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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Botany, Economic'
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1
Lungu, Smart. "Systematic and economic botany of the genus Entada Adans." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281858.
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Molloy, Fergus J. "Studies on the ecology and production of seaweeds of economic and potential economic importance on the Namibian coast." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18329.
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Bibliography: pages 235-253.The seaweeds of the Namibian coast have received little attention from researchers despite the fact that there is a successful industry based on seaweed exploitation. Beach cast Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss is collected (9000-15000 t (wet) y⁻¹) in the Luderitz area for the production of agar, Laminaria schinzii Foslie was harvested for a short period from April 1987 to March 1989 and there is an increasing interest in utilizing other seaweed species on the coast. The natural beds of Gracilaria verrucosa in the Luderitz area were mapped and biomass estimated in summer (August 1991) and winter (January 1992) and beach cast collections were analyzed to ascertain patterns. The distribution of G. verrucosa was influenced by sediment type with most occurring on firm (constituting at least 60% 106-212 um) sediments. The largest surface area and biomass of the beds occurred in the northern portion of the Lagoon/Bay system, where the largest biomass of beach cast occurs. Most of the beds occur between 4-8m depth.
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Cornish, Caroline. "Curating science in an age of empire : Kew's Museum of Economic Botany." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2013. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/f5bcc23c-e039-e81b-8f25-2156ff0f662d/7/.
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This thesis considers the history and significance of the Museum of Economic Botany at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, focussing especially on the period from its opening in 1847 to the eve of the First World War. Looking specifically at the Museum's collection of wood specimens and artefacts, it seeks to understand the nature of economic botany during this period, and to evaluate the contribution made to the field by the Kew Museum. Through examination of the Museum's practices, networks, spaces, and objects, it sets out to address the question: how do museums produce scientific knowledge? Part One sets the context. Chapter One provides a brief historical account of nineteenth-century economic botany and the Museum. Chapter Two offers a critical overview of literatures on Kew and economic botany; on the role of place in the production, circulation, and reception of scientific knowledge; and on the role of the public museum in Victorian science and culture. It also outlines the conceptual framework of the thesis. Chapter Three presents an account of the methodology and sources. Part Two highlights museum practices. Chapters Four to Six are devoted respectively to the practices of ‘exhibition' (the spatialities, rhetorics, and rationalities of display); ‘instruction' (the educational uses of museum objects); and ‘supply' (the circulation of objects). Part Three turns to specific objects and their biographies. Chapters Seven and Eight trace respectively the production, circulation and reception of a totem pole from British Columbia and a timber trophy from Tasmania, to demonstrate how objects acquire diverse meanings in diverse contexts, and how they are used to impart meaning to particular sites. In conclusion, Chapter Nine reflects on the cumulative findings of the thesis and on its potential outcomes, and it looks beyond the thesis to recommend areas for future research and practice.
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Sinclair, Adrianne. "Recovery of the threatened economic plant goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6315.
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The native woodland herb, goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), is threatened in Canada. Recovery to a non-risk category is particularly desirable given its medicinal and potential crop value. Woodland herbs probably evolved in an environment with severe and frequent disturbances, including massive floods and impacts of extinct and extirpated fauna. Lack of specific disturbance may limit growth and spread. Ecological observations and analysis (Part I) refined this hypothesis. Comparison of recent and 10 year old surveys, and stem numbers over two years, indicated lack of growth and spread. Pollination and dispersal appeared nonlimiting based on observation of abundant polylectic bees and syrphid flies and rapid removal of fruit. Chi-square tests, comparing frequencies of goldenseal and random points along transects throughout woodlands, revealed a significant association with paths and edges. This suggested a positive disturbance effect and justified an extensive random block field experiment (Part II). Each block contained four one metre square treatment plots: substrate turned, fertilized, both, and control. Transplants in 100 blocks and seeds in 40 blocks were evaluated over two years. Multi-factor analysis of variance, through an extension of the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by multiple comparisons using modified Tukey tests, was used to analyse the highly variable and discontinuous data. Significantly greater growth occurred in substrate turnover plots after one year. Each year soil turnover plots had significantly more fruit, and after two years, soil turnover + fertilization plots had significantly more fruit and seeds per fruit. Lack of significant increase in germination was attributed to dry conditions. Results represent the first experimental evidence for a positive effect of substrate disturbance on growth and reproduction of a woodland herb exclusive of canopy gap effects. Management involving transplanting with substrate turnover may be essential for recovery according to projection matrix analysis (Part III) of two sets of transition years for 14 populations. The overall growth rate was 0.986 +/- 0.133 (SD) per year. Survival of established stems and vegetative propagation were critical for spread given lack of seedling development. The hypothesis that some woodland herbs are rare due to lack of certain disturbances that were more prevalent in the past was supported.
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Heydenrych, Barry John. "An investigation of land-use practices on the Agulhas Plain (South Africa), with emphasis on socio-economic and conservation issues." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9755.
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Biobliography : leaves 147-156.An investigation of land-use practices was undertaken on the Agulhas Plain, a species-rich area at the southern tip of Africa. Data were collected from landowners and visitors using questionnaire surveys. Further information was obtained by means of a literature search and interviews with key informants. A historical background of land use in the area is given. Although the area has been utilized since the Earlier Stone Age (>200000 years BP), the most dramatic changes to the landscape have occurred post 1850, with the large transformation of indigenous veld into cultivated lands. Four categories of farms were identified: livestock farms, fynbos farms, mixed farms and conservation farms. Livestock farms covered the largest surface area. Cereal crops cultivated on these farms provided a net income of R 918 OOO/y. Grazing provided a net income of R 7.3 million/yon cultivated land and R 2.3 million/y was attributed to indigenous veld. This latter figure highlights the importance of natural veld for grazing, but for certain vegetation types, stocking rates were above the recommended norms. Fynbos flower farms had the second largest surface area of the four categories of farms. Fynbos wildflowers were found to be the largest single agricultural sector on the Agulhas Plain, yielding an estimated net income of R 8.55 million/y. Most harvesting from the wild takes place from Acid Sand Fynbos, which is relatively common, and there appears to be potential for wildflower harvesting to be compatible with biodiversity conservation, if managed correctly. Cultivated fynbos flowers yielded a net income of R 1.5 million/y. Cultivation of land for fynbos flowers is on the increase, and pristine fynbos is primarily being targeted for this practice, thereby threatening the biodiversity of these areas. Many landowners are involved with mixed farming practices and there are a small number of conservation farms, generally situated at the coast, which rely on outside funding for their management.
