Dissertations / Theses: 'Bornean orangutan'

1

Citrynell, Pamela Jill. "Behaviour and cognition in captive Bornean orangutans : an ecological and comparative study of Bornean orangutan cognition in captivity." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501222.

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The study of orangutan cognition is significant to understanding the connection between human intellectual qualities and that of non-human great apes, In their isolated position as the last existing link to the Asian Hominidae lineage and the first to depart from our clade's common ancestry, orangutans may hold the key to the evolution of our own behavioural adaptations. By using a hierarchy of species appropriate Piagetian type developmental tasks supported by theories of evolutionary cognitive expansion we place orangutans in a broader phylogenetic developmental level. Each of the experimental chapters is examining a small piece of hierarchal intelligence allowing us to see how captive orangutans can be tested for their ability to form concepts by achieving increasing levels of spatial awareness, representational, classification, seriation and transitive skills.

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Reid, Michael John Charles. "Plasmodium sp. Infections in ex-captive bornean Orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) housed at the Orangutan Care Center and Quarantine, Pasir Panjang, Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia /." Burnaby B.C. : Simon Fraser University, 2005. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/2172.

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Vergamini, Marie. "Managing Sociality of a Captive Female Bornean Orangutan from Breeding to Post-partum at The Smithsonian's National Zoo." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5161.

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The Association of Zoos and Aquariums’ Orangutan Species Survival Plan® aims to maintain 100 Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in captivity. Because investment in breeding these lineages is high, properly managing sociality of potential mothers is essential. This study assessed how behaviors of a captive breeding female at the Smithsonian’s National Zoo changed from pre-gestation through the offspring’s sixth month of age to improve breeding recommendations. The infant Bornean orangutan was born September 2016. Results indicate that during breeding, the mother socialized most with two adult females. During pregnancy, the pregnant female socialized in less energy-consuming ways, i.e. grooming. Post-partum socialization and proximity data suggest a shift in female affiliation. The presence of another female with maternal experience may be beneficial to the rearing of new offspring. These results can help guide socialization management for pregnant captive orangutans to improve breeding outcomes.

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Banes, Graham L. "Genetic analysis of social structure, mate choice, and reproductive success in the endangered wild orang-utans of Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan, Republic of Indonesia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608063.

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5

Cassella, Christine M. "Relationships Among Captive Orangutan Diets, Undesirable Behaviors, and Activity: Implications for Health and Welfare." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1333656271.

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Meyfarth, Elke Rosaleen. "Biological conservation, orangutan-rattan relationships in Indonesian Borneo." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ42577.pdf.

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O'Hara, Mackie C. "Investigating the regularity of linear enamel hypoplasia in Bornean and Sumatran orangutans and in a primate community from Sabah, Borneo." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461162720.

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8

Phillips, Abigail Cora. "Locomotor development and gap crossing behaviour in Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3852/.

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Orangutans are the largest predominantly arboreal primate and consequently have a diverse repertoire of positional behaviour. Problems associated with travel on thin flexible supports worsen as body size increases; therefore locomotion should vary with body size. The aim of this thesis was to explore how orangutans solve problems related to life in wild and captive environments and how this changes with growth and development. A cross-sectional sample of wild orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) was studied at Tuanan Field Station in Central Borneo with subjects ranging from infant to adult. Results from wild orangutans showed that locomotion varied according to body size with larger orangutans using larger supports and gaining stability by bearing their weight in suspension. In contrast captivity promoted higher frequencies of terrestrial behaviours and these increased with age. Wild orangutans crossed large gaps in the canopy by oscillating compliant trunks. However I found that these skills are not fully mastered until 6 years old. Mothers were found to provide assistance during gap crossing according to the needs of their offspring. This thesis has shown that complex locomotor behaviour develops slowly during ontogeny and this may have implications for orangutan life history in different types of habitat.

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Buckley, Benjamin James William. "Ranging behaviour of male orang-utans in an unfragmented Bornean habitat and implications for mating-system mechanics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708701.

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Claßen, Dorothee [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Ziegler, and Ansgar [Akademischer Betreuer] Büschges. "Social relationships in captive Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) / Dorothee Claßen. Gutachter: Thomas Ziegler ; Ansgar Büschges." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2011. http://d-nb.info/103811148X/34.

