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Journal articles on the topic 'Bothrops'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Carrasco, Paola, Gustavo Scrocchi, and Gerardo Leynaud. "Redescription of the southernmost snake species, Bothrops ammodytoides (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae)." Amphibia-Reptilia 31, no. 3 (2010): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853810791769491.

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AbstractBothrops ammodytoides is a pitviper species endemic to Argentina that inhabits arid and semiarid areas from sea level to more than 3000 m, reaching the southernmost latitude for snakes. According to previous studies, the species is placed in the Bothrops alternatus group. We redescribe Bothrops ammodytoides based on examination of 101 specimens and provide new data on lepidosis, hemipenial morphology, cranial osteology, variation in coloration, and distribution. We compare Bothrops ammodytoides with representative species of the genus and related genera. Morphological comparisons reveal considerable affinities between Bothrops ammodytoides, Bothrops pictus, Bothrops andianus, and Bothrocophias microphthalmus, suggesting that the current taxonomy for Bothrops ammodytoides requires to be reassessed.

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2

Segura, Álvaro, María Herrera, Mariángela Vargas, Mauren Villalta, Alfredo Uscanga-Reynell, Guillermo León, and José María Gutiérrez. "Preclinical efficacy against toxic activities of medically relevant Bothrops sp. (Serpentes: Viperidae) snake venoms by a polyspecific antivenom produced in Mexico." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 1 (September 23, 2016): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i1.18908.

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The assessment of the preclinical neutralizing ability of antivenoms in Latin America is necessary to determine their scope of efficacy. This study was aimed at analyzing the neutralizing efficacy of a polyspecific bothropic-crotalic antivenom manufactured by BIRMEX in Mexico against lethal, hemorrhagic, defibrinogenating and in vitro coagulant activities of the venoms of Bothrops jararaca (Brazil), B. atrox (Perú and Colombia), B. diporus (Argentina), B. mattogrossensis (Bolivia), and B. asper (Costa Rica). Standard laboratory tests to determine these activities were used. In agreement with previous studies with bothropic antivenoms in Latin America, a pattern of cross-neutralization of heterologous venoms was observed. However, the antivenom had low neutralizing potency against defibrinogenating effect of the venoms of B. atrox (Colombia) and B. asper (Costa Rica), and failed to neutralize the in vitro coagulant activity of the venom of B. asper (Costa Rica) at the highest antivenom/venom ratio tested. It is concluded that, with the exception of coagulant and defibrinogenating activities of B. asper (Costa Rica) venom, this antivenom neutralizes toxic effects of various Bothrops sp venoms. Future studies are necessary to assess the efficacy of this antivenom against other viperid venoms.

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3

Römer, R. "Bothrops lanceolatus." Zeitschrift für Klassische Homöopathie 27, no. 06 (April 2, 2007): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-938073.

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4

Assakura, Marina T., Maria de Fatima Furtado, and Fajga R. Mandelbaum. "Biochemical and biological differentiation of the venoms of the lancehead vipers (Bothrops atrox, Bothrops asper, Bothrops marajoensis and Bothrops moojeni)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 102, no. 4 (August 1992): 727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(92)90071-x.

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5

Melo, M. M., G. G. Habermehl, N. J. F. Oliveira, E. F. Nascimento, M. M. B. Santos, and M. Lúcia. "Treatment of Bothrops alternatus envenomation by Curcuma longa and Calendula officinalis extracts and ar-turmerone." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 57, no. 1 (February 2005): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352005000100002.

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It was investigated the efficiency of two extracts of plants and one fraction of their properties against the local effects of bothropic envenomation. Bothrops alternatus venom (1.25µg) diluted in 100µl of sterile saline solution was inoculated (intradermally) into the shaved dorsal back skin of 30 New Zealand rabbits. The animals were divided in six groups receiving the following treatments: group I: subcutaneous application of Curcuma longa extract (1.0ml); group II: topic treatment of Curcuma longa hydroalcoholic extract (1.0ml); group III: topic application of ar-turmerone in vaseline (1.0g); group IV: topic application of Curcuma longa methanolic extract (1.0ml); group V: topic application of Calendula officinalis ointment (1.0g); group VI: topic application of saline (1.0ml). These treatments were done at 30 minutes, and at 2, 4, 24 and 72 hours after venom inoculation. Intensity of local edema, hemorrhagic halo and necrosis were evaluated until 168h after that. Additionally, seven days after the Bothrops venom inoculation, blood was collected from heart with and without EDTA (10%) for hemogram and biochemical parameters (total protein, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and fibrinogen) and all the animals were anesthetized, sacrificed by ether inhalation and submitted to necropsy. Fragments of tissues were taken for histopathological evaluation. The most efficient treatment for inhibition of edema, necrosis and local hemorrhage after Bothrops alternatus venom was the topic application of ar-turmerone.

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6

Oliveira-Jr, José Gonçalves de, Karoline Ceron, Sarah Mângia, Isabela C. O. da Silva, José Luiz Massao Moreira Sugai, and Diego J. Santana. "Predation on Amerotyphlops brongersmianus (Squamata, Typhlopidae) by Bothrops moojeni (Squamata, Viperidae) in west Brazil." Caldasia 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v42n1.74998.

