Academic literature on the topic 'Botryodiplodia theobromae'

This study aims to determine the ability of Trichoderma atroviride and Gliocladium sp. in inhibiting the fungus that causes Gumosis disease Botryodiplodia theobromae. This study used a completely randomized design with two single treatments and was repeated eight times. In the in-vitro antagonism test Trichoderma atroviride and Gliolcadium sp. can inhibit the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae as well. The percentage of inhibition was 94.58% in the Trichoderma atroviride antagonism test and 81.67% in the Gliocladium sp. antagonism test. Whereas the Botryodiplodia theobromae Colony Area had no significant effect on both treatments. Each Botryodiplodia theobromae Colony area is 18.34 cm2 with T. atroviride treatments and 22.25 cm2 with Gliocladium sp. treatment. The growth rate of Botryodiplodia Theobroma fungi was superior to that of Trichoderma atroviride and Gliocladium sp.

Endophytic fungi provides potential advantages as biocontrol agents in the plant. Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) is a medicinal plant which can potentially overcome many kinds of diseases. The dieback disease is caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. that may lead the death of the host. The objective of this research was to analyze the potency of endophytic fungi from binahong leaves to control the fungus B. theobromae as causal agent of dieback disease on jabon (Anthocepalus cadamba). The isolates of endophytic fungi from binahong used were bnh1.1, bnh1.2, bnh1.3, bnh4.2, bnh4.5, bnh3.3 and bnh3.4. The antifungal effect of endophytic fungi againts colony growth of virulent B. theobromae were tested in vitro. The results showed that all endophytic fungus (7 isolates) inhibited the colony development of B. theobromae ranging from 28.52%-52.22%. Treatment with endophytic fungi bnh4.5 and bnh4.2 had protected jabon from virulent B. theobromae. It has been expressed by the delay of the incubation period and the decreasing of disease severity (respectively 33.34% and 40.84%. Key words: Anredera cordifolia, Botryodiplodia theobromae, disease incidence, endophytic fungi

Invasion of Botryodiplodia theobromae as a dieback fungus on jabon merah (Anthocephalus macrophyllus) seedlings is a crucial issues. This pathogenic fungus needs to be controlled precisely. Phytochemical compounds of plant material is one alternative fungicides. Crude extracts of picung (Pangium edule) leaf in water and methanol solvent known to have antifungal potential. However, its activity against B. theobromae need to be revealed. In vitro assay aimed to measuring antifungal activity of water and methanol extracts of picung leaf on controlling growth of B. theobromae pathogenic fungus. Hot water extraction and maceration in methanol was conducted to obtain crude extract materials. In-vitro antifungal assay of water and methanol extracts of picung leaf was conducted by food poisoning method on Potato Dextrose Agar media. The results showed that water and methanol extracts of pangi leaf be able to suppress the growth of B. theobromae on the first day of observation, with the highest antifungal index reached 100% at concentration of 25mg/mL and 50mg/mL, respectively. This indicates that water and methanol extracts of picung leaf have antifungal activity. Generally, there was a trend of decrease in antifungal index over time.Key words: antifungal activity, Botryodiplodia theobromae, jabon merah, picung

Antimicrobial activities of crude extract, Caulindole D, a mixture of Caulindole E and F, Pinocembrin and an Oxyheptanoid (Clestochlamic acid) from stem bark of Isolona cauliflora and Cleistochlamys krikii on Pseudomonas phaseolicola, Fusarium solani, Botryodiploida theobromae Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus have been investigated. An in vitro bioassay test showed that the crude dichloro-methane extract from C. krikii and a very strong antimicrobial property. The pure compound had strong to moderate inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola and Botryodiplodia theobromae. The pure compounds from Cleistochlamus krikii had more pronounced inhibitory activities than the pure compounds from Isola cauliflora. At lower concentration of 100-200 ppm, the crude extract of Caulindole, mixture of Caulindole E and F, Pinocembrion and Oxyheptanoid had effect on most of the investigated plant pathogens. Higher concentration of 500-1000 ppm had moderate to weak effect on the Aspergillus spp.

Summary Botryodiplodia theobromae is the predominant fungus causing sapstain in rubberwood in Kerala, India. The fungus causes up to 12.2 percent weight loss in rubberwood over a period of sixteen weeks. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of sapstained rubberwood provided evidence on hyphal invasion of cells by B. theobromae through the pit region, facilitated by its ability to degrade pit membranes. The study also revealed that B. theobromae caused degradation of lignified cell walls by erosion of the cell wall surfaces of wood elements.

