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Journal articles on the topic 'Bose-Einstein condensate'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 January 2025

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1

SHI, YU. "ENTANGLEMENT BETWEEN BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 15, no. 22 (September 10, 2001): 3007–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979201007154.

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For a Bose condensate in a double-well potential or with two Josephson-coupled internal states, the condensate wavefunction is a superposition. Here we consider coupling two such Bose condensates, and suggest the existence of a joint condensate wavefunction, which is in general a superposition of all products of the bases condensate wavefunctions of the two condensates. The corresponding many-body state is a product of such superposed wavefunctions, with appropriate symmetrization. These states may be potentially useful for quantum computation. There may be robustness and stability due to macroscopic occupation of a same single particle state. The nonlinearity of the condensate wavefunction due to particle–particle interaction may be utilized to realize nonlinear quantum computation, which was suggested to be capable of solving NP-complete problems.

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2

Öztürk, Fahri Emre, Tim Lappe, Göran Hellmann, Julian Schmitt, Jan Klaers, Frank Vewinger, Johann Kroha, and Martin Weitz. "Observation of a non-Hermitian phase transition in an optical quantum gas." Science 372, no. 6537 (April 1, 2021): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abe9869.

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Quantum gases of light, such as photon or polariton condensates in optical microcavities, are collective quantum systems enabling a tailoring of dissipation from, for example, cavity loss. This characteristic makes them a tool to study dissipative phases, an emerging subject in quantum many-body physics. We experimentally demonstrate a non-Hermitian phase transition of a photon Bose-Einstein condensate to a dissipative phase characterized by a biexponential decay of the condensate’s second-order coherence. The phase transition occurs because of the emergence of an exceptional point in the quantum gas. Although Bose-Einstein condensation is usually connected to lasing by a smooth crossover, the observed phase transition separates the biexponential phase from both lasing and an intermediate, oscillatory condensate regime. Our approach can be used to study a wide class of dissipative quantum phases in topological or lattice systems.

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3

Yang, Yajie, and Ying Dong. "Dynamics of matter-wave solitons in three-component Bose-Einstein condensates with time-modulated interactions and gain or loss effect." Physica Scripta 97, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 025201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ac47b9.

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Abstract The gain or loss effect on the dynamics of the matter-wave solitons in three-component Bose–Einstein condensates with time-modulated interactions trapped in parabolic external potentials are investigated analytically. Some exact matter-wave soliton solutions to the three-coupled Gross–Pitaevskii equation describing the three-component Bose–Einstein condensates are constructed by similarity transformation. The dynamical properties of the matter-wave solitons are analyzed graphically, and the effects of the gain or loss parameter and the frequency of the external potentials on the matter-wave solitons are explored. It is shown that the gain coefficient makes the atom condensate to absorb energy from the background, while the loss coefficient brings about the collapse of the condensate.

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4

Castellanos, Elías. "Homogeneous one-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate in the Bogoliubov’s regime." Modern Physics Letters B 30, no. 22 (August 20, 2016): 1650307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984916503073.

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We analyze the corrections caused by finite size effects upon the ground state properties of a homogeneous one-dimensional (1D) Bose–Einstein condensate. We assume from the very beginning that the Bogoliubov’s formalism is valid and consequently, we show that in order to obtain a well-defined ground state properties, finite size effects of the system must be taken into account. Indeed, the formalism described in the present paper allows to recover the usual properties related to the ground state of a homogeneous 1D Bose–Einstein condensate but corrected by finite size effects of the system. Finally, this scenario allows us to analyze the sensitivity of the system when the Bogoliubov’s regime is valid and when finite size effects are present. These facts open the possibility to apply these ideas to more realistic scenarios, e.g. low-dimensional trapped Bose–Einstein condensates.

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5

Wilson, Andrew C., and Callum R. McKenzie. "Experimental Aspects of Bose-Einstein Condensation." Modern Physics Letters B 14, supp01 (September 2000): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984900001579.