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Ophyophagy is a common feeding habit in snakes; however, there are few records of this behavior for the genus Bothrops. Here, we report the first case of predation of Bothrops moojeni upon Amerotyphlops brongersmianus. Our record reinforces the known generalist habit of Bothrops moojeni and indicates an opportunistic diet.

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7

Vasconcelos, C. M. L., M. Saiki, R. M. Lira-da-Silva, and M. C. Guarnieri. "Neutronic activation analysis of Bothrops erythromelas and Bothrops leucurus venoms." Toxicon 34, no. 1 (January 1996): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(96)90072-0.

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8

BOECHAT, Antônio Luiz R., Cristiano S. PAIVA, Francisco Oscar FRANÇA, and Maria Cristina DOS-SANTOS. "Heparin-antivenom association: differential neutralization effectiveness in Bothrops atrox and Bothrops erythromelas envenoming." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 43, no. 1 (February 2001): 07–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652001000100002.

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Heparin, in some regions of Brazil has been used in the treatment of bothropic accidents, but the data found in the literature are inconclusive about its effectiveness. The venoms of Bothrops atrox and of B. erythromelas were characterized according to their biological activities. The capacity of heparin in neutralizing these activities was tested with doses of 3 and 6 IU in isolated form and associated to Antibothropic Serum (ABS). It was verified that heparin, in doses of 3 and 6 IU, was not effective in neutralizing the desfibrinating and edema-forming activities of B. atrox venom and the hemorrhagic and coagulant actions of both venoms. Heparin diminished the effectiveness of the ABS in the neutralization of the hemorrhagic and edema-forming activities of the B. atrox venom. However, heparin in the 6 IU dose was capable of neutralize the edema-forming of the B. erythromelas and increase the effectiveness of the ABS. Heparin also neutralized the phospholipasic A2 activity of B. atrox (14.3%) and B. erythromelas (28.0%) venoms. For B. erythromelas venom, the associated treatment, heparin and ABS, was more effective in the neutralization of its lethal activity.

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9

Marín, Juan David Gutiérrez, Weslei Aguiar, Eduardo O. V. Lima, Nathália da Costa-Galizio, Karen de Morais-Zani, Kathleen Fernandes-Grego, and Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo. "Bothrops neuwiedi snake venom: Ontogenetic characterization and imunorecognition by bothropic antivenom." Toxicon 177 (April 2020): S36—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.12.056.

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10

Mark Valencia, Braulio, and Alfonso Zavaleta. "La medicina complementaria en el tratamiento de las enfermedades tropicales desatendidas: accidentes ofídicos." Revista Peruana de Medicina Integrativa 2, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26722/rpmi.2017.21.45.

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De acuerdo a la Organización Mundial de la Salud más de 1 billón de personas distribuidas en 149 países son afectadas por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas, ocasionando cuantiosos daños económicos, sociales y psicológicos a las personas afectadas, así como un elevado gasto estatal. El envenenamiento por mordedura de serpiente es una de las más desatendidas: se estima que anualmente de los casi 5 millones de mordeduras de serpiente que ocurren a nivel mundial, la mitad genera envenenamientos que ocasionarían entre 94-125 mil muertes, 400 mil amputaciones y otras secuelas severas. Por ello se realizó una búsqueda en Pubmed para identificar publicaciones en los que se hayan usado terapias complementarias o tradicionales o alguno de sus componentes. De los 142 artículos, 18 artículos fueron seleccionados por tratarse de estudios in-vivo para identificar el efecto antiofídico de los compuestos. Los estudios seleccionados se enfocaron en evaluar el efecto antihemorrágico (13/18), anti-edematoso (11/18), anti-necrotizante (5/18) y de reducción de letalidad (4/18). Se estudió el efecto de los compuestos en veneno de Bothrops atrox (6/18), Bothrops jararaca (5/18), Bothrops asper (3/18), Bothrops jararacussu (2/18), Bothrops erythromelas (2/18), Bothrops paulensis (1/18), Crotalus adamanteus (1/18), Crotalus durissus terrificus (1/18), y Lachesis muta (1/18). De las 24 plantas evaluadas, se encontró mayor cantidad de publicaciones sobre el efecto terapéutico de Bellucia dichotoma, Connarus favosus, Plathymenia reticulata, Jatropha gossypiifolia y Renealmia alpinia.

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11

Luna, Karla Patricia Oliveira, Edeneide Maria Xavier, Vanessa Peruhype Magalhães Pascoal, Olindo Assis Martins-Filho, and Valéria Rêgo Alves Pereira. "Humoral immune response of patients bitten by the snake Bothrops erythromelas." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 43, no. 6 (December 2010): 731–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822010000600027.

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INTRODUCTION: Snake envenomings are a health problem in rural areas of tropical and subtropical countries, but little is known regarding the immune response presented by bitten individuals. The IgM production of patients bitten by Bothrops erythromelas snake was analyzed to identify the effectiveness of treatment in this type of envenomation. METHODS: Bothrops erythromelas venom was submitted to electrophoresis and transferred to a nitrocellulose sheet, following incubation with patients' sera. RESULTS: A 38 KDa protein was detected before and 24 h after therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The result suggests that this protein could be used as a marker for individuals envenomed by Bothrops. erythromelas.

