Relevant bibliographies by topics / Borrowing and lending constraints

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Borrowing and lending constraints'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Borrowing and lending constraints"

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Lian, Chen, and Yueran Ma. "Anatomy of Corporate Borrowing Constraints*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 136, no. 1 (September 24, 2020): 229–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa030.

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Abstract Macro-finance analyses commonly link firms’ borrowing constraints to the liquidation value of physical assets. For U.S. nonfinancial firms, we show that 20% of debt by value is based on such assets (asset-based lending in creditor parlance), whereas 80% is based predominantly on cash flows from firms’ operations (cash flow–based lending). A standard borrowing constraint restricts total debt as a function of cash flows measured using operating earnings (earnings-based borrowing constraints). These features shape firm outcomes on the margin: first, cash flows in the form of operating earnings can directly relax borrowing constraints; second, firms are less vulnerable to collateral damage from asset price declines, and fire sale amplification may be mitigated. Taken together, our findings point to new venues for modeling firms’ borrowing constraints in macro-finance studies.
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Lochner, Lance J., and Alexander Monge-Naranjo. "The Nature of Credit Constraints and Human Capital." American Economic Review 101, no. 6 (October 1, 2011): 2487–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.6.2487.

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We develop a human capital model with borrowing constraints explicitly derived from government student loan (GSL) programs and private lending under limited commitment. The model helps explain the persistent strong positive correlation between ability and schooling in the United States, as well as the rising importance of family income for college attendance. It also explains the increasing share of undergraduates borrowing the GSL maximum and the rise in student borrowing from private lenders. Our framework offers new insights regarding the interaction of government and private lending, as well as the responsiveness of private credit to economic and policy changes. (JEL D14, H52, I22, I23, J24)
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Li, Shuyun May. "Optimal lending contracts with long run borrowing constraints." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 37, no. 5 (May 2013): 964–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2013.01.003.

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Park, Soojin, and Man Cho. "Welfare Implications of Credit Rationing for Financial Consumers: An Empirical Investigation on the Case of the Korean Residential Mortgage Sector." International Review of Financial Consumers 5, No. 1 Apr 2020 (July 1, 2020): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36544/irfc.2020.5-1.2.

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Credit rationing through borrowing constraints has long been an important research topic in the literature, in the context of managing financial risks (i.e., financial stability) as well as of expanding financial service to more marginal borrower segments (i.e., financial inclusion). This study empirically investigates the role of borrowing constraints in the residential mortgage lending sector in Korea, by utilizing a discrete tenure choice model to test the constraining effects of two particular lending restrictions on households’ home owning decisions - the wealth and income constraints as measured by the maximum loan-to-value (LTV) ratio and that of debt-to-income (DTI) ratio. Using the household-level micro data from Korea, we report that: the lending restrictions exhibit negative effects on the propensity to own; those constraining effects are also shown to increase for younger borrower cohorts; and, the magnitude of the effect of wealth constraint is larger than that of the income constraint, which is consistent with the findings from the prior studies. Using the empirical findings, we discuss policy implications of relevancy, in particular, as to how to balance between two often competing policy objectives - ensuring financial stability and extending financial inclusion - in the context of the residential mortgage lending sector in Korea.
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Dietrich, Diemo, and Achim Hauck. "Interbank borrowing and lending between financially constrained banks." Economic Theory 70, no. 2 (July 29, 2019): 347–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00199-019-01220-9.

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BOERMANS, MARTIJN A., and DAAN WILLEBRANDS. "FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS MATTER: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON BORROWING BEHAVIOR, MICROFINANCE AND FIRM PRODUCTIVITY." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 23, no. 02 (June 2018): 1850008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946718500085.

