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Bussmann, Christine, Philip Rotz, Ndwapi Ndwapi, Daniel Baxter, Hermann Bussmann, C. William Wester, Patricia Ncube, et al. "Strengthening Healthcare Capacity Through a Responsive, Country-Specific, Training Standard: The KITSO AIDS Training Program’s Sup-port of Botswana’s National Antiretroviral Therapy Rollout." Open AIDS Journal 2, no. 1 (February 29, 2008): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613600802010010.
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In parallel with the rollout of Botswana’s national antiretroviral therapy (ART) program, the Botswana Ministry of Health established the KITSO AIDS Training Program by entering into long-term partnerships with the Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership for HIV Research and Education and others to provide standardized, country-specific training in HIV/AIDS care. The KITSO training model has strengthened human capacity within Botswana’s health sector and been indispensable to successful ART rollout. Through core and advanced training courses and clinical mentoring, different cadres of health care workers have been trained to provide high-quality HIV/AIDS care at all ART sites in the country. Continuous and standardized clinical education will be crucial to sustain the present level of care and successfully address future treatment challenges.
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Popli, Pallvi, Mansi R. Shah, Tlotlo B. Ralefala, Deborah Toppmeyer, Roger Strair, Refeletswe Lebelonyane, Atlang Mompe, et al. "Reducing Oncologic Disparities by Standardizing Cancer Care." JCO Global Oncology 6, Supplement_1 (July 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.61000.
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PURPOSE Shortages in oncology-trained health care providers pose a major challenge in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and contribute to delays in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Presently, the sole oncologist in the public sector at Princess Marina Hospital, Botswana’s largest oncology referral center, is overextended, causing medical officers to be the primary providers for patients with cancer. Medical officers do not possess formal oncology training, which can potentially lead to imprecise management and suboptimal treatment. In addition, there is no standardized patient interview process in the hematology clinic, leading to inadequately captured patient records. These realities highlight the need for the dissemination and implementation of evidence-based guidelines and intake forms to standardize the delivery of cancer care for practitioners with varying degrees of training. METHODS To serve as a reference for medical officers and oncologists, we reviewed clinical guidelines for the most prevalent cancers in Botswana, namely breast, cervical, prostate, colorectal, and head and neck cancer. We incorporated American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition staging criteria into the preexisting guidelines approved by Ministry of Health and Wellness Botswana. We further customized them on the basis of radiology, pathology, and pharmaceutical resource availability in Botswana. Finally, to streamline patient visits, we created intake forms to capture comprehensive hematology-pertinent information. As a quality improvement project, we will record the use and impact of these forms as a tool to standardize the medical records. RESULTS Standardized cancer care guidelines were updated and are under review by the Ministry of Health and Wellness Botswana before circulation. In addition, feedback regarding the new intake forms and their use is currently being recorded. CONCLUSION In low- and middle-income countries, the development of cancer-specific treatment guidelines optimizes disease management through incorporation of evidence-based, resource-adjusted recommendations for clinicians and may aid in reducing global oncologic disparities. As the next phase in the implementation of guidelines, we plan to develop quick-reference cancer pathways for use in public institutions without existing oncologic expertise.
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Seitio-Kgokgwe, Onalenna Stannie, Robin Gauld, Philip C. Hill, and Pauline Barnett. "Understanding human resource management practices in Botswana’s public health sector." Journal of Health Organization and Management 30, no. 8 (November 21, 2016): 1284–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-05-2015-0076.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the management of the public sector health workforce in Botswana. Using institutional frameworks it aims to document and analyse human resource management (HRM) practices, and make recommendations to improve employee and health system outcomes. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws from a large study that used a mixed methods approach to assess performance of Botswana’s Ministry of Health (MOH). It uses data collected through document analysis and in-depth interviews of 54 key informants comprising policy makers, senior staff of the MOH and its stakeholder organizations. Findings Public health sector HRM in Botswana has experienced inadequate planning, poor deployment and underutilization of staff. Lack of comprehensive retention strategies and poor working conditions contributed to the failure to attract and retain skilled personnel. Relationships with both formal and informal environments affected HRM performance. Research limitations/implications While document review was a major source of data for this paper, the weaknesses in the human resource information system limited availability of data. Practical implications This paper presents an argument for the need for consideration of formal and informal environments in developing effective HRM strategies. Originality/value This research provides a rare system-wide approach to health HRM in a Sub-Saharan African country. It contributes to the literature and evidence needed to guide HRM policy decisions and practices
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Martei, Yehoda M., Mohan Narasimhamurthy, Pooja Prabhakar, Jeré Hutson, Dipho I. Setlhako, Sebathu Chiyapo, Doreen Ramogola-Masire, et al. "Breast Cancer Pathology Turnaround Time in Botswana." Journal of Global Oncology, no. 4 (December 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.17.00090.
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Purpose Quality pathology is critical for timely diagnosis and management of breast cancer. Few studies have analyzed pathology turnaround time (TAT) in sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this study was to quantify TAT for breast cancer specimens processed by the National Health Laboratory and Diagnofirm Laboratory in Gaborone, Botswana, and additionally compare TAT before and after 2012 to evaluate the effect of pathology scale-up interventions by the Ministry of Health and Wellness. Methods Retrospective analyses of TAT were performed for breast specimens submitted to the two laboratories from 2011 to 2015. TAT was calculated as the time from specimen collection and receipt in the laboratory to the date of final report sign-out. Descriptive statistics and rank sum test were used to compare temporal trends in TAT before and after 2012. Results A total of 158 breast biopsy, 219 surgical, and 218 immunohistochemistry (IHC) specimens were analyzed. The median TAT in 2015 was 6 and 7 days for biopsy and IHC specimens, respectively, and 57.5 days for surgical specimens. There was a significant decrease in median TAT for biopsy specimens from 21.5 days in 2011 to 2012 compared with 8 days in 2013 to 2015 ( P < .001). There was also a significant decrease in median TAT for IHC specimens during the same period ( P < .001). However, there was no significant decline in median TAT for surgical specimens. Conclusion The scale-up of pathology personnel and infrastructure by the Ministry of Health and Wellness significantly reduced median TAT for biopsy and IHC specimens. TAT for surgical specimens remains suboptimal. Efforts are currently under way to decrease TAT for surgical specimens to 7 days.
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Sabone, Motshedisi, Mabel Magowe, Lesego Busang, Jonathan Moalosi, Benjamin Binagwa, and Janet Mwambona. "Impediments for the Uptake of the Botswana Government's Male Circumcision Initiative for HIV Prevention." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/387508.
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Botswana remains one of the countries with high prevalence of HIV infection with a population prevalence rate of 17.6 in 2008. In 2009, the Ministry of Health launched male circumcision as an additional strategy to the already existing HIV preventive efforts. The purpose of this paper is to share what the participants of a survey to evaluate a short-term male circumcision communication strategy in seven health districts of Botswana reported as impediments for the program's uptake. Qualitative data were obtained from 32 key informants and 36 focus group discussions in 2011. Content analysis method was used to analyze data and to derive themes and subthemes. Although male circumcision was generally acceptable to communities in Botswana, the uptake of the program was slow, and participants attributed that to a number of challenges or impediments that were frustrating the initiative. The impediments were organized into sociocultural factors, knowledge/informational factors, and infrastructural and system factors.
