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Journal articles on the topic 'Bothrops asper'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Segura, Álvaro, María Herrera, Mariángela Vargas, Mauren Villalta, Alfredo Uscanga-Reynell, Guillermo León, and José María Gutiérrez. "Preclinical efficacy against toxic activities of medically relevant Bothrops sp. (Serpentes: Viperidae) snake venoms by a polyspecific antivenom produced in Mexico." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 1 (September 23, 2016): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i1.18908.

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The assessment of the preclinical neutralizing ability of antivenoms in Latin America is necessary to determine their scope of efficacy. This study was aimed at analyzing the neutralizing efficacy of a polyspecific bothropic-crotalic antivenom manufactured by BIRMEX in Mexico against lethal, hemorrhagic, defibrinogenating and in vitro coagulant activities of the venoms of Bothrops jararaca (Brazil), B. atrox (Perú and Colombia), B. diporus (Argentina), B. mattogrossensis (Bolivia), and B. asper (Costa Rica). Standard laboratory tests to determine these activities were used. In agreement with previous studies with bothropic antivenoms in Latin America, a pattern of cross-neutralization of heterologous venoms was observed. However, the antivenom had low neutralizing potency against defibrinogenating effect of the venoms of B. atrox (Colombia) and B. asper (Costa Rica), and failed to neutralize the in vitro coagulant activity of the venom of B. asper (Costa Rica) at the highest antivenom/venom ratio tested. It is concluded that, with the exception of coagulant and defibrinogenating activities of B. asper (Costa Rica) venom, this antivenom neutralizes toxic effects of various Bothrops sp venoms. Future studies are necessary to assess the efficacy of this antivenom against other viperid venoms.

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2

Tonos, Carlos, Luis Eduardo Traviezo Valles, and Carlos Pacheco. "Fasciotomía tras emponzoñamiento por Bothrops asper." Revista Medica Sinergia 6, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): e707. http://dx.doi.org/10.31434/rms.v6i8.707.

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Bothrops asper es responsable de hasta el 80% del ofidismo del norte de Sudamérica, teniendo su veneno una acción proteolítica y coagulante sobre el miembro afectado. Se realiza un estudio descriptivo, con análisis retrospectivo, con identificación taxonómica y revisión de la literatura. Paciente masculino de doce años, procedente de Sanare, estado Lara, Venezuela, quien es hospitalizado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos por sintomatología grave luego de mordedura por Bothrops en la pierna derecha, recibe quince ampollas de antiveneno, pero la demora del suministro por la grave escases regional del antiveneno y el recibir una dosis alta de la ponzoña, permitieron una intensa acción hemolítica y necrosante sobre los tejidos, presentando síndrome compartimental por lo que ameritó fasciotomía bajo condiciones mínimas aceptables de coagulación. El niño tuvo una buena recuperación salvando el miembro de la amputación. Solo el 20% de los casos de ofidismo llegan a ser graves, produciéndose por inoculaciones superiores a los 300 mg de veneno y a la demora en el traslado al centro especializado, esto permite la necrosis del tejido y el síndrome compartimental, daño que amerita ejecutar la fasciotomía, desbridamiento y drenaje de abscesos para evitar la amputación. Es el primer reporte de fasciotomía tras mordedura de Bothrops asper en el estado Lara. El traslado inmediato del paciente para un tratamiento específico con antiveneno, sigue siendo la principal medida para evitar casos graves de envenenamiento y así disminuir la severidad de la sintomatología y la letalidad.

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3

Teixeira, Catarina, Yara Cury, Vanessa Moreira, Gisele Picolo, and Fernando Chaves. "Inflammation induced by Bothrops asper venom." Toxicon 54, no. 1 (July 2009): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.03.019.

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4

Teixeira, Catarina, Yara Cury, Vanessa Moreira, Gisele Picolo, and Fernando Chaves. "Inflammation induced by Bothrops asper venom." Toxicon 54, no. 7 (December 2009): 988–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.026.

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5

Saldarriaga, Mónica Marı́a, Rafael Otero, Vitelbina Núñez, Maria Fabiola Toro, Abel Dı́az, and José Marı́a Gutiérrez. "Ontogenetic variability of Bothrops atrox and Bothrops asper snake venoms from Colombia." Toxicon 42, no. 4 (September 2003): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(03)00171-5.