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Renata, Andreia da Silva Mendonca. "Development of independence and behavior of wild immature East Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio), Danum Valley Conservation Area." Kyoto University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225987.

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Voros, Joan. "Geophagy by rehabilitated orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) in Sungai Wain Forest, Indonesian Borneo." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ56214.pdf.

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13

Tajima, Tomoyuki. "Relationship between male reproductive tactics and intersexual food transfer in a free-ranging population of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/233831.

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Smith, Zachary Joseph. "Mapping the Spatial Movements, Behaviors, and Interactions of Captive Orangutans using Terrestrial Laser Scanning and GIS." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5312.

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Five captive Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) were observed in order to better understand their spatial selection, behavior, and interaction with their environment and each other. A newly introduced adult male's interactions with a female group containing two adults, one adolescent, and one juvenile, was documented. Visual observations were performed to document individual behaviors, along with any interactions with silvery langur monkeys, public crowd levels, temperature, and enrichment props. Methods included 15 observation periods, 0.5-3 hours in length each, during which behaviors were verbally and visually confirmed using a HD video camera. Spatial locations of each individual were recorded every three minutes during each observation period. The orangutan enclosure was measured and mapped using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and observed behaviors and spatial locations were georeferenced to the resulting 3D model depicting the exhibit. Results were summarized as time-activity budgets and were geo-visualized using 3D plots and density maps. This research demonstrated how the application of spatiotemporal and behavioral analysis coupled with TLS and three-dimensional modelling can be used to better study captive primates. These types of studies are important as zoos increasingly become home to great ape species.

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Bentley, Ruth H. "A comparison of methods of quantifying and assessing the behaviour and welfare of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) : a case study at Twycross Zoo." Thesis, University of Derby, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/623076.

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The maintenance of both the psychological and physiological health of captive animals is a key priority of modern zoos. Recognising that characteristics of the captive environment have the potential to decrease animal welfare, methods for quantifying and assessing welfare have been developed as part of the process for improving animal welfare. Traditionally, observations of animal behaviour and quantifying time budgets in relation to those of the animals’ wild counterparts have been utilised to assess animal welfare. Hormonal assays have also been implemented to quantify the physiological stress response of animals in captivity and identify the extent of stress being experienced. Each of these methods focuses on a different indicator of animal welfare, is quantified in different ways and provides a different perspective on the welfare of the animals. Given the limited time and financial budgets available to zoos and animal carers, identifying the most appropriate method of welfare assessment would be advantageous in helping to secure the best possible health of captive animals and to maximise their value in captivity. This thesis implemented both behavioural observations and hormonal assays to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each methodology, and make recommendations for future research. The study involved a group of four Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) housed at Twycross Zoo. Behavioural observations involved continuous group sampling and the development of an ethogram to record a comprehensive account of orangutan activity over the course of a 12 week enrichment programme. Simultaneous to these observations, faecal samples were collected from each orangutan and processed via Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) to quantify levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM) in each sample. While recognising the recent developments in ecological analytical methods, the capacity for extending network analysis beyond the application to social networks, and its use as a welfare assessment tool were explored. Behavioural and space-use networks were developed using data from a second study of the orangutans housed at Twycross Zoo. The flexibility of network analysis in visually representing different data types allowed for the intuitive representation of complex behavioural data. Further research investigated the use of network metrics in providing deeper insights into animal behaviour and space use patterns. In addition, bipartite networks were assessed for their potential to detect and show patterns in the relationships between two sets of behavioural data. Each of the methods used had a number of strengths and weaknesses, but importantly each contributed a different perspective in the assessment of behaviour patterns and welfare, suggesting that an integrated approach to behaviour studies utilising several methods would be ideal. Cost and logistic constraints make this unlikely in most cases. However, the thesis ends with a look to the future and the recognition that the current rapid development of technology for use in animal behaviour studies, coupled with equally rapid development of analytical techniques, may help to dramatically increase the amount of information gained from the average animal behaviour study in the future. Such improvements have never been more urgent, with the requirement for understanding animal behaviour in light of current extinction rates within the context of habitat destruction and climate change. It is hoped that this thesis will make a contribution to improving future animal behaviour and welfare studies by providing an assessment of both traditional methods of study as well as demonstrating the use and potential of new ways of applying network analysis within such studies.