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12

Jorge, Roberta Jeane Bezerra, René Duarte Martins, Renata Mendonça Araújo, Meykson Alexandre da Silva, Helena Serra Azul Monteiro, and Rafael Matos Ximenes. "Plants and Phytocompounds Active Against Bothrops Venoms." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 22 (October 24, 2019): 2003–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026619666190723153925.

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: Snakebite envenomation is an important health problem in tropical countries, with severe human and social consequences. In Latin America, the Bothrops species constitute the main threat to humans, and the envenomation caused by these species quickly develops into severe local tissue damage, including swelling, hemorrhaging, myonecrosis, skin ulceration, and pain. The systemic effects of envenomation are usually neutralized by antivenom serum therapy, despite its intrinsic risks. However, neutralization of local tissue damage remains a challenge. To improve actual therapy, two major alternatives are proposed: the rational design of new specific antibodies for most of the tissue damaging/ poor immunogenic toxins, or the search for new synthetic or natural compounds which are able to inhibit these toxins and complement the serum therapy. Natural compounds isolated from plants, mainly from those used in folk medicine to treat snakebite, are a good choice for finding new lead compounds to improve snakebite treatment and minimize its consequences for the victims. In this article, we reviewed the most promising plants and phytocompounds active against bothropic venoms.

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13

Lotto, Nicholas P., Jeanne C. de Albuquerque Modesto, Sávio S. Sant’Anna, Kathleen F. Grego, Miriam C. Guarnieri, Rejane M. Lira-da-Silva, Marcelo L. Santoro, and Nancy Oguiura. "The absence of thrombin-like activity in Bothrops erythromelas venom is due to the deletion of the snake venom thrombin-like enzyme gene." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 27, 2021): e0248901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248901.

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Snake venom thrombin-like enzymes (SVTLEs) are serine proteinases that clot fibrinogen. SVTLEs are distributed mainly in venoms from snakes of the Viperidae family, comprising venomous pit viper snakes. Bothrops snakes are distributed throughout Central and South American and are responsible for most venomous snakebites. Most Bothrops snakes display thrombin-like activity in their venoms, but it has been shown that some species do not present it. In this work, to understand SVTLE polymorphism in Bothrops snake venoms, we studied individual samples from two species of medical importance in Brazil: Bothrops jararaca, distributed in Southeastern Brazil, which displays coagulant activity on plasma and fibrinogen, and Bothrops erythromelas, found in Northeastern Brazil, which lacks direct fibrinogen coagulant activity but shows plasma coagulant activity. We tested the coagulant activity of venoms and the presence of SVTLE genes by a PCR approach. The SVTLE gene structure in B. jararaca is similar to the Bothrops atrox snake, comprising five exons. We could not amplify SVTLE sequences from B. erythromelas DNA, except for a partial pseudogene. These genes underwent a positive selection in some sites, leading to an amino acid sequence diversification, mostly in exon 2. The phylogenetic tree constructed using SVTLE coding sequences confirms that they are related to the chymotrypsin/kallikrein family. Interestingly, we found a B. jararaca specimen whose venom lacked thrombin-like activity, and its gene sequence was a pseudogene with SVTLE structure, presenting nonsense and frameshift mutations. Our results indicate an association of the lack of thrombin-like activity in B. jararaca and B. erythromelas venoms with mutations and deletions of snake venom thrombin-like enzyme genes.

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14

Saldarriaga, Mónica Marı́a, Rafael Otero, Vitelbina Núñez, Maria Fabiola Toro, Abel Dı́az, and José Marı́a Gutiérrez. "Ontogenetic variability of Bothrops atrox and Bothrops asper snake venoms from Colombia." Toxicon 42, no. 4 (September 2003): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(03)00171-5.

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15

Fernandes de Oliveira, Liliane Maria, Anwar Ullah, Rehana Masood, André Zelanis, Patrick J. Spencer, Solange M. T. Serrano, and Raghuvir K. Arni. "Rapid purification of serine proteinases from Bothrops alternatus and Bothrops moojeni venoms." Toxicon 76 (December 2013): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.10.016.

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16

Lomonte, Bruno, JoséMaría Gutiérrez, MaráFátima Furtado, Rafael Otero, Jean-Pierre Rosso, Orietta Vargas, Elena Carmona, and María Elena Rovira. "Isolation of basic myotoxins from Bothrops Moojeni and Bothrops Atrox snake venoms." Toxicon 28, no. 10 (January 1990): 1137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(90)90114-m.

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17

Morais, K. B., K. F. Grego, and A. M. Tanaka-Azevedo. "23.P5. Analysis of Bothrops jararaca coagulation inhibitor (BjI) similar proteins in Bothrops alternatus, Bothrops jararacussu and Crotalus durissus terrific." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 148 (August 2007): S106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.06.278.

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18

Oliveira, Sâmella S., Eliane C. Alves, Alessandra S. Santos, João Pedro T. Pereira, Lybia Kássia S. Sarraff, Elizandra F. Nascimento, José Diego De-Brito-Sousa, et al. "Factors Associated with Systemic Bleeding in Bothrops Envenomation in a Tertiary Hospital in the Brazilian Amazon." Toxins 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010022.