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Maphisa, J. Maphisa, Opelo Petunia Mogotsi, Olorato Khumo Machola, Keamogetse Metlha Maswabi, Tiro Bright Motsamai, and Boitshepo Mosupiemang. "Psychiatric epidemiological survey of university students in Botswana: rationale and methods of the Youth Mental Health Study (YMHS)." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e038175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038175.
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BackgroundWhile the burden of disease attributable to mental disorders in low/middle-income countries (LMICs) is lower than high-income countries, there is recognition that the dearth of evidence from the LMICs may underestimate the actual prevalence and burden associated with mental disorders. Such is likely the case for Botswana where there has been no nationally representative data on the prevalence of symptoms of mental disorders or even a subgroup estimation of mental disorders in the country. Thus, the Youth Mental Health Study (YMHS) aims to estimate the prevalence and identify predictors of symptoms of mental disorders among university students in Botswana to add to the evidence and contribute to the country’s health service planning.MethodsThe YMHS is a cross-sectional study of youth (18–29 years) attending six large universities (accounting for nearly half of the tertiary student population) in Botswana. A stratified sampling procedure with proportionate allocation and selection is used to select a representative sample of 1308 participants. An online survey comprising of a battery of reliable and validated self-report measures of symptoms of mental disorders is used. A developmental psychopathology framework is used in identifying the risk factors of mental disorders. Participant recruitment will span over 4 months beginning in February 2020.Ethics and disseminationThe study has received ethics approval from the University of Botswana Institutional Review Board, and the Ministry of Health and Wellness. Participants will be provided with feedback of their own results. Aggregated findings will be disseminated to stakeholders in the tertiary education and health sector in Botswana, and through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations and the media.
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Chandar, Ashwin, Sukhdeep Kaur, Tlotlo Bathethi Ralefala, Deborah Toppmeyer, Claire Philipp, Richard Marlink, Reena Antony, et al. "Building international partnerships to improve global oncological care: Perspective from Rutgers-CINJ Global Oncology Fellowship Program." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 27_suppl (September 20, 2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.27_suppl.159.
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159 Background: With cancer accounting for 1 in every 7 deaths worldwide and 60-70% of cancer deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries, any advancement in cancer care should include understanding to alleviate structural inequalities that produce these global oncological disparities. Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey (R-CINJ) Oncology Fellowship program, through partnerships with Rutgers Global Health and University of Botswana (UB), established a global oncology program in 2018 to provide young oncologists in training with this educational opportunity. Aims included understanding challenges faced by cancer patients in Botswana, evaluating opportunities to improve oncology care at Princess Marina Hospital (PMH), scholarly collaborations, and exchange knowledge. Methods: In partnership with PMH, UB, and Ministry of Health and Wellness (MOHW), R-CINJ created a global oncology program consisting of a 1 month rotation at PMH in Gaborone, Botswana, as well as longitudinal research/quality improvement (QI) projects. Two 3rd year oncology fellows rotated with house officers and oncologist at PMH. Weekly video conferences facilitated communication during the elective. Projects continued throughout 3rd year of fellowship, in conjunction with programmatic meetings. Results: Fellows gained exposure to cancer care using limited resources. In working with PMH staff, mentorship was provided, QI ideas were shared, and organizational changes were implemented. Scholarly activity was undertaken to examine trends in chemotherapy utilization at PMH over a 12-month period to assess patterns of malignancy and issues with stock outs. Relationship between pathology at PMH, UB, and Rutgers-CINJ and Rutgers Biomedical Engineering was established to expand digital pathology services in Botswana. Conclusions: Our global oncology program is a successful start to an ongoing partnership to help improve cancer care in Botswana. Future directions include development of cancer protocols in Botswana, helping limit medication shortages, and establishing telemedicine based collaboration to assist with diagnosis and improve pathology turnaround time.
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Chandar, Ashwin, Sukhdeep Kaur, Deborah Toppmeyer, Tlotlo Bathethi Ralefala, Roger Strair, Claire Philipp, Richard Marlink, et al. "Building international partnerships to improve global oncological care: Perspective from Rutgers-CINJ Global Oncology Fellowship Program." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): e18161-e18161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e18161.
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e18161 Background: With cancer accounting for 1 in every 7 deaths worldwide and 60-70% of cancer deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries, any advancement in cancer care should include understanding to alleviate structural inequalities that produce these global oncologic disparities. Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey (R-CINJ) Oncology Fellowship program, through partnerships with Rutgers Global Health and University of Botswana (UB), established a global oncology program in 2018 to provide young oncologists in training with this educational opportunity. Aims included understanding challenges faced by cancer patients in Botswana, evaluating opportunities to improve oncology care at Princess Marina Hospital (PMH), scholarly collaborations, and exchange knowledge. Methods: In partnership with PMH, UB, and Ministry of Health and Wellness (MOHW), R-CINJ created a global oncology program consisting of a 1 month rotation at PMH in Gaborone, Botswana, as well as longitudinal research/quality improvement (QI) projects. Two 3rd year oncology fellows rotated with house officers and oncologist at PMH. Weekly video conferences facilitated communication during the elective. Projects continued throughout 3rd year of fellowship, in conjunction with programmatic meetings. Results: Fellows gained exposure to cancer care using limited resources. In working with PMH staff, mentorship was provided, QI ideas were shared, and organizational changes were implemented. Scholarly activity was undertaken to examine trends in chemotherapy utilization at PMH over a 12-month period to assess patterns of malignancy and issues with stock outs. Relationship between pathology at PMH, UB, R-CINJ, and Rutgers Biomedical Engineering was established to expand digital pathology services in Botswana. Conclusions: Our global oncology program is a successful start to an ongoing partnership to help improve cancer care in Botswana. Future directions include development of cancer guidelines and protocols in Botswana, helping limit medication shortages, and establishing telemedicine based collaboration to assist with diagnosis and improve pathology turnaround time.
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Glomb, Nicolaus W., Adeola A. Kosoko, Cara B. Doughty, Marideth C. Rus, Manish I. Shah, Megan Cox, Cafen Galapi, Presley S. Parkes, Shelley Kumar, and Bushe Laba. "Needs Assessment for Simulation Training for Prehospital Providers in Botswana." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 33, no. 6 (November 13, 2018): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x18001024.
