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Kaya, Ayse Idil. "A Study On Blended Bottom Ash Cements." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612504/index.pdf.
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Cement production which is one of the most energy intensive industries plays a
significant role in emitting the greenhouse gases. Blended cement production by
supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash, ground granulated blast
furnace slag and natural pozzolan is one of the smart approaches to decrease energy
and ecology related concerns about the production.
Fly ash has been used as a substance to produce blended cements for years, but
bottom ash, its coarser counterpart, has not been utilized due to its lower pozzolanic
properties. This thesis study aims to evaluate the laboratory performance of blended
cements, which are produced both by fly ash and bottom ash.
Fly ash and bottom ash obtained from Seyitömer Power Plant were used to produce blended cements in 10, 20, 30 and 40% by mass as clinker replacement materials. One ordinary portland cement and eight blended cements were produced in the laboratory. Portland cement was ground 120 min to have a Blaine value of 3500±
100 cm2/g. This duration was kept constant in the production of bottom ash cements. Fly ash cements were produced by blending of laboratory produced portland cement and fly ash. Then, 2, 7, 28 and 90 day compressive strengths, normal consistencies, soundness and time of settings of cements were determined. It was found that blended fly ash and bottom ash cements gave comparable strength results at 28 day curing age for 10% and 20% replacement. Properties of blended cements were observed to meet the requirements specified by Turkish and American standards.
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Larsson, Rasmus. "Energy recovery of metallic aluminium in MSWI bottom ash : Different approaches to hydrogen production from MSWI bottom ash: A case study." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-95064.
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Most of the wastes in Sweden end up in incinerator plants. These trashes are full of metals, especially aluminium, which will not oxidize, they can’t always be recycled and they will instead oxidize in water and leak hydrogen gas to its surrounding. Estimations calculate it could be an average potential of around 40-50 kWh/ton of burnt trash. Ignoring the imported trash, the national recovery potential of Sweden’s 4,3 million tonnes of trash would then be equal to 170-220 GWh/year due to non-recyclable metals, which are currently going to temporary landfills. The requirements to harness this potential are technically simple, and can be achieved by a quick separation of the recyclables and the non-recyclables. This report will review the factors which increase the rate of reaction and study different ways of extracting the energy, by electrolysis, thermal treatment and mechanical mixing. This was done by taking small samples from the MSWI, owned by Umeå Energi AB, and putting them in small containers. While using the different methods, electrolysis, thermal treatment and mechanichal mixing, the amount of developed H2 gas over time was measured. The result shows that the best methods are mechanical mixing together with thermal treatment, where mechanical mixing seems to give the biggest effect of them two. The electrolysis did not work as intended, where there could be issues with the conductivity of the ash-mixture.
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Ahmed, Abdalla Abdelkader Tawfeek. "Treatment and re-utilization of incinerator bottom ash waste." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540069.
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Pollution and waste are continually generated. The production of waste. however. has increased rapidly in recent years. An efficient and safe means of either neutralizing or disposing of this waste has been increasingly researched. In recent times, the potential of recycling and reusing the waste in construction works has been investigated. The studies have highlighted the benefits of such applications. In line with these studies, the current study investigated the suitability of using Incinerator Bottom Ash Waste (lBA W) as an alternative to conventional aggregates in the construction of road foundations. IBA W is a residual material produced by incinerating Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). The potential advantage of this approach is that the reuse of IBA W helps to conserve the supplies of conventional aggregates and reduces the landfills needed to store the waste. However, such applications may cause serious environmental impacts as IBA W may be exposed to intermittent infiltration as a consequence of precipitation events or altering of the water table, resulting in a potential release of pollutants to soil and groundwater. This work is divided into three main parts. The first part investigates the potential environmental impacts by using leaching tests for treated and untreated IBA W. The treatment including stabilization and chemical processes was applied in this study for IBA W by using different types of novel and traditional additives. This treatment aimed at immobilizing the pollutants by integrating them in a strong matrix. The Iysimeter as a leaching tool was adopted to assess the potential impact of changing conditions such as liquid to solid ratio (LIS), pH value, IBA W content and different treatment agents on long-term release of heavy metals and salts to estimate the environmental risks of IBA W. Appropriate and reliable leaching models based on initial measurement of intrinsic material properties and simplified testing were used to predict the release of constituents of concern from IBA W and its migration and fate into soil. The second part of the thesis aims at analyzing the microstructure of IBA W material by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS) techniques. These tests are adopted to manifest the physical and chemical features of IBA Wand identify the nature of the materials and any secondary reaction elements, especially after mixing with water, with and without additives. This helps understanding the behaviour of the materials because there is a good correlation between the microstructural and chemical composition of the materials and their mechanical behaviour. The third part studies the mechanical properties of IBA W as an aggregate. An experimental programme has been undertaken to investigate the influence of treatment on the behaviour of IBA W blends for use as foundation layers. The research has focused on determining the blends' resilient modulus and permanent deformation. Cyclic and static triaxial compression tests were adopted to determine the materials' mechanical characteristics. Light Weight Falling Deflectometer (L WFD) test was also adopted as an in-situ evaluation for the elastic modulus of IBA W. Emphasis has been on examining the effect of various parameters, such as IBA W content, type and content of additives, moisture content, curing time and maximum nominal particle size on the behaviour of the investigated blends. The shakedown concept was adopted to evaluate the behaviour of the IBAW material under cyclic loading as a granular material. A new calculation model was proposed to estimate the plastic deformation of IBA W and granular materials under monotonic loading. Finite element modelling was adopted to simulate the IBA W material behaviour under static, cyclic and impact loading in macro and micro scales. The main findings of this study are that IBA W can be reused safely and successfully as an aggregate in construction applications. It also illustrated that IBA W may show similar or even better behaviour than conventional aggregate as observed under some conditions. IBA W also showed typical behaviour of conventional aggregates using the theoretical and modelling approaches. Some novel and traditional treatment agents resulted in a good improvement in IBA W behaviour in terms of environmental and mechanical properties.
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Paija, Navin. "FEASIBILITY STUDY OF USING GROUND BOTTOM ASH IN GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2134.
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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF NAVIN PAIJA, for the Master of Science degree in CIVIL ENGINEERING, presented on 04/06/2017, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. FEASIBILITY STUDY OF USING GROUND BOTTOM ASH IN GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Dr. Manoj K. Mohanty United States alone has about three quarters of the accessible worldwide reserve of coal. There are about 511 coal-powered electric plants and generates about 33% of the nation’s electricity. The combustion of coal results in a large number of solid waste materials known as coal combustion byproducts (CCBs) that are stored in landfill or ponds. These are easily accessible and with proper research it can be put into beneficial use. Today concrete is the second most consumed substance after water. Concrete, a composite material made of a binder in combination with coarse and fine aggregate, is used in foundations and structures of buildings, bridges, roads, dams. Cement is the most widely used binder for concrete, however, research has shown that a single cement industry produces approximately 5% of global CO2 emissions, and one ton of Portland cement emits approximately one ton of CO2. This emission of CO2 is one of the main reasons for global warming and has detrimental impacts on environment. The possibility of using fly ash and bottom ash as an alternative to cement as a binder to produce sustainable concrete is investigated in this study. The process of geopolymerization includes the reaction of ash and an alkali activated solution made of diluted sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide. The initial objective of this study was to produce fly ash geopolymer concrete which has a strength comparable to that of cement concrete. However, later the possibility of bottom ash as a binder material for geopolymer production was also studied. During this study, the strength of conventional mortar with 10%, 20%, and 30% cement replacement with fly ash and bottom ash was experimented and compared with strength of cement mortar. The test results showed that with increase in the fly ash and bottom ash replacement the strength of the mortars decreased, moreover, the mortars that was replaced by bottom ash produced better results than that of the fly ash replacement. Also, the effect of increase in the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio on the strength of geopolymer mortar is studied. Sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio of 1.5, 2.5, and 3 is used in this ratio, and the test results showed that with the increase in this ratio the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar also increased. Similarly, different combinations of fly ash and bottom ash is used to produce geopolymer mortars. The results showed that geopolymer mortar with higher bottom ash content produced better results. The effect of ground fly ash and bottom ash on the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar is also studied. The test result showed that with increase in fineness of fly ash and bottom ash, there was slight improvement in the strength.
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Fizette, Hobson H. "Development of concrete composites by synergistically using Illinois PCC Bottom Ash and Class F Fly Ash /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1328063751&sid=8&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Nilsson, Mirja. "Environmental assessment of bottom ash pre-treated with zero valent iron." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-16832.
