p=0.0192) of patients receiving antiretroviral (ARV) therapy.
Discussion and Conclusion
The use of rapid testing is an acceptable and feasible option for improving current screening protocols at the Unit. The absence of definite alterations in the semen characteristics of HIV-positive men further motivates the need for a simpler, point-of-care screening protocol. The prevalence of HBV was lower than that reported in the general population of South Africa and further investigation is needed. Although the sample size was small, HCV prevalence was similar to that of the general population. One third of females tested positive for Chlamydia trachomatis. The methodology used was possibly not appropriate for males. This study highlighted the need for guidelines that address the specialised needs of ART clinics in resource-limited and developing countries with a high HIV prevalence.<br>Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013.<br>gm2014<br>Obstetrics and Gynaecology<br>unrestricted
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Fang, Tiegang. "Low-temperature combustion in a small-bore high-speed direct injection optically accessible diesel engine /." 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3269891.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007.<br>Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-07, Section: B, page: 4777. Adviser: Chia-Fon F. Lee. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 434-447) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
Books on the topic "Born accessible"
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Smith, Virginia F. A Scientific Companion to Robert Frost. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781942954484.001.0001.
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Mention Robert Frost and people instantly think of snowy woods and less-traveled paths and rural neighbors meeting to fix their stone fence. But what does Robert Frost have to do with science? You might be surprised. Born in 1874, Frost lived through a remarkable period of scientific progress, including the development of quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity, the Big Bang theory, the discovery of the structure of DNA and the beginnings of space travel. Possessing a powerful intellect driven by keen curiosity, Frost was highly knowledgeable about the science of his time and infuses his poetry with imagery and language borrowed from science. Frost not only uses the language of science to enrich his poetry in the same way he uses classical, historical, biblical and literary allusions, but he also uses ordinary language to create sophisticated metaphors based on scientific concepts such as evolution and entropy. A Scientific Companion to Robert Frost represents the first systematic attempt to catalogue and explain all of the references to science and natural history in Frost’s poetry. The book, which is organized chronologically, uses language that is accessible to laymen and is supplemented by numerous illustrations, and appendices that should make it a valuable resource for teachers and scholars.
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Betts, Jonathan. The nineteenth-century English chronometer: a guide to assessing and dating. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199641383.003.0003.
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The purpose of this chapter is to provide an accessible and detailed narrative which will enable collectors, dealers, museum curators and auction house staff to assess and ascribe a date (or dates) to a given instrument. The narrative is chronological and describes, decade by decade, how the technical and aesthetic features of the chronometer movement, box fittings and dial all changed over the course of the century. It also emphasises the importance of recognising that these functional instruments were frequently updated and improved over their many years of service, and that this has to be borne in mind when dating, and that such updates and improvements should be considered as part of the objects valid history and not something to be removed.
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Ghebrehewet, Samuel, Alex G. Stewart, David Baxter, Paul Shears, David Conrad, and Merav Kliner, eds. Health Protection. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.001.0001.
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This book is an accessible and practical core text on the three domains of health protection: Communicable Disease Control, Emergency Preparedness Resilience and Response (EPRR), and protection of the public from environmental hazards (Environmental Public Health). The editors have attempted to develop an “all hazards approach” to dealing with health protection situations. Most health protection books confine themselves to one of the three domains, whereas this book presents a practical and all hazards approach, with some account of the overarching principles of health protection on which day-to-day practice rests. The target audience is health protection practitioners, students, doctors, nurses and other non-medical professionals who may encounter health protection issues in their daily practice. From a clear introduction to the essential principles of health protection work, the book guides readers through how to manage real health protection incidents using a combination of case studies and quick reference action checklists. Each case study provides a common health protection scenario which develops in stages, in the same way as a real-life case or incident. As the story unfolds, the reader will learn about the nature and significance of the specific threat to population health, the practical steps and issues involved in an effective public health response and the health protection principles underpinning that response. Other chapters outline the general principles of health protection, providing a deeper understanding of key tools and mechanisms, as well as insights into new and emerging health protection issues. A series of individual checklists dealing with a broad range of commonly-faced diseases, hazards and incidents complete the book. These give concise and practically-focused information that can be used even by non-specialists in time-pressured situations. In particular, the variety of chapters covered throughout the book, on Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness Resilience and Response, and Environmental Public Health, offer a unique perspective borne out of practical experience, not easily accessible elsewhere.