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AbstractBackgroundIn June 2012, the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (MOHW; Gaborone, Botswana) initiated a national Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system in response to significant morbidity and mortality associated with prehospital emergencies. The MOHW requested external expertise to train its developing workforce. Simulation-based training was planned to equip these health care providers with clinical knowledge, procedural skills, and communication techniques.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the educational needs of the pioneer Botswana MOHW EMS providers based on retrospective EMS logbook review and EMS provider feedback to guide development of a novel educational curriculum.MethodsData were abstracted from a representative sample of the Gaborone, Botswana MOHW EMS response log from 2013-2014 and were quantified into the five most common call types for both adults and children. Informal focus groups with health professionals and EMS staff, as well as surveys, were used to rank common response call types and self-perceived educational needs.ResultsBased on 1,506 calls, the most common adult response calls were for obstetric emergencies, altered mental status, gastrointestinal/abdominal pain, trauma, gynecological emergencies, and cardiovascular and respiratory distress-related emergencies. The most common pediatric response calls were for respiratory distress, gastrointestinal complaints/dehydration, trauma and musculoskeletal injuries, newborn delivery, seizures, and toxic ingestion/exposure. The EMS providers identified these same chief complaints as priorities for training using the qualitative approach. A locally relevant, simulation-based curriculum for the Botswana MOHW EMS system was developed and implemented based on these data.Conclusions: Trauma, respiratory distress, gastrointestinal complaints, and puerperal/perinatal emergencies were common conditions for all age groups. Other age-specific conditions were also identified as educational needs based on epidemiologic data and provider feedback. This needs assessment may be useful when designing locally relevant EMS curricula in other low-income and middle-income countries.GlombNW, KosokoAA, DoughtyCB, RusMC, ShahMI, CoxM, GalapiC, ParkesPS, KumarS, LabaB.Needs assessment for simulation training for prehospital providers in Botswana. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(6):621–626.
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Sabone, Motshedisi, Pelonomi Mazonde, Francesca Cainelli, Maseba Maitshoko, Renatha Joseph, Judith Shayo, Baraka Morris, et al. "Everyday ethical challenges of nurse-physician collaboration." Nursing Ethics 27, no. 1 (April 23, 2019): 206–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733019840753.
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Background: Collaboration between physicians and nurses is key to improving patient care. We know very little about collaboration and interdisciplinary practice in African healthcare settings. Research question/aim: The purpose of this study was to explore the ethical challenges of interdisciplinary collaboration in clinical practice and education in Botswana Participants and research context: This qualitative descriptive study was conducted with 39 participants (20 physicians and 19 nurses) who participated in semi-structured interviews at public hospitals purposely selected to represent the three levels of hospitals in Botswana (referral, district, and primary). Ethical considerations: Following Institutional Review Board Approval at the University of Pennsylvania and the Ministry of Health in Botswana, participants’ written informed consent was obtained. Findings: Respondents’ ages ranged from 23 to 60 years, and their duration of work experience ranged from 0.5 to 32 years. Major qualitative themes that emerged from the data centered on the nature of the work environment, values regarding nurse–doctor collaboration, the nature of such collaboration, resources available for supporting collaboration and the smooth flow of work, and participants’ views about how their work experiences could be improved. Discussion: Participants expressed concerns that their work environment compromised their ability to provide high-quality and safe care to their patients. The physician staffing structure was described as consisting of a few specialists at the top, a vacuum in the middle that should be occupied by senior doctors, and junior doctors at the bottom—and not a sufficient number of nursing staff. Conclusion: Collaboration between physicians and nurses is critical to optimizing patients’ health outcomes. This is true not only in the United States but also in developing countries, such as Botswana, where health care professionals reported that their ethical challenges arose from resource shortages, differing professional attitudes, and a stressful work environment.
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TORIOLA, O. M. "Secondary School Physical Education Curriculum: Implications for Sports Development in Botswana." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2003): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.91144.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.In many countries, a major rationale for curriculum design in physical education is that it promotes a physically active lifestyle among the youths and provides a basis for the development of fundamental sports skills. Access to physical education and sport is not only a fundamental human right but it also promotes health, desirable social attitudes and values. Based on the above rationale physical education was introduced to Botswana secondary schools in 1999. In this study, the Botswana secondary school physical education curriculum was analysed regarding its potential role in sports development in the country. Structured interviews were carried out with Principals of selected public secondary schools in which physical education is a teaching subject and the curriculum development unit in the Ministry of Education. Results were discussed in the following specific areas: curriculum content analysis, implementation problems, time allocation, provision of teaching and learning resources, funding, personnel, opportunities for competitive sport participation and assessment procedures. Problems affecting the teaching of physical education in Botswana were also discussed and possible solutions proffered. Finally, analysis of implications of the physical education curriculum for sport development in Botswana was presented.體育運動對學童成長過程非常重要，本文旨在探討非洲波斯尼亞中學體育課程，從多方面分析體育課程與體育運動發展的關係，透過與校長及敎育部長面談，了解影響體育運動發展的原因。
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Grover, Surbhi, Nicola Zetola, Doreen Ramogola-Masire, Memory Bvochora-Nsingo, Allison F. Schnader, Rosemarie Mick, Lesego Gabaitiri, et al. "Building research capacity through programme development and research implementation in resource-limited settings - the Ipabalele study protocol: observational cohort studies determining the effect of HIV on the natural history of cervical cancer in Botswana." BMJ Open 9, no. 12 (December 2019): e031103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031103.
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IntroductionThe global burden of cancer continues to increase in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Botswana, a middle-income country in SSA, has the second highest prevalence of HIV worldwide and has seen an increase in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical cancer over the last decade in the setting of improved survival of HIV-infected women. There is an urgent need to understand more clearly the causes and consequences of HPV-associated cervical cancer in the setting of HIV infection. We initiated the Ipabalele (‘take care of yourself’ in Setswana) programme to address this need for new knowledge and to initiate long-term research programme capacity building in the region. In this manuscript, we describe the components of the programme, including three main research projects as well as a number of essential cores to support the activities of the programme.Methods and proceduresOur multidisciplinary approach aims to further current understanding of the problem by implementing three complementary studies aimed at identifying its molecular, behavioural and clinical determinants. Three participant cohorts were designed to represent the early, intermediate and late stages of the natural history of cervical cancer.The functional structure of the programme is coordinated through programmatic cores. These allow for integration of each of the studies within the cohorts while providing support for pilot studies led by local junior investigators. Each project of the Ipabalele programme includes a built-in capacity building component, promoting the establishment of long-lasting infrastructure for future research activities.Ethics and disseminationInstitutional review board approvals were granted by the University of Pennsylvania, University of Botswana and Ministry of Health and wellness of Botswana. Results will be disseminated via the participating institutions and with the help of the Community Advisory Committee, the project’s Botswana advisory group.
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Pusoentsi, Malebogo, Bame P. Shatera, Setlogelo Motlogi, Tuduetso Monagen, Neo Tapela, Tiny Masupe, and Heluf G. Medhin. "Quality of Cancer Registry Data: Botswana Experience, Demonstrating Improvements Over Time." Journal of Global Oncology 2, no. 3_suppl (June 2016): 43s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2016.004176.