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This paper examines the effect of financial constraints on firm performance using a sample of small business owners who are clients at a microfinance institution (MFI). In developing countries, a lack of access to finance is seen as a key obstacle to successful entrepreneurship and economic growth. However, empirical evidence on this is still fragmented and sparse. This study contributes to the literature by applying an alternative measure of financial constraints based on actual lending and borrowing behavior to test how borrowing affects firm productivity. We use survey data of 615 entrepreneurs from Tanzania to analyze the relationship between financial constraints and labor productivity. Using OLS regression and propensity score matching techniques the results show that financial constraints impede labor productivity and are important barriers to successful entrepreneurship. Further tests suggest financial constraints matter regardless of the measurement method used, thereby comforting researchers in a fragmented field that applies a wide range of financial constraints variables.
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Dräger, Lena, and Christian R. Proaño. "CROSS-BORDER BANKING AND MACROPRUDENTIAL POLICIES IN ASYMMETRIC MONETARY UNIONS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 24, no. 2 (July 17, 2018): 255–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100518000214.

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Against the background of the emergence of macroeconomic imbalances within the European Monetary Union (EMU), we investigate in this paper the macroeconomic consequences of cross-border banking in monetary unions such as the Euro area. For this purpose, we incorporate a union-wide banking sector along the lines in an otherwise standard two-region monetary union DSGE model, accounting for borrowing constraints of entrepreneurs and impatient households and an internal constraint on the bank's leverage ratio. We illustrate in particular how rule-of-thumb lending standards based on the macroeconomic performance of the core region within the monetary union can translate into destabilizing spill-over effects into the other region, resulting in an overall higher macroeconomic volatility. Thereby, we demonstrate a channel through which the financial sector may have exacerbated the emergence of macroeconomic imbalances within the EMU. This effect may be mitigated by macroprudential policies, where especially policies that force the bank's lending standards to be less procyclical prove to be effective in stabilizing output in both regions of the monetary union.
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Marlina, Erwin, and Akhmad Khisni. "The Implementation Of Borrowing Money Agreement With The Guarantee Of Movement Object In PT. Pegadaian (Persero) Branch Of Subang Based On Act No. 42 Of 1999 On Fiduciary." Jurnal Akta 5, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/akta.v5i4.3889.

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The purpose of this research is to know and understand the implementation of the agreement to borrow against moving objects Pegadaian of Subang district connected by Act No. 42 of 1999 on Fiduciary, and the constraints faced by Pegadaian of Subang district in the implementation of the agreement to borrow money secured against moving objects associated with Act No. 42 Of 1999 regarding Fiduciary, and solutions. Based on the results of data analysis can be concluded that: First,Implementation of the Money Lending and Borrowing Agreement with the guarantee of Moving Bodies PT. Pegadaian (Persero) is not in accordance with the provisions of Article 1320 and Article 1338 of the Civil Code, as the substance of the agreement is determined unilaterally by PT. Pegadaian (Persero) and very burdensome customers, whereall costs related to the disbursement of the loan and the auction process is borne by the customer, including if the customer requires registration, fiduciary, but most refused to register fiduciary because of the extra charge (additional costs to be borne by the customer and the need for immediate disbursement of credit requires a long time. this is contrary to Act No. 42 Of 1999 regarding Fiduciary. Secondly, the constraint faced by PT. Pegadaian (Persero) Branch of Subang in the Implementation Agreement with Collateral Borrowing Money on Moving objects are need customers defaulting party (broken promises). One type of breach committed by the debtor PT. Pegadaian (Persero) Branch of Subang is overdue, the delay in the implementation of the payment obligations on time specified in the agreement lending and borrowing. Solution by PT. Pegadaian (Persero) Branch of Subang is doingpersuasive efforts, Somasi (warning), withdrawal and auction the collateral in accordance with Act No. 42 of 1999 on Fiduciary.Keywords: Implementation Agreement; Moving Objects Guarantee; PT Pegadaian.
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Deuskar, Prachi, Nitin Kumar, and Jeramia Allan Poland. "Signal on the Margin: Behavior of Levered Investors and Future Economic Conditions*." Review of Finance 24, no. 5 (February 19, 2020): 1039–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rof/rfaa006.