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Carrizosa, Santiago 1964. "The economic valuation of a high Andean forest: The biophysical versus the market approach." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291466.
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Economic valuation techniques for environmental goods and services can contribute to decisions regarding the sustainable use and preservation of natural resources. Several valuation techniques have been developed based on neoclassical economics. However, when markets fail these techniques are not applicable. An alternative approach that is less dependent on pervasive markets comes from the school of biophysical economics. This approach is based on the energy theory. According to this theory, the embodied energy of the ecosystem is estimated and a money value is assigned to it. This thesis uses a variation of a biophysical technique for the economic valuation of the above-ground biomass of a Colombian High-Andean forest. The biomass or physical organization and the diversity component of the contributory value of the forest are considered by the biomass technique. However, this technique fails to measure the ecological services component of this kind of value.
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Fernandes, Erika Squisato. "Efeito da granulometria no pré-tratamento ácido, acessibilidade, superfície exposta da lignina e sacarificação enzimática do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar /." Rio Claro, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/156008.
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Orientador: Michel BrienzoBanca: Sidnei Emilio Bordignon Junior
Banca: Luciana Fontes Coelho
Resumo: O bagaço de cana-de-açúcar é um subproduto da indústria sucroalcooleira, majoritariamente usado para a cogeração de energia térmica e elétrica, através de sua combustão em caldeiras. Em função da sua composição em carboidratos vem sendo estudado na conversão em biocombustíveis. Porém, a recalcitrância da matriz lignocelulósica dificulta desestruturação do material, com baixa acessibilidade à celulose, influenciando na sacarificação enzimática. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do pré-tratamento ácido diluído (10 %, m/m, 121 °C/30 min) em diferentes granulometrias, 16, 24, 35, 60 mesh e fundo de bagaço e fração externa (contendo epiderme) do colmo de cana-de-açúcar. Cada biomassa de cana-de-açúcar, em diferentes granulometrias, passou pelo pré-tratamento ácido diluído (10 %, m/m, 121° C/30 min). As amostras foram caracterizadas quanto ao seu conteúdo de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina. A área superficial de lignina foi determinada com a adsorção do corante catiônico Azure B em solução de 0,1 g.L-1. A determinação de acessibilidade à celulose foi realizada com corantes Direct Orange (superfície específica externa) e Direct Blue (superfície específica interna). A hidrólise enzimática (15 FPU.g-1 durante 24 h - Cellic Cetec 2 - Novozymes) foi aplicada nos materiais para avaliar o rendimento em glicose. Para o material retido na peneira de abertura 16 mesh, maior tamanho de partículas, a massa recuperada de bagaço foi de 59,81 % e no fundo, menor tama... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Sugarcane bagasse is a by-product of the sugar and alcohol industry, mostly used for cogeneration of thermal and electric energy, through its combustion in boilers. Due to its composition in carbohydrates has been studied in the conversion to biofuels. However, the recalcitrance of the lignocellulosic matrix makes it difficult to disintegrate the material, with low accessibility to the cellulose, influencing the enzymatic saccharification. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of diluted acid pretreatment (10 %, m/m, 121 °C / 30 min) in different granulometries, 16, 24, 35, 60 mesh and background bagasse and fraction (containing epidermis) from the sugar cane stalk. Each biomass of sugarcane, in different granulometries, underwent the pre-treatments diluted acid (10 %, m/m, 121 °C / 30 min). The samples were characterized for their content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The surface area of lignin was determined with the adsorption of the cationic dye Azure B in solution of 0.1 g.L-1. The determination of accessibility to the cellulose was performed with Direct Orange (specific external surface) and Direct Blue (specific internal surface) dyes. Enzymatic hydrolysis (15 FPU.g-1 for 24 h - Cellic Cetec 2 - Novozymes) was applied to the materials to evaluate glucose yield. For the material retained in the 16 mesh aperture sieve, larger particle size, the recovered mass of bagasse was 59.81 % and in the bottom, smaller particle size was 53... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Hobson, Colin Desmond. "Environmental and socio-economic effects associated with the planting of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Oldman saltbush) in the Karoo." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001894.
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This study examines the environmental and socio-economic effects associated with the planting of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Oldman saltbush) in the karoo. This is the first study of its kind on oldman saltbush and serves as an important scoping exercise in assessing the impact of saltbush on its surrounds and in identifying additional aspects which require investigation. The environmental parameters investigated include microclimatic effects, soil induced changes, salinity effects on the germination of selected karoo species and compositional changes in the indigenous plant community within a saltbush plantation. When compared to indigenous karoo plant species oldman saltbush is found to ameliorate soil temperatures and increase surface soil salinity (specifically sodium chloride), on an individual plant basis. Salinity is shown to have a differential effect on the germination of selected karoo shrubs. The indigenous plant community within a forty year old saltbush plantation is impoverished with both density of individuals and species richness being markedly reduced. Saltbush is identified as an unsuitable nurse plant for the majority of karoo shrubs. Farm size in relation to both actual and intended area established to saltbush is considered. The area of saltbush already established in the karoo is considered too insignificant to have any wide socio-economic impact. Farmers who intend planting large areas of their farms to saltbush are in the minority. It is those farmers who already have some saltbush planted, who intend planting more. Ecologically based management guidelines are presented, suggesting practices which minimize the detrimental effects of saltbush on soil salinity and the indigenous plant community. These guidelines are practical and in keeping with the overall objectives of optimum resource utilisation and the national grazing strategy for South Africa.
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Hari, Krishnan Ramesh Kannan. "Invasion of Lantana into India: analyzing introduction, spread, human adaptations and management." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001756.