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An introductory level review of experimental techniques essential for producing and probing Bose condensates formed with dilute alkali vapours is presented. This discussion includes a summary of evaporative cooling techniques, condensate imaging schemes, and a review of current BEC technology.

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6

SCHELLE, ALEXEJ. "QUANTUM FLUCTUATION DYNAMICS DURING THE TRANSITION OF A MESOSCOPIC BOSONIC GAS INTO A BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATE." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 11, no. 04 (December 2012): 1250027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477512500277.

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The condensate number distribution during the transition of a dilute, weakly interacting gas of N = 200 bosonic atoms into a Bose–Einstein condensate is modeled within number conserving master equation theory of Bose–Einstein condensation. Initial strong quantum fluctuations occuring during the exponential cycle of condensate growth reduce in a subsequent saturation stage, before the Bose gas finally relaxes towards the Gibbs–Boltzmann equilibrium.

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7

CIAMPINI, DONATELLA, OLIVER MORSCH, and ENNIO ARIMONDO. "SIGNATURES OF DYNAMICAL INSTABILITY OF BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATES IN 1D OPTICAL LATTICES." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 12, no. 02 (June 2013): 1340006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477513400063.

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The onset of dynamical instabilities of Bose–Einstein condensates in optical lattices due to the dephasing of the condensate wavefunction is observed through the decay of the visibility of the interference pattern in time-of-flight and the growth of the radial width of the condensate.

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8

TSURUMI, TAKEYA, HIROFUMI MORISE, and MIKI WADATI. "STABILITY OF BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATES CONFINED IN TRAPS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 14, no. 07 (March 20, 2000): 655–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979200000595.

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Bose–Einstein condensation has been realized as dilute atomic vapors. This achievement has generated immense interest in this field. This article review of recent theoretical research into the properties of trapped dilute-gas Bose–Einstein condensates. Among these properties, stability of Bose–Einstein condensates confined in traps is mainly discussed. Static properties of the ground state are investigated by using the variational method. The analysis is extended to the stability of two-component condensates. Time-development of the condensate is well-described by the Gross–Pitaevskii equation which is known in nonlinear physics as the no nlinear Schrödinger equation. For the case that the inter-atomic potential is effectively attractive, a singularity of the solution emerges in a finite time. This phenomenon which we call collapse explains the upper bound for the number of atoms in such condensates under traps.

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9

PÉREZ ROJAS, H., A. PÉREZ MARTÍNEZ, and HERMAN J. MOSQUERA CUESTA. "COLLAPSING NEUTRON STARS DRIVEN BY CRITICAL MAGNETIC FIELDS AND EXPLODING BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATES." International Journal of Modern Physics D 14, no. 11 (November 2005): 1855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271805007516.

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A Bose–Einstein condensate of a neutral vector boson bearing an anomalous magnetic moment is suggested as a model for ferromagnetic origin of magnetic fields in neutron stars. The vector particles are assumed to arise from parallel spin-paired neutrons. A negative pressure perpendicular to the external field B is acting on this condensate, which for large densities, compress the system, and may produce a collapse. An upper bound of the magnetic fields observable in neutron stars is given. In the the non-relativistic limit, the analogy with the behavior of exploding Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) for critical values of the magnetic field is briefly discussed.

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10

Zeng, Heping, Weiping Zhang, and Fucheng Lin. "Nonclassical Bose-Einstein condensate." Physical Review A 52, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 2155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.52.2155.

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11

Heping, Zeng, and Lin Fucheng. "Nonclassical Bose-Einstein Condensate." Chinese Physics Letters 12, no. 10 (October 1995): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/12/10/005.

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12

Cornell, Eric A., and Carl E. Wieman. "The Bose-Einstein Condensate." Scientific American 278, no. 3 (March 1998): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0398-40.