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6

Gutiérrez, José María. "Bothrops asper: Beauty and peril in the Neotropics." Toxicon 54, no. 7 (December 2009): 901–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.06.012.

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7

Assakura, Marina T., Maria de Fatima Furtado, and Fajga R. Mandelbaum. "Biochemical and biological differentiation of the venoms of the lancehead vipers (Bothrops atrox, Bothrops asper, Bothrops marajoensis and Bothrops moojeni)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 102, no. 4 (August 1992): 727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(92)90071-x.

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8

Mora-Obando, Diana, Davinia Pla, Bruno Lomonte, Jimmy Alexander Guerrero-Vargas, Santiago Ayerbe, and Juan J. Calvete. "Antivenomics and in vivo preclinical efficacy of six Latin American antivenoms towards south-western Colombian Bothrops asper lineage venoms." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): e0009073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009073.

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Background Bothrops asper represents the clinically most important snake species in Central America and Northern South America, where it is responsible for an estimated 50–80% of snakebites. Compositional variability among the venom proteomes of B. asper lineages across its wide range mirrors clinical differences in their envenomings. Bothropic antivenoms generated in a number of Latin American countries commonly exhibit a certain degree of paraspecific effectiveness in the neutralization of congeneric venoms. Defining the phylogeographic boundaries of an antivenom's effectivity has implications for optimizing its clinical use. However, the molecular bases and impact of venom compositions on the immune recognition and neutralization of the toxic activities of across geographically disparate populations of B. asper lineages has not been comprehensively studied. Methodology/Principal findings Third-generation antivenomics was applied to quantify the cross-immunorecognizing capacity against the individual components of venoms of three B. asper lineages (B. asper (sensu stricto), B. ayerbei and B. rhombeatus) distributed in south-western (SW) Colombia, of six Latin American antivenoms, produced against homologous (Colombia, INS-COL and PROBIOL) and Costa Rica (ICP)), and heterologous (Argentina (BIOL), Perú (INS-PERU) and Venezuela (UCV)) bothropic venoms. In vivo neutralization assays of the lethal, hemorrhagic, coagulant, defibrinogenating, myotoxic, edematogenic, indirect hemolytic, and proteolytic activities of the three SW Colombian B. asper lineage venoms were carried to compare the preclinical efficacy of three (Colombian INS-COL and PROBIOL, and Costa Rican ICP) antivenoms frequently used in Colombia. Antivenomics showed that all the six antivenom affinity matrices efficiently immunoretained most of the B. asper lineages venom proteins and exhibited impaired binding towards the venoms' peptidomes. The neutralization profile of the INS-COL, PROBIOL and ICP antivenoms towards the biological activities of the venoms of SW Colombian B. asper (sensu stricto), B. ayerbei and B. rhombeatus lineages was coherent with the antivenomics outcome. In addition, the combination of in vitro (antivenomics) and in vivo neutralization results allowed us to determine their toxin-specific and venom neutralizing antibody content. Noteworthy, heterologous INS-PERU, BIOL, and UCV bothropic antivenoms had equal or higher binding capacity towards the venoms components of SW Colombian B. asper lineages that the homologous Colombian and Costa Rican antivenoms. Conclusions/Significance The combined in vitro and in vivo preclinical outcome showed that antivenoms manufactured in Colombia and Costa Rica effectively neutralize the major toxic activities of SW Colombian B. asper lineage venoms. The antivenomics profiles of the heterologous antivenoms manufactured in Argentina, Venezuela, and Perú strongly suggests their (pre)clinical adequacy for the treatment of B. asper lineage envenomings in SW Colombia. However, their recommendation in the clinical setting is pending on in vivo neutralization testing and clinical testing in humans. Bothrops asper is a highly adaptable snake species complex, which is considered the most dangerous snake throughout much of its distribution range from the Atlantic lowland of eastern México to northwestern Perú. Antivenoms are the only scientifically validated treatment of snakebite envenomings. Venom variation is particularly common in wide ranging species, such as B. asper, and may result in variable clinical presentations of envenomings, as is the case for the B. asper species complex, potentially undermining the efficacy of snakebite treatments depending on the immunization mixture used in the generation of the antivenom. Conversely, phylogenetic conservation of antigenic determinants confers an unpredictable degree of paraspecificity to homologous antivenoms produced for a geographic area, but also to heterologous congeneric antivenoms, towards the venom components of allopatric conspecific populations. This work aimed at comparing the preclinical profile of a panel of Latin American homologous and heterologous antivenoms against the venoms of B. asper lineages distributed in SW Colombia. The outcome of this study strongly suggests the suitability of considering the heterologous antivenoms BIOL (Argentina), UCV (Venezuela) and INS-PERU (Perú) as alternatives to homologous Colombian INS-COL and PROBIOL and Costa Rican ICP antivenoms for the treatment of envenomings by B. asper (sensu stricto) in W Colombia and Ecuador, B. ayerbei in Cauca and Nariño (Colombia), and B. rhombeatus in Cauca river valley, SW Colombia.