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Bottom ash has similar properties as crushed rocks and gravel, andcould replace some of the 40 million tonnesof virgin material used for road constructions each year.However, results presented in the literature indicate thatthe leaching of e.g. Cr, Cu, Mo, Pb and Zn can cause athreat to the sur rounding environment if the materialis used as it is. A common pre-treatment method is carbonation, whichwill reduce the pH and thereby decrease the leaching of several metals. This treatment is however not always enough, so alternative methods areneeded. One possibility could be to increase the number of sorption sites for the metals. The importance of iron oxides as sorption sits for metals isknown from both mineralogical studies of bottom ash as well as from theremediation of contaminated soil, where iron is used as an amendment.Zero valent iron (Fe 0) was therefore added prior to accelerated agingin order to increase the number of adsorption sites for metals and thereby improving the leaching quality. The performed leaching tests showed that theaddition of Fe 0 prior to accelerated aging improved the quality of the leachate compared with untreated bottom ash. There was also a significant de crease of Cu, Cr, Mo and Zn from bottom ash treated with Fe0 prior to accelerated aging com pared with bottom ash submitted to only accelerated aging. In order to make an environmental assessment of the bottom ash pretreated with Fe 0 prior to accelerated aginggeochemical modeling was performed using different pH and redox potentialsin order to simulate variations in the environment.The results in dicated that the leaching of Cr, Cr, Mo and Pb would not cause harm to the environment.Zn, however, was affected by changes in pH and leached in harmful aounts at pH values velow 6 and above 10.There are reasons to question the results from the geochemical modellingsince the results from pH-stat tests showedthat several elements leached at potentially harmful levelsat several of the tested pH. To fully evaluate the effect of addition of Fe0should the mineralogy of the pretreated bottom ash be evaluated further, in order to see what forms iron oxides are pre sent and if other metals are associated with them. However, in order to improve the quality of bottom ash,focus should be directed torwards what type of wastes that areincinerated and on the incineration process.Godkänd; 2014; 20141110 (mirnil); Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Mirja Nilsson Ämne: Avfallsteknik/Waste Science and Technology Uppsats: Environmental Assessment of Bottom Ash Pre-Treated with Zero Valent Iron Examinator: Professor Anders Lagerkvist, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Tekn Dr Josef Mácsik, Ecoloop, Stockholm Tid: Onsdag den 17 december 2014 kl 13,00 Plats: Rum F1030, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Magnusson, Ylva. "Environmental Systems Analysis for utilisation of bottom ash in ground constructions." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32674.
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To decrease the disposal of waste and to save natural resources, several political initiatives have been initiated both in Sweden and at a European level. Therefore an urgent task is to find suitable utilisation areas for residuals, such as construction materials. For residual products to be an interesting alternative to conventional aggregates, such as sand, gravel or crushed rock, it is important that the material is environmentally acceptable. So far, environmental evaluations of residuals mainly have focused on measurements of total chemical content and leaching behaviour. The result has been that the positive effects, like for example less disposal of material and reduced extraction of natural aggregates, not have been considered in the evaluations. At the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm, a method that uses a broader system perspective has been developed. The method is based on an Environmental Systems Analysis (ESA) approach and can act as a complement to the current leaching test. The method has been used for studying the difference in environmental impacts that can be expected if bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is used in road construction or is disposed of. This study contributes with an expanded set of scenarios for application of the MSWI bottom ash and with an improvement of data quality for disposal of material. The new application of MSWI bottom ash is its use as a drainage material in covering structures in a landfill. The thesis showed that leaching of metals, resource use and emissions to air were the environmental flows that were of most importance for assessing the environmental impact of the studied scenarios. The use of MSWI bottom ash in road construction was found to be the most environmentally preferable alternative, compared to utilisation of the MSWI bottom ash as drainage material in a landfill structure or disposal of the ash. None of the applications were free from negative environmental impact and different categories of impact were dominating in the different applications. However, these results are strongly dependent on the chosen system boundaries. The results are sensitive to changes in parameters such as transport distance and the conditions affecting leaching, for example the amount of precipitation. Besides these results, new life cycle data for disposal of material is presented in the study. Previous data for the environmental impact from disposal of material were old and lacked important information, such as the environmental impact related to covering structure in the landfill. The ESA approach allowed both resource use and emissions to be considered and can therefore be seen as valuable complement to other studies that use a narrower system perspective. The results can be used to improve information for decision support concerning waste management.Både på europeisk och svensk nivå finns politiska drivkrafter för att öka återvinningen och återanvändningen av avfall och på så vis minska mängden avfall som förs till deponi. Det ses därför som en angelägen uppgift att finna lämpliga sätt att återanvända restprodukter, exempelvis som konstruktionsmaterial. För att restprodukter överhuvudtaget ska vara ett alternativ till konventionella material såsom sand, grus eller bergkross är det viktigt att miljöbedömningar av materialet görs. Hittills har debatten om användningen av restprodukter präglats av ett snävt systemperspektiv, där man framförallt fokuserat på materialens utlakningsrisker. Positiva effekter i form av exempelvis minskad deponering och minskad naturresursutvinning har inte beaktats i samma utsträckning. Vid KTH i Stockholm har en metod utvecklats som har ett bredare systemperspektiv, vilket kan ses som ett komplement till dagens fokusering på utlakningsrisker. Metoden baseras på ett miljösystemanalysperspektiv och i de pågående studierna har man studerat skillnaderna i miljöeffekter som uppstår då bottenaska från avfallsförbränning används vid vägbyggnation eller deponeras. Den här studien syftar till att utvidga metoden med ännu ett alternativ av nyttiggörande av avfallsbottenaska, nämligen som dräneringsmaterial vid deponitäckning, samt förbättra kvalitén på livscykeldata för deponering av material. Tre viktiga aspekter för att bestämma miljöpåverkan visade sig vara utlakning av metaller från materialen, resurshushållning samt utsläpp till luft från energianvändningen. Resultatet visade att alternativet att använda askan vid vägbyggnation är att föredra i jämförelse med att använda askan som dräneringsmaterial vid deponitäckning eller att deponera askan. Inget alternativ i studien var dock fritt från miljöpåverkan och skilda typer av miljöpåverkan dominerade i de olika alternativen. Resultat från studien visade sig vara känsligt för förändring av transportavstånd och parametrar som påverkar utlakningen, exempel mängden regn. Dessa resultat ska dock ses mot bakgrund av de systemgränser som valts och de antaganden som gjorts i metoden. Vid sidan om dessa resultat presenteras nya livscykeldata för deponering av material som tagits fram i studien. Tidigare existerande värden för deponering av material var inaktuella och ofta var inte alla påverkande parametrar som exempelvis sluttäckning av deponin inkluderade. Examensarbetet visar att miljösystemanalys som metod inte bara beaktar utlakningsrisker vid miljöbedömning av omhändertagande av restmaterial utan tar även hänsyn till resursförbrukning och emissioner. Denna typ av riskbedömning kan exempelvis användas i beslutsunderlag för avfallshantering på regional nivå.
www.ima.kth.se
Environment systems analysis for the use of residuals – A regional perspective on the utilisation of ashes in ground construction
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Maldonado, Alameda Alex. "Alkali-activated binders based on municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672107.