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13

Prayitno, Teguh Budi, Widyanirmala, Idrus Husin Belfaqih, T. E. K. Sutantyo, and I. Made Astra. "Longitudinal Profiles of Atom Laser Propagation in a Cigar-Shaped Trap." Advanced Materials Research 1123 (August 2015): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1123.31.

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Focusing on the cigar-shaped trap model, we provide longitudinal profiles of a weakly outcoupled atom laser propagation both inside and outside the Bose-Einstein condensate regions. The propagation itself is generally represented by inhomogeneous Schrödinger equation which is derived from a set of Gross-Pitaevskii equations by applying the available conditions. We also show that by imposing boundary condition and using quantum oscillator model, energy of the outcoupled atom laser outside the Bose-Einstein condensate region is quantized while there is no analytical solution for the propagation of the outcoupled atom laser inside the Bose-Einstein condensate region.

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14

Pereira, Lucas Carvalho, and Valter Aragão do Nascimento. "Dynamics of Bose–Einstein Condensates Subject to the Pöschl–Teller Potential through Numerical and Variational Solutions of the Gross–Pitaevskii Equation." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 2236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102236.

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We present for the first time an approach about Bose–Einstein condensates made up of atoms with attractive interatomic interactions confined to the Pöschl–Teller hyperbolic potential. In this paper, we consider a Bose–Einstein condensate confined in a cigar-shaped, and it was modeled by the mean field equation known as the Gross–Pitaevskii equation. An analytical (variational method) and numerical (two-step Crank–Nicolson) approach is proposed to study the proposed model of interatomic interaction. The solutions of the one-dimensional Gross–Pitaevskii equation obtained in this paper confirmed, from a theoretical point of view, the possibility of the Pöschl–Teller potential to confine Bose–Einstein condensates. The chemical potential as a function of the depth of the Pöschl–Teller potential showed a behavior very similar to the cases of Bose–Einstein condensates and superfluid Fermi gases in optical lattices and optical superlattices. The results presented in this paper can open the way for several applications in atomic and molecular physics, solid state physics, condensed matter physics, and material sciences.

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15

De María-García, Sergi De, Albert Ferrando, J. Alberto Conejero, Pedro Fernández De De Córdoba, and Miguel Ángel García-March. "A Method for the Dynamics of Vortices in a Bose-Einstein Condensate: Analytical Equations of the Trajectories of Phase Singularities." Condensed Matter 8, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat8010012.

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We present a method to study the dynamics of a quasi-two dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate which initially contains several vortices at arbitrary locations. The method allows one to find the analytical solution for the dynamics of the Bose-Einstein condensate in a homogeneous medium and in a parabolic trap, for the ideal non-interacting case. Secondly, the method allows one to obtain algebraic equations for the trajectories of the position of phase singularities present in the initial condensate along with time (the vortex lines). With these equations, one can predict quantities of interest, such as the time at which a vortex and an antivortex contained in the initial condensate will merge. For the homogeneous case, this method was introduced in the context of photonics. Here, we adapt it to the context of Bose-Einstein condensates, and we extend it to the trapped case for the first time. Also, we offer numerical simulations in the non-linear case, for repulsive and attractive interactions. We use a numerical split-step simulation of the non-linear Gross-Pitaevskii equation to determine how these trajectories and quantities of interest are changed by the interactions. We illustrate the method with several simple cases of interest, both in the homogeneous and parabolically trapped systems.

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16

STAMPER-KURN, D. M., A. P. CHIKKATUR, A. GÖRLITZ, S. GUPTA, S. INOUYE, J. STENGER, D. E. PRITCHARD, and W. KETTERLE. "PROBING BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES WITH OPTICAL BRAGG SCATTERING." International Journal of Modern Physics B 15, no. 10n11 (May 10, 2001): 1621–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979201006136.