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Bothrops snakebites usually present systemic bleeding, and the clinical–epidemiological and laboratorial factors associated with the development of this manifestation are not well established. In this study, we assessed the prevalence of Bothrops snakebites with systemic bleeding reported at the Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, in Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil, and the clinical–epidemiological and laboratorial factors associated with systemic bleeding. This is an observational, cross-sectional study carried out between August, 2013 and July, 2016. Patients who developed systemic bleeding on admission or during hospitalization were considered cases, and those with non-systemic bleeding were included in the control group. Systemic bleeding was observed in 63 (15.3%) of the 442 Bothrops snakebites evaluated. Bothrops snakebites mostly occurred in males (78.2%), in rural areas (89.0%) and in the age group of 11 to 30 years old (40.4%). It took most of the patients (59.8%) less than 3 h to receive medical assistance. Unclottable blood (AOR = 3.11 (95% CI = 1.53 to 6.31; p = 0.002)) and thrombocytopenia (AOR = 4.52 (95% CI = 2.03 to 10.09; p < 0.001)) on admission were independently associated with systemic bleeding during hospitalization. These hemostatic disorders on admission increase the chances of systemic bleeding during hospitalization. Prospective studies are needed to clarify the pathophysiology of systemic bleeding in Bothrops snakebites in the Amazon region.

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19

Collaço, Rita de Cássia O., Priscila Randazzo-Moura, Mariana L. Tamascia, Igor Rapp F. da Silva, Thalita Rocha, José C. Cogo, Stephen Hyslop, Charles G. Sanny, and Léa Rodrigues-Simioni. "Bothrops fonsecai snake venom activities and cross-reactivity with commercial bothropic venom." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 191 (January 2017): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.08.008.

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20

Bailon Calderon, Henri, Elizabeth Gaby Colque Alave, Verónica Olga Yaniro Coronel, Carlos Padilla Rojas, Marco Galarza Pérez, Omar Alberto Cáceres Rey, César Bonilla Ferreyra, et al. "Neutralización de la actividad letal del veneno de serpiente Bothrops atrox por suero hiperinmune de llama (lama glama)." Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública 37, no. 3 (September 24, 2020): 446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2020.373.4597.

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Objetivos: Evaluar la capacidad del suero hiperinmune de llama (Lama glama) para neutralizar la letalidad del veneno de la serpiente Bothrops atrox en ratones de laboratorio. Materiales y métodos: Se calculó la dosis letal media (DL50) de un pool de venenos de serpientes de Bothrops atrox de Perú, y se midieron los títulos de anticuerpos por ensayo ELISA; así como la potencia de neutralización del suero inmune por el cálculo de la dosis efectiva media (DE50) durante el periodo de inmunización. Resultados: La DL50 del veneno fue de 3,96 µg/g, similar a otros trabajos realizados en Bothrops atrox en Perú. Los títulos de anticuerpos contra el veneno se incrementan rápidamente en la llama mostrando una rápida respuesta inmune; sin embargo, la capacidad de neutralización se incrementa más lentamente y requiere de varias dosis y refuerzos de las inmunizaciones alcanzado una DE50 de 3,30 µL/g ratón y una potencia de neutralización 3,6 mg/mL después de 15 inmunizaciones. Conclusiones: El suero hiperinmune de llama es capaz de neutralizar la letalidad del veneno de la serpiente Bothrops atrox de Perú en ratones de laboratorio.

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21

Aroca, Gustavo, Arturo Guzmán, Eder Hernández, Esther Campo, and Erika Guarín. "Acute renal failure induced by Bothrops snake bite." Salud Uninorte 30, no. 2 (May 15, 2014): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/sun.30.2.6494.

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22

S. Schneider, Francisco, Maria C. Starling, Clara G. Duarte, Ricardo Machado de Avila, Evanguedes Kalapothakis, Walter Silva Suarez, Benigno Tintaya, et al. "Preclinical testing of Peruvian anti-bothropic anti-venom against Bothrops andianus snake venom." Toxicon 60, no. 6 (November 2012): 1018–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.06.018.

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23

Arias, Silvia Posada, Berardo de Jesús Rodríguez, Tatiana Lobo-Echeverri, Raphael Shezaro Ramos, Stephen Hyslop, and VitelbinaNúñez Rangel. "Effects of Two Fractions of Swietenia macrophylla and Catechin on Muscle Damage Induced by BothropsVenom and PLA2." Toxins 11, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010040.