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Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is the most widely used solution in those countries where landfilling areas are limited. Incineration allows reducing the total volume of waste (up to 90%) and generating energy resulting from combustion. The main by-product generated in waste-to-energy plants is known as incineration bottom ash (IBA), which is a heterogeneous mixture of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, ceramics, and glass. IBA is classified as a non- hazardous material due to its composition rich in calcium oxide, silica, and iron. IBA composition and morphology are very similar to natural siliceous aggregates after an ageing treatment where the weathered bottom ash (WBA) is obtained. This maturation process makes feasible the WBA valorisation as a secondary aggregate in the field of construction and civil engineering. Moreover, the high percentage of glass and aluminium found in the WBA would allow its valorisation as a precursor in the alkali-activated binders (AABs) formulation. The main goal of this PhD thesis was the scientific and technological development of new AABs based on the alkali activation of WBA (AA-WBA binders), to reduce the use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in building and civil engineering fields. In this sense, this aim is related to the use of more sustainable cement-based materials, which promote the circular economy and zero-waste principle through the valorisation of WBA. The potential of WBA as a precursor in the AA-WBA binders’ formulation was evaluated along with the PhD thesis through different studies that can be classified into four blocks. The first block was based on the evaluation of the WBA potential as a precursor in AABs based on its particle size. This study demonstrated the variability in the reactive SiO2 and Al2O3 availability as a function of the particle size. The potential of the entire fraction (EF) and the 8-30-mm fraction highlighted the possible use of them as precursors in the AABs formulation. The second block of this thesis was focused on the study of AA-WBA binders using the WBA as a sole precursor. Mixtures of sodium silicate (WG) and NaOH (2M, 4M, 6M, and 8M) were used as alkaline activator solutions to assess the effect of the NaOH concentration on the final properties. It was demonstrated the possibility of developing AA-WBA. The influence of alkaline activator solution concentration on the final properties of the AA-WBA was evidenced, obtaining better mechanical performance with the use of the WG/NaOH 6M solution. The results revealed the enhancement in the mechanical properties when the 8-30-mm fraction was used. However, the environmental results revealed
arsenic and antimony leaching values that require further research to validate the environmental feasibility of AA-WBA. In the third block, the 8-30-mm fraction was mixed with other precursors with greater availability of Al2O3 (metakaolin and PAVAL®). The main purpose was to improve the mechanical properties and the heavy metal stabilisation effect of the AA- WBA obtained in the second block. In both cases, mechanical performance was improved due to the inclusion of Al2O3. However, the environmental properties continued to show leaching values that did not ensure the environmental viability of the AA-WBA binders. Finally, the fourth block of the thesis was focused on carrying out an environmental and ecotoxicological assessment to validate the use of AA-WBA binders as construction material. The results showed a medium-low level of ecotoxicity in the AA-WBA formulated with the 8-30-mm fraction, similar to the binders activated with MK (AA-MK).El principal subproducte generat durant la incineració de residus sòlids urbans es coneix com a cendra de fons. La seva composició és molt similars als agregats silícics naturals després d’un tractament d’envelliment on s’obté la cendra de fons madurada (weathered bottom ash; WBA segons les sigles angleses). El seu alt contingut en vidre i alumini el converteixen en un potencial candidat com a precursor en la fabricació d’aglutinants activats alcalinament (alkali-activated binders, AABs segons les sigles angleses). L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi doctoral va consistir en el desenvolupament de AABs mitjançant l’activació alcalina de WBA (aglutinants AA-WBA). El potencial de la WBA i els aglutinants AA-WBA es va avaluar mitjançant diferents estudis que es poden classificar en quatre blocs. Al primer bloc es va avaluar el potencial de WBA com a precursor en funció de la seva mida de partícula. Aquest estudi va demostrar el potencial de la fracció sencera i de la fracció 8-30 mm. El segon bloc es va centrar en l’estudi d’aglutinants AA-WBA que utilitzaven el WBA com a únic precursor. Es va evidenciar la influència de la concentració de la solució activadora alcalina en les propietats finals dels aglutinants AA-WBA. Els resultats van revelar la millora de les propietats mecàniques quan es va utilitzar la fracció 8-30 mm. No obstant, els resultats ambientals van revelar valors de lixiviació d'arsènic i antimoni que requerien la validació a nivell ambiental dels aglutinants. Al tercer bloc, la fracció 8-30 mm es va barrejar amb altres precursors rics en d’Al2O3 (metakaolin i PAVAL®) per millorar les propietats mecàniques i l’estabilització de metalls pesants dels aglutinants obtinguts al segon bloc. En ambdós casos, es va millorar el rendiment mecànic, tot i que les propietats ambientals van continuar mostrant valors de lixiviació que no asseguraven la viabilitat ambiental dels aglutinants AA-WBA. Finalment, al quart bloc es va realitzar una avaluació ambiental i ecotoxicològica per validar l’ús d’aglutinants AA-WBA com a material de construcció. Els resultats van mostrar un nivell mitjà-baix d’ecotoxicitat a l’AA-WBA formulat amb la fracció de 8 a 30 mm, similar als aglutinants activats amb MK (AA-MK).
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Olsson, Susanna. "Environmental assessment of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash in road constructions." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : KTH Land and Water Resource Engineering, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-435.
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Lacour, Nicholas Alexander. "Engineering Characteristics of Coal Combustion Residuals and a Reconstitution Technique for Triaxial Samples." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33680.
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Traditionally, coal combustion residuals (CCRs) were disposed of with little engineering consideration. Initially, common practice was to use a wet-scrubbing system to cut down on emissions of fly ash from the combustion facilities, where the ash materials were sluiced to the disposal facility and allowed to sediment out, forming deep deposits of meta-stable ash. As the life of the disposal facility progressed, new phases of the impoundment were constructed, often using the upstream method. One such facility experienced a massive slope stability failure on December 22, 2008 in Kingston, Tennessee, releasing millions of cubic yards of impounded ash material into the Watts Bar reservoir and damaging surrounding property. This failure led to the call for new federal regulations on CCR disposal areas and led coal burning facilities to seek out geotechnical consultants to review and help in the future design of their disposal facilities. CCRs are not a natural soil, nor a material that many geotechnical engineers deal with on a regular basis, so this thesis focuses on compiling engineering characteristics of CCRs determined by different researchers, while also reviewing current engineering practice when dealing with CCR disposal facilities. Since the majority of coal-burning facilities used the sluicing method to dispose of CCRs at one point, many times it is desirable to construct new "dry-disposal" phases above the retired ash impoundments; since in-situ sampling of CCRs is difficult and likely produces highly disturbed samples, a sample reconstitution technique is also presented for use in triaxial testing of surface impounded CCRs.Master of Science
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Coffindaffer-Ballard, Donna V. "Strawberry growth and fruit characteristics in response to coal bottom ash root media." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1434.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 74 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-70).
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Kumar, Deepak. "Compaction Characteristics of Bottom ash." Thesis, 2015. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/7378/1/2015_Compacation_Kumar.pdf.
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The present study based on compaction characteristics of Bottom ash. As bottom ash is one of the coal combustion by-products which is collected at the bottom of the furnace of coal fired thermal power plant which is the main source of production of coal ashes. In this investigation three types of bottom ash have been used. There are several factors which affect the dry density of the bottom ash, as: specific gravity, moisture content, compaction energy, layer thickness and mold area. The variation in the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of bottom ash (collected from three different sites) as per standard proctor compaction energy is 9.77 -10.46 kN/m3 and 37-42%, respectively. In the study it has been seen that variation in the above factors affecting the dry density of bottom ash considerably. On the basis of these factors, an empirical model has been developed to calculate the dry density of bottom ash in terms of compaction energy, specific gravity and moisture content. This model might be helpful for engineers to control the compaction in the field and also a preliminary estimation of MDD and OMC of bottom ash on the field.
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Hsueh, Yung-Ching, and 薛永慶. "Pollutant Attenuation Characteristics of Bottom Ash Landfill Leachate in Lysimeter Filled with Incinerator Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67406151716007615989.
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碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
88
Municipal solid waste (MSW) increases with world industrialization and population development. Incineration can reduce the mass and volume of MSW. The MSW incineration residuals, however, need to be treated further. The MSW incineration residuals are divided into fly ash and bottom ash. Bottom ash is normally categorized to be non-hazardous waste because the leaching concentrations of heavy metals are lower than the leaching standards. Only a fraction of the bottom ash is reused, and the majority of the bottom ash is landfilled. In the study, the lysimeter of Chuan (1999) was changed from low temperature to room temperature to observe the pollutant attenuation characteristics of bottom ash landfill leachate. Biological reactions previous developed inside the lysimeter are able to reduce the COD, BOD and ammonia of the leachate. The organic compounds are reduced to the organic acids resulting in decreased pH. The concentrations of heavy metals increase due to metal desorption previously sorbed onto the bottom ash.
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Zhang, Xiang-Rui, and 張庠睿. "The effect of incinerator bottom ash and bottom ash powder when sued in cement mortar." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76712897824277643206.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系所
103
In this study, fine aggregate from the garbage incinerator bottom slag is used as a major ingredient in cement mortar. The bottom slag powder, which passes #200 sieve, will replace parts of the bottom slag fine aggregate and cement in mortar proportion to investigate the change of compressive, flexural strength, porosity, and permeability of the mortars. The tests contain three groups of mortar specimens with cement content of 250 kg/m3, 320 kg/m3, and 390 kg/m3. In each specimen group, different proportions of bottom ash powder will substitute the bottom slag fine aggregate and cement, by weight percentage 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of each material. The water-cement ratio keeps constant as 0.6 in the 12 subgroups of mortar specimens. Based on the results above, considering the workability, two proportions of the mortar are then adopted to manufacture the formed-block bricks, in which the cement dose is 321 kg / m3, and the replacing weight percentages of slag powder to slag fine aggregate are 0% and 20%. The results show that the slag powder replacing the bottom slag fine aggregate effectively improve compressive strength and flexural strength of the mortar, however the 10% replacement, will lower the strength up to 80%. When replacing percentage is higher than 10%, the higher replacing ratio will make the compressive strength and flexural strength increase, 28-day compressive strength can reach 215 kgf / cm2 and flexural strength 19 kgf / cm2 at 30% replacement. Nonetheless, the 40% replacement will make the strength drop dramatically once again. The research also finds that all the specimen groups have low porosity, falling between 2.55% and 0.19%, which induces the very low permeability for each mortar specimen. The bending test on the five-brick-stack set find that the formed-block bricks with different sets tenon-and-mortise are damaged at main body of the bricks rather than at the tenons. It suggests that in the formed-block brick, with the given proportion, the tenon can effectively provides shear resistance from been ripped off when the stacked bricks failed. Keywords: Incineration bottom slag, bottom ash powder, formed brick, tonen
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Su, Po-Yuan, and 蘇柏源. "The Application of Sewage Sludge Ash and Bottom Ash to Mortars." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35949286028324045910.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系碩士班
94
The Sewage Sludge Ash and Incinerator Bottom Ash are the effluent of country development process by business. Lots of studies and instances show that had been the properties of reclamation. That can carry more of natural ballast and cement, and makes manage development forever of the natural capitals in the environment by economic of reclamation. Many studies of SSA find that was the Pozzolanic materials. As the results of the study will make SSA be replaced of Cement weight by points in order to research it’s property reactions. The Incinerator Bottom Ash will be replaced of sand to find the properties of it. Four parts of the case are SSA replaced of Cement, Fly Ash and SSA replaced of Cement, different diameter of Bottom Ash replaced of sand and different weight ratio in SSA replaced of Cement to application of mortars. The end by research the best ways of amalgamation.