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Gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates are a macroscopic condensed-matter system which can be understood from a microscopic, atomic basis. We present examples of how the optical tools of atomic physics can be used to probe properties of this system. In particular, we describe how stimulated light scattering can be used to measure the coherence length of a condensate, to measure its excitation spectrum, and to reveal the presence of pair excitations in the many-body condensate wavefunction.

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17

CHEN, ZENG-BING. "ATOM-OPTICAL BISTABILITY IN TRAPPED BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATES." Modern Physics Letters B 14, no. 01 (January 10, 2000): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984900000069.

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The close similarities between nonlinear optics and nonlinear atom optics motivate us to demonstrate the possibility of atom-optical bistability for a trapped Bose–Einstein condensate. Driven by an intense, coherent input matter wave, the trapped Bose–Einstein condensate might display the bistability when the Born–Markov master equation for the condensate mode is used. The atom-optical bistability provides a way to control atom lasers with atom lasers.

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18

HUTCHINSON, D. A. W., and P. B. BLAKIE. "PHASE TRANSITIONS IN ULTRA-COLD TWO-DIMENSIONAL BOSE GASES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 30n31 (December 20, 2006): 5224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206036302.

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We briefly review the theory of Bose-Einstein condensation in the two-dimensional trapped Bose gas and, in particular the relationship to the theory of the homogeneous two-dimensional gas and the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase. We obtain a phase diagram for the trapped two-dimensional gas, finding a critical temperature above which the free energy of a state with a pair of vortices of opposite circulation is lower than that for a vortex-free Bose-Einstein condensed ground state. We identify three distinct phases which are, in order of increasing temperature, a phase coherent Bose-Einstein condensate, a vortex pair plasma with fluctuating condensate phase and a thermal Bose gas. The thermal activation of vortex-antivortex pair formation is confirmed using finite-temperature classical field simulations.

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19

Berman, Gennady P., Vyacheslav N. Gorshkov, Vladimir I. Tsifrinovich, Marco Merkli, and Xidi Wang. "Bose–Einstein condensate of ultra-light axions as a candidate for the dark matter galaxy halos." Modern Physics Letters A 34, no. 30 (September 28, 2019): 1950361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732319503619.

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We suggest that the dark matter halo in some of the spiral galaxies can be described as the ground state of the Bose–Einstein condensate of ultra-light self-gravitating axions. We have also developed an effective “dissipative” algorithm for the solution of nonlinear integro-differential Schrödinger equation describing self-gravitating Bose–Einstein condensate. The mass of an ultra-light axion is estimated.

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20

Al-Jibbouri, H. "Dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates under anharmonic trap." Condensed Matter Physics 25, no. 2 (2022): 23301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5488/cmp.25.23301.

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The dynamics of weakly interacting three-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), trapped in external axially symmetric plus anharmonic distortion potential are studied. Within a variational approach and time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation, the coupled condensate width equations are derived. By modulating anharmonic distortion of the trapping potential, nonlinear features are studied numerically and illustrated analytically, such as mode coupling of oscillation modes, and resonances. Furthermore, the stability of attractive interaction BEC in both repulsive and attractive anharmonic distortion is examined. We demonstrate that a small repulsive and attractive anharmonic distortion is effective in reducing (extending) the condensate stability region since it decreases (increases) the critical number of atoms in the trapping potential.

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21

Sekh, Golam Ali, and Benoy Talukdar. "Satyendra Nath Bose: quantum statistics to Bose-Einstein condensation." Moldavian Journal of the Physical Sciences 22, no. 1 (December 2023): 11–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53081/mjps.2023.22-1.01.