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16

DiGiorgio, Andrea L. "Nutrient drivers and movement ecology of wild Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) foraging choices." Thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/37015.

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Understanding why animals make the foraging choices they do has been an interdisciplinary research goal for decades. This question is especially salient in biological anthropology, as we seek to understand how the human diet evolved by looking to non-human primate models. Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT), and more recently the Geometric Framework for Nutrition (GF) and Movement Ecology paradigms provide models and heuristics that aid in our understanding of what drives the foraging decisions of animals. Yet until recently, most research examining the foraging decisions of frugivorous herbivores has focused on the OFT based strategy of maximizing and obtaining fruit foods. My research examines alternative nutrient priorities in a frugivorous primate, the Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii), to determine whether fruit-seeking and energy maximization form a sufficient explanation of foraging behavior. Using behavioral and geospatial data from full-day focal animal follows collected in 2015-2016 in Gunung Palung National Park, I first demonstrate that orangutans leave available fruit resources to eat non-fruit foods, suggesting that orangutans are intentionally seeking out non-fruit foods, and clearing the way for a foraging model beyond strict energy maximization via fruit seeking. Further, I find that orangutans do consume non-fruit food when fruit is in visual proximity. I next test whether the Marginal Value Theorem (MVT) of OFT can account for these fruit patch departures by testing one critical assumption of MVT – that feeding rates in a patch decrease over time. Feeding rates did not decrease over patch residence, thus MVT does not explain orangutan fruit patch departures. Instead, I find that orangutans maintain an average 10:1 ratio of non-protein energy to protein, and prioritize protein intake. These findings could explain fruit departure. Geospatial data suggest that fruit is not the only goal of orangutan foraging and that these apes navigate to other food types, in particular, leaves. Taken together, these findings suggest that GF provides a good explanation of orangutan foraging in tandem with OFT energy maximization. I discuss the similarities in nutrient goals between orangutans, modern humans, and extinct hominins, and the conservation implications of my research.
2021-06-19T00:00:00Z

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17

O'Connell, Caitlin Ann. "The costs and benefits of sociality explored in wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii)." Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/27564.

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The socioecological model offers a framework for attempting to explain variation in sociality based on differences in ecological and social factors such as resource distribution, predation pressure, and infanticide risk. Orangutans are unusual among higher primates in their low degree of sociality and are considered to be semi-solitary. Their limited social behavior is thought to be a result of weak predation pressure on these large-bodied apes, coupled with the low and unpredictable fruit productivity that is characteristic of their habitat. Orangutans do come together occasionally, and there appears to be variability in the gregariousness of different populations. Orangutans present a unique opportunity to examine both social and solitary conditions within a single population to test predictions regarding the costs and benefits of sociality. This study assesses the ecological and social context in which social parties occur in Gunung Palung National Park on the island of Borneo. The potential costs of these associations are evaluated using behavioral and physiological markers of stress and parasite infection patterns. Fruit availability is predicted to influence the frequency of social associations, with sociality increasing when fruit availability is high. While the socioecological model predicts that female orangutans display reduced sociality, this should affect females in different reproductive (and hence, energetic) states differently. The results of this study confirmed that fruit availability influences the occurrence of social events and revealed adolescent females to be the most social age-sex class. Adolescent females displayed the most affiliative behaviors and engaged in notable sexual rituals with flanged males. They sought and maintained social associations with others, particularly their mothers. Despite evident signs of anxiety, adolescent females did not display elevation in the stress hormone cortisol under social conditions, while adult females and flanged males did. Intestinal parasites were widespread in this population, and the prediction for elevated parasite prevalence in more social classes was unsupported. This study revealed a greater degree of gregariousness than orangutans are typically credited with, and highlights the adolescent period as behaviorally distinct and socially rich for female orangutans who face unique challenges as members of a semi-solitary species with high levels of sexual coercion.
2020-02-28T00:00:00Z

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18

Bastian, Meredith Laurel. "Effects of a Riverine Dispersal Barrier on Cultural Similarity in Wild Bornean Orangutans (Pongo Pygmaeus Wurmbii)." Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/921.