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9

Otero-Patiño, Rafael. "Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of Bothrops asper bites." Toxicon 54, no. 7 (December 2009): 998–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.001.

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10

Caro, Daneiva, Yanet Ocampo, Jenny Castro, Lia Barrios, Rubén Salas, and Luis A. Franco. "Protective effect of Dracontium dubium against Bothrops asper venom." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 89 (May 2017): 1105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.080.

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11

Zamuner, Stella R., José Maria Gutiérrez, Marcelo N. Muscará, Simone A. Teixeira, and Catarina F. P. Teixeira. "Bothrops asper and Bothrops jararaca snake venoms trigger microbicidal functions of peritoneal leukocytes in vivo." Toxicon 39, no. 10 (October 2001): 1505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00123-4.

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12

Hardy, David L. "Bothrops asper (Viperidae) Snakebite and Field Researchers in Middle America." Biotropica 26, no. 2 (June 1994): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2388809.

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13

Medina-Barrios, Óscar Daniel, Éver Edrey Hernández-Cuadrado, and Douglas Hernández Vélez. "Termobiología de Bothrops asper (Garman, 1883) en Colombia: ensayos ecofisiológicos." Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 30, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v30i1.15673.

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Se determinó el rango de temperatura óptimo (RTO) y las temperaturas críticas (CTmax, CTMin) de la tasa respiratoria (TR) y los comportamientos de alimentación (CA) y de defensa (CD) de Bothrops asper en condiciones de cautiverio. Se usaron serpientes adultas (n=10) con una talla de 137.2±17.2 cm y peso de 829.0±378.9 g, sometidas a temperaturas experimentales entre 10 y 40 °C y cambios graduales de 3 °C por minuto, excepto para la captura de alimento (4 °C por semana). El RTO fue entre 21 y 31 °C para TR (22.9±5.1 resp/min), de 27 a 31 °C y de 26 a 30 °C para CA y CD, respectivamente. Las CTmax y CTMin fueron de 39 °C y 15.5 °C para TR, de 34.7 °C y 20 °C para CA y de 33 °C y 21.7 °C para CD, respectivamente. Las temperaturas y las variables ecofisiológicas estuvieron correlacionadas en la mayoría de los casos (R=0.67, p=0.000), observándose mayor sensibilidad a registros térmicos altos. Estos datos demuestran que la temperatura actúa como un modulador de los eventos de la historia de vida y del grado de intensidad y sucesión de los procesos fisiológicos y comportamentales de este vipérido. Los resultados también indican que B. asper no podría extender su rango de distribución geográfica por encima de los 2000 m de altitud. Finalmente, se sugiere un grado de amenaza mayor (casi amenazada) para esta especie.

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14

Saldarriaga-Córdoba, Mónica, Christopher L. Parkinson, Juan M. Daza, Wolfgang Wüster, and Mahmood Sasa. "Phylogeography of the Central American lancehead Bothrops asper (SERPENTES: VIPERIDAE)." PLOS ONE 12, no. 11 (November 27, 2017): e0187969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187969.

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15

Soto, Mónica, Teresa Escalante, Gilbert D. Loría, Raghuvir Arni, José María Gutiérrez, and Alexandra Rucavado. "Thrombocytopenia and platelet hypoaggregation induced by Bothrops asper snake venom." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 94, no. 07 (2005): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th05-02-0112.

