Journal articles: 'Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun'

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Hammer, Olav, and Karen Swartz. "The Bosnian Pyramid Phenomenon." Nova Religio 23, no. 4 (2020): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2020.23.4.94.

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The Bosnian town of Visoko has in recent years become a New Age pilgrimage site. Several formations in the landscape have been branded as ancient pyramids and tunnels. These purported monuments from bygone times are administrated by a private foundation led by the Bosnian American entrepreneur Semir Osmanagić. His claim is that the structures at Visoko were built tens of thousands of years ago by an advanced civilization that mastered a technology that enabled the concentration of healing energies. This controversial assertion is supported by invoking the supposed scientific proofs for the existence of these energies and by prominently displaying various legitimizing visual and material props. The prospect of coming into contact with the mysterious powers emanating from the site attracts numerous visitors and has led to the commodification of the pyramid and tunnel complex.

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Bohannon, John. "Researchers Helpless as Bosnian Pyramid Bandwagon Gathers Pace." Science 314, no. 5807 (2006): 1862.1–1862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.314.5807.1862a.

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Sugiyama, Nawa, Saburo Sugiyama, and Sarabia G. Alejandro. "Inside the Sun Pyramid at Teotihuacan, Mexico: 2008—2011 Excavations and Preliminary Results." Latin American Antiquity 24, no. 4 (2013): 403–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.24.4.403.

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After more than a century of explorations at the Sun Pyramid in Teotihuacan, many uncertainties about the function, meaning, chronology, and use of the monument remain unresolved. Here we present preliminary results from excavations and mapping conducted by the Sun Pyramid Project to address some of these issues. We focus particularly on describing the architectural features excavated in the interior of the pyramid as well as the subterranean tunnel. This evidence is used to argue that the subterranean structure was artificially constructed for ritual activities, including the placement of royal burials and/or offerings in its interior. We define three stages in the construction sequence of the Sun Pyramid: (1) a Pre-Sun Pyramid phase, (2) the establishment of the main corpus of the monument, and, finally, (3) the adjoining of the adosada platform. In each phase, we discuss the presence of burials, offerings, or other features uncovered. Furthermore, we present the results of new ceramic and radiocarbon dates that transform our understanding about the construction of the ceremonial center, where the Sun Pyramid and the subterranean tunnel are dated to a later phase than previously thought, from A.D. 170—310 and A.D. 140—240, respectively.

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Osmanagich, Sam. "Bosnian Pyramids Bosnian Pyramids Against All Odds: A Case Study in Vision-Driven Tourism 2005-2025." Open Access Journal of Economic Research 02, no. 02 (2025): 01–09. https://doi.org/10.64030/3065-9035.02.02.si.01.

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The Bosnian Pyramid project, launched in 2005 in Visoko, faced relentless opposition from mainstream academic institutions, national media, and cultural gatekeepers. Decried as pseudoarchaeology and dismissed without investigation, the project nevertheless gave rise to a new model of heritage-based economic development: archaeological tourism driven by vision, perseverance, and grassroots support. Over two decades, the Bosnian Pyramids attracted hundreds of thousands of visitors, revitalized a stagnant local economy, created employment opportunities, and reshaped the global perception of Bosnia’s cultural assets. This article documents the economic trajectory of the project, analyzes institutional resistance, and demonstrates how sustained enthusiasm from tourists and volunteers became a decisive force in overcoming systemic barriers. The Bosnian Pyramids serve as a case study in how non-institutional initiatives can succeed through alternative models of development and engagement. Statistical modeling using Monte Carlo simulations underscores the improbability of this success, revealing a survival chance of just 11.5% under standard academic or commercial leadership scenarios.

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Rebecca Sload. "When was the Sun Pyramid Built? Maintaining the Status Quo at Teotihuacan, Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 26, no. 2 (2015): 221–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.26.2.221.

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The traditional view based on ceramics is that construction of the Sun Pyramid at Teotihuacan commenced in the first century A .D. Likewise, radiocarbon dates from the artificial cave beneath the Pyramid indicate that it was created at about the same lime. Both Pyramid and cave are seen as having a role in the founding of the city. Recent excavation inside the Pyramid produced radiocarbon dates that cluster in the mid-third century A.D. Members of the Sun Pyramid Project interpreted the dates as representing initial construction of the structure, moving it significantly later in time than previously thought. They also reinterpreted the dates for the construction of the cave, making it contemporaneous with the revised Pyramid construction. This paper adds radiocarbon dates from the cave to the original set and employs Bayesian analysis. The initial interpretation is supported: the dates reflect a cycle of cave creation through termination that began in the midfirst century and lasted about 200 years. I interpret the dates from the Pyramid as reflecting ritual associated with cave termination and a concomitant redefinition of the Pyramid that involved architectural modifications and tunneling. Pyramid and cave dates are reconciled with each other, with ceramics, and with the ceramic chronology. The traditional timing of first century Pyramid construction is maintained, along with its social, political, and economic implications.

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Sload, Rebecca. "RESPONSE TO SUGIYAMA, SUGIYAMA, AND SARABIA G." Latin American Antiquity 29, no. 2 (2018): 401–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2017.69.

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Contrary to Sugiyama et al., radiocarbon dates from the Sun Pyramid do not mean that the Pyramid was constructed later than current estimates, nor that the Teotihuacan ceramic chronology should be changed.

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Zou, Yifan, and Claudia Brittenham. "Pyramids, Mountains, and Sight Lines." Latin American and Latinx Visual Culture 5, no. 2 (2023): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/lavc.2023.5.2.9.