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Objectives and Research Questions 1. To reconstruct the history of invasion of Lantana in India from where, by who, and when was Lantana species introduced into India?, given its long history in the country, is it still spreading or has it become more or less stable? 2. To study the human adaptation to Lantana invasion: socioeconomic causes and consequences of the use of Lantana as an alternative source of livelihood for forest dependent communities in southern India; how have local communities adapted to the invasion?; what are the key determinants that may have driven communities to use Lantana?; what are the economic consequences of the use of Lantana by local communities? 3. To critically review local practices and forest policy for the management of Lantana in southern India.; how has the use of Lantana by local communities impacted its local regeneration?; does the use of Lantana in local context have implications for its management?; what has been the role of the Forest Department and its policies in managing Lantana?
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Oler, Juliana Rodrigues Larrosa. "Etnobotânica e diversidade genética de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) : a manutenção da agrobiodiversidade em comunidades tradicionais de Jangada, Mato Grosso, Brasil /." Rio Claro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152357.
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Orientador: Reinaldo MonteiroBanca: Eulalia Soler Sobreira Hoogerheide
Banca: Maria Antonia Carniello
Banca: Elizabeth Ann Veasey
Banca: Marcos Aparecido Pizano
Resumo: Sabe-se que os agricultores de pequena escala que praticam agricultura de modo tradicional desempenham um importante papel na manutenção da agrobiodiversidade, podendo complementar o trabalho de conservação ex situ. Um dos cultivos mais presentes na agricultura tradicional tropical é a mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz.), base alimentar de mais de 800 milhões de pessoas no mundo. No Brasil, encontra-se elevada diversidade intraespecífica da referida tuberosa, sobretudo entre os agricultores da Baixada Cuiabana, Mato Grosso, que ainda praticam agricultura nos moldes tradicionais por meio de técnicas que não apenas mantêm, mas também amplificam essa diversidade. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a dinâmica de cultivo das variedades locais de mandioca das comunidades tradicionais contíguas Mutum (Mt), Vaquejador (Vq), Ribeirão das Pedras Acima (Ra) e Quilombo (Qb), localizadas no município de Jangada-MT e analisar a influência dos aspectos socioeconômicos, culturais e genéticos na manutenção da agrobiodiversidade local, bem como analisar as relações entre as comunidades estudadas e suas influências sobre o manejo da agrobiodiversidade. Os capítulos que compõem este trabalho consistem em: 1) Apresentação da problemática, área de estudo, métodos e análises utilizados; 2) Caracterização socioeconômica das comunidades estudadas e dos agricultores; 3) Descrição dos espaços de cultivo, técnicas de manejo e produção de farinha de mandioca; e 4) Levantamento etnobotânic... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Small-scale farmers who perform agriculture in a traditional manner are known to play an important role in maintaining agrobiodiversity and, therefore, they may complement ex situ conservation work. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) is one of the most important crops in traditional tropical agriculture, being considered as staple food for more than 800 million people in the world. There is a high intraspecific diversity in Brazil, especially among farmers located in the region of Baixada Cuiabana, Mato Grosso, which still cultivates it in a traditional way, using techniques that contribute not only to maintain but also to expand the diversity. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the dynamics of cultivation of local cassava varieties, given its relevance to small scale farmers, of four contiguous traditional communities located in the municipality of Jangada, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil; Mutum (Mt), Vaquejador (Vq), Ribeirão das Pedras Acima (Ra), and Quilombo (Qb); and it also aimed to analyze the influence of socioeconomic, cultural and genetic aspects in the maintenance of agrobiodiversity, as well as the relations between studied communities and their influences on the agrobiodiversity management. The chapters of this work consist of: 1) Problem presentation, study area, methods and adopted analysis; 2) Socioeconomic characterization of studied communities and farmers; 3) Description of crop spaces, management techniques and production of cassava flour; and 4) Ethnob... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Abraham, Sneha Elizabeth. "Preserving Traditional Botanical Knowledge in a Developing World: A Case Study." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1742.
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Traditional botanical knowledge is the knowledge of how plants are being cultivated and used by the indigenous cultures. Modern western culture exhibits a shortage of traditional and formal botanical knowledge. In this project I took 103 common edible plants found in the grocery store and applied both traditional and formal knowledge in a formal educational format. The purpose was to introduce students to the information that is generally acquired through informal interaction in the home and the community and to address the National and State educational standards. A dichotomous key using plant morphology and anatomy is presented, and is linked to a taxonomic treatment and descriptions of ethnobotany, linguistics, and economic value. Both library citations and numerous web resources are given to supplement the materials. Although not in the scope of this project, it is expected that lesson plans for various grades can be built around this information.
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Oliveira, Ariane Saldanha de [UNESP]. "Estudo da diversidade agrícola de raízes e tubérculos em assentamentos rurais no interior paulista." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108710.
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000765425.pdf: 1586683 bytes, checksum: f252e9d4e1ac58546b622f515d97c7b1 (MD5)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A manutenção da agrobiodiversidade é fundamental para garantia da segurança alimentar. Algumas plantas, como as raízes e tubérculos, são especialmente importantes para a alimentação de populações que praticam uma agricultura parcialmente voltada para a subsistência, como é o caso de agricultores assentados rurais. Os assentamentos rurais configuram-se como possíveis áreas para conservação da agrobiodiversidade, num cenário de urbanização, mecanização da agricultura e esvaziamento populacional do campo. Diante disso, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar as potencialidades de dois assentamentos rurais na conservação da agrobiodiversidade de raízes e tubérculos...
Species maintenance and agricultural variety are fundamental to guarantee food security. Some plants, such as roots and tubers, are especially important for feeding populations that practice agriculture partially oriented to subsistence, like those that live in occupied rural settlements. These rural settlements are characterized as potential areas for conservation of biodiversity, considering a context of rural depopulation, urbanization and mechanization of agriculture. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the potential of two rural settlements in agrobiodiversity conservation of roots and tubers...
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Oliveira, Ariane Saldanha de. "Estudo da diversidade agrícola de raízes e tubérculos em assentamentos rurais no interior paulista /." Rio Claro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108710.