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The study of culture in wild animals has received wide theoretical and empirical attention, providing preliminary evidence of at least rudimentary culture across a broad range of taxa. However, the majority of previous studies of animal cultural behavior have focused on demonstrating the existence of behavioral variants across study sites, armed only with an assumption that ecological and genetic alternatives are unlikely to sufficiently explain observed geographic variation in behavior. Moreover, previous studies have reported the presence of behavioral variation at the level of the population, without first confirming the presence of such variation in individual repertoires, which could create artificial patterns within or between populations.

Using more rigorous methods than previous studies, I examined rarely tested alternatives to field-based claims of cultural repertoire variation based on ecological heterogeneity and genetic variation. This dissertation relies on a natural experiment to compare two wild orangutan populations. Sungai Lading, a previously unstudied, high-density population of wild Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii, was compared to Tuanan, a P.p.wurmbii population separated from Sungai Lading by an impassable river barrier, but ranging in a broadly similar habitat. Preliminary genetics results indicate that at least some individuals from both sites cluster in the same mitochondrial subclade and that low levels of gene flow must have occurred between the two sites. Even after applying rigorous controls for variation in sampling intensity for individual orangutans, several differences in innovative behaviors exhibited at each site were identified, many of which occurred in the nesting context.

The orangutan is a model taxon for such an investigation, because wild populations exhibit a wide range of sociality, which has been linked to opportunities for social learning. Comparisons between the Tuanan and Sungai Lading populations indicated that cultural variants observed at only one site clustered significantly by population, although only dietary differences were unique at both sites. Orangutans at Sungai Lading maintain significantly lower rates of female-female association and lower individual repertoire sizes of putative cultural variants, a result that is consistent with the possibility that the orangutans of Sungai Lading may have reduced opportunities for social learning as a result of severe population compression, which could constrain opportunities for cultural transmission of key innovative behaviors.

From a broader perspective, the patterns revealed in this study strongly suggest that the last common ancestor of Homo and Pongo shared culturally modified behavior. They further suggest that the extent of cumulative cultural behavior in humans may surpass that of orangutans as a result of lost opportunities for social transmission, owing to varying degrees of limited association among group members.

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19

Scott, Amy Marie. "Sexual selection and sexual conflict in the reproductive strategies of Bornean orangutans." Thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/42872.

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Due to an extreme asymmetry in parental investment, raising the potential for sexual conflict, orangutans provide unique insights into the role of sexual conflict in male and female reproductive strategies. Sexual selection acts on reproductive strategies, selecting for strategies that increase an individual's reproductive success. Sexual conflict results when the reproductive strategies of one sex impose costs on the other. Three forms of sexual selection have been documented in orangutans—male-male competition, female choice, and sexual coercion. This dissertation asks (1) how males employ reproductive strategies to increase their likelihood of reproductive success in the face of multi-male mating by females and (2) how females employ reproductive strategies to enact female choice and increase infant survival in the face of male-male competition and sexual coercion. I investigate these two questions using genetic paternity, long-term association data, and a year of behavioral data from orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Brown-modified Hinde Indices, initiation and termination of associations, and following data reveal that female participation is necessary to sustain longer male-female associations and females use facultative associations to employ mate choice. Genetic paternity determination found low reproductive skew, with flanged males siring more offspring than unflanged males. Investigation of female infanticide avoidance strategies showed that females with dependent offspring under age six associate with males less often than other categories of females do, and mothers decrease the distance with their offspring during associations with males. These results highlight the importance of both female choice and male-male competition in reproductive outcomes, and illustrate how facultative associations play a key role in the reproductive strategies of both male and female orangutans. Both sexes’ strategies are studied, demonstrating the dynamic co-evolution of strategies and counterstrategies. I also consider the implications of these findings for the evolution of male bimaturism. Examining orangutan mating and reproductive behaviors deepens our understanding of how sexual conflict and sexual selection have shaped their unusual mating system and broadens our understanding of sexual conflict in reproductive strategies in a species with an extreme disparity between maternal and paternal investment.
2023-08-11T00:00:00Z

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20

"Effects of a Riverine Dispersal Barrier on Cultural Similarity in Wild Bornean Orangutans (Pongo Pygmaeus Wurmbii)." Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/921.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bornean orangutan'

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