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Abstract Margin capacity, defined as the aggregate excess debt capacity of investors buying securities on margin, strongly predicts (i) lower S&P 500 returns, (ii) lower growth in aggregate earnings, dividends, employment, and overall economic activity, (iii) higher macro, financial, and policy uncertainty, (iv) lower interest rates, (v) tighter lending standards by banks, and (vi) lower intermediary equity capital. High margin capacity is a precursor, not a response, to borrowing and intermediary constraints and higher volatility. It typically arises when levered investors with profitable past positions limit their leverage. We interpret that it reflects informed investors’ conservatism ahead of bad times.
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Lin, Liqiong, Weizhuo Wang, Christopher Gan, David A. Cohen, and Quang T. T. Nguyen. "Rural Credit Constraint and Informal Rural Credit Accessibility in China." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071935.

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This paper investigates the effects of rural households’ demographic characteristics on formal credit constraint, and explores the relationship between informal and formal lending in rural China. Using 2013 China’s Household Finance survey data, the authors apply probit regression models to investigate the effects of demographic factors on formal credit constraint and the household’s decision to borrow from informal credit sources. In addition, the endogenous switching regression model is applied to evaluate the impact of credit constraint on the welfare of rural farm households. The empirical evidence confirms that age, family size, annual household nonagricultural income, level of education, and history of informal borrowing have significant influence over credit constraint. Moreover, annual household nonagricultural income, the presence of children, borrowing from social networks and monthly communication expenses significantly impact rural households’ decision to utilise informal borrowing. Results from the endogenous switching regression model suggest that credit constraint by formal credit sources has no impact on household consumption.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Borrowing and lending constraints"

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Rabitsch, Katrin, and Maria Teresa Punzi. "Borrower heterogeneity within a risky mortgage-lending market." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5429/1/wp241.pdf.

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We propose a model of a risky mortgage-lending market in which we take explicit account of heterogeneity in household borrowing conditions, by introducing two borrower types: one with a low loan-to-value (LTV) ratio, one with a high LTV ratio, calibrated to U.S. data. We use such framework to study a deleveraging shock, modeled as an increase in housing investment risk, that falls more strongly on, and produces a larger contraction in credit for high-LTV type borrowers, as in the data. We find that this deleveraging experience produces significant aggregate effects on output and consumption, and that the contractionary effects are orders of magnitudes higher in a model version that takes account of borrower heterogeneity, compared to a more standard model version with a representative borrower.
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Mota, Lira Rocha da. "The Market for borrowing securities in Brazil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11738.

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We report the results of an exploratory data analysis of the Brazilian securities lending market. The analysis is performed over the full historical data set of each individual loan offer and loan contract negotiated between January 2007 and August 2013. We give a quantitative description of volume and loan fee trends and fee dependence on asset characteristics. We also unveil new stylized facts specific to the Brazilian market on market access asymmetries between different types of investors. The emerging picture is that the Brazilian securities lending market is a complex environment with specific frictions and strong asymmetries among players. In particular, we describe a tax arbitrage operation performed by domestic mutual funds which generates a significant distortion in the data. In one such event, we estimate additional aggregate profits of 24.25 million Reais (around 10 million Dollars).
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Prades, Elvira, and Katrin Rabitsch. "Capital liberalization and the US external imbalance." Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.12.002.