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Orientador: Maria Christina de Mello AmorozoBanca: Teresa Losada Valle
Banca: Elizabeth Ann Veasey
Resumo: A manutenção da agrobiodiversidade é fundamental para garantia da segurança alimentar. Algumas plantas, como as raízes e tubérculos, são especialmente importantes para a alimentação de populações que praticam uma agricultura parcialmente voltada para a subsistência, como é o caso de agricultores assentados rurais. Os assentamentos rurais configuram-se como possíveis áreas para conservação da agrobiodiversidade, num cenário de urbanização, mecanização da agricultura e esvaziamento populacional do campo. Diante disso, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar as potencialidades de dois assentamentos rurais na conservação da agrobiodiversidade de raízes e tubérculos...
Abstract: Species maintenance and agricultural variety are fundamental to guarantee food security. Some plants, such as roots and tubers, are especially important for feeding populations that practice agriculture partially oriented to subsistence, like those that live in occupied rural settlements. These rural settlements are characterized as potential areas for conservation of biodiversity, considering a context of rural depopulation, urbanization and mechanization of agriculture. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the potential of two rural settlements in agrobiodiversity conservation of roots and tubers...
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Robertson-Andersson, Deborah. "Biological and economical feasibility studies of using seaweeds Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) in recirculation systems in abalone farming." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6174.
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 282-311).The aim of this study was to investigate whether a land-based recirculating seaweed-abalone integrated aquaculture system using Ulva lactuca was feasible as well as to test the differences between a commercial gravel bed recirculation system to an existing flow through system. These studies were carried out at two abalone farms: Danger Point (I & J) (140 km east of Cape Town) and at Jacobs Bay (JSP) (120 km north of Cape Town. South Africa). In both studies no significant difference in terms of water quality, abalone growth rates and abalone health were found. It was found that a seaweed /abalone recirculating system at the designed water exchange rates (25 %) was nitrogen limited and that the system as designed could be run at 75 % recirculation rate and remove a significant proportion of the dissolved nutrients (ammonium, phosphorus, nitrate and nitrite).
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Valverde-Barrantes, Oscar Jesus. "A phylogenetic perspective on fine root ecology: assessing the role of root evolution on fine root functional traits and ecological interactions in woody angiosperms." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1384641579.
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Patton, Paul E. "People, Places, and Plants: An Appraisal of Subsistence, Technology and Sedentism in the Eastern Woodlands." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366119433.
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Svoboda, Milan. "Komparace hospodářského a politického vývoje Zimbabwe a Botswany od poloviny 20. století." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75089.
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The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the economic and political development of Botswana and Zimbabwe in the last 50 years. Emphasis is placed mainly on the contradictory development in both countries, as the previously flourishing economy of Zimbabwe almost collapsed in the last decade, while the once poor Botswana gradually became Africa's miracle and role model for the optimal development policy. This thesis also seeks to propose measures that would help the distressed Zimbabwean economy to overcome this crisis and return on the growth path once again.
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Nemati, Zahra [Verfasser]. "The origin of saffron : progenitors, areas and transcriptomics of economic traits / Zahra Nemati." Halle, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1174205423/34.
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Alves, Rosângela Cristina. "Influência da granulometria do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar na solubilização de hemicelulose e produção de açúcares fermentáveis." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/157123.
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A grande capacidade da agricultura sucroalcooleira, aliada às suas dimensões continentais, faz do Brasil o maior produtor de cana-de-açúcar do mundo. O bagaço desta matéria-prima é um material lignocelulósico, remanescente da moagem dos seus colmos, é composto principalmente por celulose, hemicelulose e lignina, numa estrutura vegetal organizada que deve ser desestruturada mediante pré-tratamentos para disponibilizar a fração polissacarídica (celulose e hemicelulose). Objetivou-se com a presente pesquisa determinar a influência da granulometria do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar na extração/solubilização de hemicelulose na forma de polissacarídeo (macromolécula) e monossacarídeo (xilose). A extração da hemicelulose macromolecular foi realizada em condições otimizadas para bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, 6 % H2O2 m/v a 25 °C durante 4 h, utilizando bagaço selecionado em peneiras de 16, 30, 40, 50 mesh e base (material que passou pela peneira de 50 mesh). Para extração de hemicelulose na forma monomérica foi utilizado um pré-tratamento com ácido sulfúrico diluído 20 % (m/m), sendo que as amostras foram autoclavadas a 121 ºC por 1 h; a xilose no filtrado foi quantificado por HPLC. Foi realizada também a condutividade, determinação do teor de cinzas totais, solubilidade da hemicelulose. Os resíduos sólidos dos pré-tratamentos foram submetidos a hidrólise enzimática (12 FPU/g – Cellic Ctec) para determinação do rendimento em glicose. O bagaço in natura apresentou conteúdo de glucana de 42,25 %, arabinana de 2,62 %, xilana de 25,39 %, ácido acético de 3,38 % e lignina de 13,83 %. A xilana solubilizada em meio alcalino apresentou variação de 36,18 % (bagaço retido na peneira de 16 mesh) a 71,43 % (bagaço retido na base, inferior a 50 mesh), quanto menor o tamanho da partícula, maior a quantidade de xilana solubilizada. Houve uma tendência nos valores obtidos de glucana, conforme diminuiu o tamanho de partícula, aumentou o teor desse polissacarídeo no bagaço pré-tratado em meio ácido. Os valores variaram de 44,28 % (bagaço retido em peneira de 16 mesh) a 66,70 % (bagaço retido na peneira de 50 mesh). Para os materiais pré-tratados em meio alcalino retidos em peneiras de 40, 50 mesh e base ficaram acima do valor encontrado para o bagaço in natura. Considerando como uma característica importante da hemicelulose, todas as amostras apresentaram solubilidade acima de 96 %. A hidrólise enzimática do material pré-tratado em meio alcalino resultou em maior rendimento em glicose (65,37 % de glicose) para todas as frações/granulometrias estudadas, em comparação com meio ácido (32,12 % de glicose), mostrando tendência em aumento com diminuição da granulometria. Os resultados evidenciaram que a granulometria do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar tem influência na extração/solubilização de hemicelulose na forma de polissacarídeo (polimérica) e monossacarídeo (xilose). Conclui-se que, um melhor aproveitamento em conjunto da hemicelulose e celulose ocorreu com as condições experimentais de estudo do pré-tratamento alcalino.