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Teotihuacan’s distinctive urban grid has long attracted scholarly investigation. This essay examines several aspects of how the monumental core and its relationship to surrounding mountains changed over time. Specifically, it discusses how two of the most notable geomantic alignments at Teotihuacan—that of the Moon Pyramid with Cerro Gordo and that of the Sun Pyramid with Cerro Patlachique—were gradually refined over the centuries. Marvin Trachtenberg’s model for premodern design processes, called Building-in-Time, with its emphasis on continual redesign, concatenation, and retrosynthesis, serves as analytical framework. First, the essay argues that the location of the front stair of the Moon Pyramid remained fixed in successive reconstructions of the building because it frames a particular visual relationship between the Sun Pyramid and Cerro Patlachique behind it. Second, it presents a north-south alignment between the summits of the Moon and Sun Pyramids that developed as the Moon Pyramid was enlarged. Finally, it considers how the structures of the Moon Plaza helped eclipse the view of Cerro Gordo during the final phases of the Moon Pyramid’s history. These sight lines shaped the viewers’ embodied experience in ways that reinforced social hierarchies, reminding us that monumental architecture in Teotihuacan’s center not only unified its subjects but also reified distinctions among them.

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Heesy, Christopher P., and Robert V. Hill. "Paleoprimatology at the pyramid of the sun." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 10, no. 3 (2001): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.1018.

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Sugiyama, Nawa, Saburo Sugiyama, and Alejandro Sarabia G. "REVISITING SUN PYRAMID CERAMIC AND RADIOCARBON DATES FROM TEOTIHUACAN: COMMENT ON SLOAD." Latin American Antiquity 29, no. 2 (2018): 398–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2017.68.

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Osmanagich, Sam. "Politicized Archaeology and Cultural Gatekeeping: The Case of the Bosnian Pyramids." Political Science International 3, no. 2 (2025): 01–07. https://doi.org/10.33140/psi.03.02.01.

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The Bosnian Pyramid project in Visoko, Bosnia-Herzegovina, stands at the intersection of scientific exploration and political resistance. Despite the accumulation of peer-reviewed studies, independent expert visits, and robust archaeological and environmental data, the project has encountered systematic rejection from members of the cultural and academic establishment many of whom have never visited the site. This article investigates the phenomenon of politicized archaeology, where institutional loyalty, ideological orthodoxy, and cultural gatekeeping override empirical inquiry. Through documented examples and statistical modeling, including Monte Carlo simulations, we examine the improbability that such sustained expert support could occur by chance. Furthermore, we contrast the transparent, field-based research efforts of supporters with the unsubstantiated public discreditation campaigns waged by opponents. By exploring the political, media, and academic dynamics surrounding the case, this study contributes to broader discussions on intellectual pluralism, heritage governance, and the consequences of narrative monopolies in cultural policy.

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Wang, J., X. Wang, and J. Y. Yang. "A Sun Sensor Based on Regular Pyramid Sensor Arrays." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1207 (April 2019): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1207/1/012010.

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Koehler, Michael H. "Mathematical Lens: How Many Chips off the Old Block?" Mathematics Teacher 107, no. 1 (2013): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mathteacher.107.1.0016.

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The sculpture entitled Four-Sided Pyramid by Sol LeWitt (1928-2007) is located in the National Gallery of Art Sculpture Garden on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Installed in 1999, the sculpture takes on a different appearance depending on light conditions and the location of the sun. The square pyramid consists of rectangular blocks stacked twenty-four levels high. It comprises twenty-three vertical slices of blocks from the front to the back of the pyramid and forty-seven rows of blocks from one corner of the base to the opposite corner. The blocks are rectangular prisms of dimensions 1 × 1 × 2 units; thus, each block can be thought of as consisting of two cubes.

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Wang, Jiang, Yongchao Zhang, Yin Zhang, Yulin Huang, Jianyu Yang, and Yuming Du. "Performance in Solar Orientation Determination for Regular Pyramid Sun Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 6 (2019): 1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061424.

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Non-planar sun sensors can determine solar orientation by existing photodiodes or by reusing solar panels, without increasing the size and mass of spacecraft. However, a limiting factor for the improvement of the accuracy of orientation lies in the lack of a detailed performance assessment on interference suppression. In this paper, a new method that determines solar orientation in the frequency domain is developed for regular pyramid sun sensors, which are formed by regular pyramid arrays. Furthermore, two formulations are established to evaluate the errors of the solar azimuth and elevation angle in solar orientation determination based on the newly proposed frequency-domain method. With these formulations of performance evaluation, we discover the mathematical relationship between the interference spectrum, array geometry, solar irradiance, solar azimuth or elevation angle, and the error in solar orientation determination for the first time. This reveals that the internal interference from the detection system can be completely suppressed in solar orientation determination, and the constant interference can be eliminated in the estimation of solar azimuth angle. Simulation and field experiments validated the effectiveness of the new orientation method, error formulations and performance of each interference source.

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Espinosa, G., L. Manzanilla, and R. B. Gammage. "Radon concentrations in the pyramid of the sun at teotihuacan." Radiation Measurements 28, no. 1-6 (1997): 667–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4487(97)00161-3.

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Čelebić, Burhan. "Nastanak i tipologija nišana na južnosavenskim prostorima s posebnim osvrtom na selo Glisnica kod Pljevalja." Historijski pogledi 7, no. 12 (2024): 134–58. https://doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2024.7.12.134.

