Academic literature on the topic 'Born - Regra'

ResumoEste artigo de cunho teórico-documental tem por objetivo apresentar os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre a proporcionalidade, embasada nas abordagens ecológica e praxeológica, realizada em livros didáticos e currículos da república do Mali. Especificamente, por meio das várias mudanças ocorridas no período de 1960 a 2020, evidenciamos como alguns aspectos da proporcionalidade podem ter nascido, outros desaparecido, e como alguns outros puderam resistir à mudança. De forma mais específica ainda, analisamos qual era o papel da regra de três durante o período analisado, baseando-nos na abordagem ecológica, na teoria antropológica do didático e na tese de doutorado do primeiro autor. Por meio da análise de currículos e livros didáticos, constatamos que a regra de três continua sendo o modelo dominante no tratamento da proporcionalidade. De fato, de 1960 a 2020, a regra de três teve papel importante no tratamento de problemas de proporção e proporcionalidade. Aparece como a ferramenta essencial para resolver esses problemas (também nomeados em textos oficiais e manuais de "problemas de regra de três"). Apropria-se, assim, do ambiente que permite que as noções de proporção e proporcionalidade vivam e se autoalimentem. Isso reduziu o escopo de outras técnicas para testar a proporcionalidade de uma situação, apesar das muitas ferramentas disponíveis como técnicas, sem a necessidade do apelo à regra de três. A conceituação da proporcionalidade está intimamente ligada à compreensão da seguinte tecnologia: “Duas grandezas relacionadas são consideradas proporcionais se a multiplicação de um valor por um número em uma das duas grandezas leva à multiplicação do valor ligado pelo mesmo número na outra”. Uma vez dominada essa definição, por meio de resolução de problemas de proporcionalidade e de não proporcionalidade, podemos nos concentrar em tabelas, coeficientes, aditividade e aspectos lineares. Essas tabelas são artefatos que foram introduzidos com o advento da matemática moderna para permitir que os alunos vejam o aspecto linear da relação de proporcionalidade.Palavras-chave: Proporcionalidade, Ecologia didática, Praxeologias matemáticas, Praxeologias didáticas, Regra de três.AbstractThis theoretical-documentary article aims to present the results of a research on proportionality, based on ecological and praxeological approaches, carried out on textbooks and curricula of the Republic of Mali. Specifically, through the various changes that took place from 1960 to 2020, we show how some aspects of proportionality may have been born, others disappeared, and how some others could have resisted changes. More specifically, we analysed the role of the rule of three during that period, based on the ecological approach, the anthropological theory of the didactic and the doctoral dissertation of the first author. Through the analysis of curricula and textbooks, we found that the rule of three remains the dominant model in the treatment of proportionality. In fact, from 1960 to 2020, the rule of three played an important role in addressing problems of proportion and proportionality. It appears as the essential tool to solve these problems (also named in official texts and manuals of "rule of three problems"). Thus, it appropriates the environment that allows the notions of proportion and proportionality to live and self-feed. This reduced the scope of other techniques to test the proportionality of a situation, despite the many tools available as techniques without the need to appeal to the rule of three. The concept of proportionality is intricately linked to the understanding of the following technology: “Two related quantities are considered proportional if the multiplication of a value by a number in one of the two quantities leads to the multiplication of the value connected to the other by the same number.” Once this definition has been mastered, by solving problems of proportionality and non-proportionality, we can focus on tables, coefficients, additivity and linear aspects. These tables are artifacts that were introduced with the advent of modern mathematics to allow students to see the linear aspect of the proportionality relationship.Keywords: Proportionality, Didactic ecology, Mathematical praxeologies, Didactic praxeologies, Rule of three.ResumenEste artículo teórico-documental tiene como objetivo presentar los resultados de una investigación sobre proporcionalidad, basada en enfoques ecológicos y praxeológicos, realizada en libros didácticos y planes de estudio de la República de Mali. En concreto, a través de los diversos cambios que se produjeron entre 1960 y 2020, mostramos cómo algunos aspectos de la proporcionalidad pudieron haber nacido, otros desaparecieron y cómo algunos otros pudieron haber resistido los cambios. Más concretamente aún, analizamos el papel de la regla de tres durante ese período, a partir del enfoque ecológico, la teoría antropológica de la didáctica y la tesis doctoral del primer autor. A través del análisis de planes de estudio y libros didácticos, encontramos que la regla de tres sigue siendo el modelo dominante en el tratamiento de la proporcionalidad. De hecho, de 1960 a 2020, la regla de tres jugó un papel importante al abordar los problemas de proporción y proporcionalidad. Aparece como la herramienta imprescindible para solucionar estos problemas (también nombrada en los textos oficiales y manuales de "regla de los tres problemas"). Así, se apropia del entorno que permite que las nociones de proporción y proporcionalidad vivan y se autoalimenten. Esto redujo el alcance de otras técnicas para probar la proporcionalidad de una situación, a pesar de las muchas herramientas disponibles como técnicas sin la necesidad de apelar a la regla de tres. El concepto de proporcionalidad está estrechamente relacionado con la comprensión de la siguiente tecnología: “Dos cantidades relacionadas se consideran proporcionales si la multiplicación de un valor por un número en una de las dos cantidades conduce a la multiplicación del valor conectado por el mismo número en el otro”. Una vez dominada esta definición, resolviendo problemas de proporcionalidad y no proporcionalidad, podemos centrarnos en tablas, coeficientes, aditividad y aspectos lineales. Estas tablas son artefactos que se introdujeron con la llegada de las matemáticas modernas para permitir a los estudiantes ver el aspecto lineal de la relación de proporcionalidad.Palabras clave: Proporcionalidad, Ecología didáctica, Praxeologías matemáticas, Praxeologías didácticas, Regla de tres