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Satyendra Nath (S.N.) Bose is one of the great Indian scientists. His remarkable work on the black body radiation or derivation of Planck’s law led to quantum statistics, in particular, the statistics of photon. Albert Einstein applied Bose’s idea to a gas made of atoms and predicted a new state of matter now called Bose-Einstein condensate. It took 70 years to observe the predicted condensation phenomenon in the laboratory. With a brief introduction to the formative period of Professor Bose, this research survey begins with the founding works on quantum statistics and, subsequently, provides a brief account of the series of events terminating in the experimental realization of Bose-Einstein condensation. We also provide two simple examples to visualize the role of synthetic spin-orbit coupling in a quasi-one-dimensional condensate with attractive atom-atom interaction.

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22

Cheng, Ze. "Exact breather solutions of repulsive Bose atoms in a one-dimensional harmonic trap." International Journal of Modern Physics C 29, no. 10 (October 2018): 1850100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183118501000.

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Bose–Einstein condensates of repulsive Bose atoms in a one-dimensional harmonic trap are investigated within the framework of a mean field theory. We solve the one-dimensional nonlinear Gross–Pitaevskii (GP) equation that describes atomic Bose–Einstein condensates. As a result, we acquire a family of exact breather solutions of the GP equation. We numerically calculate the number density [Formula: see text] of atoms that is associated with these solutions. The first discovery of the calculation is that at the instant of the saddle point, the density profile exhibits a sharp peak with extremely narrow width. The second discovery of the calculation is that in the center of the trap ([Formula: see text] m), the number density is a U-shaped function of the time [Formula: see text]. The third discovery of the calculation is that the surface plot of the density [Formula: see text] likes a saddle surface. The fourth discovery of the calculation is that as the number [Formula: see text] of atoms increases, the Bose–Einstein condensate in a one-dimensional harmonic trap becomes stabler and stabler.

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23

Gajda, Mariusz, and Kazimierz Rza̧żewski. "Fluctuations of Bose-Einstein Condensate." Physical Review Letters 78, no. 14 (April 7, 1997): 2686–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.78.2686.

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24

Damski, Bogdan, Krzysztof Sacha, and Jakub Zakrzewski. "Stirring a Bose Einstein condensate." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 35, no. 19 (September 17, 2002): 4051–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/35/19/308.

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25

Stein, Benjamin P. "A spinless Bose-Einstein condensate." Physics Today 56, no. 11 (November 2003): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4796924.

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26

Krasnov, V. O. "Fermion Spectrum Of Bose-Fermi-Hubbard Model In The Phase With Bose-Einstein Condensate." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 60, no. 5 (May 2015): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe60.05.0443.

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27

Phat, Tran Huu, Le Viet Hoa, and Dang Thi Minh Hue. "Phase Structure of Bose - Einstein Condensate in Ultra - Cold Bose Gases." Communications in Physics 24, no. 4 (March 13, 2015): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/24/4/5041.

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The Bose - Einstein condensation of ultra - cold Bose gases is studied by means of the Cornwall - Jackiw - Tomboulis effective potential approach in the improved double - bubble approximation which preserves the Goldstone theorem. The phase structure of Bose - Einstein condensate associating with two different types of phase transition is systematically investigated. Its main feature is that the symmetry which was broken at zero temperature gets restore at higher temperature.

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28

Wieman, Carl E. "Bose–Einstein Condensation in an Ultracold Gas." International Journal of Modern Physics B 11, no. 28 (November 10, 1997): 3281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979297001581.

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Bose–Einstein condensation in a gas has now been achieved. Atoms are cooled to the point of condensation using laser cooling and trapping, followed by magnetic trapping and evaporative cooling. These techniques are explained, as well as the techniques by which we observe the cold atom samples. Three different signatures of Bose–Einstein condensation are described. A number of properties of the condensate, including collective excitations, distortions of the wave function by interactions, and the fraction of atoms in the condensate versus temperature, have also been measured.

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29

Ma, Decheng, Chenglong Jia, Enrique Solano, and Lucas Chibebe Céleri. "Analogue Gravitational Lensing in Bose-Einstein Condensates." Universe 9, no. 10 (October 1, 2023): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe9100443.