Book chapters on the topic "Born accessible"
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Suzuki, Masakazu, and Katsuhito Yamaguchi. "On Automatic Conversion from E-born PDF into Accessible EPUB3 and Audio-Embedded HTML5." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58796-3_48.
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AbstractAs a promising method to make digital STEM books in PDF accessible, a new assistive technology to convert inaccessible PDF into accessible digital books in some different-type formats are shown. E-born PDF is initially converted into text-based EPUB3, and then, it is converted into audio-embedded HTML5 with JavaScript (ChattyBook). In the conversion, various local languages can be chosen for reading out STEM contents.
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Visser, Arnoud. "Juan Luis Vives and the Organisation of Patristic Knowledge." In Confessionalisation and Erudition in Early Modern Europe. British Academy, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266601.003.0002.
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The edition of Augustine’s City of God by the Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (first published in 1522) is one of most successful pieces of patristic scholarship of the sixteenth century. Produced just before the explosive escalation of the Reformation, it remained the key version of the text for over a hundred years. This article analyses the presentation of patristic knowledge in Vives’ commentary to explore how the confessional conflicts affected patristic scholarship. It argues that Vives’ work survived the confessional pressures relatively unscathed because it made Augustine’s work manageable and accessible across confessional parties. In doing so it seeks to highlight the importance of confessional silence in the Republic of Letters as a strategy to confront the pressures of confessionalisation.
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Smith, Steven C. "Elegant Revolutions." In Music by Max Steiner. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623272.003.0001.
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This chapter focuses on the theatrical and musical dynasty into which Steiner was born. It begins by introducing his father, Gabor, a visionary entrepreneur honored by Emperor Franz Joseph. Gabor created one of Austria’s most popular attractions of the late 19th century: Venice in Vienna, an amusement emporium a third the size of Buckingham Palace. Its centerpiece, the Riesenrad (Ferris Wheel), remains one of Vienna’s most iconic attractions. Gabor’s father, Maximilian, was an influential theater manager who did much to launch the era of Viennese operetta. It was Maximilian who convinced Johann Strauss Jr. to write for the stage, leading to such enduring works as Die Fledermaus. In this chapter, we see how the Steiner family’s championing of both “high” and “low” culture profoundly shaped Max, who later combined symphonic forms with accessible melodies in his own musical language.
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Stern, Phyllis Noerager, and Caroline Jane Porr. "Concluding Thoughts: Bon Voyage." In Essentials of Accessible Grounded Theory. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315429410-9.
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Stone, Jacqueline I. "A Realm Apart." In Right Thoughts at the Last Moment. University of Hawai'i Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824856434.003.0003.
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Aspirations for the Pure Land were often framed in terms of an ascetic ethos of world denial. While not always mirrored in actual practice, normative discourse of “shunning this defiled world and aspiring to the Pure Land” provides a convenient thread to tease out complex thematic strands in how people envisioned the relation of the Pure Land to this present world in terms of cosmology, social relations, and conventional morality. Was the Pure Land close at hand, accessible through nondual insight or by visiting sacred sites such as Tennōji or Mt. Kōya? Or was it far away? Once born there, would one retain one’s personal identity, gender, and human ties? Could evildoers attain birth there (akunin ōjō)? While factors such as age, social location, and individual inclination gave rise to varying interpretations, in the end, the Pure Land was seen as irreducibly “other” and not subject to this-worldly conventions.
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Garnsey, P. D. A. "John Anthony Crook 1921–2007." In Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 161, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows, VIII. British Academy, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264577.003.0006.
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John Anthony Crook (1921–2007), a Fellow of the British Academy, was a distinguished ancient historian with a special interest in Roman history and law. Among historians, his knowledge and understanding of Roman law was unequalled. Crook's academic career was spent for the most part in the University of Cambridge, and at St John's College. He entered the college as an undergraduate in 1939, and served as a Fellow from 1951 until his death on September 7, 2007. Within the Faculty of Classics he rose to be Professor of ancient history in 1979. Crook was born in Balham, London, the only child of a bandsman in the Grenadier Guards. In his book Law and Life of Rome, he gave a brilliant demonstration of how legal sources might be made accessible and used constructively for social history. In the late 1970s, Crook joined forces with J. G. Wolf to produce an edition of the Murecine Tablets, to which they had been drawn independently.
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Collier, Patrick. "‘Quite Ordinary Men and Women’: John O’london’s Weekly and the Meaning of Authorship." In Modern Print Artefacts. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474413473.003.0003.