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Differences in financial systems are often named as a prime candidate for the current state of global imbalances. This paper focuses on cross-country heterogeneity in access to international financial markets that derives from the presence of capital controls and argues that the process of capital liberalization over the past decades can explain a substantial fraction of US net external liabilities. We present a simple two-country model with an internationally traded bond, in which capital controls are reflected in the presence of borrowing and lending constraints on that bond. In a US versus the rest of the world (RoW) scenario, we perform experiments that are largely consistent with countrie' liberalization experiences. A reduction in the RoW's controls on capital outflows and/or a tightening in the RoW's borrowing constraint enables the US economy to better insure against consumption risk relative to the rest of the world, and therefore decreases its motives for precautionary asset holdings relative to the rest of the world. As a result of these asymmetric shifts in countries' barriers to capital mobility, the US runs a long run external deficit.
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Millett, Paul. "Lending and borrowing in ancient Athens /." Cambridge (G.B.) ; New York ; Melbourne [etc.] : Cambridge university press, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35532500d.

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Patel, Mrudula A. "Intertemporal consumer theory with borrowing constraints." Thesis, University of Essex, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238399.

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Maskara, Pankaj Kumar. "TWO ESSAYS ON BORROWING FROM BANKS AND LENDING SYNDICATES." UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/529.

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A loan deal is often composed of several components (for example, a 3-year revolving loan, a 10-year secured senior term loan, and a 5-year subordinated term loan). The division of a deal into two or more components, each with different risk characteristics, is called tranching. This study recognizes the importance of tranching and establishes tranching as an integral component of a syndicated loan structure. In the first essay, we present a model to explain the economic value of tranching and show that riskier firms are more likely to take loans with multiple tranches. Therefore, the average credit spread on syndicated loans with multiple tranches is higher than that on nontranched loans. However, after accounting for the risk characteristics of a tranched loan, we show that a given tranche of a multi-tranche loan, on average, has a lower credit spread than an otherwise similar loan that is not part of a multi-tranche loan. We also show that the benefits of tranching accrue primarily to borrowers with speculative debt ratings. Prior studies have found an abnormal stock return of 100 to 150 basis points for firms that announce they have borrowed funds from a bank. Despite some conflicting evidence (Peterson and Rajan, 2002; Thomas and Wang, 2004; Billett, Flannery and Garfinkel, 2006), the literature tends to interpret this positive bank loan announcement effect as the markets response to the mitigation of information asymmetry regarding the borrowing firm caused by the certification role of the lending banks who act as quasi-insiders. In the second essay, we document that a strong selection bias exists in prior studies. We show that less than a quarter of the loans made by banks are ever announced by borrowing firms and the loans that are announced are systematically different from loans that are never announced by the firms. Firms with low debt ratings, firms with zero or negative profits but positive interest expense, firms that take large loans in relation to their assets base, firms with little analyst following, and firms with high forecasted EPS growth are more likely to announce their loans. We show that while there was a positive announcement effect over the period 1987 to 1995, loan announcements elicited zero or negative returns in the last ten years as the mix of companies announcing loans changed over time.
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周抒思 and Shu-see Chow. "Intrinsic demands for borrowing and lending in primitive population models." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31212219.

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Datta, Bipasa. "Essays on credit rationing and borrowing constraints." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37414.

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Sancak, Cemile. "Investment under borrowing constraints, theory and evidence from Turkey." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0026/NQ52333.pdf.

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Sancak, Cemile 1969 Carleton University Dissertation Economics. "Investment under borrowing constraints; theory and evidence from Turkey." Ottawa.:, 2000.

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Books on the topic "Borrowing and lending constraints"

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Millett, Paul. Lending and borrowing in ancient Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

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Rotemberg, Julio. Moral hazard, borrowing, lending and Ricardian equivalence. Cambridge, Mass: Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987.

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Bertschinger, Urs. Rechtsprobleme des Securities Lending and Borrowing: Wertpapierleihe. Zürich: Schulthess, 1994.

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Cameron, Stephen V. Borrowing constraints and the returns to schooling. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000.

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Covas, Francisco. Uninsured idiosyncratic production risk with borrowing constraints. Ottawa: Bank of Canada, 2005.

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Raquel, Fernandez. Education and borrowing constraints: Tests vs prices. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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Ghatak, Subrata. A note on migration with borrowing constraints. Leicester: University of Leicester. Department of Economics, 1992.