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We consider the propagation of phonons in the presence of a particle sink with radial flow in a Bose–Einstein condensate. Because the particle sink can be used to simulate a static acoustic black hole, the phonon would experience a considerable spacetime curvature at appreciable distance from the sink. The trajectory of the phonons is bended after passing by the particle sink, which can be used as a simulation of the gravitational lensing effect in a Bose–Einstein condensate. Possible experimental implementations are discussed.

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30

CHAUDHARY, G. K., AMIT K. CHATTOPADHYAY, and R. RAMAKUMAR. "BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATE IN A QUARTIC POTENTIAL: STATIC AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 25, no. 29 (November 20, 2011): 3927–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979211101855.

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In this paper, we present a theoretical study of a Bose–Einstein condensate of interacting bosons in a quartic trap in one-, two- and three-dimensions. Using Thomas–Fermi approximation, suitably complemented by numerical solutions of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation, we study the ground-state condensate density profiles, the chemical potential, the effects of cross-terms in the quartic potential, temporal evolution of various energy components of the condensate and width oscillations of the condensate. Results obtained are compared with corresponding results for a bose condensate in a harmonic confinement.

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31

Kuznetsova, N. V., D. V. Makarov, N. A. Asriyan, A. A. Elistratov, and Yu E. Lozovik. "Spatial coherence of exciton-polaritoniс Bose‒Einstein condensates." Izvestiâ Akademii nauk SSSR. Seriâ fizičeskaâ 88, no. 6 (June 15, 2024): 889–95. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0367676524060074.

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Dynamics of exciton-polariton Bose‒Einstein condensate in an optical microcavity is considered. A novel version of stochastic Gross‒Pitaevsky equation for description of condensate evolution under non-Markovian interaction with environment is proposed. Using the proposed version, analysis of condensate dynamics for various temperatures is carried out. The phase transition from a homogeneous to fragmented condensate state near temperature of 15 K is found. This phase transition is accompanied by drop of condensate density and decrease of correlation length. It is found that correlation length oscillates with time for the temperature of 10 K. The results obtained indicate the necessity to take into account non-Markovianity of condensate interaction with the excitonic reservoir.

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32

Wogan, Tim. "First continuous condensate created." Physics World 35, no. 8 (September 1, 2022): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/35/08/05.

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33

BENSEGHIR, A., W. A. T. WAN ABDULLAH, B. A. UMAROV, and B. B. BAIZAKOV. "PARAMETRIC EXCITATION OF SOLITONS IN DIPOLAR BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATES." Modern Physics Letters B 27, no. 25 (September 23, 2013): 1350184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984913501844.

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In this paper, we study the response of a Bose–Einstein condensate with strong dipole–dipole atomic interactions to periodically varying perturbation. The dynamics is governed by the Gross–Pitaevskii equation with additional nonlinear term, corresponding to a nonlocal dipolar interactions. The mathematical model, based on the variational approximation, has been developed and applied to parametric excitation of the condensate due to periodically varying coefficient of nonlocal nonlinearity. The model predicts the waveform of solitons in dipolar condensates and describes their small amplitude dynamics quite accurately. Theoretical predictions are verified by numerical simulations of the nonlocal Gross–Pitaevskii equation and good agreement between them is found. The results can lead to better understanding of the properties of ultra-cold quantum gases, such as 52 Cr , 164 Dy and 168 Er , where the long-range dipolar atomic interactions dominate the usual contact interactions.

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34

Petrov, P. E., G. A. Knyazev, A. N. Kuzmichev, P. M. Vetoshko, V. I. Belotelov, and Yu M. Bunkov. "Transition to a Magnon Bose–Einstein Condensate." JETP Letters 119, no. 2 (January 2024): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s002136402360386x.