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SummaryThrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction occur in patients bitten by Bothrops sp snakes in Latin America. An experimental model was developed in mice to study the effects of B. asper venom in platelet numbers and function. Intravenous administration of this venom induces rapid and prominent thrombocytopenia and ex vivo platelet hypoaggregation. The drop in platelet numbers was primarily due to aspercetin, a protein of the C-type lectin family which induces von Willebrand factor-mediated platelet aggregation/agglutination. In addition, the effect of class P-III hemorrhagic metalloproteinases on the microvessel wall also contributes to thrombocytopenia since jararhagin, a P-III metalloproteinase, reduced platelet counts. Hypoaggregation was associated with the action of procoagulant and defibrin(ogen)ating proteinases jararacussin-I (a thrombin-like serine proteinase) and basparin A (a prothrombin activating metalloproteinase). At the doses which induced hypoaggregation, these enzymes caused defibrin(ogen)ation, increments in fibrin(ogen) degradation products and D-dimer and prolongation of the bleeding time. Incubation of B. asper venom with batimastat and α2-macroglobulin abrogated the hypoaggregating activity, confirming the role of venom proteinases in this effect. Neither aspercetin nor the defibrin(ogen)ating and hypoaggregating components induced hemorrhage upon intravenous injection. However, aspercetin, but not the thrombin-like or the prothrombin-activating proteinases, potentiated the hemorrhagic activity of two hemorrhagic metalloproteinases in the lungs.

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16

Francis, Brian, and Ivan I. Kaiser. "Inhibition of metalloproteinases in Bothrops asper venom by endogenous peptides." Toxicon 31, no. 7 (July 1993): 889–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(93)90224-7.

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17

Alvarado, G., and A. Sánchez-Monge. "First record of Porocephalus cf. clavatus (Pentastomida: Porocephalida) as a parasite on Bothrops asper (Squamata: Viperidae) in Costa Rica." Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no. 4 (November 27, 2015): 854–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.01414.

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Abstract Pentastomids are parasites that infect respiratory cavities of vertebrates, they are pretty common but poorly known in wildlife veterinary. A Bothrops asper snake (Garman, 1884) was captured in the Caribbean region of Costa Rica and had its lung infested with pentastomids, identified as ca Porocephalus clavatus (Wyman, 1845). This represents the first record of Porocephalus (Humboldt, 1812) on B. asper as well as P. cf. clavatus in Costa Rica. Further studies are needed to clarify their taxonomic position, images and scanning electron microscopy photographs (SEM) of the specimens are given.

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18

Pinto, Luis José, Linda Lee Fernández, José María Gutiérrez, Dany Samir Simón, Ziomara Ceballos, Luis Fernando Aguilar, and Manuel Sierra. "Case Report: Hemothorax in Envenomation by the Viperid Snake Bothrops asper." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 100, no. 3 (March 6, 2019): 714–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0826.

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19

Delgado, Miguel E., and Oscar H. Del Brutto. "Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy in a Venomous Snake (Bothrops asper) Bite Victim." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 86, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 496–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0610.

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Chacur, M., G. Picolo, J. M. Gutiérrez, C. F. P. Teixeira, and Y. Cury. "Pharmacological modulation of hyperalgesia induced by Bothrops asper (terciopelo) snake venom." Toxicon 39, no. 8 (August 2001): 1173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00254-3.

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21

Mora-Obando, Diana, David Salazar-Valenzuela, Davinia Pla, Bruno Lomonte, Jimmy Alexander Guerrero-Vargas, Santiago Ayerbe, H. Lisle Gibbs, and Juan J. Calvete. "Venom variation in Bothrops asper lineages from North-Western South America." Journal of Proteomics 229 (October 2020): 103945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103945.

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22

Friis, Rasmus U. W., Søren H. Dam, Aleksander M. Haack, Malte B. Hallgren, Andrea M. Esteban, Mikael R. Andersen, Mogens Kilstrup, and Andreas H. Laustsen. "Design of scfab-based chimeric antibodies against Bothrops asper pi-metalloproteinase." Toxicon 158 (February 2019): S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.10.143.

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23

Gutiérrez, José María, Teresa Escalante, and Alexandra Rucavado. "Experimental pathophysiology of systemic alterations induced by Bothrops asper snake venom." Toxicon 54, no. 7 (December 2009): 976–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.039.