Role of toxin produced by Botryodiplodia theobromae causes Diplodia Bark Diseases on some citrus. The purpose of the research was to study the role of toxin produced by Botryodiplodia theobromae causes diplodia bark diseases on some citrus. Research was conducted from March through November 2007. The experiment was done at the laboratory and at a glass house of the Department of Plant Pests and Diseases of the Faculty of Agriculture and the laboratory of the Faculty of Science and Mathematics Lambung Mangkurat University in Banjarbaru. For a leaf-necrosis bioassay of crude toxin production, the surfaces of the leaves were scratched near the center with a needle, and culture filtrate samples (50 µl) were placed on each wounded site. Treated leaves were incubated in a moist chamber with light at 26oC for 4 days, and toxin activity was determined by induction of veinal necrosis on the seven susceptible cultivar of citrus. The results of the experiment showed that the B. theobromae pathogens produced the toxin. The crude toxin was bioassayed for leaf necrosis to determine their ability to produce toxin. Culture filtrates of the isolate were highly toxic only on five susceptible citrus leaves siam Banjar citrus, sweet orange, lime, kaffir lime, and sour lime, indicating that the B. theobromae can produced toxin. Pathogenicity and toxin production of B. theobromae did not differ among different cultivar. While, no necrotic symptom produces on the pummelo and sunkist. Toxin production of B. theobromae produced during spore germination.

Dieback disease by the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae in Jabon seedlings (Anthocephalus cadamba) inhibits the regeneration of Jabon plant. Synthetic fungicides utilization to several problems such as residue on the environment and pathogen resistance. Chitosan is a potential natural compound used as an alternative to control plant disease.This research aims to examine the effectiveness of chitosan to control B. theobromae as causal agent of dieback on Jabon seedlings and to examine the effect of chitosan to control the viscosity of dieback disease on Jabon seedlings. The results showed that the chitosan solution can decrease the severity of disease in Jabon seedlings. However, it was different with the disease incidence rate parameter. Chitosan solution was not significantly affecting the disease because B. theobromae caused dieback symptoms on Jabon seedlings. The most effective treatment was chitosan solution with a concentration of 0.1% before inoculation with the severity of the disease by 25%. Chitosan solution viscosity was responsible in affecting the percentage of dieback disease in Jabon seeds. The higher the viscosity of chitosan, the higher the percentage of dieback disease attacks. The best viscosity to suppress the development of dieback disease on Jabon seedlings was 8.80 with 7.90% attack.Key words: Anthocephalus cadamba , Botryodiplodia theobromae, chitosan, dieback.

From the hydrolysis rate of the oligosaccharides used it was found out which enzymes of <i>Botryodiplodia theobromae</i> Pat. participated at that process and the order in which they attacked the individual bonds in oligosaccharides.

Alternative hosts and Incubation period of Botryodiplodia theobromae the causal of diplodia bark diseases on citrus. Citrus is one of the important horticulture commodities in South Kalimantan. Citrus growers in the region encounter diplodia disease caused by a genus of Botryodiplodia. There is no single method practiced today proved to be effective control for the disease. Insufficient information of the pathogen life cycle is considered to contribute in the failure of disease management. Information of the alternative hosts and incubation period of the pathogens is very crucial in the diseases management. The experiments were carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Diseases and at a Glass House of the Department of Plant Pests and Diseases of the Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University in Banjarbaru from March – October 2006. The experiments were conducted in three phases, i.e. (1) identification of pathogen, (2) the study of alternative hosts, and (3) the study of incubation periods of the pathogen in the test plants. Results showed that the diplodia disease of citrus “Siam Banjar” was caused by a fungus of the genus Botryodiplodia theobromae. The pathogen can also infected chasew and avocado plants. The Incubation periods of the pathogen in citrus, chasew, and avocado were 64, 39 and 39 days, respectively.