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Medieval Bosnian tombstone are one of the greatest peculiarities of medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the Ottoman conquests, medieval Bosnian tombstone were still being intensively built among the Bosnian Christians. However, at the moment when Christians became more acquainted with Islam and began to convert to it, the so-called transitional period began. In this period, significant changes occurred in the lives of Christians. As the religious beliefs of the population affected by the Ottoman conquests changed, so did the way gravestones were shaped. This period marks the beginning of different approaches by stone carvers to gravestones. During the transitional period, many places saw the emergence of Muslim cemeteries situated alongside medieval necropolises. Initially, the gravestones were laid horizontally, but soon they also underwent transformation, increasingly being built in the form of pillars with decorations (symbols) borrowed from medieval Bosnian tombstone, such as human figures, animals (eagle, dog, deer, horse, wolf, dragon, snake), weapons (sword, spear, shield, bow and arrow), astral motifs (sun, crescent moon, star), half-apple, hand, arcade, etc. These decorative elements were easily adopted by the new Muslims, who began carving them on their tombstone (Muslim gravestones), showing that the close proximity of medieval Bosnian tombstone had a significant influence on the final design of the tombstone. This led to the situation where the oldest tombstones actually emerged among paternal medieval Bosnian tombstone, i.e, new Muslims expressed a desire to be buried next to their fathers and grandfathers. Such cemeteries with both medieval Bosnian tombstone and tombstones are common in Bosnia and Herzegovina. When we studied this transitional period in the field, we concluded that it is logical to ask whether such examples also exist in Montenegro. Considering the old tombstones from the 15th and 16th centuries located in Tuzima, we found that they resemble those from Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the difference that the tombstone in Tuzima appeared somewhat later compared to the nearly identical tombstones in Bosnia and Herzegovina. When we were alerted to an old cemetery in the village of Glisnica near Pljevlja and visited it, finding medieval Bosnian tombstone among which was a pillar-like tombstone, we realized that this was the same phenomenon present in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We then decided to focus more on researching the mentioned cemetery in Glisnica. The tombstone we discovered in this cemetery is more commonly known as a medieval Bosnian tombstone and an Orthodox grave or Serbian monument, while some authors in specific works consider it a Celtic monument. After all these findings, we decided to present the history, i.e, the affiliation of this tombstone to the usual typology, in this paper, and subsequently explain its ornamentation. At the end of this paper, we have presented our opinion in the conclusion, and through the provided contributions, we have attempted to complete what could not be expressed in words.

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Gui, Mingzhen, Hua Yang, Dangjun Zhao, Mingzhe Dai, and Chengxi Zhang. "Analysis and Compensation of Sun Direction Error on Solar Disk Velocity Difference." Mathematics 11, no. 17 (2023): 3716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11173716.

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Solar disk velocity difference is an emerging celestial navigation measurement acquired through four spectrometers positioned on the four corners of the quadrangular pyramid. The alignment of the pyramid’s axis with the direction from the sun to the spacecraft is crucial. However, the sun sensor measurement error inevitably leads to the sun direction error, which both significantly affect navigation accuracy. To address this issue, this article proposes an augmented state sun direction/solar disk velocity difference integrated navigation method. By analyzing the impact of the sun direction error on sun direction and solar disk velocity difference measurements, the errors of the solar elevation and azimuth angle are extended to the state vector. The navigation method establishes state and measurement models that consider these errors. Simulation results show that the position error and velocity error of the proposed method are reduced by 97.51% and 96.91% compared with those of the integrated navigation with the sun direction error, respectively. The result demonstrates that the proposed method effectively mitigates the impact of sun direction error on navigation performance. In addition, the proposed method can maintain a satisfactory error suppression effect under different sun direction error values.

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Ivanyuk, V. G., B. P. Rusyn, and R. Ya Kosarevych. "Development of 3D surface reconstruction by the images triad based on the Lambertian reflection model." Information extraction and processing 2022, no. 50 (2022): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/vidbir2022.50.054.

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A method for reconstructing the surface of an object using on a series of images based on the Lambertian model of light reflection is proposed. The original images are obtained by the method of photography under natural lighting. The model parameters are determined by changing the position of the light source using additional shading and the stable position of the receiver. The series contains a triad of images obtained from different directions of illumination and a shaded image of the surface of the reconstruction object. In the first stage, the derived surfaces of the reconstruction object are reconstructed. The next step is the accumulation of derivatives and determination of the surface height of the reconstruction object. To simplify the complexity of the practical implementation of the 3D-reconstruction a pyramid layout is chosen. The photography of the triad of images of the pyramid is done before noon, at noon and in the afternoon. The information about the triad and the shadowed image of the pyramid surface enters the processing system, where the directions of the photograph lighting are first determined. The parameters of the lighting directions are determined based on data on the height of the Sun at its upper culmination on the day and the time of the photo shoot. The procedure for determining the elevation of the Sun on a particular day of the year has been implemented. Calculated lighting direction data and image information using the Lambertian model of light reflection are reconstructed into horizontal and vertical derivatives. As a result of the discrete accumulation of derivatives, the pyramid surface is reconstructed.

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Amer, Islam Ibrahim. "The Sun God Aliases in Paragraph (200bcd) from the Pyramid Texts." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 50, no. 1 (2014): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/jarce.50.2014.a014.

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Snow, David H., and Robert Eliot Smith. "A Ceramic Sequence from the Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacan, Mexico." Man 24, no. 2 (1989): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2803316.

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Ball, Joseph W., and Robert Eliot Smith. "A Ceramic Sequence from the Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacan, Mexico." Ethnohistory 35, no. 4 (1988): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/482153.

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Cercos Pita, Lorenzo, Segundo Esteban San Roman, Jose Maria Giron-Sierra, Jorge Rivas Barriga, Pedro Domingo de Vicente, and Manuel Angulo Jerez. "Getting More Performance From INTA NanoSat-1B Truncated Pyramid Sun Sensors." IEEE Sensors Journal 14, no. 6 (2014): 1867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2014.2305471.

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Sugiyama, Saburo. "Worldview Materialized in Teotihuacan, Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 4, no. 2 (1993): 103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971798.

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Teotihuacán was probably laid out from its inception according to a master plan intended to express a specific worldview in material form. It is argued that a proposed measurement unit of 83 cm reveals mesoamerican calendrical numbers such as 52 (x 10), 73, 260, 584, and 819, when applied to city axes and major monuments. The channelized Río San Juan divides the central zone into two sections: the watery underworld to the south, especially represented at the Ciudadela, and to the north the earthly representation of the passage from the underworld to the heavens, where the Sun Pyramid at the center symbolizes a sacred time bundle in the 260-day ritual calendar. The sacrificial burial complex found at the Feathered Serpent Pyramid seems to have been a part of the city-foundation program, and the iconography of the pyramid apparently commemorated this dramatization of the creation of time and space.