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24

Alape-Girón, Alberto, Marietta Flores-Díaz, Libia Sanz, Marvin Madrigal, José Escolano, Mahmood Sasa, and Juan J. Calvete. "Studies on the venom proteome of Bothrops asper: Perspectives and applications." Toxicon 54, no. 7 (December 2009): 938–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.06.011.

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25

Gutiérrez, JoséMaría, Fernando Chaves, Eugenia Mata, and Luis Cerdas. "Skeletal muscle regeneration after myonecrosis induced by Bothrops asper (terciopelo) venom." Toxicon 24, no. 3 (January 1986): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(86)90148-0.

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26

Aragon-Ortiz, F., and F. Gubenšek. "Characterization of a metallo-proteinase from Bothrops Asper (terciopelo) snake venom." Toxicon 25, no. 7 (January 1987): 759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(87)90126-7.

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27

Lee, W. H., M. C. Gonçalez, R. M. F. Ramalheira, P. R. Kuser, M. H. Toyama, B. Oliveira, J. R. Giglio, S. Marangoni, and I. Polikarpov. "Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of piratoxin II, a phospholipase A2 isolated from the venom of Bothrops pirajai." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 54, no. 6 (November 1, 1998): 1437–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0907444998007082.

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The phospholipases A2 (PLA2, E.C. 3.1.1.4, phosphatide sn2 acylhydrolases) are the major components of the venom of several snakes. They are responsible for several important pharmacological effects observed in ophidian incidents. PLA2 piratoxin II from Bothrops pirajai has been crystallized by the vapour-diffusion technique. X-ray diffraction data have been collected to 2.04 Å resolution (90.2% complete, R merge = 0.070). The space group is P21 and the cell parameters are a = 46.19, b = 60.36, c = 58.74 Å and β = 96.05°. The structure has been solved by molecular replacement using the crystallographic structure of PLA2 from Bothrops asper (PDB code 1CLP) as a search model.

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28

Terán Z, María del Carmen, Mariana Estrada V, and Manolo Puente. "Prevalencia endoparasitaria de serpientes Bothrops asper (Garman, 1884) y Bothrops atrox (Linnaeus, 1758) en condiciones de cautividad en el Ecuador." Revista Ecuatoriana de Medicina y Ciencias Biológicas 35, no. 1-2 (August 14, 2017): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26807/remcb.v35i1-2.252.

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Un total de 75 serpientes venenosas pertenecientes al proceso de producción de sueros antiofídicos nacionales de la ciudad de Guayaquil, Ecuador fueron analizadas; 48 B. asper y 27 B. atrox muertas en condiciones de cautiverio desde el 2010 al 2013. Los informes anatomopatológicos señalaron el estado caquéctico de la mayor parte de los ofidios ingresados, asàcomo también la observación de lesiones encontradas a nivel de órganos. Los análisis parasitológicos evidenciaron en ambas especies de ofidios la presencia de endoparásitos y la prevalencia obtenida sugiere la aplicación de medidas de control prioritarias para coccidias y nemátodos en serpientes cautivas

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29

Mark Valencia, Braulio, and Alfonso Zavaleta. "La medicina complementaria en el tratamiento de las enfermedades tropicales desatendidas: accidentes ofídicos." Revista Peruana de Medicina Integrativa 2, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26722/rpmi.2017.21.45.

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De acuerdo a la Organización Mundial de la Salud más de 1 billón de personas distribuidas en 149 países son afectadas por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas, ocasionando cuantiosos daños económicos, sociales y psicológicos a las personas afectadas, así como un elevado gasto estatal. El envenenamiento por mordedura de serpiente es una de las más desatendidas: se estima que anualmente de los casi 5 millones de mordeduras de serpiente que ocurren a nivel mundial, la mitad genera envenenamientos que ocasionarían entre 94-125 mil muertes, 400 mil amputaciones y otras secuelas severas. Por ello se realizó una búsqueda en Pubmed para identificar publicaciones en los que se hayan usado terapias complementarias o tradicionales o alguno de sus componentes. De los 142 artículos, 18 artículos fueron seleccionados por tratarse de estudios in-vivo para identificar el efecto antiofídico de los compuestos. Los estudios seleccionados se enfocaron en evaluar el efecto antihemorrágico (13/18), anti-edematoso (11/18), anti-necrotizante (5/18) y de reducción de letalidad (4/18). Se estudió el efecto de los compuestos en veneno de Bothrops atrox (6/18), Bothrops jararaca (5/18), Bothrops asper (3/18), Bothrops jararacussu (2/18), Bothrops erythromelas (2/18), Bothrops paulensis (1/18), Crotalus adamanteus (1/18), Crotalus durissus terrificus (1/18), y Lachesis muta (1/18). De las 24 plantas evaluadas, se encontró mayor cantidad de publicaciones sobre el efecto terapéutico de Bellucia dichotoma, Connarus favosus, Plathymenia reticulata, Jatropha gossypiifolia y Renealmia alpinia.