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John O’London’s Weekly saw its mission as bringing literature to a demos whose appetite for reading had increased significantly during the Great War. Its treatment of questions of literary value and canonicity evinces conflict about the nature of authorship and its own status as a popular, but not prestigious, print artifact. Addressing, in part, an audience of aspiring writers, the newspaper simultaneously posits writing as a craft that is learned and accessible through hard work and as a talent that one is born with; it depicts writing both as a means of making a living and as a sacred, inspired condition. The chapter examines the newspaper’s treatment of H.G. Wells—its avatar of the writer as the upwardly striving work-a-day writer—and Thomas Hardy—its representative of authorship as sacred calling. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the paper’s careful, equivocal treatments of an ascendant modernism in the late 1920s. The newspaper’s cheap, disposable materiality—it cost 2d weekly and was printed on thin, friable paper—underscored its difficulty in accruing any lasting cultural authority.
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Headrick, Daniel R. "Information Ages Past and Present." In When Information Came of Age. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135978.003.0009.
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Politicians may hark back to our founding fathers, the fall of the Bastille, the Battle of Trafalgar, and other such historical events to legitimize their actions, but the pundits who bombard us with hype would have us think the information age was born yesterday, the product of the latest machines. Ours is not the first information age in history, for humans have always needed and used information. Yet in certain periods the methods used to handle information changed dramatically. We live in such an age, but it is not the first. The appearance of spoken languages must have been a momentous event, although we can only guess at it. Writing is a method we know much more about, as we do about other innovations like the alphabet, geometry, and Arabic numerals. We can also identify information machines in ancient times (e.g., the sundial and clepsydra) and even more so in the Middle Ages (the mechanical clock and the printing press). The purpose of this book is to argue that the information revolution in which we live is the result of a cultural change that began roughly three centuries ago, a change as important as the political and industrial revolutions for which the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries are so well known. The cultural change, itself closely intertwined with the demographic, economic, and social transformations of the period, manifested itself in an increasing interest in information of all sorts—about nature, people, events, business, and other secular and practical topics. Public officials and private citizens alike not only demanded more information but also wanted it more readily accessible and easier to understand and apply—hence the development of information systems that the Age of Bastille, the Battle of Trafalgar, and other such historical events to legitimize their actions, but the pundits who bombard us with hype would have us think the information age was born yesterday, the product of the latest machines. Ours is not the first information age in history, for humans have always needed and used information. Yet in certain periods the methods used to handle information changed dramatically.
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Ortuzar, Guillermo Burr, Elena Mora Sevillano, Claudio Loyola Castro, and Catalina Uribe. "Challenges in Chilean E-Procurement System." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2203-4.ch008.
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ChileCompra (CC) is the procurement authority of Chile. Purchases are made independently by the public entities, but CC is responsible for market regulation and management of the electronic platform, where transactions are made. ChileCompra was launched on 2003, within a deep State modernization process which started by the end of the 90s. ChileCompra was born with the mission of generating a substantial change in public procurement, as the previous system was neither responding to market needs nor to the accountability which citizens demanded. The objective was the creation of a transparent, efficient, and – most of all - accessible system, which would create equal business opportunities to companies of all sizes, especially for micro and small ones. ChileCompra manages the public procurement market, facilitating the acquisition of goods and services for public authorities; with high levels of transparency and equal opportunities for every enterprise, especially the smallest ones. Through the electronic platform www.mercadopublico.cl – which is the biggest electronic marketplace in the country – public organizations are connected to suppliers within a transparent and efficient system based on a solid regulatory framework whose governing principles are universality, accessibility, and non-discrimination. ChileCompra is currently a strong system, with high levels of transparency and efficiency. As other public procurement national systems, ChileCompra is now facing second generation challenges, like the strengthening of the public procurement role in the socio economic national development. This chapter focuses on the evolution of the Chilean public procurement system, lessons learned and challenges, and the conditions to make it a complete electronic procurement process.
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Mondal, Monojit, Arkaprava Datta, and Tarun Kanti Bhattacharyya. "IPMC Based Flexible Platform: A Boon to the Alternative Energy Solution." In Energy Storage Devices [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99434.