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Plant natural products can attenuate the myonecrosis caused by Bothrops snake venom and their phospholipases A2 (PLA2). In this study, we evaluated the effects of two fractions (F4 and F6) from Swietenia macrophylla and purified catechin on the muscle damage caused by a myotoxic PLA2 from Colombian Bothrops asper venom (BaColPLA2) in mice and by Bothrops marmoratus venom from Brazil in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle (PND) preparations in vitro. Male mice were injected with PLA2 (50 µg) in the absence or presence of F4, F6, and catechin, in the gastrocnemius muscle and then killed 3, 7, 14, and 28 h later for histopathological analysis of myonecrosis, leukocyte infiltration, and the presence of collagen. Fractions F4 and F6 (500 µg) and catechin (90 µg) significantly reduced the extent of necrosis at all-time intervals. These two fractions and catechin also attenuated the leukocyte infiltration on day 3, as did catechin on day 14. There was medium-to-moderate collagen deposition in all groups up to day 7, but greater deposition on days 14 and 28 in the presence of F6 and catechin. Bothrops marmoratus venom (100 µg/mL) caused slight (~25%) muscle facilitation after 10 minutes and weak neuromuscular blockade (~64% decrease in contractile activity after a 120-minute incubation). Pre-incubation of venom with F4 or F6 abolished the facilitation, whereas catechin, which was itself facilitatory, did not. All three fractions attenuated the venom-induced decrease in muscle contractions. These findings indicate that fractions and catechin from S. macrophylla can reduce the muscle damage caused by Bothrops venom and PLA2. These fractions or their components could be useful for treating venom-induced local damage.

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24

Prezotto-Neto, José P., Louise F. Kimura, André F. Alves, José María Gutiérrez, Rafael Otero, Ana M. Suárez, Marcelo L. Santoro, and Katia C. Barbaro. "Biochemical and biological characterization of Bothriechis schlegelii snake venoms from Colombia and Costa Rica." Experimental Biology and Medicine 241, no. 18 (July 24, 2016): 2075–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370216660214.

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Snakebites inflicted by the arboreal viperid snake Bothriechis schlegelii in humans are characterized by pain, edema, and ecchymosis at the site of the bite, rarely with blisters, local necrosis, or defibrination. Herein, a comparative study of Bothriechis schlegelii snake venoms from Colombia (BsCo) and Costa Rica (BsCR) was carried out in order to compare their main activities and to verify the efficacy of Bothrops antivenom produced in Brazil to neutralize them. Biochemical (SDS-PAGE and zymography) and biological parameters (edematogenic, lethal, hemorrhagic, nociceptive, and phospholipase A2 activities) induced by BsCo and BsCR snake venoms were evaluated. The presence of antibodies in Bothrops antivenom that recognize BsCo and BsCR snake venoms by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting, as well as the ability of this antivenom to neutralize the toxic activities were also verified. SDS-PAGE showed differences between venoms. Distinctive caseinolytic and hyaluronidase patterns were detected by zymography. BsCo and BsCR showed similar phospholipase A2 activity. Strong cross-reactivity between BsCo and BsCR was detected using Bothrops antivenom with many components located between 150 and 35 kDa. BsCR was more edematogenic and almost fourfold more hemorrhagic than BsCo, and both venoms induced nociception. BsCR (LD50 5.60 mg/kg) was more lethal to mice than BsCo (LD50 9.24 mg/kg). Bothrops antivenom was effective in the neutralization of lethal and hemorrhagic activities of BsCo and BsCR and was partially effective in the neutralization of edematogenic and nociceptive activities. In conclusion, geographic distribution influences the composition and activities of Bothriechis schlegelii venoms. Bothrops antivenom cross-reacted with these venoms and was partially effective in neutralizing some toxic activities of BsCo and BsCR.

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25

Mosquera, A., L. A. Idrovo, A. Tafur, and O. H. Del Brutto. "Stroke following Bothrops spp. snakebite." Neurology 60, no. 10 (May 27, 2003): 1577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000061614.52580.a1.

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26

Rodríguez-Acosta, Alexis, Elda E. Sánchez, Adriana Márquez, Zoila Carvajal, Ana M. Salazar, María E. Girón, Amalid Estrella, Amparo Gil, and Belsy Guerrero. "Hemostatic properties of Venezuelan Bothrops snake venoms with special reference to Bothrops isabelae venom." Toxicon 56, no. 6 (November 2010): 926–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.06.015.

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27

Batista de Morais, Karen, Kathleen Fernandes Grego, and Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo. "Identification of proteins similar to Bothrops jararaca coagulation inhibitor (BjI) in the plasmas of Bothrops alternatus, Bothrops jararacussu and Crotalus durissus terrificus snakes." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 149, no. 2 (February 2008): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.09.011.

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Ranéia e Silva, Priscila Andrade, Dhêmerson Souza de Lima, João Paulo Mesquita Luiz, Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara, José Carlos Farias Alves-Filho, Alessandra Pontillo, Karina Ramalho Bortoluci, and Eliana L. Faquim-Mauro. "Inflammatory effect of Bothropstoxin-I from Bothrops jararacussu venom mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome involves ATP and P2X7 receptor." Clinical Science 135, no. 5 (March 2021): 687–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20201419.

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Abstract Muscle tissue damage is one of the local effects described in bothropic envenomations. Bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I), from Bothrops jararacussu venom, is a K49-phospholipase A2 (PLA2) that induces a massive muscle tissue injury, and, consequently, local inflammatory reaction. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a sensor that triggers inflammation by activating caspase 1 and releasing interleukin (IL)-1β and/or inducing pyroptotic cell death in response to tissue damage. We, therefore, aimed to address activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by BthTX-I-associated injury and the mechanism involved in this process. Intramuscular injection of BthTX-I results in infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in gastrocnemius muscle, which is reduced in NLRP3- and Caspase-1-deficient mice. The in vitro IL-1β production induced by BthTX-I in peritoneal macrophages (PMs) requires caspase 1/11, ASC and NLRP3 and is dependent on adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)-induced K+ efflux and P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). BthTX-I induces a dramatic release of ATP from C2C12 myotubes, therefore representing the major mechanism for P2X7R-dependent inflammasome activation in macrophages. A similar result was obtained when human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) were treated with BthTX-I. These findings demonstrated the inflammatory effect of BthTX-I on muscle tissue, pointing out a role for the ATP released by damaged cells for the NLRP3 activation on macrophages, contributing to the understanding of the microenvironment of the tissue damage of the Bothrops envenomation.