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Tsay, Mimg-Yih, and 蔡明益. "The Influence of Fly Ash on the mortar of Sewage Sludge Ash and Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19775434367681507013.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系所
95
Fly Ash、Sewage Sludge and Bottom Ash of Incinerator are the waste of city development process by various businesses and human daily lives. Many of sciwnce studies show that thecity waste reuse will be a possibility to fill up the shortage of natural resources as sand and cement at this stage. Reusing the waste of Flash Ash、Sewage Sludge and Bottom Ash of Incinerator that will reduce the tension of city environmental protection and build up more benefits for residents of city.The highly reuse the city waste that will enhance the economical efficiency and decrease the city waste treatment of facility. This study Cement weight will be replaced by Fly Ash and Sewage Sludge Ash and as for Incinerator bottom Ash will be replaced by sand. Particularly additional research will be made into the role that fiy ash plays in the drainage of sewage sludge ash.By adding different proportions of fly ash to substitute for the cements used mixed cement mortar will their properities and mechanism has to be changed. Keywords:Fly Ash、Sewage Sludge Ash、Incinerator Bottom Ash
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Wu, Jen-Chung, and 吳仁忠. "Properties of CFBC Ash and Pulverized Coal Bottom Ash used for Backfills." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11659809535202825794.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
材料工程研究所
96
Circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) ash and pulverized coal (PC) bottom ash were mixed following the designed proportions. Specimens were tested to evaluate the engineering properties in accordance with the suitable specifications. Test variables include the mix proportions and preloading and compressive strength test, soil compaction test, direct shear test, CBR test, triaxial pervious test and SEM observation were conducted in order to verify the feasibility of CFBC ash mixtures used as for backfill materials or controlled low strength materials. Test results indicate (1) optimum moisture content of six mixtures decreased with an increase in PC bottom ash and increased as preloading increased; (2) cohesion and internal friction angle increased as loading increased; (3) when the mixing ratio (by weight) of CFBC ash to PC bottom was 1:1.5, CBR (56 strokes) reached the highest value(2.84), and all the test mixtures were satisfied the ASTM requirements of bearing capacity for subgrade according to the CBR testing results; and (4) coefficient of permeability increased by with an increase in PC bottom ash; (5) the 12-hour and 28-day compressive strengths of blended ash mixtures (besides mix F) satisfied the specified values of CLSM according to ACI specifications.
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Sultana, Benazeer. "Assessing the suitability of coarse pond ash and bottom ash as filter material." Thesis, 2013. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/4707/1/211CE1018.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Energy requirements for the developing countries like India in particular are met from coal-based thermal power plants. The ash generation has increased to about 131 million tonne during 2010-11and shall continue to grow. Huge amount of coal ash generation creates major problems for their disposal. Primarily, the coal ash is disposed off using either dry or wet disposal scheme. In wet disposal, the fly ash and bottom ash are transported as slurry through pipe and disposed off in pond ash. Main reason for failure of ash dyke is due to ineffective functioning of filter or internal drains. Natural river sand is used as the conventional filter material. However, the non-availability of required graded sand in and around construction site and in all seasons possesses problems to the construction of ash dykes. Coarse pond ash and bottom ash which are the waste products of thermal power plant and non-plastic in nature and available abundantly in thermal power plants may replace the conventional sand as a filtering material. In this present work coal ashes like bottom ash and course pond ash collected from NTPC, Kaniha. Coarse sand was collected from Brahmini River whereas fly ash was collected from RSP, Rourkela. Then for all the samples physical property, index properties, and geotechnical properties like grain size distribution, dry density, coefficient of permeability, crushing strength, strength parameters have been found out when samples were subjected to both dynamic and static compaction and also model test has been done to find out the filtering capabilities of these materials. It is found that coarse pond ash, bottom ash and sand used in the present study before and after meets the filter criteria as per Indian standard of practice.
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Chuang, Lai-Yung, and 雷揚中. "Reuse of Incinerator Bottom Ash for Pavement engineering." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73648035879507670893.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
土木工程研究所
92
As a result of the construction of resources going to exhausted and the purpose which requested by government, we hope to reach the objective of sustainable reuse by deal with discard materials in relive course. This thesis is to establish the control analysis which is aimed at the incinerate bottom trash deal with by factory of handle with resources. In order to provide the motion of bottom trash reuse in the future, this incinerate bottom trash was proceed physics analysis over a long period of time, including bottom trash specific weight, rate of absorptive, unit weight, rate of abrasion, content of cl-, content of mud, and TCLP. According to the result of research, they find it was a feasible reuse way to replace the bottom trash to fine granule material. In addition to find that the bottom trash was not harder than natural granule material by SGC test. As a result of the test, it can discover the best rate of replace is almost below or under 30％. If it replaces too many rates, it will make asphalt concrete to occur the grade degrades, and to cause the structure strength become weak. This study also aimed at precede concrete match mixed test by using bottom trash after washed. The bottom trash after washed not only can solve the problem which bottom trash can’t congeal, but also can reduce the concentration of cl-. In addition, the permeable concrete make by bottom trash not only reach the index of discard reduce in landscape engineering nine index, but also fill the bill of base of operations keep water index. The result of this study prove the bottom trash can workable used in pavement engineering by proceed the test build and many laboratory test. Eventually, it can provide user to refer to the cost analysis and draw up standard.
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Huang, Chin-Ming, and 黃錦明. "Decision-Making Process for MSWI Bottom Ash Utilization." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91796145120323106905.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
95
The Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration has studied the treatment and reuse of MSWI ashes for many years and collected references on international experience accumulated by developed nations for establishing policies on treatment and reuse of MSWI ashes. The total number of incinerators is expected to increase to 27 with treatment capacity of 27,450 tons per day in service, operated daily to generate about 6,500 tons of incinerator bottom ash and 1,500 tons of incinerator fly ash, serving almost all cities in Taiwan by 2007. The citations were analyzed as the basis for current governmental decision making on policies and factors to be considered for establishing decisions on recycle and reuse of MSWI ashes. Feasible applications include utilization of ashes, which after sieving and separation of metal particles, produce secondary construction materials. When secondary construction materials comply with TCLP limitations, they can be utilized as cement additives, asphalt aggregate or road base. The decision making procedures of evaluation have been proposed in the performance criteria, health risk assessment, ecological risk assessment, to be included in the proposed process of ash utilization. This study was associated with the assessment of CLSM with bottom ash. The assessment method that combines engineering criteria and risk assessment, then be used to select the available substitution ratio for practice. The results were showed best condition was C/W 0.4, W/S 0.35∼0.40. Therefore, the achievements of the study could serve as the basis for the decision making and risk management related to reuse of bottom ash. The health risk assessment of CLSM with bottom ash were evaluated, the cancer risk of exposure route under construction and road service was lower than 10-6, and hazard quotient for noncancer was lower than 1. The physical and environmental properties of asphalt mixtures using various incinerator bottom ash as fine aggregate substitution were investigated. The Marshall mix design method was used to determine the asphalt content and evaluate the potential performance of IBA–asphalt mixtures. Leachates, from laboratory and outdoor leaching tests, were measured the concentration of heavy metals and daphnia toxicity. While with adequate Marshall stability, the IBA–asphalt mixtures were shown to have excessively high Marshall flow and excessively low VMA. The results of the wheel tracking tests indicated that the mixtures had low rutting resistance. The results of the water sensitivity test showed that the mixtures had a higher tensile strength ratio. Considering the environmental compatibility, the outdoor leachates showed that IBA had a high level of daphnia toxicity. From the ecological risk perspective, IBA could be identified as hazardous waste. However, after being mixed with asphalt, the concentration of heavy metals and the levels of daphnia toxicity were significantly reduced. The leachates of 10-day flat plate leaching tests indicated that the heavy metal were undetectable and the daphnia toxicity was ineffective. The IBA substitution rate would be suggested as less than 25% for surface course and less than 50% for base course To address public concerns, TEPA has adopted stringent regulations to reduce risk in bottom ash utilization and minimize the emission of pollutants in the flue gas from MSWI. In addition to providing technical guidelines for bottom ash utilization, TEPA has initiated the demonstration projects for obtaining field data to affirm the utilization policy and to revise the technical criteria, if needed. In this way, risk in the whole utilization process will be minimized, and the benefit and cost-effectiveness of the selected strategies on utilization will be maximized. The author offers the decision making process for the utilization of bottom ash with the engineering specification, environmental risk and ecological risk.