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Fowler, William R. "INTRODUCTION." Ancient Mesoamerica 18, no. 1 (2007): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536107000156.

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This is the twenty-fifth Special Section published in Ancient Mesoamerica, and therefore it represents something of a milestone in the history of the journal. The goal has been to present in each special section a collection of related papers from a single project or region or on a selected topic to provide readers a tightly integrated summary of current research and interpretations. Certainly one of the most compelling and provocative special sections we have published was “Urban Archaeology at Teotihuacan” which appeared in vol. 2, no. 1 (1991). This collection of papers featured two stunning articles on the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, then often referred to as the Temple of Quetzalcoatl. Constructed in the early third century A.D., the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, along with the Sun Pyramid and the Moon Pyramid, was one of the three most powerful monuments in the sacred urban landscape of Teotihuacan. Rubén Cabrera Castro, Saburo Sugiyama, and George L. Cowgill (1991) reported on excavations in the 1980s of the Feathered Serpent Pyramid and the investigation of more than 137 sacrificial burials, including more than 70 males identified as soldiers because of associated offerings, discovered at the base of and underneath the pyramid. In the second article, Alfredo López Austin, Leonardo López Luján, and Saburo Sugiyama (1991) presented their brilliant iconographic analysis of the sculptural facades of the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, arguing that the monumental structure was dedicated to the myth of the origin of time and calendric succession, a tangible cosmogonic proclamation that Teotihuacan was “the place where time began.”

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Šprajc, Ivan. "Astronomical Alignments at Teotihuacan, Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 11, no. 4 (2000): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/972004.

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AbstractIt is known that the grid pattern characterizing the city layout of Teotihuacan incorporates two slightly different groups of alignments, skewed approximately 15.5° and 16.5° clockwise from cardinal directions. I argue that these alignments were dictated by deliberate and astronomically functional orientations of the Pyramid of the Sun and the Ciudadela. The two structures recorded sunrises and sunsets on two different sets of dates, allowing the use of an observational calendar composed of intervals that included multiples of 20 days and a 260-day period. The evidence presented suggests also that the location of the Sun Pyramid was not determined by the cave that is now underneath the structure and is probably human-made, but rather by a combination of astronomical and topographic criteria: the place allowed the temple built there to be oriented both to sunrises and sunsets on significant dates and, in the perpendicular direction, to Cerro Gordo to the north; furthermore, sunrises on the so-called quarter-days of the year could be observed from the same spot over a prominent mountain on the eastern horizon. The dates corresponding to the Teotihuacan alignments are attested also at other central Mexican archaeological sites and must have been employed, primarily, for scheduling agricultural and associated ritual activities in the yearly cycle.

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Peterková Hlouchová, Marie. "Early Evidence for the Egyptian God Kheprer." Archiv orientální 89, no. 1 (2021): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.89.1.1-34.

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Analysing early pieces of evidence for a phenomenon has always been a problematic task and it can be more difficult when dealing with a religious topic. Anachronistic approaches have often been projected in this kind of research, which brings inaccurate interpretations and findings. This paper concentrates on early testimonies for the ancient Egyptian god Kheprer, the deity of the morning sun and autogenesis. It discusses some previously suggested Predynastic, Early Dynastic, and Old Kingdom sources (such as finds of beetles in vessels, the so-called Libyan Palette, Giza writing board, figures of beetles, personal names and titles, Pyramid Texts) that can refer to the existence and belief in this deity. This study focuses mainly on the problematic issues in the interpretations of those finds, demonstrating thus that the only secure evidence for Kheprer comes from the Pyramid Texts.

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Piña-Flores, José, Martín Cárdenas-Soto, Alejandro Sarabia-González, et al. "Imaging the structure of the Sun Pyramid (Teotihuacán, Mexico) from passive seismic methods." Engineering Geology 281 (February 2021): 105969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105969.

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MIKHALKOVA, N. "COGNITIVE PYRAMID OF RADICALS SELECTION IN THE CHINESE WRITING (BASED ON OBJECT NOMINATIONS OF NATURE)." Herald of Polotsk State University. Series A. Humanity sciences, no. 4 (September 5, 2024): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52928/2070-1608-2024-72-4-76-81.

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The article provides the structural and semantic analysis of character groups with determinatives-designations of natural objects in the Chinese writing. The composition and semantic characteristics of complex Сhinese signs with the determiners 日 ‘sun’, 山 ‘mountain’, 月 ‘moon’, 貝 ‘shell’ and 阝’hill’ are revealed. The set of semantic connections that organize complex signs into one character group is determined, on the basis of which the cognitive pyramid of motivational grounds for choosing determinatives-designations of natural objects in the Chinese language is built.

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Kwoka, Joshua J., and M. Steven Shackley. "Technological Analysis and Source Provenance of Obsidian Artifacts from a Sun Pyramid Substructure Cache, Teotihuacan, Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 30, no. 1 (2019): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2018.71.

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The following report provides new data on a Sun Pyramid cache excavated by René Millon in 1959, including confirmation that the cache was associated with a substructure. A technological analysis illustrates the anthropomorphic eccentric production sequence, and indicates that the miniature projectile points were produced from debitage from multiple reduction technologies. All obsidian artifacts were attributed to the Otumba source area via energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). In addition to providing data on the production of obsidian implements for ritual deposits, we suggest that the cache may be a representation of scaffold sacrifice.

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Ladynin, Ivan. "Chapter XIX of the Chronicle of John of Nikiu and the Evolution of the Egyptian Solar Cult under Dynasties "0"–IV. Part II." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 1 (2025): 26. https://doi.org/10.31696/s086919080033713-1.