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Carvalho, Marcos André de, and Flávia Nogueira. "Serpentes da área urbana de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso: aspectos ecológicos e acidentes ofídicos associados." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 14, no. 4 (October 1998): 753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1998000400017.

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São apresentadas informações sobre as serpentes da área urbana do Município de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, potencialmente causadoras de acidentes ofídicos. As informações estão baseadas em exemplares doados por populares ao Núcleo de Ofiologia Regional de Mato Grosso (Normat) entre 1986 e 1993 e em registros efetuados pelo Centro de Informações Anti-Veneno (Ciave) entre 1988 e 1993, que não fazem referência ao animal causador. Foram catalogadas 37 espécies de serpentes, em 25 gêneros e 3 famílias, com hábitos predominantemente diurnos, terrestres e com dietas baseadas em anfíbios e/ou lagartos. Dentre os 307 acidentes ofídicos registrados, 56% foram causados por serpentes sem interesse médico e 44% constituíram acidentes de importância médica. Cerca de 99% dos acidentes de importância médica foram atribuídos ao gênero Bothrops (Bothrops moojeni e Bothrops neuwiedi seriam as principais causadoras). Dentre as espécies sem interesse médico, Philodryas olfersii e Waglerophis merremii provavelmente foram as principais responsáveis pela maior parte dos acidentes.

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Hrabec, Elżbieta, Anna Płucienniczak, and Henryk Panusz. "Comparative Enzymatic Degradation of H1 Subfractions from Syrian Hamster Tissues." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 41, no. 7-8 (August 1, 1986): 776–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1986-7-818.

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Abstract An additional hydrolysis site recognized by thrombin on histone H1 molecules was found. Snakes venom proteases from Agkistrodon rhodostoma, Bothrops marajoensis and Bothrops moojeni were further used for the analysis of H1 histones. The presence of the main cleavage site on H1 histone molecules has been established. This site is localized on main N-terminal thrombin peptide. The main venom protease peptides obtained from different H1 subfractions preserve differences of electrophoretic mobility in acid-urea polyacrylamide gels typical for the initial H1 subfractions.

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Zamuner, Stella R., José Maria Gutiérrez, Marcelo N. Muscará, Simone A. Teixeira, and Catarina F. P. Teixeira. "Bothrops asper and Bothrops jararaca snake venoms trigger microbicidal functions of peritoneal leukocytes in vivo." Toxicon 39, no. 10 (October 2001): 1505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00123-4.

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32

Kleiz Ferreira, Jessica Matos, Moema Leitão Araújo, Maria Lúcia Machado Alves, Francisco Prosdocimi, Carlos Correa Netto, and Russolina Benedeta Zingali. "Brazilian Bothrops diporus, in fact a lineage of Bothrops pubescens: Mitogenomic, venomic and ontogenetic studies." Toxicon 159 (March 2019): S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.366.

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Ferreira, Jessica Kleiz, Larissa Gonçalves Machado, Moema Leitão Araújo, Maria Lúcia Alves, Inácio Junqueira-de-Azevedo, Gabriel Alves Vieira, Francisco Prosdocimi, Felipe Grazziotin, Carlos Correa Netto, and Russolina B. Zingali. "Brazilian Bothrops diporus, in fact a lineage of Bothrops pubescens: Mitogenomic, venomic and ontogenetic studies." Toxicon 177 (April 2020): S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.12.061.

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34

Tashima, Alexandre K., Libia Sanz, Antonio C. M. Camargo, Solange M. T. Serrano, and Juan J. Calvete. "Snake venomics of the Brazilian pitvipers Bothrops cotiara and Bothrops fonsecai. Identification of taxonomy markers." Journal of Proteomics 71, no. 4 (October 2008): 473–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2008.07.007.

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35

Lira, M. S., M. F. Furtado, L. M. P. Martins, M. Lopes-Ferreira, M. L. Santoro, and K. C. Barbaro. "Enzymatic and immunochemical characterization of Bothrops insularis venom and its neutralization by polyspecific Bothrops antivenom." Toxicon 49, no. 7 (June 2007): 982–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.01.009.

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36

Rostelato-Ferreira, S., L. Rodrigues-Simioni, and Y. Oshima-Franco. "Heparin and commercial bothropic antivenom against the paralyzing effect of Bothrops jararacussu snake venom." Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases 16, no. 1 (2010): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-91992010005000008.

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Maria de Carvalho Alves, Leila, Juliana De Abreu Pereira, Carla Letícia Medeiros Silva Barreto, Marcelo Augusto Silva Barreto, Katherinne Barth Wanis Figueiredo, and Natascha Jenifer Morante. "Diagnóstico e tratamento de acidente ofídico por serpente do gênero Bothrops em cão." Veterinária Notícias 26, no. 1 (August 20, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/vtn-v26n1-2020-51930.