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Parameters of the transition from classical dynamics of spin waves to the formation of a coherent magnon Bose–Einstein condensate have been obtained experimentally for the first time. The studies are performed on an yttrium iron garnet film beyond the radio frequency excitation region; thus, the coherent state of magnons is an eigenstate rather than a state induced by an external radio frequency field. The critical magnon density at the formation of the Bose–Einstein condensate is in good agreement with a theoretically predicted value. The transition is obtained at room temperature, which is possible owing to a small mass of magnons and their high density.

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35

KASAMATSU, KENICHI, MAKOTO TSUBOTA, and MASAHITO UEDA. "VORTICES IN MULTICOMPONENT BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 11 (April 30, 2005): 1835–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205029602.

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We review the topic of quantized vortices in multicomponent Bose–Einstein condensates of dilute atomic gases, with an emphasis on the two-component condensates. First, we review the fundamental structure, stability and dynamics of a single vortex state in a slowly rotating two-component condensates. To understand recent experimental results, we use the coupled Gross–Pitaevskii equations and the generalized nonlinear sigma model. An axisymmetric vortex state, which was observed by the JILA group, can be regarded as a topologically trivial skyrmion in the pseudospin representation. The internal, coherent coupling between the two components breaks the axisymmetry of the vortex state, resulting in a stable vortex molecule (a meron pair). We also mention unconventional vortex states and monopole excitations in a spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensate. Next, we discuss a rich variety of vortex states realized in rapidly rotating two-component Bose–Einstein condensates. We introduce a phase diagram with axes of rotation frequency and the intercomponent coupling strength. This phase diagram reveals unconventional vortex states such as a square lattice, a double-core lattice, vortex stripes and vortex sheets, all of which are in an experimentally accessible parameter regime. The coherent coupling leads to an effective attractive interaction between two components, providing not only a promising candidate to tune the intercomponent interaction to study the rich vortex phases but also a new regime to explore vortex states consisting of vortex molecules characterized by anisotropic vorticity. A recent experiment by the JILA group vindicated the formation of a square vortex lattice in this system.

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36

Navez, Patric. "Macroscopic Squeezing in Bose–Einstein Condensate." Modern Physics Letters B 12, no. 18 (August 10, 1998): 705–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984998000822.

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We study the ground state of a uniform Bose gas at zero temperature in the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov (HFB) approximation. We find a solution of the HFB equations which obeys the Hugenholtz–Pines theorem. This solution imposes a macroscopic squeezing to the condensed state and as a consequence displays large particle number fluctuations. Particle number conservation is restored by building the appropriate U(1) invariant ground state via the superposition of the squeezed states. The condensed particle number distribution of this new ground state is calculated as well as its fluctuations which present a normal behavior.

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37

Grossmann, Siegfried, and Martin Holthaus. "Bose -Einstein Condensation and Condensate Tunneling." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 50, no. 4-5 (May 1, 1995): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1995-4-501.

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Abstract We consider Bose-Einstein condensation in a small cube and describe effects induced by the con finement. We also sketch an analogue of the Josephson effect for neutral particles, which can be realized when two almost degenerate states in a double well potential are occupied by a macroscopic number of Bosons. PACS number: 05.30.Jp

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38

Collins, Graham P. "Gaseous Bose–Einstein Condensate Finally Observed." Physics Today 48, no. 8 (August 1995): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2808119.

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39

White, A. C., N. P. Proukakis, A. J. Youd, D. H. Wacks, A. W. Baggaley, and C. F. Barenghi. "Turbulence in a Bose-Einstein condensate." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 318, no. 6 (December 22, 2011): 062003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/318/6/062003.

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LEWOCZKO-ADAMCZYK, W., A. PETERS, T. VAN ZOEST, E. RASEL, W. ERTMER, A. VOGEL, S. WILDFANG, et al. "RUBIDIUM BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATE UNDER MICROGRAVITY." International Journal of Modern Physics D 16, no. 12b (December 2007): 2447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271807011620.