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No Brasil a exploração e a utilização da madeira de Hevea brasiliensis Mull Arg., no final do ciclo produtivo de látex de 30 a 35 anos, é praticamente desconhecida. Contudo, um dos problemas mais sérios relacionados à sua utilização diz respeito à alta susceptilibilidade da madeira ao ataque de fungos manchadores e insetos, notadamente na fase entre o corte e o processamento primário. Portanto, a adoção de medidas visando à preservação entre os lenhos juvenil e adulto é altamente necessária, garantindo uma maior durabilidade econômica na utilização desse recurso. No presente trabalho foi avaliado o efeito dos ingredientes ativos a base de Quinolinolato de Cobre – 8 e Carbendazim (T1); 2-4-6 Tribromofenol (T2); Extrato vegetal a base de Tanino (T3); Carbendazim e Prochloraz (T4), contra o ataque do fungo manchador Botryodiplodia theobromae em laboratório seguindo a norma ASTM 4445 (2003) e ingredientes ativos a base de Ciflutrina (T5) e Cipermetrina (T6), na avaliação de infestação do cupim de madeira seca Cryptotermes brevis em madeira de Hevea brasiliensis, seguindo a norma IPT – 1157 (1980) e ASTM 3345 (1990). Os resultados mostraram que os ingredientes ativos testados e avaliados isoladamente em laboratório o T1, T2, T3 e T4, não previnem na totalidade a contaminação do Botryodiplodia theobromae nos Lenhos Juvenil e Adulto da madeira de Hevea brasiliensis ao nível de 5% de significânca, e que a velocidade de penetração do fungo manchador difere nos Lenhos Juvenil e Adulto e entre as Secções Transversal, Radial e Longitudinal da madeira. De posse destes resultados, foi estabelecido um modelo que melhor se ajustou estatísticamente foi o não linear do tipo exponencial (Growth 1). Das interações avaliadas na prevenção ao ataque de cupim de madeira seca Cryptotermes brevis...
In Brazil the exploration and use of the Hevea brasiliensis Mull Arg. wood at the end of the latex production cycle from 30 to 35 years, is practically unknown. However, one of the most significant problems with its use relates to the highly susceptable wood staining fungi and insects, especially in the phase between the primary processing and cutting. The adoption of measures aimed at preserving the trunks between juvenile and adult is highly necessary, ensuring a greater durability in the economic use of this feature. The present study evaluated the effect of the active ingredients of the base Quinolinolato Copper - 8 and Carbendazim (T1); Tribromofenol 2-4-6 (T2); extract-based vegetable Tannin (T3); Carbendazim and Prochloraz (T4), against the attack of the fungus stainer Botryodiplodia theobromae standard ASTM 4445 (2003) and active ingredients the basis of Cypermethrin (T5) and Cyfluthrin (T6) in the evaluation of infestation of the dry wood termite Cryptotermes brevis wood of Hevea brasiliensis standard IPT-1157 (1980) and ASTM 3345 (1990). The results showed that the active ingredients separately tested and evaluated in the laboratory; T1, T2, T3 and T4, will not prevent the total contamination of Botryodiplodia theobromae Firewood in juvenile and adult wood of Hevea brasiliensis the 5% level of significance. The rate of the Firewood in juvenile and adult wood differ when it comes to the stainer's rate of penetration between the transverse, radial and longitudinal timber of Hevea brasiliensis as a function of time. Armed with these results, the non-linear exponential (Growth 1). Interactions evaluated in preventing the attack of dry wood termite Cryptotermes brevis, the two active ingredients the basis of Cypermethrin and Cyfluthrin demonstrated effective in the evaluation of different juvenile... ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Elias Taylor Durgante Severo
Banca: Valdemir Antonio Rodrigues
Banca: Daniel Dias Rosa