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RUÍZ P, OSCAR. "Ofidios del corregimiento de San Rafael de Pirú, Valencia, Córdoba - Colombia." Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA 6, no. 1 (January 3, 2014): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.24188/recia.v6.n1.2014.196.

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Se identificaron las especies de ofidios presentes en el corregimiento de San Rafael del Pirú, perteneciente al Municipio de Valencia – Córdoba, Colombia y se determino su importancia médica. Entre el 10 de Agosto de 2011 y el 12 de Agosto de 2012 mediante búsqueda libre y captura manual se realizaron muestreos de serpientes, estos se hicieron dos veces por mes, cada muestreo tuvo una duración de 3-4 horas. Para este corregimiento se reporta la presencia de cinco Familias de ofidios, distribuidos en 19 géneros y 20 especies, de las familias reportadas sólo dos registran especies letales para los humanos: Viperidae (Bothrops asper y Porthidium nasutum) y Elapidae (Micrurus mipartitus y Micrurus dumerilii); también se encontraron algunas especies de la familia Colubridae que pueden causar síntomas de envenenamiento en humanos. Se puede considerar que las especies que representan mayor peligro para los humanos en San Rafael del Pirú son: Bothrops asper, Porthidium nasutum, Micrurus Mipartitus y Micrurus Dumerilii, aunque algunas especies de Colúbridos pueden causar envenenamiento local, lo cual les da importancia médica; las campañas de prevención y atención de accidentes ofídicos pueden ayudar a proteger a las comunidades humanas y a la ofidiofauna local

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31

Greene, Harry W., and David L. Hardy. "Natural Death Associated with Skeletal Injury in the Terciopelo, Bothrops asper (Viperidae)." Copeia 1989, no. 4 (December 27, 1989): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1445992.

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32

Gutiérrez, José Mara, Guillermo León, Gustavo Rojas, Bruno Lomonte, Alexandra Rucavado, and Fernando Chaves. "Neutralization of local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper (terciopelo) snake venom." Toxicon 36, no. 11 (November 1998): 1529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00145-7.

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33

Gutiérrez, José María, Alexandra Rucavado, Fernando Chaves, Cecilia Díaz, and Teresa Escalante. "Experimental pathology of local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper snake venom." Toxicon 54, no. 7 (December 2009): 958–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.038.

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34

Sasa, Mahmood, Dennis K. Wasko, and William W. Lamar. "Natural history of the terciopelo Bothrops asper (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Costa Rica." Toxicon 54, no. 7 (December 2009): 904–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.06.024.

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35

Lomonte, Bruno, JoséMaría Gutiérrez, Edgardo Moreno, and Luis Cerdas. "Antibody neutralization of a myotoxin from the venom of Bothrops asper (terciopelo)." Toxicon 25, no. 4 (January 1987): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(87)90078-x.

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Lomonte, Bruno, and Lawrence Kahan. "Production and partial characterization of monoclonal antibodies to Bothrops asper (terciopelo) myotoxin." Toxicon 26, no. 7 (January 1988): 675–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(88)90249-8.

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37

Petricevich, Vera L., Catarina F. P. Teixeira, Denise V. Tambourgi, and José Marı́a Gutiérrez. "Increments in serum cytokine and nitric oxide levels in mice injected with Bothrops asper and Bothrops jararaca snake venoms." Toxicon 38, no. 9 (September 2000): 1253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(99)00227-5.

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38

Picolo, G., M. Chacur, J. M. Gutiérrez, C. F. P. Teixeira, and Y. Cury. "Evaluation of antivenoms in the neutralization of hyperalgesia and edema induced by Bothrops jararaca and Bothrops asper snake venoms." Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 35, no. 10 (October 2002): 1221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x2002001000016.