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Weightlessness promises to substantially extend the science of quantum gases toward presently inaccessible regimes of low temperatures, macroscopic dimensions of coherent matter waves, and enhanced duration of unperturbed evolution. With the long-term goal of studying cold quantum gases on a space platform, we currently focus on the implementation of an 87 Rb Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) experiment under microgravity conditions at the ZARM drop tower in Bremen (Germany). Special challenges in the construction of the experimental setup are posed by a low volume of the drop capsule (< 1 m3) as well as critical vibrations during capsule release and peak decelerations of up to 50 g during recapture at the bottom of the tower. All mechanical and electronic components have thus been designed with stringent demands on miniaturization, mechanical stability and reliability. Additionally, the system provides extensive remote control capabilities as it is not manually accessible in the tower two hours before and during the drop. We present the robust system and show results from first tests at the drop tower.

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Vysotina, N. V., N. N. Rosanov, and A. N. Shatsev. "Interactions of Bose–Einstein-Condensate Oscillons." Optics and Spectroscopy 124, no. 1 (January 2018): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0030400x18010228.

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42

Matthews, M. R., B. P. Anderson, P. C. Haljan, D. S. Hall, C. E. Wieman, and E. A. Cornell. "Vortices in a Bose-Einstein Condensate." Physical Review Letters 83, no. 13 (September 27, 1999): 2498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.83.2498.

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43

Qin, Jie-Li. "Accelerate Bose–Einstein condensate by interaction." Chinese Physics B 28, no. 12 (November 2019): 126701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/ab4e8a.

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44

Feder, David L. "Solitons in a Bose-Einstein Condensate." Optics and Photonics News 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.11.12.000038.

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45

Jones, Kingsley R. W., and David Bernstein. "The self-gravitating Bose-Einstein condensate." Classical and Quantum Gravity 18, no. 8 (March 30, 2001): 1513–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/18/8/308.

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Wang, Zhi-Xia, Zheng-Guo Ni, Fu-Zhong Cong, Xue-Shen Liu, and Lei Chen. "Chaos in a Bose—Einstein condensate." Chinese Physics B 19, no. 11 (November 2010): 113205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/19/11/113205.

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47

ZhengChuan, Wang, and Li BoZang. "Geometric Phase and Bose–Einstein Condensate." Communications in Theoretical Physics 33, no. 3 (April 30, 2000): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/33/3/477.

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Quintero Angulo, G., A. Pérez Martínez, H. Pérez Rojas, and D. Manreza Paret. "(Self-)Magnetized Bose–Einstein condensate stars." International Journal of Modern Physics D 28, no. 10 (July 2019): 1950135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271819501359.

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We study magnetic field effects on the Equations-of-State (EoS) and the structure of Bose–Einstein Condensate (BEC) stars, i.e. a compact object composed by a gas of interacting spin-one bosons formed up by the pairing of two neutrons. To include the magnetic field in the thermodynamic description, we assume that particle–magnetic field and particle–particle interactions are independent. We consider two configurations for the magnetic field: one where it is constant and externally fixed, and another where it is produced by the bosons through self-magnetization. Stable configurations of self-magnetized and magnetized nonspherical BEC stars are studied using structure equations that describe axially symmetric objects. In general, the magnetized BEC stars are spheroidal, less massive and smaller than the nonmagnetic ones, being these effects more relevant at low densities. Nevertheless, star masses around two solar masses are obtained by increasing the strength of the boson–boson interaction. The inner magnetic field profiles of the self-magnetized BEC stars can be computed as a function of the equatorial radii. The values obtained for the core and surface magnetic fields are in agreement with those typically found in compact objects.

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Zak, Michail, and Igor Kulikov. "Soliton resonance in Bose–Einstein condensate." Physics Letters A 313, no. 1-2 (June 2003): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9601(03)00725-4.

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Wilson, Mark. "Watching a Bose–Einstein condensate crystallize." Physics Today 63, no. 7 (July 2010): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3463617.

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