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Abstract 69 Background: One of the challenges to addressing the growing burden of cancer in low- and middle-income countries is insufficient data and limitations in quality of cancer registries. The Botswana National Cancer Registry (BNCR), first established in 1999, is an IARC-endorsed population-based registry covering a population of 2.1 million. Here we assess BNCR's data quality over time. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of BNCR data that was collected between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2010. We assessed basis of cancer diagnosis, as well as key data quality indices (completeness, consistency, uniqueness, and accuracy) over two time periods: 2005–2007 and 2008–2010. We assessed cancer incidence and distribution during this time period, and reviewed Botswana Ministry of Health operational documents to identify major health care initiatives that may have had a bearing on cancer registry data quality. Results: In total, 8,938 cancer cases were registered 2005-2010. Kaposi sarcoma was the most commonly diagnosed cancer (n=1766, 19.4%), followed by cervical cancer (n=1252, 13.8%) and then breast cancer (n=801, 8.8%). During 2005-2007, 79% of all cancers were morphologically verified and 6% of were verified by death certificate alone. By 2008-2010, 89% of cancers were morphologically verified while none (0%) were verified by death certificate alone. There was a marked difference for basis of Kaposi sarcoma diagnosis (26% in 2005-2007, 43.8% 2008-2010), which changed from mainly clinical to pathology-based diagnosis. Factors that have contributed to this improvement include targeted initiatives such as clinician training, as well as broader health system developments such as general laboratory diagnostic capacitation that has facilitated use of histopathology services for cancer. Conclusion: BNCR data quality has improved over the years. These improvements enhance utility of cancer registry data for healthcare planning, and highlight the merit of cross-cutting health systems strengthening developments. This assessment, and the initiatives that have contributed to BNCR data improvement may be relevant to cancer registries in similar settings. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No COIs from the authors.
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Tamele, Isidro José, and Vitor Vasconcelos. "Microcystin Incidence in the Drinking Water of Mozambique: Challenges for Public Health Protection." Toxins 12, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060368.
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Microcystins (MCs) are cyanotoxins produced mainly by freshwater cyanobacteria, which constitute a threat to public health due to their negative effects on humans, such as gastroenteritis and related diseases, including death. In Mozambique, where only 50% of the people have access to safe drinking water, this hepatotoxin is not monitored, and consequently, the population may be exposed to MCs. The few studies done in Maputo and Gaza provinces indicated the occurrence of MC-LR, -YR, and -RR at a concentration ranging from 6.83 to 7.78 µg·L−1, which are very high, around 7 times above than the maximum limit (1 µg·L−1) recommended by WHO. The potential MCs-producing in the studied sites are mainly Microcystis species. These data from Mozambique and from surrounding countries (South Africa, Lesotho, Botswana, Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania) evidence the need to implement an operational monitoring program of MCs in order to reduce or avoid the possible cases of intoxications since the drinking water quality control tests recommended by the Ministry of Health do not include an MC test. To date, no data of water poisoning episodes recorded were associated with MCs presence in the water. However, this might be underestimated due to a lack of monitoring facilities and/or a lack of public health staff trained for recognizing symptoms of MCs intoxication since the presence of high MCs concentration was reported in Maputo and Gaza provinces.
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Seitio-Kgokgwe, Onalenna, Robin D. C. Gauld, Philip C. Hill, and Pauline Barnett. "Redesigning a Ministry of Health's organizational structure: exploring implementation challenges through Botswana's experiences." International Journal of Health Planning and Management 31, no. 2 (November 13, 2014): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2275.
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Shah, Sidrah, Barati Monare, Sandra Urusaro, Rohini Bhatia, Sherman Preet Singh, Tlotlo Ralefala, Givy Dhaliwal, and Surbhi Grover. "Usability and Effectiveness of a Smartphone Application for Tracking Oncology Patients in Gaborone, Botswana." Journal of Global Oncology 5, Supplement_1 (October 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.19.20000.
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PURPOSE Most cancer diagnoses are expected to be in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) by 2025, and 65% of cancer deaths occur in LMICs. Treatment adherence and patient monitoring are essential to cancer care but are often not possible in LMICs. OP Care, a smartphone application developed to fill this gap, stores medical records virtually and texts appointment reminders to patients. This study assessed its usability and effectiveness. METHODS OP Care was piloted at Princess Marina Hospital in Gaborone, Botswana. The study was a cross-sectional study using surveys. All providers using the application were surveyed, along with all patients who were previously enrolled in the application and attended the gynecologic oncology clinic during the 3-week survey period. Staff demographics, reaction, opinions on usability, and patients’ reactions to appointment reminders were collected. Answers were recorded on a 1 (not at all) to 7 (extremely so) scale. Primary outcomes were the application’s usability and the effectiveness of the text reminders. The University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board and the Ministry of Health and Wellness in Botswana gave approval for the study. Patients provided written consent before enrollment. RESULTS Nine staff and 15 patients were surveyed. Staff included three doctors and six nurses, all of whom own a smartphone and use a computer at home. Most staff (78%) did not feel OP Care would increase their work burden and were willing to use the application if implemented permanently (median response, 6; interquartile range [IQR], 1). Most usability questions (17 of 19), such as “I feel comfortable using this system,” scored a median of 6. Most patients believed that the reminder text messages were helpful (median, 6; IQR, 1) but wanted the text reminders to be in the Setswana language (median, 7; IQR, 1). CONCLUSION High usability scores indicate the application is adaptable to other clinics. Although patients appreciate OP Care, the option for call and text reminders in Setswana is indicated. A potential limitation is that patients for whom the appointment reminders were not helpful were not necessarily included, because only patients in the clinic were surveyed. Strengths were inclusion of all involved staff, uniformity in survey administration, and inclusion of numerical analysis.
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Luyirika, E., and F. Kiyange. "A Regional Palliative Care Entity Working With a Host Government to Facilitate Exchange Visits From Across Africa to Improve Access to Controlled Medicines for Cancer Patients." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 164s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.17300.
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Background and context: The African Palliative Care Association (APCA) is a pan-African palliative care organization hosted in Uganda but supporting initiatives to integrate palliative care into national health systems across Africa. Uganda hosts one of the oldest cancer units in Africa and also reconstitutes its own oral liquid morphine to reduce barriers and cost of access to pain control for patients. Aim: The aim of this effort is to expose government officials and other NGOs from other African countries to best practices in oral morphine manufacture, distribution and access to controlled medicines for pain control in cancer and other conditions with a view to benchmark and establish similar or better systems. Strategy/Tactics: APCA working with its funders in consultation with the Ugandan Ministry of Health and Hospice Africa Uganda, facilitates other African ministries of health delegations to conduct study visits in Uganda to benchmark the oral morphine reconstitution, the supply chain mechanisms for its distribution to patients in both public and private hospitals and at home. Program/Policy process: APCA identifies countries with morphine access challenges and makes arrangements for key personnel in those countries in ministries of health, medicines control authority, central medicines stores and national palliative care associations where they exist to spend a study period in Uganda. While in Uganda, the delegations visit the oral morphine manufacturing facility, Hospice Africa Uganda, the Ministry of Health, national medical stores, National Drug Authority, joint medical stores and some of the palliative care providers and training facilities. Once the period with the various stakeholders in the country is completed, the visiting teams draw up plans for implementation and identify required technical assistance from APCA. The costing and sources of funding are identified including contribution from the government in need and then activities are implemented. Outcomes: As a result of this South-to-South approach, Uganda has hosted delegations from 14 African countries. At one instance, it involved the Minister Of Health from Swaziland heading a delegation to Uganda while others sent other high level delegates to the peer learning and bench marking. All these countries have taken steps to establish access to oral liquid morphine as well as policy and capacity building activities for their staff. Some of the countries like Malawi and Swaziland are already having morphine reconstitution and national palliative care policies while others such as Rwanda and Botswana are in the process of changing to the same system. Cancer and palliative care related activities are also being implemented in some of countries. Some countries have graduated to host others like Uganda does. What was learned: The South-to-South learning and bench marking visits are very practical in Africa and have triggered palliative care initiatives at national level.