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Sou, Wai-Ieng, and 蘇惠英. "Decision Analysis of Bottom Ash Management in Macao." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80401249008392832581.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
103
Bottom ash is a byproduct of municipal solid waste incineration, which has become an increasingly important issue as urbanization increases waste generation, particularly in countries where population density is high and land is scarce. Bottom ash contains environmental pollutants, instigating research into analysis of its life cycle assessment, to seek treatments which prevent further environmental harm, in order to develop better management approaches and regulation. The research employs the concept of life cycle sustainability assessment to analyze bottom ash treatment in five scenarios. Life cycle assessment, CalTOX (a multi-media transport model), cost-benefit analysis, and analytical hierarchy process are used to evaluate the five scenarios regarding environmental, social, and economic aspects. In the case study of bottom ash treatment in Macao, five scenarios were used for analysis, scenario 0: bottom ash and construction waste are buried together (current status); scenario 1: pretreated bottom ash is used to replace 25% of natural aggregate portion in asphalt concrete; scenario 2: pretreated bottom ash is used to replace 25% of natural aggregate in cement concrete; scenario 3: pretreated bottom ash is used to replace 25% of cement in cement concrete; scenario 4: pretreated bottom ash is sent to China and blended with municipal solid waste for landfill. A comprehensive results of the aforementioned quantitative approach reveals the following ranking: scenario 3 > 0 > 2 > 1 > 4. It can thus be seen that scenario 3 boasts the best conditions for bottom ash recycling, because output is the highest and it brings highest economic benefits. Nevertheless, the test results of the four target pollutants (Cd, Cr, As, Pb) indicate that regional and receptor parameters are very important determiners. It can be concluded that regional assessment is of great significance; a more comprehensive consideration can be obtained by other assessment criteria and different analytic aspects. Apart from this research, which involves the analysis of bottom ash management, the same research framework can be applied into different environmental issues to forge a more integrated environmental management structure in Macao.
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Wu, Pei-Hsuan, and 吳佩萱. "Interfacial Shear Strength Characterstics of Incinerator Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06840422145395881460.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
土木工程系所
96
In Taiwan, Municipal solid wastes (MSW) were primarily disposed in landfills in the past. Due to the limitation of population density and availability of land, the incineration of MSW has become widely used since 1993. After incineration, 20-25 % by weight of incinerator ashes are produced. Even if some researchers have conducted investigations with the possibility of incinerator ashes as a potential material for construction applications, landfilling is still the primary method of disposal of these materials. On the other hand, geosynthetics have become essential components of the bottom lining system of MSW landfills because of their capabilities of drainage, barrier, reinforcement, separation and filtration, etc. As a result, the incinerator ashes/geosynthetics interface friction is an important parameter in the design of landfills. In this study, an experimental program was conducted to determine the engineering properties of incinerator bottom ashes and the interfacial shear strength between ashes and geosynthetics. Direct shear test was performed for the incinerator bottom ashes and five geosynthetics (woven and two types of nonwoven geotextiles, textured and smooth geomembranes) interfaces. Furthermore, the shear tests on the interface between bottom ashes and geosynthetics were conducted to investigate the difference of shear strength parameters under water-saturated and unsaturated conditions. The results show that the incinerator bottom ash of MSW has advantages such as high permeability and low compressibility. The shape of the bottom ash is generally irregular, angular and rough. In addition, the specific gravity of the bottom ash is 2.31. According to Unified Soil Classification System（USCS）, the bottom ash can be classified similar to well-graded sand（SW）.The internal friction angle of bottom ash was approximately 52.5�a. The shear strength decreased as the water content increased. The interfacial shear strength decreased as the interface was conducted under water-saturated. This effect might be attributed to the loss of the suction and the decrease of effective stress at the ashes / geosynthetics interface, especially for woven geotextiles. The interfacial friction angle between the bottom ash and geosynthetics ranges from 26-82 % of the internal friction angle. Although the textured geomembranes have higher friction angle efficiency（E�痋^, the smooth geomembranes are still the main materials in the liner system design.
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Hsu, Po-Hsiu, and 許博修. "The Influence of Slag on the mortar of Sewage Sludge Ash and Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27189774724802004975.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系所
95
This is a feasibility study of methods of reusing municipal solid waste. The research will focus on predictions of what happens when substituting cement with sewage sludge ash, and bottom ash with sand, in the most appropriate proportions. In particular, further probes will be made into the role that slag plays in sewage sludge ash, incinerator bottom ash, and mixed cement mortar with their influence extent and mechanism changed, by adding different proportions of slag to substitute the cement used. The results of this study are summaried as below: 1. Basically, slag substitution doesn’t much affect the compressive strength of sludge ash mortar or bottom ash mortar and doesn’t effect sludge ash and bottom ash mortar. 2. It is suggested that sludge ash no more than 10% is better to be used to substitute cement, and bottom ash to substitute fine aggregate within 30%. 3. It is predicted the most suitable proportion of sludge ash to substitute cement stands at 5%, and bottom ash of 10% to replace fine aggregate is considered the best solution. 4. However, the mortar should avoid a pre-planned proportion of 5% sludge ash substitution with a mixture of 30% bottom ash substitution.
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Lin, Yu-Cheng, and 林育丞. "The Application of Coal Bottom Ash to Pollutant Removal." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/v6aqdd.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
土木及水利工程所
90
Abstract Reusing waste materials is expected from the viewpoint of sustainability. Coal bottom ash produced from a thermal power plant was utilized as a low-cost adsorbent to assess being a cover soil in landfill. The research was carried out by lysimeter. The results showed that the leachate produced from the lysimeter increased in pH and the coal bottom ash had a better efficiency than soil in reducing leachate strength. Another objective was to evaluate color reduction from textile industry effluent by coal bottom ash. The effects of adsorbent dose, shaking speed, temperature and contact time were studied. The adsorption of batch experiments fitted to both Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The thermodynamic parameters , and corresponding to each adsorption experiment were evaluated. The COD, TOC and color removal was 52.3, 52.5 and 99.8%, respectively, with the ash dose of 200 g/L at 318K in 200rpm. The adsorption was exothermic and spontaneous. Coal bottom ash is a useful material to decrease pollutant concentrations and the results of this research suggest an alternative material to treat colored effluents.
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Su, Jin-Pin, and 蘇俊賓. "The Possibility of Replacing Cement Material with Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23093849215981531981.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
環境工程學系
88
In Taiwan, the law restricts the excavation of lime, thus the source of cement material is restrained, and cement industry is badly affected. Consequently, it is a must to seek for possible substitutes that can replace lime. For the time being, the 1.5 million tons of incinerator ash in Taiwan every year is mainly buried. Moreover, there are 200 thousand tons of waste oyster shells a year, and more than half of them are not discarded properly. Since oyster shells and the bottom ash of incinerator ash contain mostly calcium oxide, it could be practicable that they be utilized to replace lime as cement material. In this research, firstly, both the physical and chemical qualities of different sizes of bottom ash are tested, so that the sizes detrimental to the burning of cement shall be sieved during pre-manipulation. Different proportions of bottom ash, attracted or distracted to magnet are added into raw materials. Next, after pre-manipulation, the oyster shells and bottom ash are prepared, according to the cement chemistry formula, as cement No.1 (adding bottom ash distracted to magnet) and cement No.2 (adding bottom ash attracted to magnet). Finally, run tests on the burned material to see if the idea of replacing lime with bottom ash is workable. The results are as follows, bottom ash larger than 2mm in size contains excessive miscellaneous items which are bad for grinning; bottom ash smaller than 0.074mm in size consists of excess sulfonium and chlorine which affects the quality of burned cement, thus, bottom ash of these sizes is sieved during pre-manipulation. The more bottom ash added the less loss on ignition. When the proportion of bottom ash rises to more than 10%, there is conspicuous liquation. The amount of bottom ash added has great influence on the hardness and fineness of the burned materials. Moreover, the more bottom ash added, the weaker compressive strength and tensile strength of the burned materials become. Most of the results in the setting time tests and the TCLP tests meet the standards of CNS. As for the tests on compressive strength and tensile strength, only the burned materials which contain 1% of bottom ash distracted to magnet and those which contain 1% or 3% of bottom ash attracted to magnet meet the standard of CNS, the burned materials prepared with bottom ash and oyster shells do not.