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The publication finalizes the article dealing with the evidence of of John of Nikiu on the introduction of the sun-worship in the time of pyramid building. It goes on with the analysis of arguments for the existence of the cult of the god Ra before Dynasty IV. The word ra on some monuments relevant of Dynasties II–III indicates not the deity but the sun as such. Personal names bearing the component “Ra” under Dynasty III refer not to the deity but to the king identified with the sun independently of the image of the god Ra. Djoser’s Heliopolitan artifacts are irrelevant of the cult of Ra. J. Kahl’s interpretation of some names and epithets as alluding to Ra is arbitrary. Summing up, there is no unequivocal argument for the existence of the solar cult before Dynasty IV. Probably there were three stages in the evolution of the Egyptian solar cult till that time (1) the earliest concept of Horus as the god of the celestial sun manifested in the king, granting him sacrality and ruling through him; (2) from the time of Djoser, the concept of the king as the sun god residing in the mundane; (3) from the time of Djedefra and Hafra, and maybe their father Khufu, the concept of the sun god Ra, the “Great God”, the father of the king equal to him in nature (“the Beautiful/Good God”). The transition to the latter concept seems to be reflected in the Chronicle.

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Reynolds, Mark. "A Comparative Geometric Analysis of the Heights and Bases of the Great Pyramid of Khufu and the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan." Nexus Network Journal 1, no. 1-2 (1999): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00004-998-0003-3.

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Orekhov, R. A. "KING PEPI’S ROLE IN FORMING MEMPHIS, THE FUTURE CAPITAL OF EGYPT." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (13) (2020): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-40-56.

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There is a common point of view in Egyptology that Memphis was a state capital since the earliest times and that its protecting gods were Ptah and his spouse Sekhmet. Arguing this concept, the author tries to find the reason why a pyramid city of Pepi I — Mennefer — became a core of the future capital. The main conclusion is following: Constructing his pyramid complex, Pepi I probably included into it a cult center of Habes where Bastet and Imhotep, a high priest of Ra, were worshiped. Imhotep, a companion of the king Djoser, was known as a priest and charmer who tamed the fiery forces of Sirius associated with Bastet, after which the great drought was over. To commemorate this, New Year celebration and the first sun calendar were established. Imhotep’s tomb became an important cult place, where ceremonies important for surviving of the Egyptian state were conducted. In the second half of the Old Kingdom period the Nile started to flood much less, which led to the decline of agriculture. Thus, the role of the cult center of Habes and Imhotep grew greatly. By including Habes, Pepi protected the dominion of his pyramid city from negative influence of Bastet and decreased flooding. The fact that Mennefer was a successor of the aforementioned cult center determined its capital functions in future.

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Greeley, Nansee, and Theresa Reardon Offerman. "Now & Then: Garden Designer: A Short History of Gardens." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 3, no. 6 (1998): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.3.6.0428.

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Now… From the angle of the sun as it moves across the sky to the structure of the containers that hold the plants, designing a garden requires mathematics because of its use of space and spatial relationships. Many people who design gardens focus on the plants rather than the space, but Martin Stern and Richard Meacock, partners and proprietors of Squire House Gardens in Afton, Minnesota, believe that quite the opposite is true. They think that the space in which they work is the basis of their garden designs and that the art of garden design is making the geometrical symmetry invisible to everyone but those who are searching for it. Martin extends this use of space to what he calls “the pyramid of space.” When designing a garden, he considers the ceiling, floor, and walls, regardless of their size. A background of shrubs might be the walls; the tallest trees, the ceiling; and the walkways or groundcover, the floor. To make the garden flow, all parts of the pyramid must be considered.

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Resnerová, Karolina, Jaroslav Holuša, Peter Surový, Jiří Trombik, and Emanuel Kula. "Comparison of Ips cembrae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Capture Methods: Small Trap Trees Caught the Most Beetles." Forests 11, no. 12 (2020): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121275.

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Ips cembrae is the most important bark beetle pest of larches and has had several local outbreaks in recent decades in Europe. In this study, we compared the numbers of I. cembrae captured by pyramid-trap piles, trap trees, pheromone traps, and poisoned and baited tripods. We also studied how the properties of trap trees and trap logs (volume, sun exposure, and position relative to the ground once deployed) affected the trapping of I. cembrae. We found that both sexes avoided infestation at the bottom of the logs and more than 15 times the number of beetles were captured by traditional trap trees than by pheromone traps or baited and insecticide-treated tripods. The number of I. cembrae per trap tree did not decrease with trap volume; therefore, it is appropriate to use traps of small dimensions. Baited tripods, pyramid-trap piles, and pheromone traps could be useful for detection of the beginning of flight activity, but trap trees are the most useful for reducing I. cembrae numbers.

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Manzanilla, Linda, Claudia López, and AnnCorinne Freter. "Dating Results From Excavations in Quarry Tunnels Behind the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan." Ancient Mesoamerica 7, no. 2 (1996): 245–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100001450.

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AbstractIn this article we summarize the results of an ongoing project designed to study the tunnels and caves of Teotihuacan, emphasizing those findings derived from the excavation of four extraction tunnels located immediately to the east of the Pyramid of the Sun. In particular, we present radiocarbon and obsidian-hydration dates from the Cueva de las Varillas, where 13 Mazapan-phase burials were found and which has substantial evidence for a post-Teotihuacan occupation. In addition, the Cueva del Pirul has produced evidence of another 14 human burials, which were predominantly children, as well as complete dog skeletons, in a context clearly related to underworld symbolism. After the fall of Teotihuacan, these underground cavities excavated into tezontle continued to provide space for the practitioners of Tlaloc and fertility cult activities. In Aztec times, they were living spaces, and given the lack of space on the surface, this was a function that they served well into the twentieth century.