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Mussá, Merana, Irénio Gaspar, Luisa Namburete, Tânia Vuyeya Sitoie, Aleny Couto, Jamal Mario Paulino, Abrao Lemos, et al. "Protocol for active safety monitoring of a cohort of patients using a dolutegravir-based antiretroviral regimen in Mozambique." BMJ Open 11, no. 9 (September 2021): e050671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050671.
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IntroductionDolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) is increasingly being used as the preferred first-line regimen for the treatment of HIV in low-income and middle-income countries. The National Program for the Control of STI/HIV/AIDS in Mozambique has planned a phased introduction of the tenofovir/lamivudine/dolutegravir (TLD) regimen. In 2019, concerns about a potential safety signal identified with dolutegravir identified in the results of the Tsepamo study, conducted in Botswana, led the National Directorate of Pharmacy and the National Program for the Control of STI/HIV/AIDS to establish an active pharmacovigilance surveillance system among newly placed patients on a TLD regimen. This activity aims to establish an active pharmacovigilance system to monitor adverse events in patients on a TLD regimen to support the effectiveness of Mozambique’s public health programmes in improving the process of care and treatment outcomes for people with HIV/AIDS.Methods and analysisThis is a prospective, non-interventional, descriptive cohort study to monitor HIV patients managed with TLD at 10 sentinel health centres in Mozambique. The cohort consists of HIV-infected patients commencing treatment with TLD, either as treatment naïve patients or switched from other ART regimens. Patients have monthly routine follow-up visits for the first 3 months after starting HIV treatment with TLD, and subsequently every 3 months for a total period of 1 year. Patients are monitored to identify possible adverse events during the follow-up period. The intended size of the cohort is 3000 patients.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained from the National Commission on Bioethics in Health in Mozambique. Written informed consent is obtained from each participant who agrees to participate to have their information collected, analysed and stored. Findings will be reported to the Ministry of Health and participating health centres to inform policy and practice as well as disseminated by peer-review publications.
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Makwinja, Veronica Margaret. "Rethinking Education In Botswana: A Need To Overhaul The Botswana Education System." Journal of International Education Research (JIER) 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jier.v13i2.10075.
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Botswana through its two educational reform philosophies of 1977 and 1994 envisioned a developing education system that is on par with international standards. According to Tabulawa (2009), the education system was developed to produce critical thinkers, problem solvers, and innovative learners. The system was designed to provide opportunities for all students by providing access to all, improve the standards of education, emancipate Batswana from illiteracy, and develop their capabilities to create a social transformation in their lives. Education was to be a vehicle for continuous positive change that would ultimately enable people to build a better world. However, the system is wanting since most students drop out of school, fail the national examinations, or are unemployable graduates.
Research shows that the standard and quality of education is deteriorating as evidenced by high rates of failure at primary and secondary schools. This paper established the reasons for deteriorating standards and failure of students; and whether this was a result of the difficulty, the country finds itself in attempting to re-think and change its educational system to improve the standards or any other factors. This paper reviewed the obstacles leading to high failure rate in one primary school and the need to overhaul, rethink, reform and transform the country’s education system.
This study was carried out at the Ministry of Education and Skills Development, which is presently divided into two sub departments; the Ministry of Basic Education and Tertiary Education, Research, Science and Technology and one (1) primary school in Gaborone through the use of qualitative method.
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Madzikigwa, Bizzar B. "Nature and Effects of Low-Volume Roads in Botswana." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819a-14.
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The road sector in Botswana continues to develop its road network throughout the country at a tremendous rate. When Botswana gained independence in 1966, it had only 10 km (16 mi) of bitumen road. By 1992 the total length of bituminous surfaced road reached 3500 km (2,175 mi) out of a total road network of 18 000 km (11,285 mi). These statistics clearly show that the majority of roads are not yet surfaced; these are low-volume roads that provide access to the rural areas where most of the country’s population is found, though in low density. In spite of the rapid improvement in the quality of the national road network in recent years, much remains to be done. In the early 1970s and early 1980s the rural roads unit was introduced in the Ministry of Works Transport and Communications, which was charged with the responsibility of design and construction of low-volume roads around the country in a bid to integrate the country’s road network. This unit was later disbanded in the 1990s, and all roads are improved through the conventional procurement system using private contractors. For these roads the justification of a surfacing project based on conventional economic return methods does not apply, and worse still, the road improvements have to compete with other amenities for the same limited resources. Three ministries in Botswana are responsible for roads: Ministry of Works Transport and Communications, Ministry of Local Government, and Ministry of Trade, Industry, Wildlife and Tourism. These ministries have different responsibilities for different roads within the country, and earth, sand, and gravel roads are found under the jurisdiction of each of the ministries. The major drawbacks concerning low-volume roads in Botswana are inadequate maintenance, poor road construction materials, and the environmental impacts of the roads. Since the budget and resources are inadequate to keep these roads in good condition, it would be prudent to find technological means that would improve the locally available road construction materials so as to minimize their effects on the environment and vehicle operating costs.
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Ncaagae, Katlego. "eDiscovery readiness at the Ministry of Transport and Communications in Botswana." Journal of the South African Society of Archivists 53 (December 16, 2020): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jsasa.v53i1.3.
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This article presents the findings of the study which sought to assess e-discovery readiness at the Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC) in Botswana and make recommendations to improve the e-discovery process. The assessment adopted the Document Labs’ (Doculabs) Discovery Maturity Curve to examine: the e-discovery process; policies, procedures, and guidelines of e-discovery; and information organisation. Both qualitative and quantitative data collection tools were used. Semi-structured interviews with the records manager and IT manager were carried out to gain an insight into the state of e-discovery at the MTC and to allow the participants to describe the phenomena. With regard to quantitative data, the respondents were selected from 56 staff members in the IT, records management and administrative division, as they deal with the management of records. Data was analysed thematically and presented according to the objectives of the study. The study established that MTC was not e-discovery ready as the components that determine success in e-discovery such as undefined e-discovery processes, lack of policies, procedures as well as guidelines that promote successful e-discovery and the lack of a data map were not there. It is recommended that to be successful in e-discovery, MTC needs to develop and implement policies, procedures and guidelines for e-discovery; e-records retention policy; and a data map.