The great capacity of sugar-alcohol agriculture, combined with its continental dimensions, makes Brazil the largest producer of sugar cane in the world. The bagasse of this raw material is a lignocellulosic material, reminiscent of the milling of its stems, is composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, in an organized vegetable structure that must be destructured by means of pre-treatments to provide the polysaccharide fraction (cellulose and hemicellulose). The objective of this research was to determine the influence of sugarcane bagasse granulometry on the extraction/solubilization of hemicellulose in the form of polysaccharide (macromolecule) and monosaccharide (xylose). Macromolecular hemicellulose extraction was performed under optimized conditions for sugarcane bagasse, 6 % H2O2 m / v at 25 °C for 4 h, using bagasse selected in 16, 30, 40, 50 mesh sieves and base (material which passed through the 50 mesh screen). For the extraction of hemicellulose in the monomeric form, a pretreatment with sulfuric acid diluted 20 % (m/m) was used, and the samples were autoclaved at 121 ºC for 1 h; the xylose in the filtrate was quantified by HPLC. Conductivity, determination of total ash content and solubility of hemicellulose were also performed. The solid residues of the pre-treatments were submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis (12 FPU/g - Cellic Ctec) to determine the glucose yield. The bagasse in natura had glucan content of 42.25 %, arabinana of 2.62 %, xylan of 25.39 %, acetic acid of 3.38 % and lignin of 13.83 %. The solubilized xylan in alkaline medium showed a variation of 36.18 % (bagasse retained in the 16 mesh sieve) at 71.43 % (bagasse retained at the base, less than 50 mesh), the smaller the particle size, the greater the amount of solubilized xylan. There was a tendency in the values obtained of glucana, as the particle size decreased, the content of this polysaccharide increased in the acid treated bagasse. The values varied from 44.28 % (bagasse retained in 16 mesh sieve) to 66.70 % (bagasse retained in the 50 mesh sieve). For materials pretreated in alkaline medium retained in 40, 50 mesh and base sieves were above the value found for the in natura bagasse. Considering as an important characteristic of hemicellulose, all samples had solubility above 96 %. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated material in alkaline medium resulted in a higher glucose yield (65.37 % of glucose) for all fractions/granulometry studied, compared to acid medium (32.12 % glucose), showing a trend in increase with decreasing granulometry. The results showed that the sugarcane bagasse granulometry influences the extraction/solubilization of hemicellulose in the form of polysaccharide (polymeric) and monosaccharide (xylose). It was concluded that a better use of hemicellulose and cellulose occurred with experimental conditions of the alkaline pretreatment.
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Abate, Cruces Jennifer. "Comida que se bota: el escandalo de los alimentos que terminan en la basura." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2013. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/116587.
Full textAbstract:
Memoria de título conducente al Título de PeriodistaEste reportaje pretende abarcar todos los aspectos relacionados con el desperdicio de la comida a distintos niveles. Desde la mentalidad que justifica el sobreconsumo de alimentos, que en nuestro país tiene características históricas y socioculturales muy puntuales, al aprovechamiento que de ella hacen los grandes comercios. Desde la maquinaria estructural de la producción alimentaria, que muchas veces no cuenta con los recursos para frenar adecuadamente el desperdicio, hasta la indolencia de las personas en sus casas. Desde cómo este desperdicio afecta a los más pobres, que conforman un vergonzoso mercado que se alimenta de la basura de otras personas, hasta las iniciativas nacionales y globales que hoy buscan redistribuir los alimentos para que, como señalara el pensador inglés John Locke ya en 1690, no se siga ofendiendo la “ley común de la naturaleza” en un planeta que, teniendo la posibilidad de alimentar a todos sus habitantes, deja sin comer a un sexto de la población.
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Zubíková, Adéla. "Prokletí nebo požehnání: přírodní zdroje a ekonomický růst – komparace vývoje Botswany, Nigérie,Norska a Kanady na počátku 21. století." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262311.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis seeks to verify the concept of so-called resource curse at the beginning of the new millennium. The theoretical part defines the symptoms of the alleged curse, curse transmission channels and criticism of the concept. Compared to other studies dealing with the theme of the resource curse this work is not focused on just one transmission channel. The practical part verifies several hypotheses established by comparing research papers on impacts of natural resources. The validity of the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis, Dutch disease symptoms and a negative impact on political institutions (inclination toward authoritarianism, high level of corruption, high government spending, low efficiency of economic and political decision-making and low investment in education) is verified. For the analysis have been selected two African countries (Nigeria and Botswana) and two advanced countries (Canada and Norway). The last part of this thesis provides policy implications. The results confirm the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis for selected commodities in the long term and some of the symptoms of Dutch disease at the beginning of the new millennium. Hypotheses regarding the impact on the political institutions have not been confirmed, since the results varied across the countries. The high vulnerability of the countries to movements in commodity prices was found.
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Tomasin, Martina. "We Grow Wild : Experimenting and learning about wild botanical allies to reclaim our food sovereignty." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för design (DE), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105372.
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The biology and the patterns of wild environments and their organisms have solutions to the many environmental, social and economical challenges that we are facing globally. As an emerging designer, I believe that the tendencies of the ecological environments can be analyzed, mimicked and implemented by designers into different socio-cultural systems. In my design process I have been exploring practices that promote food sovereignty as a right that every living being should have. The results of my exploration is a guide to help to learn about and from wild edibles to deepen our connection with nature. My design includes my own process and iteration as well as one designed for those who are interested in exploring foraging practices.This project recognizes the different spheres and complexities of sustainability. It analyzes how our cultural and social practices impact the ecological environment, while, at the same time, it brings practical examples to understand the effects that our economy has on the overall well-being of the ecology, and suggests that we all can be beneficial participants as and in nature.The title “We grow wild” refers to the plants, which grow wildly in parks, hedgerows, paths and forests, as well as it encourages to rediscover the wild nature that re-emerges in us through active participation in the ecological environment we inhabit.
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Kopp, Martin. "Croître en Dieu ? : la théologie protestante interrogée par la décroissance selon Serge Latouche." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAK014.