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Źrałka, Jarosław, Wiesław Koszkul, Bernard Hermes, Juan Luis Velásquez, Varinia Matute, and Bogumił Pilarski. "From E-Group to Funerary Pyramid: Mortuary Cults and Ancestor Veneration in the Maya Centre of Nakum, Petén, Guatemala." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 27, no. 3 (2017): 451–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774317000075.

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Recent investigations at the Maya centre of Nakum (in Guatemala) enabled the study of the evolution of an interesting complex of buildings that started as the so-called E-Group, built during the Preclassic period (c. 600–300 bc). It was used for solar observations and rituals commemorating agricultural and calendrical cycles. During the Classic period (ad 250–800), the major building of the complex (Structure X) was converted into a large pyramidal temple where several burials, including at least one royal tomb, were placed. We were also able to document evidence of mortuary cults conducted by the Maya in the temple building situated above the burials. The architectural conversion documented in Structure X may reflect important religious and social changes: a transformation from the place where the Sun was observed and worshipped to the place where deceased and deified kings were apotheosized as the Sun Deity during the Classic. Thus the Maya transformed Structure X into one of the most sacred loci at Nakum by imbuing it with a complex solar and underworld symbolism and associating it with the cult of deified ancestors.

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El Bakal, Mohamed, and Mohamed Amesnaou. "A Comparative Analysis of Dramatic Structure in Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun (1959) and August Wilson’s Fences (1986)." European Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 5 (2024): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejahss.2024.1(5).05.

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This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the dramatic structures in Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun and August Wilson’s Fences, utilizing Freytag’s Pyramid as a framework. Despite differences in scene and act composition, both plays share a similar narrative structure marked by multiple climactic points rather than a single one. Each play presents the lives of African American families in mid-20th century America, grappling with themes of racial oppression, economic hardship, and personal aspirations. Hansberry’s work primarily addresses the relationship between African Americans and White society, while Wilson’s focuses on intergenerational conflicts within a Black family. Both playwrights weave moments of heightened tension throughout the narratives, surprising audiences with new inciting incidents just as the action seems to be falling. This study reveals that although Fences was written nearly 30 years after A Raisin in the Sun, the two plays mirror one another in their exploration of socio-economic struggles and racial dynamics. Ultimately, the paper illustrates how both works encapsulate a continuous struggle for dignity and self-actualization within the constraints of a racially discriminatory society.

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Tomić, Draženko, and Vladimir Legac. "Value Determinants, Mentality and Identity of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Village at the Beginning of the 20th Century according to Ivan Softa’s Literary Works." Acta humanitarica academiae Saulensis 29 (November 29, 2023): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/10.15388/ahas.2022.29.3.

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Ivan Softa (Sopta) (1906–1945) was a Croatian writer from Bosnia and Herzegovina. In his realistic novels Dani jada i glada (Days of Misery and Hunger) (1937) and Nemirni mir (Restless Peace) (1940), as well as in his other literary achievements, he describes the life of the Herzegovinian village at the time when the First World War was about to start. It was an ambience dominated by bare stone, hot sun, sharp north wind called bora, with somewhat scarce and sparse land that made an easy life impossible. These resources that abound in this Western Balkans region also shaped the specific (Dinaric) mentality of the people of that time: hard as the stone on which they grew up, aggressive and easily flammable like the sun that they were exposed to and unrestrained like the wind, the whipping of which they mercilessly suffered from. But it happened that even from that fiery temper some kind of an original mountaineering-like honesty and confidence, empathy and readiness for self-sacrifice had emerged. Personal martyrdom turning into self-destruction – something that seems to be completely inconceivable to modern man – is embodied in the female characters, whereas emotional rawness and hardness are more characteristic of the author’s male characters. The tragic circumstances of war and famine caused emigration to regions where there was bread. These tragic circumstances resulted in the tragic fate of the characters who left the Herzegovinian environment and, like many others, fell apart on the side roads of life.

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Tomić, Draženko, and Vladimir Legac. "Value Determinants, Mentality and Identity of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Village at the Beginning of the 20th Century according to Ivan Softa’s Literary Works." Acta humanitarica academiae Saulensis 29 (November 29, 2022): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ahas.2022.29.6.

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Ivan Softa (Sopta) (1906–1945) was a Croatian writer from Bosnia and Herzegovina. In his realistic novels Dani jada i glada (Days of Misery and Hunger) (1937) and Nemirni mir (Restless Peace) (1940), as well as in his other literary achievements, he describes the life of the Herzegovinian village at the time when the First World War was about to start. It was an ambience dominated by bare stone, hot sun, sharp north wind called bora, with somewhat scarce and sparse land that made an easy life impossible. These resources that abound in this Western Balkans region also shaped the specific (Dinaric) mentality of the people of that time: hard as the stone on which they grew up, aggressive and easily flammable like the sun that they were exposed to and unrestrained like the wind, the whipping of which they mercilessly suffered from. But it happened that even from that fiery temper some kind of an original mountaineering-like honesty and confidence, empathy and readiness for self-sacrifice had emerged. Personal martyrdom turning into self-destruction – something that seems to be completely inconceivable to modern man – is embodied in the female characters, whereas emotional rawness and hardness are more characteristic of the author’s male characters. The tragic circumstances of war and famine caused emigration to regions where there was bread. These tragic circumstances resulted in the tragic fate of the characters who left the Herzegovinian environment and, like many others, fell apart on the side roads of life.

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Ladynin, Ivan. "Chapter XIX of the Chronicle of John of Nikiu and the Evolution of the Egyptian Solar Cult under Dynasties "0"–IV. Part I." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 6 (2024): 21. https://doi.org/10.31696/s086919080032314-2.