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Osupile, Kakale, and Ushe Makambe. "The nexus between organisational culture and knowledge sharing in a government department in Botswana." International Journal of Public Sector Management 34, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 118–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-06-2020-0149.
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PurposeDue to its complex nature and influence, an inappropriate organisational culture can be a strong impediment to effective knowledge sharing in an organisation, yet a suitable culture enhances organisational effectiveness. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of organisational culture in facilitating knowledge sharing in a selected government ministry in Botswana. The role of people, collaboration, trust and rewards was explored to explicate their influence on knowledge sharing.Design/methodology/approachA descriptive survey design was adopted in which a questionnaire was administered to 127 respondents who were sampled from a population of 431 employees of the ministry based at the head office in Gaborone, with 97 questionnaires successfully completed and returned culminating in a 76.4% response rate.FindingsThe findings of the study exposed a significant and positive correlation between organisational culture and knowledge sharing in the government ministry covered in the study, although incidents of ineffective knowledge sharing were detected. Out of the four elements of organisational culture that were examined (people, collaboration, trust and rewards), the correlation analysis revealed a significant and positive relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable in three of the four independent variables under study.Originality/valueThe study identified gaps in managing knowledge and proposed suitable measures which can add value to knowledge-sharing practices within the selected ministry and elsewhere. The findings of the study are critical as they enable the management at the ministry to develop capabilities for improving knowledge-sharing practices.
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Sidandi, Paul, Philip Opondo, and Sebonetse Tidimane. "Mental health in Botswana." International Psychiatry 8, no. 3 (August 2011): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600002605.
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Botswana is a landlocked country located in southern Africa. More than two-thirds of it (70%) is covered by the Kalahari Desert, known locally as the Kgalagadi. The majority (82%) of the nearly 2 million population live in the eastern part, along the railway line from Lobatse in the south-east to Francistown in the north-east, and the rest in the central part, including the Okavango River delta.
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Tlou, Sheila Dinotshe. "Health status of Botswana women." Women's Studies International Forum 12, no. 2 (January 1989): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(89)90020-4.
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Maphisa, J. Maphisa. "Mental health legislation in Botswana." BJPsych International 16, no. 03 (September 11, 2018): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bji.2018.24.
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The Mental Disorders Act of 1969 is the primary legislation relating to mental health in Botswana. Despite the country not being a signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, its Act has a self-rated score of four out of five on compliance to human rights covenants. However, it can be argued that the Act does not adequately espouse a human rights- and patient-centred approach to legislation. It is hoped that ongoing efforts to revise the Act will address the limitations discussed in this article.
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Moswela, Bernard, and Keonyatse Kgosidialwa. "Leadership and school success: Barriers to leadership in Botswana primary and secondary schools." Educational Management Administration & Leadership 47, no. 3 (November 9, 2017): 443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741143217739355.
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This paper explored two issues as follows: the influence school leaders have on school performances and factors that hinder school leaders’ efforts to achieve school success in Botswana secondary and primary schools. The subjects of the study were 199 teachers and 21 members of the senior management team in primary and secondary schools in Botswana. The participants were to analyse, through semi-structured interviews and a closed-ended questionnaire, the leadership patterns of their leaders and the barriers to effective leadership in schools. The findings revealed that, generally, leaders in Botswana schools practise democratic leadership although not without barriers. Chief among the barriers are the imposition of policies through numerous directives from the Ministry of Education and drug abuse by students supplied by some adults in society. The study ends with a conclusion that draws from the discussion of the findings and relevant studies to the subject being discussed.
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Stern, Phyllis Noerager. "Going to Botswana." Health Care for Women International 15, no. 4 (July 1994): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07399339409516118.
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Kumaresan, J. A., P. Khulumani, and E. T. Maganu. "Leprosy in Botswana." Tropical Doctor 23, no. 2 (April 1993): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559302300216.
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&NA;. "Health Ministry Partnerships." Journal of Christian Nursing 31, no. 1 (2014): E4—E5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cnj.0000000000000050.
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Horton, Shalonda E. B., Elizabeth E. Alvear, and Daryl L. Horton. "Health Ministry Partnerships." Journal of Christian Nursing 31, no. 1 (2014): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cnj.0000000000000030.
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&NA;. "PARISH HEALTH MINISTRY." ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal 3, no. 3 (May 1999): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00135124-199905000-00009.
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Mosweu, Olefhile, Kelvin Bwalya, and Athulang Mutshewa. "Examining factors affecting the adoption and usage of document workflow management system (DWMS) using the UTAUT model." Records Management Journal 26, no. 1 (March 21, 2016): 38–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rmj-03-2015-0012.
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Purpose – Public sector organisations in the developing world contexts have hugely invested in procuring information management systems such as the electronic document and records management system (EDRMS). The procurement and implementation of these systems come at a huge cost to taxpayers. Unfortunately, most of these systems remain white elephants due to reluctance by the anticipated users to adopt and use them in their information management endeavours. This study aims to understand Action Officers’ perceptions of, adoption and/or usage of the document workflow management system (DWMS) at the Ministry of Trade and Industry in Botswana. The DWMS is one type of EDRMS. Design/methodology/approach – The survey uses a questionnaire distributed in Gaborone, Botswana to gather data on the perceptions of anticipated users of the DWMS. The study used a modified form of UTAUT as a theoretical lens to explore user’s perception on the adoption and use of DWMS at the Ministry of Trade and Industry, Botswana. The population of the study was 68. A total of 53 (86.89 per cent) out of 61 users of DWMS were purposively sampled and responded to the questionnaire. The rest took part in interviews. Findings – Negative attitudes to computers, computer anxiety, the complexity of DWMS and its incompatibility to current working practices influences Action and Records Officers’ unwillingness to adopt and use the DWMS. Research limitations/implications – This study was limited to the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI)’s Department of Corporate Services, so its findings cannot be statistically generalized to the MTI as a whole. Another limitation relates to the secretive nature of staff in some government departments which lead them to provide partial information related to the study. Finally, the additional technology adoption factors discovered from interviews (i.e. computer anxiety, incompatibility of DWMS to current work practices, negative attitudes to system use and complexity of the system) have not been empirically tested to ascertain their validity. This provides an opportunity for a future study to empirically test the said additional factors. Practical implications – To mitigate the lower DWMS adoption and usage, robust change management and communication were identified as some of the critical factors that should be considered. The identified factors may be used in drafting a model to aid the implementation of DWMS in Botswana or in a contextually similar environment in the developing world. Originality/value – This study provides empirical evidence from an original study.
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Ntwaagae, Charles. "Commentary: An African Perspective Services Negotiations." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2005): 1850062. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1149.