Banca: Wagner Roberto Batista
Banca: Fred Willians Calonego
Resumo: No Brasil a exploração e a utilização da madeira de Hevea brasiliensis Mull Arg., no final do ciclo produtivo de látex de 30 a 35 anos, é praticamente desconhecida. Contudo, um dos problemas mais sérios relacionados à sua utilização diz respeito à alta susceptilibilidade da madeira ao ataque de fungos manchadores e insetos, notadamente na fase entre o corte e o processamento primário. Portanto, a adoção de medidas visando à preservação entre os lenhos juvenil e adulto é altamente necessária, garantindo uma maior durabilidade econômica na utilização desse recurso. No presente trabalho foi avaliado o efeito dos ingredientes ativos a base de Quinolinolato de Cobre - 8 e Carbendazim (T1); 2-4-6 Tribromofenol (T2); Extrato vegetal a base de Tanino (T3); Carbendazim e Prochloraz (T4), contra o ataque do fungo manchador Botryodiplodia theobromae em laboratório seguindo a norma ASTM 4445 (2003) e ingredientes ativos a base de Ciflutrina (T5) e Cipermetrina (T6), na avaliação de infestação do cupim de madeira seca Cryptotermes brevis em madeira de Hevea brasiliensis, seguindo a norma IPT - 1157 (1980) e ASTM 3345 (1990). Os resultados mostraram que os ingredientes ativos testados e avaliados isoladamente em laboratório o T1, T2, T3 e T4, não previnem na totalidade a contaminação do Botryodiplodia theobromae nos Lenhos Juvenil e Adulto da madeira de Hevea brasiliensis ao nível de 5% de significânca, e que a velocidade de penetração do fungo manchador difere nos Lenhos Juvenil e Adulto e entre as Secções Transversal, Radial e Longitudinal da madeira. De posse destes resultados, foi estabelecido um modelo que melhor se ajustou estatísticamente foi o não linear do tipo exponencial (Growth 1). Das interações avaliadas na prevenção ao ataque de cupim de madeira seca Cryptotermes brevis... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In Brazil the exploration and use of the Hevea brasiliensis Mull Arg. wood at the end of the latex production cycle from 30 to 35 years, is practically unknown. However, one of the most significant problems with its use relates to the highly susceptable wood staining fungi and insects, especially in the phase between the primary processing and cutting. The adoption of measures aimed at preserving the trunks between juvenile and adult is highly necessary, ensuring a greater durability in the economic use of this feature. The present study evaluated the effect of the active ingredients of the base Quinolinolato Copper - 8 and Carbendazim (T1); Tribromofenol 2-4-6 (T2); extract-based vegetable Tannin (T3); Carbendazim and Prochloraz (T4), against the attack of the fungus stainer Botryodiplodia theobromae standard ASTM 4445 (2003) and active ingredients the basis of Cypermethrin (T5) and Cyfluthrin (T6) in the evaluation of infestation of the dry wood termite Cryptotermes brevis wood of Hevea brasiliensis standard IPT-1157 (1980) and ASTM 3345 (1990). The results showed that the active ingredients separately tested and evaluated in the laboratory; T1, T2, T3 and T4, will not prevent the total contamination of Botryodiplodia theobromae Firewood in juvenile and adult wood of Hevea brasiliensis the 5% level of significance. The rate of the Firewood in juvenile and adult wood differ when it comes to the stainer's rate of penetration between the transverse, radial and longitudinal timber of Hevea brasiliensis as a function of time. Armed with these results, the non-linear exponential (Growth 1). Interactions evaluated in preventing the attack of dry wood termite Cryptotermes brevis, the two active ingredients the basis of Cypermethrin and Cyfluthrin demonstrated effective in the evaluation of different juvenile... ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