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The publication is the first part of an article, which discusses with the evidence of Chapter XIX of the Chronicle written by John, bishop of the town of Nikiu in the Nile Delta (7th century A.D.) and preserved in the Geʽez medieval version. This passage tells that the three great pyramids in the region of Memphis were built by a single king, who harshly oppressed his subjects (here John followed Herodotus). The most noteworthy is the information that this king “forced the Egyptians to worship Sun”, probably, reflecting the reminiscences of Dynasty IV, which brought to life the concept of the sun-god Ra as the father of the terrestrial ritual king granting to him sacral solar nature. However, according to some Egyptologists, the cult of Ra dates back as far as at least Dynasty II (see the monography by J. Kahl, 2007). Two arguments for this point are analyzed. (I) According to J. Kahl, the vessel fragment BM EA 35556 attests a Horus’ namewith the hieroglyph “sun-disc” and a personal name “Weneg”, which must belong to the same ruler; the former name should read “Ra is (my) lord”, as the latter has solar connotations in the Pyramid Texts. The last point has alternatives, and the reading of the Horus’ name “the lord of the sun” is preferable, as this title contained no divine names under the first dynasties. (II) The seal imprints of Peribsen reflect not the image of a new deity Seth-Ra but the concept of the solar nature of the god Seth as such.

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Martinez, T., G. Martinez, D. Mendoza, F. Juarez, and L. Cabrera. "Electronic microscopy and EDX characterization of teotihuacan prehispanic mortar from the cave under the sun pyramid." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 63, no. 5-6 (2005): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2005.05.022.

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Belysheva, Tatyana S., Tatyana V. Nasedkina, Iryna S. Kletskaya, Anastasiya S. Volkova, Vera V. Semenova, and Timur T. Valiev. "Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Clinical and Genetic Features and Therapeutic Approaches." Current Pediatrics 20, no. 6s (2021): 611–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v20i6s.2370.

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Xeroderma pigmentosum is rare genetic disorder characterized by increased skin sensitivity to damaging ultraviolet (UV) light. First symptoms manifest at early age in most cases (up to 75%). Chronic damage due to sun exposure is common, it has different stages of changes and risk of further development of malignant tumors that depends on the gene involved. Additionally to skin manifestations there are various neurological disorders such as progressive cognitive dysfunctions, sensorineural hearing loss, ataxia, pyramid and extrapyramidal disorders, areflexia. Treatment of patients with xeroderma pigmentosum is mostly symptomatic and preventive (protection against UV). Nowadays targeted medications for DNA repair and increasing cells resistance to UV light, thus preventing the oncological diseases, are under development.

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Estrada-Belli, Francisco. "LIGHTNING SKY, RAIN, AND THE MAIZE GOD: The Ideology of Preclassic Maya Rulers at Cival, Peten, Guatemala." Ancient Mesoamerica 17, no. 1 (2006): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536106060068.

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Research in the northeastern Peten region at Holmul and nearest minor centers shows a complex history of public ritual activity from the Middle Preclassic onward. Patterns of public architecture, monumental sculpture, iconography, caches, and burials at sites such as Holmul and Cival document early development of the ideology of Maya kingship. Late Preclassic monumental sculptures adorning large pyramid temples provide immediate and elaborate metaphors for the ancestral patrons of emerging dynasts. Middle Preclassic architecture and caches are encoded with the ideological program of the earliest ruling institutions, incorporating themes of cosmological order; sun, water, and maize deities; the agricultural cycle; and ancestor veneration. All of these early remains are found in the sacred space of the first “E-group” plazas.

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Lakshmanan, J. "The generalized gravity anomaly: Endoscopic microgravity." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 5 (1991): 712–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443090.

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Various underground 3-D gravity surveys have necessitated a generalization of the usual gravity corrections and of the Bouguer anomaly. The method presented here compares raw, time‐dependent gravity measurements, to a model’s total theoretical field, including known fields: moon, sun, 1967 Reference Ellipsoid, oceans; partially known fields: due to a single digital terrain model of known geometry but of unknown densities; and unknown fields due to underground structures of unknown shapes and of unknown densities. For a single‐density model, the corresponding first‐degree residual is close in concept to the Bouguer anomaly. To best determine underground structure, generalized inversion then leads to determination of the one or several densities and of one or several “regional” parameters, which minimize residuals. The suggested method is mainly advantageous in special types of gravity surveys, such as rugged terrain, or in the case of underground surveys, where conventional corrections, with a preset terrain density can possibly lead to substantial errors. Two field examples are developed (1) the Cheops pyramid survey, where the processing of gravity measurements inside, above, and around the pyramid led to an evaluation of the structure’s overall density and of density changes in the structure; and (2) the Coche hydroelectric tunnel in the Alps, where the method leads to a 3-D model explaining the very strong gravity anomalies observed in the tunnel and on the mountain above it.

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El, Bakal Mohamed, and Mohamed Amesnaou. "A Comparative Analysis of Dramatic Structure in Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun (1959) and August Wilson's Fences (1986)." European Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 5 (2024): 85–88. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejahss.2024.1(5).05.

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Abstract:

This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the dramatic structures in Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun and August Wilson’s Fences, utilizing Freytag’s Pyramid as a framework. Despite differences in scene and act composition, both plays share a similar narrative structure marked by multiple climactic points rather than a single one. Each play presents the lives of African American families in mid-20th century America, grappling with themes of racial oppression, economic hardship, and personal aspirations. Hansberry’s work primarily addresses the relationship between African Americans and White society, while Wilson’s focuses on intergenerational conflicts within a Black family. Both playwrights weave moments of heightened tension throughout the narratives, surprising audiences with new inciting incidents just as the action seems to be falling. This study reveals that although Fences was written nearly 30 years after A Raisin in the Sun, the two plays mirror one another in their exploration of socio-economic struggles and racial dynamics. Ultimately, the paper illustrates how both works encapsulate a continuous struggle for dignity and self-actualization within the constraints of a racially discriminatory society.

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Popović, Goran. "Mapping medieval tombstones in the municipality of Osmaci." Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja, no. 49 (January 6, 2022): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/godisnjak.cbi.anubih-49.140.