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Depuis 2002, la « décroissance » s’est imposée dans le débat sur l’écologie, l’économie et notre futur. Le présent travail interroge la théologie protestante à travers l’une des principales plumes de cette pensée hétérodoxe : Serge Latouche. Cet économiste français athée effectue une critique culturaliste de la société de croissance. Il en instruit un triple procès et appelle à la décolonisation créatrice de notre imaginaire partagé, afin de cheminer vers des sociétés d’abondance frugale autonomes, conviviales et heureuses. Cette position mène la théologie à s’interroger en premier lieu sur le croître. Au vu des données bibliques, il est constaté que l’imagerie chrétienne de la croissance augmente et contredit l’imaginaire dominant croissanciste. Partant, deux contributions sont apportées à une théologie du croître : l’une sur l’enrichissement commandé au disciple et à l’Église, où cette croissance est subvertie, l’autre sur la pousse des plantes et les proliférations d’animaux, où ces croissances sont réhabilitéesSince 2002, “degrowth” has made its way into the debate on ecology, economics, and our future. The present work questions Protestant theology through one of the main writers of this heterodox thinking: Serge Latouche. This French atheist economist makes a culturalist critique of the society of growth. He puts it on a threefold trial and calls for the creative decolonization of our shared imaginary, so as to move towards autonomous, convivial, and happy societies of frugal abundance. This position first of all leads theology to question growth. Based on biblical data, it is noticed that the Christian imaginary of growth enriches and contradicts the dominant growthist imaginary. Hence, two contributions to a theology of growth are provided: one about the command to get rich addressed to the disciple and to the church, where this kind of growth is subverted, another about plant growth and animal proliferation, where these kinds of growth are restored to favor
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Schoneman, Jason Paul. "Overview of uses of palms with an emphasis on old world and Australasian medicinal uses." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-1046.
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This report details the significance of the palm tree family or Palmae in the lives of humans. In chapter one, I summarize major palm uses around the world. As sources of products important to the world economic market, palms are ranked as one of the top three plant families. If additional products from national and local level markets are also considered, palms could possibly be the most important plant family to humans. A tremendous number of species are utilized across the world, mainly in subtropical and tropical areas, as vital sources for food, fiber, fuel, and medicine.
The unique morphological and anatomical characteristics of palms are responsible for their great utility. These attributes are discussed in conjunction with the many uses they provide. A few species have been important in the lives of humans from some of the first civilizations; many of these species are still as important. Such a long history of interaction has also led to palms being interwoven into the religious and mythical frameworks of various societies and tribes. In chapter two, I detail the occurrence of medicinal uses for Old World and Australasian palms. Palms as novel sources of medicinal compounds have been underappreciated. A few papers in the last few decades have found a substantial number of medically relevant uses of Neotropical palms. As a parallel, this report presents medically relevant uses discovered in the last few decades for Old World and Australasian palms. Similar to Neotropical palms, the remainder of the world’s palms could possibly be important sources of medicines for more frequent traditional use and as possible sources for drugs created for application in conventional medical settings. An increasing awareness of palms as important sources of medicines could have implications for their conservation.text
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Carvalho, Luís Manuel Mendonça. "Estudos de etnobotânica e botânica económica no Alentejo." Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/2078.
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Tese de doutoramento em Biologia (Sistemática e Morfologia) apresentada a Fac. de Ciências e Tecnologia de CoimbraAs actuais circunstâncias económicas e sociais conduzem o conhecimento de matriz etnobotânica a um inexorável processo de extinção, porque são os cidadãos mais idosos os seus depositários. Com a sua eventual perda, associada ao fim das práticas agrícolas tradicionais, desaparecerão informações protocientíficas acumuladas ao longo de séculos. O objectivo primordial deste estudo foi o de valorizar esses conhecimentos e contribuir para a sua conservação, dentro de uma estratégia ecológica de gestão dos recursos naturais. O estudo foi desenvolvido com comunidades rurais do Concelho de Beja durante três anos (2003-2005). Realizaram-se entrevistas a 54 informantes, maioritariamente mulheres, com idades superiores a 60 anos, e registaram-se os conhecimentos etnobotânicos vivos e de memória viva. A informação recolhida, apresenta-se de acordo com o modelo enunciado no Economic Botany Data Collection Standard (Cook, 1995) e está distribuída por treze classes de uso. Registaram-se 1032 usos específicos, referentes a 166 espécies, 125 géneros e 53 famílias. A classe de uso com maior número de citações foi a classe 11 (usos medicinais), com 471 usos. Os resultados indicaram-nos que 58% das plantas estudadas possui entre 1 e 5 usos específicos. As espécies com maior valor social, aquelas que os informantes identificaram culturalmente com a sua região, foram: Coriandrum sativum, Cynara cardunculus, Mentha pulegium, Olea europaea, Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus suber, Triticum aestivum, Triticum turgidum e Vitis vinifera. O índice de etnobotanicidade foi 25%; quando consideradas apenas as plantas medicinais foi 16%.
In the modern world, ethnobotanical knowledge is on the edge of extinction because only old people living in rural areas use it. Its eventual loss, bounded with the end of traditional farms, will erase proto-scientific information gathered over hundreds of years. The main purpose of this work was to increase awareness to this issue and at the same time record the knowledge for future use within a new, rational and ecological management of our natural resources. The study was made in the rural communities of Beja county for three years (2003-2005). We made semi-structured and informal interviews to 54 informants, mainly women, age over 60 years old, and we recorded the living and the living memory knowledge. The information was recorded following the Economic Botany Data Collection Standard (Cook, 1995) and it is clustered in thirteen levels of use. We recorded 1032 uses from 166 plant species and 125 genera included in 53 families. The level with the highest number of citations was Level 11 (medicinal) - 471 uses recorded. The results show that 58% of the plants have between 1 to 5 specific uses. The species with the highest social value, those which the informants used to define their cultural heritage, were: Coriandrum sativum, Cynara cardunculus, Mentha pulegium, Olea europaea, Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus suber, Triticum aestivum, Triticum turgidum, and Vitis vinifera. The ethnobotanical index was 25% and the ethnobotanical index concerning medicinal plants only was 16%.