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Refere-se como acidente ofídico todo quadro de envenenamento decorrente da inoculação de veneno, através de presas de serpentes. O veneno das espécies do gênero Bothrops, ao ser inoculado no animal, causa sinais clínicos graves que, se não tratados o mais rapidamente possível, podem levar o animal ao óbito. O gênero Bothrops (jararacas) está distribuído por todo o território nacional sendo responsável pela maioria dos acidentes ofídicos no país. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente relato foi descrever o diagnóstico e tratamento hospitalar bem sucedido de acidente botrópico em cão.

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Tonos, Carlos, Luis Eduardo Traviezo Valles, and Carlos Pacheco. "Fasciotomía tras emponzoñamiento por Bothrops asper." Revista Medica Sinergia 6, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): e707. http://dx.doi.org/10.31434/rms.v6i8.707.

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Bothrops asper es responsable de hasta el 80% del ofidismo del norte de Sudamérica, teniendo su veneno una acción proteolítica y coagulante sobre el miembro afectado. Se realiza un estudio descriptivo, con análisis retrospectivo, con identificación taxonómica y revisión de la literatura. Paciente masculino de doce años, procedente de Sanare, estado Lara, Venezuela, quien es hospitalizado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos por sintomatología grave luego de mordedura por Bothrops en la pierna derecha, recibe quince ampollas de antiveneno, pero la demora del suministro por la grave escases regional del antiveneno y el recibir una dosis alta de la ponzoña, permitieron una intensa acción hemolítica y necrosante sobre los tejidos, presentando síndrome compartimental por lo que ameritó fasciotomía bajo condiciones mínimas aceptables de coagulación. El niño tuvo una buena recuperación salvando el miembro de la amputación. Solo el 20% de los casos de ofidismo llegan a ser graves, produciéndose por inoculaciones superiores a los 300 mg de veneno y a la demora en el traslado al centro especializado, esto permite la necrosis del tejido y el síndrome compartimental, daño que amerita ejecutar la fasciotomía, desbridamiento y drenaje de abscesos para evitar la amputación. Es el primer reporte de fasciotomía tras mordedura de Bothrops asper en el estado Lara. El traslado inmediato del paciente para un tratamiento específico con antiveneno, sigue siendo la principal medida para evitar casos graves de envenenamiento y así disminuir la severidad de la sintomatología y la letalidad.

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Kouyoumdjian, João Aris, and Cristina Polizelli. "Acidentes ofídicos causados por bothrops moojeni: relato de 37 casos." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 30, no. 6 (December 1988): 424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651988000600007.

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Foram estudados 37 casos de acidentes ofídicos causados por Bothrops moojeni na região de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, durante um período de 5 anos (outubro 1982 a setembro 1987). Desse total, 34 apresentaram sintomatologia clínica, sendo indicado administração de antiveneno. São apresentados aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados à idade, sexo, horário do acidente, atividade do paciente no acidente, segmento corpóreo atingido e atitude inicial do paciente frente ao acidente: os resultados são semelhantes aos padrões já conhecidos no Brasil. O quadro clínico revelou dor e edema (usado como critério para avaliação da gravidade) em 100% tempo de coagulação prolongado/incoagulável em 72,7% e hemorragia sistêmica em 5,8%. As complicações descritas em 29,4% dos casos, surgiram apenas nos grupos em que a avaliação inicial era moderado ou grave (óbito, síndrome compartimental, necrose, infecção e retrações musculares) e não puderam ser evitadas mesmo com administração maior e mais precoce de antiveneno. Os acidentes por Bothrops moojeni produzem maior gravidade local (edema necrose infecção) e maior percentagem de tempo de coagulação prolongado incoagulável quando comparado aos causados por Bothrops jararaca.

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Nadur-Andrade, Nikele, Camila Squarzone Dale, Adriano Silvio dos Santos, Andreimar M. Soares, Carlos J. de Lima, and Stella Regina Zamuner. "Photobiostimulation reduces edema formation induced in mice by Lys-49 phospholipases A2 isolated from Bothrops moojeni venom." Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 13, no. 11 (2014): 1561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4pp00111g.

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41

Teixeira, Maria L., Silvana Marcussi, Danubia A. de C.S. Rezende, Maisa L. Magalhães, David L. Nelson, and Maria das G. Cardoso. "Essential Oil from Lippia origanoides (Verbenaceae): Haemostasis and Enzymes Activity Alterations." Medicinal Chemistry 15, no. 2 (February 12, 2019): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573406414666180829150515.