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A commentary on J. Robert Vastine's article "Services Negotiations in the Doha Round: Promise and Reality." Charles T. Ntwaagae is Ambassador-Permanent Representative to the UN and WTO in Geneva. He has served in the Botswana Public Service over the past 28 years, during which he held several senior policy level positions. These include Executive Director of the National Environment Secretariat, Deputy Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Local Government, Housing and Environment, and Deputy Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. As Ambassador-Permanent Representative, he has served in various capacities, including Chairman of the Africa Group, Co-ordinator of ACP Ambassadors in the WTO and Chairman of Commonwealth Developing countries in the WTO. As of January 2006, he will be serving as Permanent Secretary of Botswana's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.
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Ssegawa, Joseph. "Developing a strategic perspective for construction industry of Botswana." Construction Economics and Building 13, no. 3 (September 20, 2013): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v13i3.3378.
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The paper discusses the outcome of a study conducted to formulate the strategic perspective of the construction industry in Botswana. The study was sanctioned by the two influential entities namely the Ministry of Infrastructure and BOCCIM Construction Sector. The two entities not only represent the demand and supply side of the construction industry but also represent key professions, trades and interests of the industry. A focus group approach was used based on workshops to formulate the strategic perspective. Workshop participants were drawn from various organisations that play a role in the delivery of construction projects. Individually they also represented the various professions, trades, occupations and interests relating to the construction processes in Botswana. Specific statements for industry’s vision, mission, values and goals were formulated through constructive discussions and debates to describe the future desired state of the construction industry. These are to serve as guiding tools for the industry’s reform process. The paper provides a step by step approach that integrates several scholastic frameworks for developing a strategic perspective for the industry.
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Batten, A. "Ministry animal health schemes." Veterinary Record 120, no. 4 (January 24, 1987): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.120.4.95.
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Haron, Muhammed, and Kipton E. Jensen. "Religion, identity and public health in Botswana." African Identities 6, no. 2 (May 2008): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14725840801934039.
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Erick, Patience. "Botswana: country report on children’s environmental health." Reviews on Environmental Health 35, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2019-0092.
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AbstractAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), 5.9 million children under age 5 died in 2015, and globally, the main causes of child deaths are pneumonia, prematurity, intrapartum-related complications, neonatal sepsis, congenital anomalies, diarrhoea, injuries and malaria. In 2012, it was reported that one quarter of childhood deaths and disease burden could have been prevented by reducing environmental risks. Children are vulnerable to environmental risks such as air pollution, inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene, hazardous chemicals and waste, radiation, climate change, as well as emerging threats like e-waste. They are particularly vulnerable to these threats due to their developing organs and immune systems, smaller bodies and airways. In 2010, there were 132,989 in-patient morbidities. This number represents a 5.2% increase from the 126,381 registered in 2009. The major causes of infant morbidity and morbidity in children under 5 years old were diarrhoea and pneumonia. Although morbidity cases increased in 2010, there was a 6% decline in in-patient mortality from 6952 registered deaths in 2009 to 6535 deaths in 2010. Pneumonia and diarrhoea were the major causes of both infant and child mortalities. In Botswana, various environmental risk factors such as contaminated water, air and soil pollution and poor waste management have been associated with children’s environmental health (CEH). The outbreaks of diarrhoea in the country have always been associated with contaminated water. In the recent outbreak of diarrhoea in August 2018, laboratory investigations attributed the outbreak of diarrhoea to rotavirus. Children (1–6 years) living in areas with high levels of traffic congestion (living near a busy road) had higher levels of lead in their blood than those who lived in areas with less traffic. Poor waste management may lead to contamination of air, soil and water. CEH has not been given the attention it deserves in Botswana. It is, therefore, time to raise awareness on the subject. Health care workers, for example, need to be trained on diseases affecting children that are due to environmental exposures. Communities as well need to be trained on environmental factors that are prevalent in their areas and the effects of those on children’s health. It is important that research should be conducted on CEH in Botswana. At the time of compiling this report, the author was not aware of any CEH network in the country or networks in the region. To raise awareness and advocacy of CEH, there is a need for the establishment of a CEH network in the country or to participate in networks in the regions.
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Sinha, Narain. "Health Expenditure and GDP Growth in Botswana." SDMIMD Journal of Management 12, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/sdmimd/2021/26140.
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Mashungwa, G. N. "Grain legume production and their potential for sustainable agriculture in Botswana between 2008 and 2015: a review." Botswana Journal of Agriculture and Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 12, 2019): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37106/bojaas.2019.11.
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Pulse crops are an integral component of arable agriculture in Botswana, particularly in subsistence farming. The benefits of these crops include provision of nutrition for both human beings and livestock, as well as environmental sustainability needs. Although they have a far reaching socio-economic impact, these benefits have not been adequately characterized for inclusion in endeavors of conservation agriculture in the country. Furthermore, data on pulses are often lumped together without identifying important pulse crops grown in Botswana. The objective of this paper was to review production of pulses and their potential as components in cropping systems and conservation agriculture in Botswana. The data used in this study were obtained from reports of Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MOA), Statistics Botswana, FAOSTAT and other literature sources. With the ongoing changes in climate and predicted increase in incidences of drought, pulses are among crops most relevant to sustainable agriculture. They are among the most versatile because of their variability in cropping duration from early to late maturity. Their consumption ranges from fresh forms to physiologically mature grain. Pulses play an important role in climate change mitigation through their ability to fix nitrogen, thus reducing dependency on organic and synthetic fertilizers. They use less water from relatively shallow soil and allow for stratified soil water use for companion crops in intercropping or conserve soil water for subsequent crops in rotations. Thus pulses improve both water and nutrient use efficiencies when included in cropping systems. Their production also has a low footprint in both carbon and water. Currently, pulses are among the few highly priced crops in Botswana markets and together with the possibility of replacement of imported grain, investments in their production can generate income and improve livelihood of both farmers and consumers in Botswana. Crop production management technology involves judicious use of integrated nutrient, pest and disease management; appropriate integrated management packages that include pulses can be promoted to ensure sustainable crop production under the adverse impacts of climate change.
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Ben-Tovim, David I. "Therapy Managing in Botswana." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 19, no. 1 (March 1985): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048678509158819.
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Varied and apparently ideologically incompatible systems of health care are available in many developing countries. Patients move freely between them, receiving care serially or simultaneously from different types of healers. Therapy managing is an anthropological term used to describe how choice of health care is made by an informal group that forms around the patient. The author's experiences while running a community-based psychiatric treatment program in Botswana are discussed in terms of his interaction with patients' managing groups.
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Moatlhodi, Trevor Monare, and Trywell Kalusopa. "AN ASSESSMENT OF E-RECORDS READINESS AT THE MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND HOME AFFAIRS, GABORONE, BOTSWANA." Mousaion: South African Journal of Information Studies 34, no. 3 (February 17, 2017): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0027-2639/991.