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39

Saravia, Patricia, Ermila Rojas, Teresa Escalante, Viviana Arce, Esteban Chaves, Rubén Velásquez, Bruno Lomonte, Gustavo Rojas, and José Marı́a Gutiérrez. "The venom of Bothrops asper from Guatemala: toxic activities and neutralization by antivenoms." Toxicon 39, no. 2-3 (February 2001): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00122-7.

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40

Francis, Brian, Jose Maria Gutierrez, Bruno Lomonte, and Ivan I. Kaiser. "Myotoxin II from Bothrops asper (terciopelo) venom is a lysine-49 phospholipase A2." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 284, no. 2 (February 1991): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(91)90307-5.

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41

Lomonte, Bruno, Edgardo Moreno, and JoséMaría Gutiérrez. "Detection of proteins antigenically related to Bothrops asper myotoxin in crotaline snake venoms." Toxicon 25, no. 9 (January 1987): 947–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(87)90157-7.

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Brenes, Fernando, JoséMaria Gutiérrez, and Bruno Lomonte. "Immunohistochemical demonstration of the binding of Bothrops asper myotoxin to skeletal muscle sarcolemma." Toxicon 25, no. 5 (January 1987): 574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(87)90294-7.

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43

Bourke, Lachlan A., Christina N. Zdenek, Edgar Neri-Castro, Melisa Bénard-Valle, Alejandro Alagón, José María Gutiérrez, Eladio F. Sanchez, Matt Aldridge, and Bryan G. Fry. "Pan-American Lancehead Pit-Vipers: Coagulotoxic Venom Effects and Antivenom Neutralisation of Bothrops asper and B. atrox Geographical Variants." Toxins 13, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020078.

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The toxin composition of snake venoms and, thus, their functional activity, can vary between and within species. Intraspecific venom variation across a species’ geographic range is a major concern for antivenom treatment of envenomations, particularly for countries like French Guiana that lack a locally produced antivenom. Bothrops asper and Bothrops atrox are the most medically significant species of snakes in Latin America, both producing a variety of clinical manifestations, including systemic bleeding. These pathophysiological actions are due to the activation by the venom of the blood clotting factors Factor X and prothrombin, thereby causing severe consumptive coagulopathy. Both species are extremely wide-ranging, and previous studies have shown their venoms to exhibit regional venom variation. In this study, we investigate the differential coagulotoxic effects on human plasma of six venoms (four B. asper and two B. atrox samples) from different geographic locations, spanning from Mexico to Peru. We assessed how the venom variation of these venom samples affects neutralisation by five regionally available antivenoms: Antivipmyn, Antivipmyn-Tri, PoliVal-ICP, Bothrofav, and Soro Antibotrópico (SAB). The results revealed both inter- and intraspecific variations in the clotting activity of the venoms. These variations in turn resulted in significant variation in antivenom efficacy against the coagulotoxic effects of these venoms. Due to variations in the venoms used in the antivenom production process, antivenoms differed in their species-specific or geographical neutralisation capacity. Some antivenoms (PoliVal-ICP, Bothrofav, and SAB) showed species-specific patterns of neutralisation, while another antivenom (Antivipmyn) showed geographic-specific patterns of neutralisation. This study adds to current knowledge of Bothrops venoms and also illustrates the importance of considering evolutionary biology when developing antivenoms. Therefore, these results have tangible, real-world implications by aiding evidence-based design of antivenoms for treatment of the envenomed patient. We stress that these in vitro studies must be backed by future in vivo studies and clinical trials before therapeutic guidelines are issued regarding specific antivenom use in a clinical setting.

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Mora-Obando, Diana, Jimmy Alexander Guerrero-Vargas, Rodrigo Prieto-Sánchez, José Beltrán, Alexandra Rucavado, Mahmood Sasa, José María Gutiérrez, Santiago Ayerbe, and Bruno Lomonte. "Proteomic and functional profiling of the venom of Bothrops ayerbei from Cauca, Colombia, reveals striking interspecific variation with Bothrops asper venom." Journal of Proteomics 96 (January 2014): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.005.