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Chen, Yun-Gong, and 陳允恭. "Statistical Model of Total Metal Concentration in Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08056278163371629650.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
96
The main objectives of this research were to profile distribution of heavy metals in bottom ash, to develop statistical models of heavy metal in bottom ash from Taipei county, Taipei city and Taoyuan county, then to correlate TCLP to total metal concentration. In terms of the data from EPA, the results of monitoring and statistics were analysed and compared with recycled bottom ash. Then the characteristics of distribution and statistical model were built and the correlation between total metal concentration and results of TCLP in bottom ash. According to the results, Pb and Cu were the components with higher content in bottom ash. The total metal concentration of Cu was 889 ~ 3,136 mg/kg. The total metal concentration of Pb was 384 ~ 1,158 mg/kg. The result of statistical analysis showed that there was appreciably positive correlation between total metal concentration and TCLP of Pb in bottom ash. And the more total metal concentration of Pb, the less diverseness data of TCLP of Pb in bottom ash. However, there was not appreciably positive correlation between total metal concentration and TCLP of Cu in bottom ash. But the more total metal concentration of Pb, the less diverseness data of TCLP of Pb in bottom ash, too. The results of regression of total metal concentration and TCLP of Cu and Pb in bottom ash appeared quadratic models of distribution with thresholds. It also showed that, the more total metal concentration in bottom ash, the more trends towards higher concentration of TCLP in bottom ash. The current data were so insufficient that the results of statistical analysis were short of representibility. So it is expediential to gather more data of batch of total metal concentration and TCLP in bottom ash in the light of diverseness of characteristics of bottom ash between different incinerators then to analyse them. The thresholds of total metal concentration in bottom ash will be applied for classification and risk assessment of recycled materals from bottom ash if there are more data for analysis and buildinding more complete and representative parameters. Thus, the management and application of recycled bottom ash will be expandable.
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Wen, Feng-Jeng, and 溫鳳珍. "Study on control the odors of incinerator bottom ash." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49434551347533435610.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
91
About 5000 tons of ashes are produced every day from the nineteen public crematoriums around Taiwan, and the common ways of ash treatment were solidification or burial. Given the increasing difficulty in land obtainment and use, recycle of incinerated ash has become inevitable. The objectives of this study were to eliminate the foul smell produced by incinerated bottom ash by means of oxidizing the source of foul smell-organic substances and inorganic substances, with strong oxidant and discuss the feasibility of use of bottom in resource recovery. This research study tested the odor elimination effect of strong oxidant to reduce the instability and increase the instability of the bottom ash, and improved the recycling rate of the bottom ash. This research study was expected to relieve the pollutions from bottom ash, extend the usage life of burying ground, and realize the sustainable resource recovery. In the experiment, bottom ash specimens were collected everyday on a regular schedule from a span of seven days, and the level of odor of the specimens were recorded. The experiments included background test, odor elimination test-strong oxidant (hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, phosphoric acid) addition, and use of sensory test to determine the effect of odor elimination on the bottom ash. In comparison of the test value of phosphoric acid and strong oxidant (hydrogen peroxide, Potassium Permanganate), the results showed efficacy of 90% for phosphoric acid, 80% for hydrogen peroxide, and 80% for potassium permanganate. As shown, use of phosphoric acid in the strong oxidant produces the best odor elimination effect because the phosphoric acid contains heavy metal that stabilizes the bottom ash. The composition of emission gas contains toxic chemical substance listed by EPA; hence, odor elimination of the bottom before the recycle process is necessary.
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Kou, Meng-Jhen, and 郭孟臻. "Feasibility of Using Incinerator Bottom Ash as Construction Material." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69871511844992963313.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
96
The amount of incinerator bottom ash generation is huge due to the high incinerating rate in Taiwan. We still need a large landfill area for its final treatment. If the waste can be recycled as concrete sandstone, it not only reduces the need of landfill site but also save the natural resource. The objective of study is to investigate the feasibility of recycling incinerator bottom ash as material of sandstone replacement. The experiments contain basic physical characteristic of bottom ash, heavy metal leaching, water-washing pretreatment and axis compressive strength. The results showed the bottom ash have high water absorption ratio than natural sandstone. They have high variety of chloride content between coarse aggregate (>19mm), fine aggregate (<4.75mm) and raw material after water sieving. Coarse aggregate parts are expected to meet the national regulation after multi-water washing process. Results of leaching test indicated the concentration of zinc, copper and lead are high in sieved or unsieved part of bottom ash. However, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedures and multi-toxicity characteristic leaching procedures’ data showed they are general industrial waste and stable in the environment. Axis compressive strength indicated when water/cement is 0.38, the set of 30% replacement (70% of sand and 30% of mixed coarse and fine aggregate) has the highest compressive strength, and following is the 10% fine aggregate replacement set. When water/cement is 0.53, the set of 10% replacement (90% of sand and 10% of mixed coarse and fine aggregate) had high compressive strength. We conclude that using the incinerator bottom ash as construction material is possible in limited condition and that might improve the insufficient of sandstone resource and landfill need.
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Lin, Jeng-Da, and 林正大. "Study on Incinerator Bottom Ash Used for Pervious Concrete." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89908440249098337772.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系所
103
This study used the incinerator bottom ash provided by Yin-Chen Corporation as aggregate and added the curing agent by Johnson Corporation in the making of pervious concrete. The pervious concrete specimens were built according to respective water-cement ratios W/C ranged from 0.41 to 0.47, whilst aggregate particle size was between 4.8~19.1 mm. Tamping tools were two steel rods, one with 5 cm diameter round bottom, 2 cm thickness and the other with 5#westeur024#5 cm square bottom, 2 cm thickness, were used to impact cylindrical and beam specimens respectively. The specimens were made by the same degree of impacting, and were performed the compressive strength, flexural strength, permeability coefficient, and porosity tests. Hopefully, the W/C of maximum strength concrete was found, and the requirements of permeability and water retention were satisfied as well. Test results showed that, both the 28 day maximum compressive strength fc and maximum modulus of rupture R occurred at W/C=0.42. The values were fc=64.3 kgf/cm2 and R=22.9 kgf/cm2. The mix for this specific W/C was 350 kg cement, 140 kg water, 3.5 kg curing agent and 1126 kg aggregate. Both the 7 day to 28 day compressive strength ratio fc7/fc28 and modulus of rupture ratio R7/R28 were 0.93. Therefore, the curing agent had accelerating effect in strength. The ratio of the 28 day compressive strength to modulus of rupture R/fc were between 0.22~0.47, averaged at 0.37, higher than that of normal concrete about 0.15. The permeability coefficient k values ranged between 1.3~3.4 cm/sec, larger than the criteria value 0.01 cm/sec proposed by Taiwan Architecture and Building Center. The n values ranged between 25%~35%, also larger than the criteria value 15%.
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Wu, Ming-Che, and 吳明哲. "Pretreatments on the Leaching Behaviour of MSWI Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45263431975497118026.
Full textAbstract:
碩士輔英科技大學
環境工程與科學系碩士班
99
Pretreatments on the Leaching Behaviour of MSWI Bottom Ash Abstract Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) has been the primary environmental validation protocol for reused MSWI bottom ash in Taiwan. Nevertheless, TCLP is originally developed for the identification of hazardous wastes; it is not suitable for the investigation of the leaching potential of recycled products. In order to evaluate long term leaching potential and environmental risk of heavy metals from reuse of MSWI bottom ash; percolation test (CEN 14405), pH dependent test (CEN 14429), availability leaching test (NEN 7341) were conducts on the MSWI bottom ash with pretreatments (water-washed and phosphate acid pretreated). Immissions of ashes were calculated and compared with Building Material Decree (BMD). Also leaching of heavy metals to the soil was simulated with LeachXS-Orchestra expert system for the risk assessment. Results show that MSWI bottom ash sampled (BAB) contain majorly silica, calcium, aluminum and iron elements. TCLP results show that BAB meets the Taiwan current regulation standard. Observation on the water-washed bottom ash (BAW) and phosphate acid treated bottom ash (BAP) shows that pretreatment with phosphate acid could effectively reduce the leaching concentration of Zn to 1.61 mg/L. Calculations from the percolation data indicate that immission could meet BMD category I and category II standard, though small amount of Mo and Sb might leach out from BAB and BAW, and tiny amount of Sb might leach out from BAP. Further comparison on the stabilization of heavy metal ability reveals that BAP>BAW>BAB. Simulation with LeachXS-Orchestra expert system indicates though Mo and Sb could penetrate the underneath soil layer, the concentrations are insignificant. Other element such as As,Cd,Ni,Pb and Zn are confined in the surface layer of soil ( 0 cm ~ 50 cm). In conclusion, stabilized MSWI bottom ash is environmental compatible, and it could be reused as recycled products. Key words: Pretreatments, MSWI bottom ash, Leaching behaviour, LeachXS-Orchestra.
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SHU-HUI, CHIU, and 邱淑慧. "Feasiblilty Study of Bottom Ash Grinded as Pozzolanic Material." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9ew8h4.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東南科技大學
營建科技與防災研究所在職專班
106
The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the coal bottom ash has a reaction as pozzolanic material after grinded, and whether its chemical and physical properties can meet the specification of CNS 3036: fly ash for concrete and natural or smoldering pozzolanic material, and whether it can be used for concrete. In this study, the coal bottom ash of Linkou was grinded by a ball mill. After grinding, the remaining amount of the sieve was only 0.5%, which was much lower than the standard requirement of 34%. The chemical properties of the bottom ash are similar to those of fly ash, and match the specification of the type of F-class fly ash. The slurry flow test was carried out on the bottom ash after grinding, and it was found that the fluidity was not good, mainly the non-spherical particle powder after grinding. There is no bearing lubrication, so the fluidity was poor. The 25% of air-selected coarse fly ash is mixed with the 75% of grinded bottom ash found that has a lower water needed and its activity can still reach 104.8%, which is better than 96.8% of fly ash. Thus, the results show that the bottom ash after grinded are superior to traditional fly ash. The results of this study show that the bottom ash should be applied to concrete related materials after grinding, which is beneficial to the reduction of coal bottom ash.