Giorgio Agamben, filósofo italiano, apresenta um diagnóstico da modernidade bastante relevante para nosso tempo atual. Para ele, a biopolítica existe desde o nascimento do pensamento político Ocidental, e é ela que rege e captura a vida das pessoas pertencentes à polis. Para isso, é necessário que o Estado de exceção comece a tornar-se regra para que nele, tudo possa ser instaurado. Nestes termos, o presente artigo pretende apresentar, por um lado, o que é e quais as características do Estado de exceção para Agamben, ressaltando o diálogo deste com o Carl Schmitt, grande inspirador do filósofo italiano sobre o Estado de Exceção. Por outro lado, explicar-se-á de que modo a biopolítica e o campo de concentração nascem através desse, e suas principais características. Para isso, faz-se necessário passar por um percurso explicativo, analisando aspectos da biopolítica sob a perspectiva de Hannah Arendt e Michel Foucault, grandes inspiradores de Agamben neste aspecto.AbstractGiorgio Agamben, Italian philosopher, presents a diagnosis of modernity very relevant to our current time. For him, biopolitics has existed since the birth of Western political thought, and it’s it that rules and captures the lives of people belonging to the polis. For this, it’s necessary that the State of exception begins to become the rule so that everything can be established in it. However, this article intends to present, on the one hand, what’s and what the characteristics of the State of exception for Agamben, highlighting his dialogue with Carl Schmitt, great inspiration of the Italian philosopher on the State of Exception. On the other hand, it’ll be explained how the biopolitics and the concentration camp are born through this, and its main characteristics. For this, it’s necessary to go through an explanatory course, analyzing aspects of biopolitics from the perspective of Hannah Arendt and Michel Foucault, Agamben's great inspirers in this regard.

AbstractWith the rise of the Swiss-born alchemist Paracelsus in the 16th century, the dissolution of cinnabar (red HgS) in aqua regia has repeatedly appeared in the chemical literature. This article reviews the relevant history and takes a thermodynamic approach to shed new light on the dissolution. The conclusions reveal that the reaction in which the sulfide ion is oxidized by nitric acid is the most thermodynamically favorable step in the dissolution. The importance of the role of hydrochloric acid in the dissolution, when it provides complexation, was also observed. Further, it was found that the overall effect of nitric acid is much greater than that of the aqua regia by-product elemental chlorine.

Abstract The regA gene of phage T4 encodes a translational repressor that inhibits utilization of its own mRNA as well as the translation of a number of other phage-induced mRNAs. In recombinant plasmids, autogenous translational repression limits production of the RegA protein when the cloned structural gene is expressed under control of a strong, plasmid-borne promoter (lambda PL). We have found that a genetic fusion which places the regA ribosome binding domain in proximity to active translation leads to partial derepression of wild-type RegA protein synthesis. The derepression is not due to increased synthesis of regA RNA, suggesting that it occurs at the translational level. Derepressed clones of the wild-type regA gene were used to overproduce and purify the repressor. In an in vitro assay the wild-type target was sensitive and a mutant target was resistant to inhibition by the added protein. The results suggest that the sensitivity of a regA-regulated cistron to translational repression may depend on the competition between ribosomes and RegA protein for overlapping recognition sequences in the translation initiation domain of the mRNA.