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The ameliorating urge for energy in consonance with the descending environment and attenuation of natural resources leads to the development of alternate energy storage. Realistically, flexible, portable, and lightweight energy storage devices have immense popularity for accessible transportation. In this context, this chapter analyses a possible solution to the problems described aforesaid on IPMC (Ionic Polymer Metal Composite) membranes. Also, this chapter includes porosity induced electrolyte polymer membrane by MCP of Nafion enhances electrical harvesting attribution. The novel and transportable ocean kinetic energy converting platform by IPMC membrane was fabricated and applied for energy conversion. The etching and surface sanding advances the surface area of IPMC to escalate the gas generation rate as an electrolyser. The functionalised infiltrated Nafion nanocomposite membranes are fabricated and analysed for DMFC performance and methanol permeability. Perfluorosulfonic acid polymer electrolyte membranes gained more attention in the former epoch for vast applications in energy, chloro-alkali electrolytes, OER, and polymer electrolyte fuel cells. The direct methanol fuel cell is an excellent alternative to PEFC for managing liquid fuel and higher energy density at low operational temperatures. Nevertheless, polymer electrolyte membranes and direct methanol fuel cells are potential contenders for circulated power and transferable power applications; the substantial technical, scientific, and economic difficulties must be elucidated beforehand commercialisation.
Conference papers on the topic "Born accessible"
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Karmann, Stephan, Christian Friedrich, Maximilian Prager, and Georg Wachtmeister. "Realization of a Fully Optically Accessible Medium Speed Large Bore Engine Using a Fisheye Optic." In ASME 2020 Power Conference collocated with the 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2020-16477.
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Abstract To address one of the main environmental concerns, the engine out emissions, an enhanced understanding of the combustion process itself is fundamental. Recent optical and laser optical measurement techniques provide a promising approach to investigate and optimize the combustion process regarding emissions. These measurement techniques are already quite common for passenger car and truck size engines and significantly contribute to their improvement. Transferring these measurement techniques to large bore engines from low to high speed is still rather more uncommon especially due to the bigger challenges caused by the engine size and thus much higher stability requirements and design effort for optical accessibility. To cover this new field of research a new approach for a medium speed large bore engine was developed using a fisheye optic mounted centrally in the cylinder head to design a fully optically accessible engine test bench. This new approach is detailed with a test setup layout and a stability concept consisting of cooling systems and the development of a suitable operation strategy based on simulation and experimental verification. The design of this single cylinder engine with 350mm bore and 440mm stroke providing 530kW nominal load at 750 rpm was tested up to 85% nominal load in skipped fire engine operation mode. The measurements of the flame chemiluminescence of a dual fuel combustion of the diesel gas type present proof of the feasibility of the new design as a starting point for future systematic studies on the combustion process of large bore engines.
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Su, Hu Chien, Harsh Goyal, Lewis Clark, et al. "In-Cylinder Soot Reduction Using Microwave Generated Plasma in an Optically Accessible Small-Bore Diesel Engine." In WCX World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0246.
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Zhao, Jia X., and Chia-fon F. Lee. "Modeling of Blow-by in a Small-Bore High-Speed Direct-Injection Optically Accessible Diesel Engine." In SAE 2006 World Congress & Exhibition. SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-0649.
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Zha, Kan, Xin Yu, and Marcis Jansons. "Simultaneous High-Speed Two-Color Thermometry and Laser-Induced Incandescence Soot Measurement in a Small-Bore Optical Engine Fueled With JP-8." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2012-92100.
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In-cylinder soot measurements obtained with a high-speed two-color method are compared to those simultaneously determined by the laser-induced incandescence (LII) technique in a single-cylinder, optically-accessible diesel engine fueled with JP-8. A double injection strategy was chosen to reduce pressure rise rates during operation at light load (2 bar IMEP) conditions. Injection timing was optimized for peak efficiency, at which point sufficient soot was produced to provide ample signal for both optical diagnostic techniques. Application of the two-color method to a high-speed CMOS camera allows the crank-angle-resolved observation of soot temperature and soot optical depth (KL) evolution, while LII provides soot volume fraction distribution at a known axial location in the cylinder independent of combustion gas temperature. Comparison of soot KL and LII signal at various stages of combustion shows high spatially-averaged correlation of the two signals near TDC. The degree of correlation decreases as the piston bowl descends and the line-of-sight soot KL value increasingly includes soot volumes not in the path of the laser sheet, the location of which is fixed 6.5 mm below the fire deck. The correlation between the two parameters again increases during the late cycle, indicating that in the later phases of combustion soot occurs in the squish zone above the piston bowl. Spatial cross-correlation of the two signals is weak, but increases in the highly luminous period immediately following heat release and illustrating a high degree of soot stratification. Soot KL and temperature evolution over a cycle are presented, which show no indication of being affected by the LII laser fluence.