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45

Arni, Raghuvir K., and JoséMaría Gutiérrez. "Crystallization and preliminary diffraction data of two myotoxins isolated from the venoms of Bothrops Asper (terciopelo) and Bothrops Nummifer (jumping viper)." Toxicon 31, no. 8 (August 1993): 1061–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(93)90264-j.

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46

Arias, Silvia Posada, Berardo de Jesús Rodríguez, Tatiana Lobo-Echeverri, Raphael Shezaro Ramos, Stephen Hyslop, and VitelbinaNúñez Rangel. "Effects of Two Fractions of Swietenia macrophylla and Catechin on Muscle Damage Induced by BothropsVenom and PLA2." Toxins 11, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010040.

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Plant natural products can attenuate the myonecrosis caused by Bothrops snake venom and their phospholipases A2 (PLA2). In this study, we evaluated the effects of two fractions (F4 and F6) from Swietenia macrophylla and purified catechin on the muscle damage caused by a myotoxic PLA2 from Colombian Bothrops asper venom (BaColPLA2) in mice and by Bothrops marmoratus venom from Brazil in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle (PND) preparations in vitro. Male mice were injected with PLA2 (50 µg) in the absence or presence of F4, F6, and catechin, in the gastrocnemius muscle and then killed 3, 7, 14, and 28 h later for histopathological analysis of myonecrosis, leukocyte infiltration, and the presence of collagen. Fractions F4 and F6 (500 µg) and catechin (90 µg) significantly reduced the extent of necrosis at all-time intervals. These two fractions and catechin also attenuated the leukocyte infiltration on day 3, as did catechin on day 14. There was medium-to-moderate collagen deposition in all groups up to day 7, but greater deposition on days 14 and 28 in the presence of F6 and catechin. Bothrops marmoratus venom (100 µg/mL) caused slight (~25%) muscle facilitation after 10 minutes and weak neuromuscular blockade (~64% decrease in contractile activity after a 120-minute incubation). Pre-incubation of venom with F4 or F6 abolished the facilitation, whereas catechin, which was itself facilitatory, did not. All three fractions attenuated the venom-induced decrease in muscle contractions. These findings indicate that fractions and catechin from S. macrophylla can reduce the muscle damage caused by Bothrops venom and PLA2. These fractions or their components could be useful for treating venom-induced local damage.

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Salazar, Marcos, Lilia Chérigo, Hildaura Acosta, Rafael Otero, and Sergio Martínez-Luis. "Evaluation of anti-Bothrops asper venom activity of ethanolic extract of Brownea rosademonte leaves." Acta Pharmaceutica 64, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acph-2014-0033.

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Abstract Significant inhibition of the coagulant and hemorrhagic effects of Bothrops asper venom was demonstrated by ethanolic extract prepared from the leaves of Brownea rosademonte. In vitro experiments preincubating 5.5 mg of extract kg-1 b.m. for 30 min with a minimum hemorrhagic dose of venom (273.8 ± 16.1 μg of venom kg-1 b.m.) lowered the hemorrhagic activity of the venom alone in CD-1 mice by 51.5 ± 2.6 %. Additionally, 1.7 mg extract L-1 plasma prolonged 5.1 times the plasma coagulation time. Fractionation of the extract led to the isolation of two compounds: ononitol (1) and quercetrin (2). The structure of compounds 1 and 2 was established by spectroscopic analyses, including APCI-HRMS and NMR (1H, 13C, HSQC, HMBC and COSY). A quercetrin concentration of 0.11 μmol L-1 prolonged the plasma coagulation time 2.6 times demonstrating that this compound was one of the active constituents of the Brownea rosademonte extract.

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Borkow, Gadi, Jose Maria Gutiérrez, and Michael Ovadia. "Inhibition of the hemorrhagic activity of Bothrops asper venom by a novel neutralizing mixture." Toxicon 35, no. 6 (June 1997): 865–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(96)00193-6.

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49

Sarmiento, Karen, Ivonne Torres, Carolina Ríos, Julian Salazar, Hugo Diez, Andrea Baracaldo, Jorge Zambrano, et al. "Comparison of the efficacy of two monovalent experimental antivenoms for Bothrops asper from Colombia." Toxicon 177 (April 2020): S62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.12.149.

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50

Angulo, Yamileth, and Bruno Lomonte. "Biochemistry and toxicology of toxins purified from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper." Toxicon 54, no. 7 (December 2009): 949–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.12.014.

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