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The first research of medieval tombstones on the territory of the municipality of Osmaci began in the first half of the 20th century. By 1970, eight sites with a total of ninety-seven medieval tombstones had been discovered. Recent terrain research correlated with the use of the Geographic Information System revealed a significant number of new necropolises. On the territory of the municipality of Osmaci, there are twenty-six necropolises with a total of two hundred and sixteen medieval tombstones. The most common are stelas, which makes up 59.26% of all monuments. According to that, the area of the municipality of Osmaci differs from other areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where tombstones in the shape of sarcophagi are most represented. The ornaments contain twenty medieval tombstones. The most common motifs are crosses and crescents that appear on stelas. In addition to that, relief presentations of the sun, spirals, S-spirals, grapes, rosettes, twisted ribbons, sword, lily were also discovered. According to the shape of the monuments and decorative motifs, it can be concluded that the medieval tombstones in the municipality of Osmaci belong to the East Bosnian stonemason’s school.

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Godoy Morales, Octavio. "Teotihuacan, analysis of the city from an ethnohistorical approach." Southern perspective / Perspectiva austral 1 (December 31, 2023): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.56294/pa202366.

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Teotihuacan, located in the present-day State of Mexico, is an archaeological zone famous for its architectural complexes and pyramids. The city is known for sites such as La Ventilla, Tetitla, Tepantitla, Teopanzolco and the Palace of Quetzalpapálotl, as well as for its three main pyramids: the Pyramid of the Moon, the Pyramid of the Sun and the Temple of the Feathered Serpent. The history of Teotihuacán is complex due to the scarcity of information about its original inhabitants, which has led to various theories about its evolution. The paper examines three key periods: the rise of the city (200 BC - 250 AD), the rise of the second power group (250 - 450 AD) and the apogee of the city (450 - 550 AD). During these periods, the institutionalization of workers and military power stand out, with symbols such as the jaguar representing the ruling power. The planning of the city suggests a meticulous design, aligned with natural and symbolic elements, such as Cerro Gordo. The city reached its maximum splendor with a population of close to 100,000 inhabitants and an influence that extended throughout Mesoamerica. However, its decline between 550 and 650 A.D. is attributed to a fire and internal conflicts, especially between artisans and rulers. Finally, the paper explores the Mexica interpretation of Teotihuacán, who saw the city as a sacred place where gods were created. This legacy has contributed to maintain the importance and mystery of Teotihuacán in Mesoamerican history

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Wang, Houqiao, Xiaoxue Guo, Shihao Zhang, Gongming Li, Qiang Zhao, and Zejun Wang. "Detection and recognition of foreign objects in Pu-erh Sun-dried green tea using an improved YOLOv8 based on deep learning." PLOS ONE 20, no. 1 (2025): e0312112. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0312112.

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The quality and safety of tea food production is of paramount importance. In traditional processing techniques, there is a risk of small foreign objects being mixed into Pu-erh sun-dried green tea, which directly affects the quality and safety of the food. To rapidly detect and accurately identify these small foreign objects in Pu-erh sun-dried green tea, this study proposes an improved YOLOv8 network model for foreign object detection. The method employs an MPDIoU optimized loss function to enhance target detection performance, thereby increasing the model’s precision in targeting. It incorporates the EfficientDet high-efficiency target detection network architecture module, which utilizes compound scale-centered anchor boxes and an adaptive feature pyramid to achieve efficient detection of targets of various sizes. The BiFormer bidirectional attention mechanism is introduced, allowing the model to consider both forward and backward dependencies in sequence data, significantly enhancing the model’s understanding of the context of targets in images. The model is further integrated with sliced auxiliary super-inference technology and YOLOv8, which subdivides the image and conducts in-depth analysis of local features, significantly improving the model’s recognition accuracy and robustness for small targets and multi-scale objects. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared to the original YOLOv8 model, the improved model has seen increases of 4.50% in Precision, 5.30% in Recall, 3.63% in mAP, and 4.9% in F1 score. When compared with the YOLOv7, YOLOv5, Faster-RCNN, and SSD network models, its accuracy has improved by 3.92%, 7.26%, 14.03%, and 11.30%, respectively. This research provides new technological means for the intelligent transformation of automated color sorters, foreign object detection equipment, and intelligent sorting systems in the high-quality production of Yunnan Pu-erh sun-dried green tea. It also provides strong technical support for the automation and intelligent development of the tea industry.

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Smyth, Michael P. "Architecture, Caching, and Foreign Contacts at Chac (II), Yucatan, Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 17, no. 2 (2006): 123–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25063044.

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AbstractThe Puuc region of northern Yucatan was one of the most important areas of Maya civilization during the Terminal Classic florescent period. Despite its importance to Maya prehistory, there is little understanding of the times prior to the great cultural florescence. Eight seasons of research at Chac II provide new information regarding an important Maya center between the Classic and Terminal Classic periods (A.D. 300–800), including the changing nature of influence and contacts with foreign groups reaching central Mexico. The great antiquity of Chac, the presence of numerous substructures, and the variety of architectural styles in the Great Pyramid Plaza suggest that the site was an originator of the Early Puuc architectural style. It is argued that the major ritual offering below the central monument at the Gran Plaza re-creates the “turquoise” hearth reenacting the birth of the Fifth Sun at Teotihuacan. These new data are transforming understanding of the Puuc Maya and their relations with greater Mesoamerica.

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Aveni, Anthony F. "Observations on the Pecked Designs and other Figures Carved on the South Platform of the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan." Journal for the History of Astronomy 36, no. 1 (2005): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182860503600105.

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Martinez, T., G. Zarazua, P. Avila-Perez, F. Juarez, L. Cabrera, and G. Martinez. "Characterization by Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry of filtered water into the cave under the Sun Pyramid in Teotihuacan City." Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 63, no. 12 (2008): 1420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2008.10.007.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun'

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