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Marais, Johan, and Charles F. Ridolfo. "Challenges and Opportunities in Providing a Digital Protection System for the PBMR." In Fourth International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/htr2008-58173.
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The Republic of South Africa is currently developing the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR); an advanced, fourth-generation reactor that incorporates inherent safety features, which require no human intervention and which provide an unprecedented level of nuclear safety. In addition to electrical power generation, the reactor is uniquely suited for a variety of non-traditional nuclear applications including oil sands extraction, desalination, and hydrogen production. A state-of-the-art digital Protection System for the PBMR is currently being developed in conjunction with Westinghouse Electric Company (WEC). The Protection System provides for: • reactor shutdown using two different reactor trip methodologies (dropping of the control rods and insertion of Small Absorber Spheres (SASs) which are composed of boron carbide); • post-event monitoring; and • manual reactor shutdown, which is independent of software-based systems. The reactor shutdown and post-event instrumentation monitoring components of the Protection System are being implemented utilizing the WEC ‘Common Q’ platform, which is comprised of ‘commercially dedicated’ Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), colour-graphic Flat Panel Displays (FPDs) with integral touch screens, and high-speed data communication links. High reliability and availability are achieved through component redundancy, continuous automatic self-testing which is run online in a background mode, and implementation of a multi-channel system design which is tolerant to failures. The Protection System is also designed to support periodic surveillance testing through a suite of built-in computer-aided test facilities that are accessible via an FPD interface. These allow various system surveillance requirements to be readily performed in a convenient and systematic manner. This paper discusses the following topics with regard to the PBMR Protection System: development strategy, functional requirements, selection of applicable Codes and Standards, key design specifications, architectural configuration, design and implementation challenges, and unique opportunities that are provided by this type of Protection System.
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Sigurdsson, G., T. Hørte, M. Macke, A. Wormsen, and L. Reinås. "Risk Based Integrity Assessment and Life Extension Procedure for Subsea Wellhead Connectors." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-19330.
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Abstract Subsea Wellheads are the male part of an 18 3/4” bore connector used for connecting subsea components such as drilling BOP, XT or Workover systems equipped with a female counterpart — a wellhead connector. Subsea wellheads have an external locking profile for engaging a preloaded wellhead connector with matching internal profile. When the connector is locked subsea a metal-to-metal sealing is obtained and a structural conduit is formed. The details of the subsea wellhead profile are specified by the wellhead user and the standarisedH4 hub has a widespread use. In terms of well integrity, the wellhead connector is a barrier element during both well construction (drilling) activities and life of field (production). Due to the nature of subsea drilling operations a wellhead connector will be subjected to external loads. Fatigue and plastic collapse are therefore two potential failure modes. These two failure modes are due to the cyclic nature of the loads and the potential for accidental and extreme single loads respectively. Establishing the safe load level that the wellhead connector has structural capacity to handle without failure can be done by deterministic engineering methods. Similarly, a deterministic calculated safe fatigue life is the use limit preventing fatigue failure, assuming no inspections. Probabilistic engineering method; Structural Reliability Analysis (SRA), can be applied to a subsea wellhead connector to establish the probability of fatigue failure (PoF). Risk Based Inspection (RBI) is a probabilistic analysis procedure that requires quantified PoF and Consequence of Failure (CoF). The RBI outcome may be used to optimized inspection plans to ensure a safe PoF target level. The RBI methodology is widely accepted, and guidance can be found in several standards. Subsea wellheads are normally classified as un-inspectable. During drilling operations commencement, the uppermost section of the wellhead (high pressure housing including H4 hub profile) will be visible and accessible thus allowing for inspection. This uppermost section may also accessible for inspection when a wellhead connector is locked on. From an SRA basis a generic RBI procedure applicable to subsea wellheads are proposed and established for a generic case of a 27” mandrel with a H4 hub. This paper then proceeds to providing the maximum non detectable flaw size performance required for a wellhead inspection tool/method to be efficient. The importance of accidental load and cyclic load magnitude and uncertainty is shown to impact this conclusion. The potential inspectional value of performing BOP connector leak test at regular intervals during the drilling operation has also been investigated and shown to be conditionally limited. This paper proposes a procedure for application of RBI to the problem of achieving life extension of a wellhead external locking profile while connected to a wellhead connector. The objective is to propose minimum performance requirements for the inspection tool/method to be efficient. Finally, the potential impact of RBI results in a well integrity risk assessment is covered.