Este artículo revisa las aportaciones más relevantes de Hilary Putnam a la interpretación
 de la mecánica cuántica, en especial al llamado “problema de la medida”. Discutimos sus
 ideas sobre la aparente no aplicabilidad de las reglas cuánticas al mundo macroscópico
 y la aparición de la regla de Born, que determina la naturaleza probabilista del mundo
 cuántico. Algunos de los estudios sobre lógica de Putnam son asimismo revisados
 debido a su especial relevancia en el nuevo campo de la computación cuántica.

The South African sludge guidelines were revised in 1997 with considerable amendments to the heavy metal loading and usage restrictions. The industry continued using the aqua regia extraction method to characterise and classify sewage sludge. This meant that a Class D sludge (most stable class and sellable product) could not be generated at any South African plant. This caused the industry to seek alternative non-beneficial disposal methods. It was then realised that the metal limits were in fact the TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) extractable limit. This method was developed to determine the potential of a waste to contaminate ground and/or surface water. The agriculturists, however, use the NH4EDTA extractable fraction to establish metal concentration in soils. This paper specifically aims to establish the feasibility of using the available metals extraction methods such as NH4EDTA and TCLP to determine the fate and therefore the risk of sludge-borne metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu). The results show that the TCLP extraction method could potentially underestimate the impact of sewage sludge-borne metals when amended to agricultural soils. The extraction efficiency of the NH4EDTA and TCLP methods relative to the aqua regia extraction method was presented for Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu. The NH4EDTA extraction method seems to be an alternative to the aqua regia method, especially since the NH4EDTA measures the fraction of the metal that may become available in the environment. It is recommended that the aqua regia and NH4EDTA be used to classify and characterise the metal content of South African sludges.

Romanian astronomy has an old tradition, which is rather less well-known abroad. More known perhaps are the Dacian sanctuary of Sarmizegetusa Regia, very similar to that of Stonehenge, or the contribution of the monk Dionysius Exiguus (born at Tomis, in Dobrogea) to the initiation of the Christian Era. But one of the most important applications of the astronomical knowledge was coordinate determination. It is interesting to remark that the development of astronomy since the 16th century followed closely the advances of accuracy in estimating the coordinates of the main localities.

Crown gall, caused by the common soil-borne bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, can be an economic problem in walnut nurseries and production orchards in California. The principal rootstocks used for commercial walnut production in California are the native Northern California black walnut, Juglans hindsii, and “Paradox,” which are interspecific hybrids between a black walnut, primarily J. hindsii, as the maternal parent, and J. regia, the English walnut, as the paternal parent. Recent evidence has shown that some commercial black walnut trees producing Paradox hybrid seedlings are actually hybrids between J. hindsii and two other North American black walnut species, J. major and J. nigra. Here, we document that there was a higher incidence of crown gall on Paradox (J. hindsii ×J. regia) than on J. hindsii in three sites with natural soil inoculum. Paradox seedlings (with a female parent that was primarily J. hindsii with some J. nigra) inoculated with A. tumefaciens on the roots during transplanting had a higher incidence of crown gall than either J. hindsii or J. regia. When stems were inoculated with A. tumefaciens, J. hindsii ×J. regia populations had significantly larger galls than either J. hindsii or J. regia. Similarly, in stem inoculations on four out of six Paradox genotypes with a hybrid black walnut maternal parent, the progeny produced significantly larger galls than either J. hindsii or J. regia. However, two Paradox populations from black walnut hybrids that contained J. major, J. nigra, and J. hindsii produced galls that were no different in size than in the black walnut species and J. regia. Results suggest that J. regia and black walnut species are less susceptible to crown gall than most Paradox populations.

Proponemos modificaciones de las ecuaciones de Bloch ópticas convencionales para un sistema molecular, cuando consideramos los efectos de acoplamiento intramolecular. Modelamos la molécula aislada como curvas de energía de Born-Oppenheimer que consisten en dos estados electrónicos cruzados descritos como potenciales armónicos, con los mínimos desplazados en coordenadas nucleares y energía. Consideramos dos estados vibracionales y una perturbación, que puede surgir de una correlación residual electrón-electrón y/o términos de acoplamiento spin-órbita en el Hamiltoniano del sistema, causando la separación de las dos curvas según la regla del cruce evitado. Las ecuaciones extendidas de Bloch ópticas permiten establecer la dinámica de un sistema molecular de estados adiabáticos sujeto a la interacción de un reservorio térmico e interactuando con campos electromagnéticos. En las ecuaciones se observa que haciendo nulo el factor de acoplamiento intramolecular, se recuperan las ecuaciones de Bloch ópticas convencionales para un sistema molecular con potenciales armónicos cuyos mínimos se encuentran exactamente en la misma coordenada nuclear sujeto a la aproximación Born-Oppenheimer.