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This study sought to assess electronic records (e-records) readiness at the Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs (MLHA), Gaborone, Botswana, within the purview of the implementation of an e-records management solution – the National Archives and Records Management System (NARMS). The assessment was done using tenets derived from the existing International Records Management Trust (IRMT) E-records Readiness Tool. The assessment examined the national legal and policy framework, compliance with policies, standards, tools, procedures and responsibilities for records management, e-records management products and technologies, resource capacity and training for records management staff, internal awareness of records management programme and the level of management ownership on e-records management. The study largely adopted a qualitative approach, but used methodological triangulation of both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods, with a case study research design. Data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and observations. Respondents comprised of records management staff, action officers (records users) and Information Technology (IT) Manager. The study findings revealed that the level of e-records readiness at the MLHA included: inadequate legal and regulatory framework; average adherence to records management procedures, tools and standards; low awareness among staff of the records management programme and, the national regulatory framework and on the NARMS pilot project; limited space for records management; slow progress in the implementation of NARMS and low capacity building as records management staff is rarely taken for training. The study also revealed that opportunities for increasing the depth of e-records readiness exist, such as: availability of financial resources for the NARMS pilot project; adequate Information Communication Technologies (ICT) infrastructure and high management commitment on the E-Records Management (NARMS pilot project). The study recommends: improvement of the national legal and policy framework by development of an e-records policy; development of a records management policy to provide an internal records management framework; regular training for records management staff, especially on e-records; regular internal records management awareness; and assigning senior management high-level responsibility for organisation-wide records and information management.
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Burtis, Amber. "New Zealand Ministry of Health:." Journal of Consumer Health On the Internet 15, no. 4 (October 2011): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15398285.2011.623588.
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Grose, Simon. "Troubles beset Thai health ministry." Nature Medicine 16, no. 2 (February 2010): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0210-141b.
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Doroznynski, A. "Report criticises French health ministry." BMJ 314, no. 7077 (February 1, 1997): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7077.323g.
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Solomon, Malebogo, Luis Furuya-Kanamori, and Kinley Wangdi. "Spatial Analysis of HIV Infection and Associated Risk Factors in Botswana." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 3424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073424.
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Botswana has the third highest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence globally, and the severity of the epidemic within the country varies considerably between the districts. This study aimed to identify clusters of HIV and associated factors among adults in Botswana. Data from the Botswana Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Impact Survey IV (BIAS IV), a nationally representative household-based survey, were used for this study. Multivariable logistic regression and Kulldorf’s scan statistics were used to identify the risk factors and HIV clusters. Socio-demographic characteristics were compared within and outside the clusters. HIV prevalence among the study participants was 25.1% (95% CI 23.3–26.4). HIV infection was significantly higher among the female gender, those older than 24 years and those reporting the use of condoms, while tertiary education had a protective effect. Two significant HIV clusters were identified, one located between Selibe-Phikwe and Francistown and another in the Central Mahalapye district. Clusters had higher levels of unemployment, less people with tertiary education and more people residing in rural areas compared to regions outside the clusters. Our study identified high-risk populations and regions with a high burden of HIV infection in Botswana. This calls for focused innovative and cost-effective HIV interventions on these vulnerable populations and regions to curb the HIV epidemic in Botswana.
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Misra, Supriya, Haitisha T. Mehta, Evan L. Eschliman, Shathani Rampa, Ohemaa B. Poku, Wei-Qian Wang, Ari R. Ho-Foster, et al. "Identifying “What Matters Most” to Men in Botswana to Promote Resistance to HIV-Related Stigma." Qualitative Health Research 31, no. 9 (March 25, 2021): 1680–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10497323211001361.
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Despite a comprehensive national program of free HIV services, men living with HIV in Botswana participate at lower rates and have worse outcomes than women. Directed content analysis of five focus groups ( n = 38) and 50 in-depth interviews with men and women with known and unknown HIV status in Gaborone, Botswana in 2017 used the “what matters most” (WMM) and “structural vulnerability” frameworks to examine how the most valued cultural aspects of manhood interact with HIV-related stigma. WMM for manhood in Botswana included fulfilling male responsibilities by being a capable provider and maintaining social status. Being identified with HIV threatened WMM, which fear of employment discrimination could further exacerbate. Our findings indicate how cultural and structural forces interact to worsen or mitigate HIV-related stigma for urban men in Botswana. These threats to manhood deter HIV testing and treatment, but interventions could capitalize on cultural capabilities for manhood to promote stigma resistance.
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Corlett, J. T. "Growth of urban schoolchildren in Botswana." Annals of Human Biology 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014468600008211.
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Nnyepi, Maria, Maurice R. Bennink, Jose Jackson-Malete, Sumathi Venkatesh, Leapetswe Malete, Lucky Mokgatlhe, Philemon Lyoka, Gabriel M. Anabwani, Jerry Makhanda, and Lorraine J. Weatherspoon. "Nutrition status of HIV+ children in Botswana." Health Education 115, no. 5 (August 3, 2015): 495–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-04-2014-0052.
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Purpose – Identifying and addressing poor nutritional status in school-aged children is often not prioritized relative to HIV/AIDS treatment. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the benefits of integrating nutrition (assessment and culturally acceptable food supplement intervention) in the treatment strategy for this target group. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted a randomized, double blind pre-/post-intervention trial with 201 HIV-positive children (six to 15 years) in Botswana. Eligibility included CD4 cell counts < 700/mm3 (a marker for the severity of HIV infection), documented treatment with antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, and no reported evidence of taking supplemental food products with one or more added nutrients in the six-month period prior to the study. The intervention (12 months) consisted of two food supplements for ethical reason, one with a higher protein content, bean (bean-sorghum based) group (n=97) and a cereal (sorghum) group (n=104) both of which contained added energy- and micro- nutrients. Anthropometric and biochemical nutritional status indicators (stunting, wasting, underweight, skinfolds for fat and muscle protein reserves, and hemoglobin levels) were compared within and between the bean and the cereal groups pre- and post-intervention separately for children six to nine years and ten to 15 years. Findings – Older children (ten to 15 years) fared worse overall compared to those who were younger (six to nine years) children in anthropometric and protein status indicators both at baseline and post-intervention. Among children six to nine years, the mid arm circumference and blood hemoglobin levels improved significantly in both the bean and cereal groups (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Although the BMI for age z-score and the triceps skinfold decreased significantly in the bean group, the post-intervention subscapular skinfold (fat stores) was significantly higher for the bean group compared to the cereal group (p < 0.05). Among children ten to 15 years, both the bean and the cereal groups also showed improvement in mid arm circumference (p < 0.001), but only those in the bean group showed improvement in hemoglobin (p < 0.01) post-intervention. Originality/value – Similar significant nutritional status findings and trends were found for both food interventions and age within group pre- vs post-comparisons, except hemoglobin in the older children. Post-intervention hemoglobin levels for the type food supplement was higher for the “bean” vs the “cereal” food in the younger age group. The fact that all children, but especially those who were older were in poor nutritional status supports the need for nutrition intervention in conjunction with ARV treatment in children with HIV/AIDS, perhaps using a scaled up future approach to enhance desired outcomes.
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Krosnar, Katka. "Controversial appointment upsets Czech health ministry." Lancet 366, no. 9502 (December 2005): 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67800-2.
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Brodeur, D. "Catholic Health Care: Rationale for Ministry." Christian Bioethics 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/chbi.5.1.5.3794.
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