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Huang, Shuai, Tie Li, Chongmin Wu, Bin Wang, and Ming Zheng. "Effects of Various Discharge Strategies on Ignition of Lean Methane/Air Mixture." In ASME 2018 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2018-9648.
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Ultra-lean burn with high turbulence has high potential for improving thermal efficiency and reducing NOx emissions in spark-ignition engines. Formation of initial flame kernel in high-turbulence flow by advanced ignition technologies is crucial for successful implementation of the ultra-lean burn concept. In this study, a four-coil ignition system is designed to enable temporally flexible discharge, including the single strike, multi-strike and continuous discharge with the discharge energy range from 100 to 300 mJ. The performance of the different discharge strategies on igniting the lean methane-air mixture is evaluated in an optically accessible constant volume vessel. The initial mixture pressure of 3.0 MPa and temperature of 388 K are set to simulate typical conditions near TDC (top dead center) of turbocharged large-bore natural gas engines. Both the flow and quiescent conditions around the spark plug are taken into account with and without gas flows in the vessel. The flame kernel formation and developing processes are captured by using the Schlieren imaging technique with a high-speed CMOS video camera, while evolution of both the voltage and current in the circuit are well monitored by the high-voltage probe and current clamp. With the continuous discharge ignition, the lean limit is remarkably extended in the case of the flow condition, while it is changed only slightly under the quiescent condition, compared with the other strategies. Analysis of the current and voltage waveforms shows that the continuous discharge strategy can enable a steadier and longer discharging period than the other strategies, regardless of conditions with and without gas flow. Besides, the continuous discharge strategy can accelerate the initial flame propagation compared with the other strategies. Once the flame kernel is successfully established, an increase in the discharge energy of single strike has no obvious effects on the flame development, but it is necessary for maintaining the lean limit. Although, in principle, the multi-strike discharge strategy can increase the ignition energy released to the mixture, the current waveform is prone to be interrupted with the discharge channel strongly distorted by the gas flow under the high-pressure condition. The flame propagation speed of the ultra-lean mixture is rather slow under the high ambient pressure quiescent condition compared with the high ambient pressure flow condition. Enhancement of turbulent flow in the mixture is very crucial for realizing the highly efficient and stable combustion of the lean mixture.
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Vallee, Glenn E. "Implementation of Multi-Year Product Innovation Projects." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36443.
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A methodology and case study detailing the implementation of multi-year product innovation projects is presented. A product called the Waterboy, an inexpensive water purification system designed for under developed countries, was developed by three different groups of students over a span of two years. The initial concept was first developed by a six member entrepreneurial team composed of senior level business and engineering students enrolled in a one semester Product Innovation and Development course. This team was responsible assessing the market need, determining product requirements and developing a limited functionality prototype capable of demonstrating the intended product function. A second team consisting of two Mechanical Engineering students continued the project as their one semester Senior Capstone Design project and was charged with the task of developing a fully functional prototype capable of purifying contaminated water. A third student completed the project as a one semester senior level Design Projects course and was charged with the task of modifying the previous design to minimize cost, facilitate ease manufacture and reduced assembly and distribution costs. In the Fall of 2010, the entrepreneurial team conducted interviews with health professionals and performed research involving a number of world health and philanthropic organizations. They identified the need for an improved water purification device which could purify enough water for a family of four in a reasonable amount of time and at a cost which would make it accessible to people in underdeveloped countries who are at risk of dying from the consumption of contaminated drinking water. They developed a bicycle driven system which used an ultraviolet germicidal bulb to purify water. The team developed a prototype which demonstrated the basic function of the device which was estimated to cost about $80. The project was continued in the Fall of 2011 by the second team of Mechanical Engineering seniors who refined the purification system and function of the device while simplifying the design, resulting in an estimated cost of $49 per unit. The team built and tested a fully functional prototype which confirmed it was capable of reducing water borne bacteria by a factor of 1000. The project was then completed in the Fall of 2012 by a Senior Mechanical Engineering Student who further reduced the cost of the design and improved its portability in order to reduce distribution costs. A partnership with Goodwill Industries was formed to utilize their recycled materials and inexpensive labor force, which reduced the product cost about $24.