<p>Assessment of mycoflora and mycotoxins associated with Tree Borne Oil Seeds (TBOS) namely <em>Buchanania lanzan </em>Spreng<em>. </em>(chironji)<em>, Juglans regia </em>Linn<em>. </em>(walnut)<em>, Prunus armeniaca </em>Linn. (apricot) and<em> Shorea robusta </em>Gaertn<em>. </em>(sal) indicates<em> Aspergillus flavus, A. niger </em>and<em> Penicillium citrinum</em> as the most frequently occurring fungi. Significant variation in pattern of mycoflora incidence was observed in fresh & stored samples. Mycotoxin producing fungi<em> </em>were screened under laboratory conditions for their ability to produce mycotoxins. The percentage toxigenicity was higher in the isolates of <em>A. flavus</em> in comparison to other mycotoxigenic fungi. In <em>B. lanzan, </em>twenty six percent isolates of <em>A. flavus</em> were toxigenic and produced up to 26 µg/ml aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> in the liquid media followed by <em>J. regia </em>(19 µg/ml), <em>P.armeniaca</em> (4µg/ml) and <em>S. robusta </em>3.5 µg/ml). Stored samples exhibited high concentration of aflatoxin B1 when analysed for natural occurrence of mycotoxins. Level of aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> recorded in <em>P. armeniaca,</em> <em>S. robusta, J. regia </em>and <em>B. lanzan </em>was<em> </em>up to<em> </em>0.98 µg/g,<em> </em>0.91 µg/g, 0.54 µg/g and<em> </em>0.48 µg/g respectively. The level of other mycotoxins citrinin, ochratoxin and zearalenone were comparatively low. Analysis of oil extracted from fungal infected stored samples showed presence of aflatoxins in natural occurrence. Incidence of aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> was higher in apricot oil (up to 0.32 µg/g), up to 0.28 µg/g in chironji and walnut oil whereas in sal butter up to 0.23 µg/g. TBOS under study exhibited significant reduction in the oil seeds under study exhibited oil content during fungal infection, however, reduction was more prominent in case of <em>A. flavus</em> in all cases.</p>

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-09T15:24:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 danielgustavomesquitadasilva.pdf: 1286713 bytes, checksum: 02c113ea7352199324c4ee67f18311bf (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-06-29T12:06:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 danielgustavomesquitadasilva.pdf: 1286713 bytes, checksum: 02c113ea7352199324c4ee67f18311bf (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-29T12:06:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 danielgustavomesquitadasilva.pdf: 1286713 bytes, checksum: 02c113ea7352199324c4ee67f18311bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-06<br>Neste trabalho foram obtidas Secções de Choque Totais Absolutas (SCTA) para moléculas de Etanol e Metanol utilizando um aparelho desenvolvido no Laboratório de Espectroscopia Atômica e Molecular do DF/UFJF, que emprega a técnica de transmissão linear. As medidas foram realizadas para o Metanol e Etanol cobrindo as energias de impacto de 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 e 500 eV e também de 60 eV para o Etanol. A resolução de energia em todas as medidas foi de 0,6 eV (FWHM) e a incerteza no cálculo das SCTs foi estimada em 5%. A faixa de pressão na célula de espalhamento foi mantida entre 1 a 4mTorr. Os elétrons que sofreram processos de colisões inelásticas podem ser descriminados daqueles que não sofreram nenhum processo de interação com o alvo por um analisador cilíndrico dispersivo 127º, que tem a finalidade de selecionar os elétrons que serão detectados pelo Coletor de Faraday. Medindo a intensidade do feixe de elétrons atenuados, a SCTA pode ser obtida aplicando a Lei de Lambert Beer. Os dados foram obtidos através de um procedimento estatístico envolvendo uma série de 4 a 7 sessões de medidas, os valores obtidos foram utilizados para encontrar a SCT para uma determinada energia definida. Além das medidas experimentais, nós determinamos SCT utilizando a Regra da Aditividade. Nós também avaliamos nossos dados experimentais usando uma fórmula de dois parâmetros (Curva de Born) para cada gás. Nossos dados experimentais concordam com a maioria dos dados publicados na literatura. Não existem dados reportados na literatura de SCT para a molécula do Etanol (C2H5OH).<br>We have measured the absolute Total Cross Section (TCS) for methanol and ethanol molecules using an apparatus manufactured at the Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory at DF/UFJF, which employ the linear transmission technique. The experimental data were taken at incident electron energies of 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 and 500 eV for methanol and ethanol and also of 60 eV for ethanol. The energy resolution in all measurements was 0,6 eV (FWHM) and the overall systematic uncertainty at the TCS were evaluated to be less than 5%. The pressure range in the scattering cell was chosen between 1 and 4mTorr. Those electrons which passed the exit orifice of the chamber were discriminated with a 127o cylindrical energy selector coupled with an entrance set of electrostatic lenses and detected by a Faraday cup. Measuring the attenuation of intensity of the projectile-particle beam transmitted through the target volume, the absolute TCS for a given impact energy was derived from the Beer-Lambert law. The measurements were carried out for a given energy in a series of alt least 4 runs, each one taking at least 7 values and an averaging procedure was applied to derive the final total cross section at a particular energy. Besides the experimental measurements, we have additionally determined TCS using the Additivity Rule. We have also evaluated our experimental data using a fitting procedure with the Born-like formula containing two parameters for each gas. Our experimental data are in good agreement with the majority of previous measurements published in the literature. There are no previous reports of experimental electron scattering Total Cross Section C2H5OH in the literature.