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WEI, HUANG YU, and 黃幼偉. "Utilization of washed incinerator bottom ash as fine aggregate within concrete productsUtilization of washed incinerator bottom ash as fine aggregate within concrete products." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40422427992661789786.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
98
Abstract The government is striving toward green building materials system, for the requirements of healthy, ecology, recycling and high performance, it is expected to reduce carrying capacity of environment and make efforts on a comfortable environment with the green building index. In advanced countries, they endeavored to develop esourcilization technologies to deal with wastes. Incineration bottom ash can be reused to achieve the goal of sustainable development and reduce the waste amount. In this study, washed esourcilization incineration bottom ash is used as fine aggregate. The physical property includes specific density, absorption, unit weight, abrasion, robust, chloride content and TCLP test will be analysis, and replacing natural fine aggregates with washed bottom ash for 30%, 50% and 100% to produce unreinforced concrete products. The results showed that, washed bottom ash used as fine aggregate in unreinforced concrete products is available, it solved the problem that incinerator could not dealt. During the washing process, chloride concentration of incineration bottom ash reduced, it can be applied in appurtenant structures. Used washed bottom ash in compressed paving bricks, pre-cased kerbs and compressed concrete wall bricks, the result of compressed concrete bricks which used washed bottom ash to replace natural fine aggregate with 30% and 50%, indicated the compressive strength and absorption at age 14 days meets the requirement for B class brick of CNS 13295. The flexural strength reaches 20.1kgf/cm2, and it gets a nice result of abrasion capability. Pre-cased kerbs meet the design specification 280 kgf/cm2. Results meet “Waste Reduction Index” of nine green buildings indexes, the economy benefit of washed bottom ash is expected, and applications of washed bottom ash the promote more expansion of reusing.
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Koech, Lawrence. "The dissolution of limestone, coal fly ash and bottom ash in wet flue gas desulphurization." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/356.
Full textAbstract:
M. Tech. (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology): Vaal University of TechnologyStrict environmental regulation on flue gas emission has led to the implementation of FGD technologies in power stations. Wet FGD technology is commonly used because it has high SO2 removal efficiency, high sorbent utilization and due to availability of the sorbent (limestone) used. SO2 is removed by passing flue gas through the absorber where it reacts with the slurry containing calcium ions which is obtained by dissolution. This study presents the findings of the dissolution of a calcium-based material (limestone) for wet FGD process. This was done using a pH stat apparatus and adipic acid as acid titrant. Adipic acid was used because of its buffering effect in wet FGD process. The conditions used for this study are similar to what is encountered in a wet FGD process. The extent of dissolution was determined by analyzing the amount of calcium ions in solution at different dissolution periods. The dissolution kinetics were correlated to the shrinking core model and it was found out that chemical reaction at the surface of the particle is the rate controlling step. This study also investigated the dissolution of coal fly ash and bottom ash. Their dissolution kinetics showed that the diffusion through the product layer was the rate controlling step due to an ash layer formed around the particle. The formation of ash layer was attributed to pozzolanic reaction products which is calcium-alumino-silicate (anorthite) compounds were formed after dissolution. The effect of fly ash on the dissolution of rate of limestone was also studied using response surface methodology. Limestone reactivity was found to increase with increase in the amount of fly ash added and the pH was found to be strong function of the rate constant compared to other dissolution variables. The presence of silica and alumina in fly ash led to a significant increase in the specific surface area due to hydration products formed after dissolution.
Eskom
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Huang-Guohua and 黃國華. "The application of waste incineration bottom ash to the CLSM." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41412692248453973458.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東南科技大學
防災科技研究所
97
ABSTRACT This research main discussion refuse incineration bottom ash applies of feasibility study in the CLSM, this may promote the reject to use and to improve the path backfill and the trench backfill quality again. In the research coordinates quality of demand the present CLSM baseline group, including the revision to collapse the fluidity to be bigger than 20 cm, the unit weight must be smaller than 2000 kg/m3, the prehardening time in 5.5 hours as well as compressive strength stadium 1 day of 0.68 MPa (7 kgf/cm2) above and 28 day of intensity in 8.83 MPa (90 kgf/cm2) within. First tests conforms to request of the above quality baseline group (including reject) is not the foundation, carries on respectively becomes three broad headings by the wast incineration bottom ash: (1) waste incineration bottom ash fhin aggregate substitution natural fhin aggregate (2) waste incineration bottom ash coarse aggregate applies in the natural coarse aggregate (3) waste incineration bottom ash mix aggregate substitution natural fine aggregate; Respectively by 10%, 20%, 30% and 50% substitution quantity proportion condition, tests CLSM to mix newly with hardens the stage each performance. Findings demonstration; waste incineration bottom ash fine aggregate substitution natural fine aggregate collapsing and collapses the fluidity to increase by the recruitment promotes, because the density the substitution quantity does not increase enhances the unit weight, presents the steady density condition, but all in 2000 kg/m3 values, the prehardening time 30% below all can achieve in the waste incineration bottom ash smalls recruitment in 5.5 hours, the compressive strength waste incineration bottom ash fine aggregate recruitment in 20% only then achieves stadium 1 day of 0.68 MPa, and 28 day of intensity in 8.83 MPa within request. The waste incineration bottom ash thick aggregate application is natural; Thick aggregate collapsing and collapses the fluidity to increase for the recruitment drops, because the density also the recruitment increase drop. The waste incineration bottom ash thick aggregate prehardening time all achieves 5.5 hour in the request, the compressive strength refuse incineration bottom ash thick aggregate recruitment 30% (including) in meet the various stadiums early strong late weak in code requirement. Waste incineration bottom ash mix aggregate substitution natural fine aggregate collapsing and collapses the fluidity to assume the steady condition, conforms to the high flowing performance, the density increases by the recruitment has the promotion, the prehardening time all achieves 5.5 hour in the request, the compressive strength may also achieve the various stadiums early strong late weak code requirement. Demonstrated that the refuse incineration bottom ash may apply fully in the CLSM material, has the resources again use potency. Key word: waste incineration bottom ash, CLSM, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, mix aggregate
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鄭光志, Guang-Jhih Jheng, and 鄭光志. "Dechlorinate Pretreatment by Acid Washing for Recycling MSWI Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zb48ce.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
98
Because of the domestic incineration bottom ash reuse proportion elevates year by year and it’s reuse purpose also to be more and more extensively,therefore, before the incineration bottom ash uses again, processes also relative appears important, and how does this research mainly increase the acidic medicament by four section of continuous-type washing in elimination bottom ash water-soluble chloride ion in the type domestic laws and regulations stipulations (The bottom ash the water-soluble chloride ion to be lower than 0.024wt% according to the CNS1240 before bottom ash reusing) as well as reduces the cost to favor in the project effectively the utilization. This research by liquid solid ratio、time、and the increase acidic medicament''s quantity takes experiment''s three tremendous influence condition, finally discovered that the fore-mentioned three conditions the enhancement can increases the efficiency with the bottom ash the water-soluble chloride ion in elimination, namely time = 10 minutes、liquid solid ratio =1, and the increase the acidic medicament are the acid: water =1: 500, the bottom ash the water-soluble chloride ion density by 0.858% drop to 0.132% (to reduce the efficiency =84.6%); But when the condition enhances for time = 30 minutes、liquid solid ratio =3, the increase the acidic medicament is the acid: water =1: 100, the bottom ash the water-soluble chloride ion density drop to 0.021%, reduces the efficiency to reach as high as 97.4%. Base on this comprehensive judgment discover to increase weak acid medicament may promote the bottom ash the water soluble chloride ion elimination effect, and time = 30 minutes is the best process time by acid washing, but how much this micro weak acid medicament must increase suitable、and the work in the feature either process application still should still should regard the actual bottom ash application (or market) decide, according to this study initially estimate cost of this work is 505 dollars each ton, but its extends that the character changed of bottom ash、Wastewater disposal、and the process application stability all are the topics following discusses again
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Wei-ChiehHuang and 黃煒傑. "Study on the Mechanical Properties of Bottom Ash - Permeable Pavement." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/sd48k9.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
土木工程學系
102
Taiwan is located in the subtropical regions and crowded with people. Because of lacking natural resources and gradually increasing in the garbage disposal, the government began to pay attention to environmental and ecological maintenance. Resource recycling has become a major trend. Hoping any waste through recycling process can achieve the purpose of sustainable reuse. This study plans to do some basic physical tests on the washed bottom ash, including specific gravity test, water absorptivity test and unit weight test. Then use the single particle size of incineration bottom ash mixing with cement slurry in a constant weight ratio. Make 5 different particle sizes and 4 different water-cement ratio of pervious concrete brick to do the compressive strength test, permeability test and direct shear test. According to the ratio of 20 groups of test results, 9 samples meet the compressive strength requirement of “level 3 brick” of CNS 382, and 2 samples meet the compressive strength requirement of “level 2 brick”. Although the permeability coefficient is less than general pervious concrete, they still meet the regulations of general permeable paving. The friction angle between the specimens and the rubber which is similar to the tire materials is greater than 42 degrees the pavement specifications. Therefore, It can be determined to use on the road without the risk of lacking friction, and met Japan pervious concrete specifications applied to sidewalks, driveways and parking lots on their own. Hope it can be applied to permeable needs engineering such as road paving, gardening and slope protection.