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Hanushek, Eric Alan. Borrowing constraints, college aid, and intergenerational mobility. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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Wakabayashi, Midori. Borrowing constraints and consumption behavior in Japan. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Hanushek, Eric Alan. Borrowing constraints, college aid, and intergenerational mobility. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Borrowing and lending constraints"

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Darby, John. "Borrowing and Lending in Peace Processes." In Contemporary Peacemaking, 339–51. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230584556_25.

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Portnoi, Laura M. "Mapping Educational Policy Borrowing and Lending." In Policy Borrowing and Reform in Education, 147–73. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53024-0_6.

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Ashraf, Mohammad. "Saving, Lending, Borrowing, and the Banking Sector." In Money, 69–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50378-9_4.

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Shi, Qinghua, and Yan Gao. "Evolution of Saving, Borrowing and Lending Behaviour." In Sustainable Development of Rural Household Economy, 123–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2747-0_4.

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Haliassos, Michael, and Christis Hassapis. "Borrowing Constraints, Portfolio Choice, and Precautionary Motives." In Applied Optimization, 185–212. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3613-7_10.

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Sagliaschi, Umberto, and Roberto Savona. "Borrowing Constraints, Debt Dynamics and Investment Decisions." In Dynamical Corporate Finance, 57–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77853-8_3.

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Laffan, Brigid. "The Second Financial Arm of the Union: Borrowing and Lending." In The Finances of the European Union, 217–44. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25784-3_8.

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Wang, Shouyang, and Yusen Xia. "Portfolio Frontier with Different Interest Rates for Borrowing and Lending." In Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 73–104. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55934-1_5.

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Ivir, Vladimir. "Linguistic and communicative constraints on borrowing and literal translation." In Translators' Strategies and Creativity, 137. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.27.20ivi.

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Assenza, Tiziana, and Domenico Delli Gatti. "Borrowing Constraints and Monetary Policy: The Inflation Tax-Net Worth Channel." In Dynamic Modeling, Empirical Macroeconomics, and Finance, 89–120. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39887-7_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Borrowing and lending constraints"

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Mays, Antje, and Oya Y. Rieger. "Legacy Missions in Times of Change: Defining and Shaping Collections in the 21st Century." In Charleston Library Conference. Purdue Univeristy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317167.

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Despite the rapidly changing information and technology landscape, collections remain at the heart of academic libraries, signifying their enduring importance in providing access to our cultural heritage. Given broader trends in research and the current information ecology of an increasingly networked, distributed, and licensed environment, building collections and developing collection polices is increasingly ambiguous. These trends impact librarians in form of ever-expanding portfolios, diffusion of effort, weakened sense of focus, and a rising sense of persistent yet unmet needs for developing new skills. This paper outlines current research on collection trends and summarizes the interactive exchanges from the 2019 Charleston Conference Lively Session (https://sched.co/UZR5). Through live polling, session participants identified key trends in libraries and collections: Key trends included business models, budget constraints, consortium deals, continued importance of subscribed content, access vs. ownership, digitization of unique local collections, digital humanities, digital scholarship, library publishing projects, growing library investments in Open Access (OA), and collection diversification efforts with a view to equity and social justice. Among emerging library services, data services and digitization ranked highest in importance. The most-cited wish-list items included transformative deals, stronger campus partnerships, more OA projects, reduced copyright barriers in sharing homegrown digitized video content, as well as skill development in Counter 5 and data analysis. Existing physical and digital preservation programs received only lower-middle strength ratings. Among long-established library characteristics, collection policies, subscribed content, interlibrary loan, and consortial borrowing and lending retained enduring value and high rankings in importance. Tensions continue between ownership, borrowing, and access.
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Ren, Ke, and Avinash Malik. "Recommendation Engine for Lower Interest Borrowing on Peer to Peer Lending (P2PL) Platform." In WI '19: IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3350546.3352528.