In this doctoral thesis we investigate several experiments exploring the light orbital angular momentum and the Fraunhofer diffraction of light. Our investigations goes from coherent propagation, continue through incoherent propagation, arriving at semiclassical states used to explore one fundamental problem in quantum mechanics, i. e., the Born’s rule. Therefore, concerning coherent propagation of light with orbital angular momentum, we were first involved with studies about Fraunhofer diffraction of this type of light, by a single slit and by a square aperture. In the former work we studied the Fraunhofer diffraction when the slit center is aligned with the vortex center and when it is out of the vortex center. Concerning the work related to the square aperture, we show that the diffraction by such aperture is not sufficient to characterize the topological charge. Continuing the works, we also investigate the Fraunhofer diffraction of light with orbital angular momentum of fractional topological charge in the real space. An interesting phenomenon, the birth of a vortex, was studied at Fraunhofer plane, showing new conclusions in the study of fractional topological charges. Our studies continued with the Fraunhofer propagation of vortices in incoherent light, unveiling strong correlations between incoherent vortices. Finally, we explored semiclassical aspects of light with orbital angular momentum. Firstly, the topological charge determination via the spatial probability distribution of detection of photons diffracted by a triangular aperture. After, the validation of the Born’s rule using diffraction, by three slits disposed in a triangular configuration, of photons with an extra phase, i. e., the azimuthal phase added to the path phase.<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>Nesta tese de doutorado investigamos diversos experimentos que exploram o momento angular orbital da luz e a difração de Fraunhofer. Nossas investigações abrangeram desde propagação coerente, passando por propagação incoerente, chegando a estados semiclássicos usados para explorar uma questão fundamental da mecânica quântica, a saber, a regra de Born. Portanto, no que concerne à propagação de luz coerente com momento angular orbital, estivemos envolvidos primeiramente com estudos da difração de Fraunhofer deste tipo de luz, por uma fenda simples e por uma abertura quadrada. No primeiro trabalho estudamos a difração de Fraunhofer quando o centro da fenda está alinhado com o centro do vórtice e quando está deslocado do centro do vórtice. Quanto ao trabalho relacionado à abertura quadrada, mostramos que a difração de Fraunhofer por tal abertura não permite caracterizar a carga topológica. Prosseguindo os trabalhos, investigamos também a difração no plano de Fraunhofer de luz com momento angular de carga fracionária no plano real. Um interessante fenômeno, o nascimento de um vórtice, foi estudado no plano de Fraunhofer, mostrando novas conclusões nos estudos relacionados à carga fracionária. Nossos estudos continuaram com a propagação de Fraunhofer de vórtices em luz incoerente, revelando fortes correlações entre vórtices incoerentes. Por fim, exploramos aspectos semiclássicos da luz com momento angular orbital. Primeiramente, a determinação da carga topológica via distribuição de probabilidade espacial de detecção de fótons difratados por uma abertura triangular. Posteriormente, a validação da regra de Born utilizando difração, por três fendas simples dispostas na forma triangular, de fótons com uma fase extra, ou seja, a fase azimutal, adicionada à fase de caminho.