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Dragar, VA. "A preliminary survey of selected species of endemic plants to determine commercial cropping potential for essential oils." Thesis, 1986. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/19544/1/whole_DragarValerieAnnette1985_thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This work was embarked upon as a preliminary survey of the Tasmanian endemic essential-oil-bearing plants, with a view to locating species which may be suitable for commercial production of oil.
Initially, twenty plant species were selected as having been observed to contain an essential oil. The species were : Bedfordia salicina, Beyeria viscosa, Callitris tasmanica, Cassinia aculeata, Drimys lanceolata (also known as Tasmannia lanceolata), Eriostemon virgatus, Kunzea ambigua, Leptospermum glaucescens, Leptospermum lanigerum, Leptospermum scoparium, Melaleuca squamea, Melaleuca squarrosa, Olearia argophylla, Olearia phlogopappa, Phebalium squameum, Prostanthera lasianthos, Senecia linearifolius and Zieria arborescens. Material from these species was taken for steam distillation and solvent extraction, and the oil samples, thus obtained, were analysed by GC-MS. In addition, data on yields of oil were compiled, in order that comparisons between species could be made.
The number of species under investigation was reduced to ten, by excluding those that did not possess a persistent or powerfully pleasant odour. The other major criterion used in determining which species may be of commercial value was oil yield, which was not to be less than 0.1%. The species that were retained were as follows: B. viscosa, C. tasmanica, D. lanceolata, E. virgatus, E. amygdalina, K. ambigua, L. glaucescens, L. lanigerum, 0. phlogopappa and P. squameum.
Comparisons between the estimated yield of these species, on a per hectare basis, with that of commercial essential oil crops, showed that they have the potential to produce similar quantities of oil.
Scanning electron microscope studies of the oil glands of the ten selected species were undertaken. These showed definite similarities in structure, both among themselves and with glands described in the literature.
Small-scale propagation trials were run with the species listed above. Many were found to grow readily form cuttings, whilst others were easily raised from seed, and all of the ten species were propagated by one or other of these means. However, tissue culture techniques would vastly improve the efficiency of any large scale propagation project.
The GC-MS results showed the preesence of many commercially important compounds, as well as one which had not been cited previously in the literature, namely epi-Y-eudesmol in Olearia spp. Compounds which were identified by this method were quantified by determining the area under the relevant peak. In addition, the oils from these species were examined using a gas chromatograph which had been equipped with a splitter, so that the various components could be described as they were vented from the column.
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Muir, Stewart John. "Economic botany in the Indian Ocean: official and unofficial botanical gardens on Ile de France and Ile de Bourbon under the French regime, 1735-1810." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5678.
Full textAbstract:
France was late to enter the European race for empire in Asia, but it was the earliest nation to employ colonial research gardens to organize the push eastward. The French botanical vanguard settled on the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean where, beginning in the 1730s, a series of gardens contributed to France’s imperial fortunes and provided a model for later plant research networks in other European empires. In spite of past interpretations of French colonial science, there emergences a compelling argument that a dynamic interest in practical applications of scientific
knowledge was present in the Indian Ocean region during this period. Botanical gardens on Ile de France and lie de Bourbon performed roles central to the direction of overall French colonial activities. Applied botanical gardens helped develop colonial economies. They exchanged plants with
other French colonies, notably in the West Indies. They also provided information and plants, for various purposes, to the metropole. The botanical gardeners of the Mascarenes also represented France to other nations, functioning on its behalf as botanical diplomats sharing knowledge and
specimens with foreign countries. This period of economic botanizing ended,
for France, in 1810 with the loss of its Mascarenes colonies to the British.
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Grace, Olwen Megan. "Bark in traditional healthcare in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa : usage, authentication and sustainability." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8574.
Full textAbstract:
Healthcare in South Africa is polarised between western and traditional African systems of therapy. The latter is consulted by the majority of the population and therefore plays an integral role in the delivery of healthcare to South Africans. Traditional medicines are primarily plant products with long storage lives, among which the dominance of bark is typical of southern African traditional healthcare systems. Expansion of the traditional healthcare sector during the twentieth century, in response to rising consumer demands, stimulated a lucrative trade in medicinal plants that is centred in KwaZulu-Natal. Since herbal medicines are sourced almost exclusively from indigenous vegetation, harvesting pressures exerted on the indigenous flora to meet demands for traditional medicines have rendered such resources non-sustainable. Although trees comprise a small fraction of South African medicinal plant species, bark from them constitutes a substantial proportion of the plant products used medicinally. Trees are among the most threatened medicinal plants in South African due to their limited abundance, the ecological sensitivity of the vegetation in which they occur, and destructive methods of commercial bark harvesting that frequently take place within protected areas. In KwaZulu-Natal, bark is harvested primarily from forests that occupy an extent of only 0.1 % in the province. Conservation of economically valuable tree species is particularly problematic since data necessary for the establishment of sustainable usage systems are absent or inaccessible. Alternatives to in situ conservation for renewable bark resources include propagation, multi-use timber systems and reintroduction of locally extinct species. To facilitate appropriate management of bark resources, there is a need for specialist publications and consolidated data with which sustainable usage levels may be determined. The importance of bark in South African traditional healthcare is poorly reflected by the ethno botanical literature. In this study, 180 bark species used in traditional healthcare in KwaZulu-Natal were inventoried from thorough literature surveys, but this number is anticipated to be a conservative reflection of actual statistics. Where trade data were recorded in the literature, they indicated intensive exploitation of bark resources in KwaZulu-Natal and throughout South Africa, but conservation and management data were lacking for 72 % of the species inventoried. A number of problems were encountered in the literature, of which vague information and the documentation of local vernacular nomenclature were the most troublesome. Despite the importance of traditional medicine, the country's political history led to the prevailing situation, where the traditional healthcare sector is largely unregulated. Coupled with increasingly limited availability of medicinal plants, the quality and appropriate use of traditional medicines is negatively affected by growing numbers of inadequately trained practitioners, herbalist retailers and plant gatherers. Possibilities of misidentification or purposeful adulteration of medicinal bark products therefore lead to concerns for patient safety, since dried bark is difficult or impossible to identify. Whilst bark characters are useful for field identifications, many useful diagnostic