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Background: The search for natural inhibitors of snake venom toxins is essential to supplement or even replace the serum therapy. The aim of this work was to evaluate the pharmacological properties of essential oil from Lippia origanoides Kunth. (Verbenaceae). Methods: The oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and the constituents were identified and quantified by GC-MS and GC-FID. The essential oil from L. origanoides was evaluated in hemolysis tests, on the activities of phospholipases A2 and serine proteases and in coagulation and thrombolysis induced by different snake venoms. Results: The major constituents of essential oil were carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, and thymol. The oil inhibited approximately 10 % of the phospholipase A2 activity induced by Bothrops atrox, Bothrops jararaca, Bothrops jararacussu and Bothrops moojeni venoms and was not cytotoxic against erythrocytes. However, previous incubation of the oil with B. jararacussu, B. moojeni, and Crotalus durissus terrificus (C.d.t.) venoms resulted in potentiation of hemolytic activity (30 % and 50 % for 0.6 µL mL-1 and 1.2 µL mL-1, respectively). The essential oil presented a procoagulant effect on human citrated plasma, potentiated the thrombolytic action of proteases and phospholipases A2 present in B. jararacussu venom, and serine protease activity induced by B. jararaca and Lachesis muta venoms. When pre-incubated with the C.d.t. venom, however, prothrombotic activity was observed. Conclusion: The results obtained in this work amplify the pharmacological characterization of the essential oil from L. origanoides. However, new studies are fundamental to define the action mechanisms and determine pharmaceutical applications.

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Oliveira, Fagner Neves, Monalisa Taveira Brito, Isabel Cristina Oliveira de Morais, Sayonara Maria Lia Fook, and Helder Neves de Albuquerque. "Accidents caused by Bothrops and Bothropoides in the State of Paraiba: epidemiological and clinical aspects." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 43, no. 6 (December 2010): 662–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822010000600012.

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INTRODUCTION: Bothrops and Bothropoides snakes cause 70% of the ophidic accidents in Brazil. The species that cause ophidic accidents in State of Paraíba are Bothropoides erythromelas, Bothrops leucurus and Bothropoides neuwiedi. METHODS: This is a prospective and transverse study, following a quantitative approach of accidents involving Bothrops and Bothropoides admitted to the Toxicological Assistance and Information Centers of Campina Grande and João Pessoa (Ceatox-CG and Ceatox-JP), aimed at identifying the epidemiological and clinical profile of such accidents. All of the patients admitted had medical diagnoses and were monitored at Ceatox-CG or Ceatox-JP. RESULTS: The genera Bothrops and Bothropoides caused 91.7% of the ophidic accidents reported. Snake bites were frequent in men (75.1%), rural workers (65.1%), literate individuals (69%) between 11 and 20 years-old (21.7%), and toes the most common area attacked (52.7%). Most (86.6%) patients were admitted within 6 hours after the accident/bite, with a predominance of mild cases (64.6%). The annual occurrence in Paraíba was 5.5 accidents/100,000 inhabitants and lethality was 0.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Positive changes in the profiles of these accidents were verified, such as the non-application of inadequate solutions, including the use of tourniquet, coffee grounds, garlic, suction and/or cutting the bitten area. Moreover, the Itinerant Laboratory project, linked to Paraíba State University in partnership with Ceatox-CG, has contributed positively, providing several cities of the state with information regarding the prevention of accidents involving venomous animals. The local press has also contributed, reporting the educational work developed by the centers.

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Nery, Neriane Monteiro, Karla Patrícia Luna, Carla Freire Celedônio Fernandes, and Juliana Pavan Zuliani. "An overview of Bothrops erythromelas venom." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 49, no. 6 (December 2016): 680–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0195-2016.

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Marcello Jr., H. B., R. Maciel, C. A. Ribeiro, M. V. Caliari, and G. D. Cassali. "Spindle cell sarcoma in Bothrops leucurus." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 54, no. 3 (June 2002): 325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352002000300018.

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PEREZ, O. A. DE, P. KOSCINCZUK, S. M. FLINTA, H. R. MAIDANA, and M. SANCHEZ NEGRETTE. "Bothrops alternatus ENVENOMING IN YOUNG DOGS." Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins 3, no. 1 (1997): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-79301997000100006.

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Ribeiro Nascimento, Igor Myron, Rodrigo Maia-Marques, Darizy Flávia Silva, and Luciana Lyra Casais-E-Silva. "Nociceptive activity of Bothrops leucurus venom." Toxicon 168 (October 2019): S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.090.

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Teixeira, Catarina, Yara Cury, Vanessa Moreira, Gisele Picolo, and Fernando Chaves. "Inflammation induced by Bothrops asper venom." Toxicon 54, no. 1 (July 2009): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.03.019.

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Teixeira, Catarina, Yara Cury, Vanessa Moreira, Gisele Picolo, and Fernando Chaves. "Inflammation induced by Bothrops asper venom." Toxicon 54, no. 7 (December 2009): 988–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.026.

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Sampaio, Luzia Cristina Lencioni, Luis Fernando Jantzen Gaspar, Jéssica Maroneze Sziminski, Amanda Andersson Pereira, Eduarda Aléxia Nunes Louzada Dias Cavalcanti, Cleuza Kuhn, and Daiser Paulo de Almeida Sampaio Junior. "Hepatotoxicidade do veneno botrópico (Bothrops jararaca)." Pubvet 12, no. 11 (November 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v12n11a220.1-6.

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Silveira, Gabriela G., Carolina R. C. Machado, Mari Tuyama, and Marco A. Lima. "Intracranial Bleeding Following Bothrops sp. Snakebite." Neurologist 21, no. 1 (January 2016): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nrl.0000000000000067.

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