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Shibata, Takashi, and Michi Nishihara. "Optimal Investment Timing and Volume Decisions under Debt Borrowing Constraints." In International Workshop on Finance 2012. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814571647_0006.

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Guo, Beibei. "Research on the factors affecting the successful borrowing rate of P2P network lending in China — Taking the case of renrendai online lending as an example." In 2016 International Conference on Industrial Economics System and Industrial Security Engineering (IEIS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieis.2016.7551861.

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Wei Chen. "A possibilistic portfolio model with borrowing and bounded constraints and its application." In 2008 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2008.4597424.

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"Borrowing Constraints and its Impact on The First-Time Buyer Market in Britain." In 10th European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2003. ERES, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2003_103.

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Kuzu, Serdar, and H. Muhammet Kekeç. "Analysis of the Effect of Weighted Average Cost of the CBRT Funding on BIST100 Index, BISTXBANK Index and Exchange Rate." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01884.

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This study is found to find out how Weighted Average Funding Cost, which is new policy tool implemented by The Central Bank of Turkey (CBRT) in 2011, weighted average funding cost -aiming at removing the ambiguities seen in the financial variables and minimizing the effect of capital movements on these variables is reviewed. In this study, the effects of the interest rate policy of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) on BIST100 index, BISTXBANK index and exchange rate are tested by Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF), ML-GARCH and DCC GARCH models based on ENGLE, R.F. and SHEPPARD, K. (2001). According to the findings obtained, it is concluded that the decisions of the Weighted Average Funding Cost related to Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBTR) lending and borrowing interest rates are direct effective on BIST100 index, BISTXBANK index but indirect with Exchange rate.
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Reports on the topic "Borrowing and lending constraints"

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Morais, Bernardo, Gaizka Ormazabal, José-Luis Peydró, Mónica Roa, and Miguel Sarmiento. Forward Looking Loan Provisions: Credit Supply and Risk-Taking. Banco de la República, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1159.

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We show corporate-level real, financial, and (bank) risk-taking effects associated with calculating loan provisions based on expected—rather than incurred—credit losses. For identification, we exploit unique features of a Colombian reform and supervisory, matched loan-level data. The regulatory change induces a dramatic increase in provisions. Banks tighten all new lending conditions, adversely affecting borrowing-firms, with stronger effects for risky-firms. Moreover, to minimize provisioning, more affected (less-capitalized) banks cut credit supply to risky-firms— SMEs with shorter credit history, less tangible assets or more defaulted loans—but engage in “search-for-yield” within regulatory constraints and increase portfolio concentration, thereby decreasing risk diversification.
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2

Avellán, Leopoldo, Arturo Galindo, and Giulia Lotti. Sovereign External Borrowing and Multilateral Lending: Dynamics and Crises. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001443.

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Clarida, Richard. International Lending and Borrowing in a Stochastic Sequence Equilibrium. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1944.

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4

Hanushek, Eric, Charles Ka Yui Leung, and Kuzey Yilmaz. Borrowing Constraints, College Aid, and Intergenerational Mobility. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10711.

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5

Fernandez, Raquel. Education and Borrowing Constraints: Tests vs. Prices. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6588.

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6

Cameron, Stephen, and Christopher Taber. Borrowing Constraints and the Returns to Schooling. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7761.

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7

Wakabayashi, Midori, and Charles Yuji Horioka. Borrowing Constraints and Consumption Behavior in Japan. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11560.

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8

Restrepo-Echavarria, Paulina. Endogenous Borrowing Constraints and Stagnation in Latin America. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2014.037.

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9

Brown, Meta, John Karl Scholz, and Ananth Seshadri. A New Test of Borrowing Constraints for Education. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14879.

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10

Adams, William, Liran Einav, and Jonathan Levin. Liquidity Constraints and Imperfect Information in Subprime Lending. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13067.

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