博士
國立中興大學
植物病理學系
91
Seedling stem blight of lima bean severely (Phaseolus limensis Macf.) occurred at Matou, Tainan. The causal organism was identified as Botryodiplodia theobromae. This is the first report of lima bean as a new host of B. theobromae. Pycnidia simple, or compound, often aggregated, stromatic, and ostiolate. Conidiogenous cells are holoblastic. Conidia are initially unicellular, hyaline, ellipsoide-oblong, and mature conidia are uniseptate, cinnamon to fawn, ellipsoide, base truncate, often longitudinally striate. On the basis of comparison between unicellular, hyaline conidia of B. theobromae and holotype of Macrophoma phaseoli-lunati collected by Sawada, these two species were suggested to be a synonym. The most suitable temperatures for both mycelial growth and spore germination ranged between 25℃and 35℃ with optimum being 30℃. However, the optimum temperature for pycnidia formation was around 20℃. Testing under net-house conditions for a period of 2 years, the disease was most severe during the season when daily average temperatures reached 25℃ and the minimum average temperature was above 20℃, the highest disease severity was recorded. Percentage of disease incidence was reduced and symptom development was delayed when daily average temperatures ranged between 18℃ and 22℃, and minimum average temperature was below 18℃. There was no disease development during the winter periods when temperatures were below 18℃. Most of cultivars of lima bean including Pai-Jen, Hwa-Jen, Luna, UC-92, and sieva W.U.N were susceptible to B. theobromae, the Pai-Jen being the most susceptible cultivar. The fungus was not able to infect sieva MercLa and other leguminous crops. B. theobromae was transmitted by seeds. About 2% of lima bean seeds obtained from farmers developed stem blight symptoms after sowing. In cross inoculations, B. theobromae isolated from Nerium indicum, Dracaena fragrans, Erythrina corallodendron, Carica papaya and Psidium guajava were pathogenic on lima bean, whereas that isolate from Annona squamosa was not. Factors affecting cotyledon-inoculation on stem blight of lima bean caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae were tested. Percentage of spore germination of B. theobromae was more than 87% both in distilled water and under 100% relative humidity at 25℃, but no spores germinated when the relative humidity was below 89%. Both unicellular and uniseptate conidia failed to germinate after being air dried for 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Spore germination was more than 98% for unicellular conidia and 80% for uniseptate conidia on water agar with water potential ranging from 0 to -10 bars at 25℃, and no germination at or lower -40 bars. The cotyledon-inoculation technique was developed for disease assessment. The stem blight symptoms developed when lima bean (cv. Pai-Jen) was inoculated with unicellular and uniseptate conidia separately. The disease severity was more than 60% when spore suspensions containing 103 to 105 conidia per ml were used for inoculation on lima bean. When lima bean seedlings of different ages were inoculated with B. theobromae, the 5-day-old seedlings showed the most susceptible. The fungus was unable to cause infection on the seedlings whose cotyledons have dropped naturally or were removed artificially. The results suggest that the cotyledons of lima bean provide an entry for successful infection of B. theobromae. The spore matrix did not affect conidial germination but was able to stimulate stem blight disease development on the seedling of lima bean. The washed spores + spore matrix caused 64% infection as compared to 47% only caused by washed spores + sterilized deionized water or sterilized water. The stimulating effect of matrix was heat unstable, because washed spores + heated spore matrix caused 34% of infection which is significantly lower than that caused by washed spores + spore matrix. Enzyme activities of spore matrix (SM), extracellular conidial matrix (ECM), extract of infected stem tissue (IST), and healthy stem tissue (HST) of lima bean were assayed by using API ZYM (bioMérieux, Inc. France) and non-denaturing polyacryamide gel electrophoresis. In API ZYM, 13 enzymes of SM, 9 enzymes of ECM, 11 enzymes of IST, and 11 enzymes of HST of lima bean were detected. Among them esterase and β-glucosidase were consistently detected in the SM, ECM, and IST, but not in HST. In the further study by using non-denaturing gel electrophoresis to assay esterase and β-glucosidase, the results were about the same as found in API ZYM tests except these two enzymes were not found in ECM and the esterase was found in HST. Esterase zymogram of polyacryamide gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions indicated the presence of 1 band in SM, 4 bands in IST with esterase activity which were absent in HST. β-Glucosidase zymogram under the same conditions indicated the presence of 2 bands in SM, 5 bands in IST with β-glucosidase activity which were absent in HST. No cellulase and catalase activities were detected in all tested material by using gel electrophoresis. To analyse the enzyme activities in seedling of lima bean inoculated with B. theobromae, by using the DNS (3,5-dinitrosalicyclic acid) method, maximum β-glucosidase activity, 1.8 units, was detected on the 12th day after inoculation. In the meantime, the reducing sugar contents in the infected tissue was increased to the maximal level 544.8 µMole/mg, as compared to 337.9 µMole/mg only, in the healthy tissue of lima bean. Among a total of twelve commercial fungicides evaluated in vitro for their ability to inhibit mycelial growth and spore germination of the pathogen, iprodione, procymidone, polyoxin, benomyl, tebuconazole and carbendazim, were found to be effective. In a potted plant trial, 4 kinds of fungicides, i.e., 50% benomyl WP at 1:1500 dilution, 50% procymidone WP at 1:1500 dilution, 23.8% tebuconazole EC at 1:2000 dilution and 23.7% iprodione F at 1:1000 dilution, were found effective for controlling seedling stem blight of lima bean. Both procymidone and iprodione showed the best efficacy in the field trial. Application of these two fungicides, 50% procymidone WP at 1:1500 or 1:2000 dilution, 23.7% iprodione F at 1:1000 or 1:1500 dilution, markedly reduced the disease severity in further two separate field trials. Application of both fungicides caused no phytotoxic damages to lima bean seedling both in pot and in field test.