characters are lost through desiccation, and anatomy and morphology of bark are variable. Additionally, medicinal bark products used in KwaZulu-Natal, and their identification, are largely undocumented. This study focussed on eight bark species used medicinally in the province, elected by an esteemed traditional medical practitioner as having problematic identity. Monograph-type characterisation profiles were drawn up for reference specimens collected from various localities, and their medicinal bark products traded under vernacular names recorded in the literature. In the absence of standardised traditional medicines, there is a need for reliable and affordable methods for their authentication. Phytochemical bark characters identified by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) have proved useful in chemotaxonomic studies, and the technique is widely used for herbal drug authentication. TLC was tested here for authentication of medicinal bark products from the aforementioned study species. Three reference samples of each species were collected, and TLC-generated fingerprints compared. At the intraspecific level, TLC was useful in confirming the relationship of ethanol and hexane bark extracts, but was less meaningful in distinguishing between fingerprints of different species. Three medicinal bark products of each study species were purchased and fingerprints compared to a reference. The technique proved useful in confirming the identity of several medicinal bark products. Authentication of medicinal bark products may be useful in toxicology cases and in the accurate documentation of their trade. This research identified a complexity of issues surrounding the use of bark in traditional healthcare in KwaZulu-Natal, and indeed South Africa. A multi-faceted approach is required to secure their sustainability. Critical, however, to factors such as effective conservation and regulation of the traditional healthcare sector, is recognition of the importance, and documentation, of traditional bark medicines. The integrity of traditional healthcare, and the future of the South African flora, hinge upon the sustainable use of medicinal products such as bark.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
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Nomtshongwana, Ngcali. "Indigenous plant use in Gxalingenwa and KwaYili forests in the Southern Drakensberg, KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4483.
Full textAbstract:
In response to an increase in forest destruction, nature conservation agencies in South Africa are beginning to introduce innovative and integrated conservation strategies. This study was established to provide information on resource use in Gxalingenwa State Forest (GSF) and
KwaYili State Forest (KSF) on which such conservation initiatives might be based. Local villagers in the area depend on a mix of forest products to meet their livelihood needs, including for example heating, cooking, fencing, building, craft-work and medicine. Large quantities (102.072 tonnes) of plant resources are removed from the GSF and KSF annually by traditional healers and commercial gatherers with commercial gatherers responsible
for the largest proportions (88.1 %). However, the total market value of medicinal products to the resource users is higher than the local value, implying that the resource users are not harnessing the full potential of the forest products. Fuelwood, building, fencing and carving also account for a large bulk of materials harvested from the indigenous forests annually.
Among several species, Podocarpus falcatus is the most preferred and harvested tree for fuelwood, fencing and building. Despite its high recruitment level, it shows a very unstable population structure. Calodendrum capense is debarked for medicinal uses. It is used locally
and its current harvest by commercial gatherers is driven by a huge demand from the 'muti' markets. In KSF, C. capense generally has a low density but also has a relatively good recruitment rate when compared with an unexploited forest. However, the harvesting of immature stems pose a threat to this species.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1999.
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Speirs, Unati Corrie. "Value chain constraints analyses of selected medicinal and aromatic plants indigenous to South Africa." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19014.
Full textAbstract:
Text in EnglishThe introduction of the New Growth Path (NGP) and the New Industrial Policy Framework (NIPF) have created an opportunity for the industrialisation of indigenous medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs Amarula (Sclerocarya birrea), Buchu (Agathosma betulina), and Pelargonium (Pelargonium sidoides) for job creation and economic development in South Africa. The aim is to create a locally sustainable industry which creates jobs as well as improvement of the balance of payments. The National Growth Plan highlights some of the opportunities for industrialization as well as creation of decent jobs. There is increasing pressure on the harvesting of wild indigenous medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPS). The establishment of a local pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industry for processing MAPS remains a challenge in South Africa and many low income countries. The objective of this study was to assess the challenges and their impact looking at particular species, Amarula, Buchu and Pelargonium by using structured focus group interviews with users in communities and businesses in KwaZulu Natal Province, Eastern Cape and the Western Cape. More data/information was also collected from key stakeholder companies including desk-top reviews. Data/information was analysed using the SPSS computer programme and the Atlas software to summarize data and the results. Graphs and tables were used where necessary. The qualitative research reported on some qualitative assessments and challenges facing the establishment of medicinal and aromatic plants in South Africa. Comparative findings from BRICS were also reported. The results of the study indicated that there is continuous exploitation of several medicinal plant species, for plant trade, from the wild and substantial loss of their habitat. The research identifies a number of challenges such as: poor standards for raw materials, lack of research and development linking industry driven revenues, demand exceeding supply, regulatory risk, community risk, lack of understanding of judicious agronomic practices, ethical challenges, liquidity risk as well as political instability fail to attract foreign direct investments. The research concludes that for the establishment of a viable local pharmaceutical industry, iii beverage industry and nutraceutical industry with sustainable harvesting, there are serious hegemonic challenges which will require multi-stakeholder analysis. However, for the South African (SA) industry to be competitive, detailed feasibility studies need to be done comparing SA with other BRICS countries. There is also a need for the Research and Development to be strengthened. It must also be linked into industrial development in the industry. Furthermore there is a need to initiate the incentivizing of the pharmaceutical manufacturing to lower the cost of setting up the businesses in the industry and lessen the need to harvest from South African forests. Furthermore there is a need for programmes of production so that key species are given opportunity for cultivation and the attention they deserve to preserve these depleting resources.
Agriculture and Animal Health
M.Sc. (Agriculture)
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Lezcano, Cáceres Hilda Luz [Verfasser]. "Ecological characteristics and economic impact of non native Ailanthus altissima (MILL.) swingle in Hesse, Germany / vorgelegt von Hilda Luz Lezcano Cáceres." 2010. http://d-nb.info/1009495445/34.
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Lezcano, Caceres Hilda Luz. "ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NON NATIVE Ailanthus altissima (MILL.) SWINGLE IN HESSE, GERMANY." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B69A-B.
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