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Chang, Chih-Yu, and 張志宇. "The firepower bottom ash substitution cement applies in the concrete." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23165682016671157323.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立聯合大學
土木與防災工程學系碩士班
97
At present, domestic power plant production of coal-fired bottom ash about 500,000 tons every year, the annual production of coal fly ash is about 2.1 million tons, the total is about 2.6 million tons. According to the Ministry of Economic Affairs’ announcement “the Ministry of Economic Affairs the type and the management way of industrial waste recycling”, the ash will be sold to the legal entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs according with the national standards or the correlative norms to mix the ash into the concrete, the reclaimed land backfill soil or landfill.There are a considerable experience and knowledge about fly ash apply in the concrete project at home and abroad.But the coal bottom ash is one seventh of fly ash. The research results are limited because it burns incompletely, the grain-size is uneven distribution,the great porosity,the strong water-absorptivity and the chemical properties is large changes. This article focused on the applicability of the processed bottom ash to replace cement used in the concrete. First, extraction the coal-fired bottom ash drying lamination sieving, then does the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), there are no toxicities except traces but with few heavy metals. By Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) knowing the bottom ash and fly ash is similar in nature. Then, the substitution cement part carries on compressive strength test of the system 5cm×5cm×5cm bottom ash mortar. The most suited mix-proportion is about 5 wt.% ~ 10 wt.%, then according to the result of test, we carry on concrete cylindrical test and know: when the water-cement ratio is 0.68 and the bottom ash to replace the cement consumption of 10.0 wt.%, the compressive strength of more than 3-day is greater than the group of standard, so we can confirm the feasibility of the coal-fired bottom ash replace cement used in the concrete. In addition, we conserved the concrete cylinders in age 7 days, 14 days, 28 days to observe its structure by SEM and EDS, then we can know the effect of decreasing the concrete porosity and increasing the hydration products, so we can also recycle the coal bottom ash what component is similar as fly ash, that can reduce the Earth’s sources of pollution and achieve the goal of sustainable development.
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Li, Yao-Hsin, and 李耀心. "Removal of Chlorides in MSWI Bottom Ash by Hydrothermal Treatement." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29573333497261649865.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
104
Hydrothermal treatment is used water or solvents in a closed state as a liquid medium at high temperature and pressure conditions of a chemical reaction, which is low pollution, simple control method of pollution and simple operating conditions, is a treatment technology with great potential. Electrolysis can induce oxidative degradation, without adding additional chemicals. Which can be carried out at atmospheric pressure at room temperature and does not produce secondary pollution. In this study, using hydrothermal treatement combined with electrolysis technology to reduce bottom ash organic matter and other harmful substances, in order to achieve sound, reduction and other purposes. The research shows (1) after the hydrothermal treatment of bottom ash, sodium, aluminum, chloride content were decreased , wherein the chloride in residue was 4.1wt%, can be reduced 0.053wt%, but as the process temperature is further increased when the chloride content began to increase, which probably because chloride ions in solution leads to increased synthesis of KCl solid chlorine content. (2) bottom slag lead leaching will increase as the process temperature increases the dissolution hydrothermal treatment program may result in incineration bottom ash Pb mobility increases. Bottom Ash and all samples were less than the limit, so the bottom slag recycling is not part of lead leaching concerns. (3) bottom ash soluble chloride via the water after the heat treatment process, the chlorine content can be reduced up to 94%. Confirmed that the hydrothermal treatment could reduce the bottom ash soluble chloride.
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Chen, Cheng-Gang, and 陳政綱. "The Expansion Mechanism of Lightweight Aggregate Sinteringfrom MSWI Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35092861679758357404.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系碩士班
95
Lightweight aggregate was produced by natural expansion material, e.g. pumice, shale, and clay. This study used a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash as the material to sinter an artificial lightweight aggregate.Comparing MSWI bottom ash with natural expansion material, we found that the compounds of MSWI bottom ash were complex and heterogeneous. Therefore adding SiO2 and Fe2O3 to the milling of MSWI bottom ash was necessary. And then we used different parameters of sintering to understand the quantity of the expansion gas during the sintering process. The experiment was divided into four parts. First experiment discussed the relation between the quantity of the expansion gas with Fe2O3 when fixed the quantity of MSWI bottom ash and specimens didn’t have deformed during the sintering process. Second experiment fixed the parameters of the sintering and comprehended the influence of adding SiO2. Third experiment, added 10% of fine grain MSWI bottom ash and Fe2O3 to coarse grain MSWI bottom ash, found the effect of adding the fine grain MSWI bottom ash. Final experiment discussed the effect of the form of the artificial lightweight aggregate in the different sintering atmospheres. The compounds of MSWI bottom ash for producing CO2 were more important than adding Fe2O3. In addition the reduction atmosphere was helpful to produce the high quality of the artificial lightweight aggregate.
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Wang, Shih-Hsien, and 王世賢. "Reuse of Incinerator Bottom Ash and Waste Concrete for CLSM." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47971964651213001735.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
土木工程研究所
93
Each year, there are about one million tons of bottom ash and four million tons of waste concrete being produced in Taiwan. However, with efficient recycling process, the waste would be a great help in alleviating the burden of our surroundings and at the same time diminishing the consummation of construction resource. This research analyzes several basic property tests on bottom ash and waste concrete which have been dealt with in the recycling plant in the first place. The result shows that both have low specific gravity, high absorptivity and abrasion, which reinforces our motif of comparing these two experiment subjects. In addition, when applying bottom ash and waste concrete as CLSM, we discover that the high quantity of organic matter in bottom ash makes it qualify the requirements of CLSM: fine fluidity, strong intensity in early stage while low intensity in terminal period. The amount of bottom ash used must be controlled around 20% while, on the other hand, waste concrete can be added up to 70%, or even 100%. Since local development of CLSM is not fully fledged, this research then can serve as advice to production management, quality management and locale construction. After the laboratory experiment, this research proceed with the Cost Analysis between these two recycling materials and the nature aggregates. With the help of Life Cycle Assessment which is frequently adopted by electronics industry, we try to figure out whether the advantage brought by using the recycling materials is greater than the burden posed to the surroundings brought by the initial process of handling the wastes. The outcome reveals that the two recycling materials and nature aggregates have approximate cost, while waste concrete is far better than nature aggregates in reducing CO2, economizing energy, and decreasing waste. Bottom ash, however, consumes too much resource during the initial process, therefore does not perform so well in each category as waste concrete.
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Lu, Jiun Liang, and 盧俊良. "Durability of concrete blended with hazardous waste incinerator bottom ash." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59872185188938074532.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
100
In Taiwan the recovery of incineration bottom ash has usually been used as the construction material. However, the issue of durability is continually worth of research to study on the addition of hazardous waste incineration bottom ash regarding engineering construction products. Thus, this study investigated for observing the failure behavior of high and low strength concrete cement under sulfate attack by using the sodium sulfate immersion test. The result of sodium sulfate immersion test showed that high strength concrete has the ability of corrosion resistance. However, the addition of hazardous waste incineration bottom ash has below 30%. Moreover, the addition of hazardous waste incineration bottom ash used as an aggreagate in low strength concrete should be restriction against the risk of corrosion attack.
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LIEN, CHIEN-MING, and 連建銘. "Relevance Study of Incinerator Bottom Ash Recycling and Circular Economy." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zwwr4n.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
自然資源與環境管理研究所在職專班
107
With urban development and economic growth, everyday life and manufacturing industries have generated large amounts of waste. Taiwan has limited resources and is reliant on imports for raw materials. Therefore, recycling is an indispensable approach for reducing raw material imports. Accordingly, incinerator bottom ash (IBA) produced from incineration facilities can be processed to produce recycled aggregates as replacement materials for the construction industry. This study reviewed concepts and Taiwan’s development of the circular economy, identified major themes, and discerned the implications and methods of related qualitative research by compiling and reviewing relevant literature. The purpose is to discuss the relation between the reuse of IBA and circular economies. Accordingly, this study set forth by introducing the concepts on the circular economy, techniques to identifying major themes, and qualitative research and then discussed the sources and procedures of IBA, management of recycled aggregates, and the applications of IBA in Taiwan and abroad in the research design chapter. Through concepts developed from stakeholder negotiations in corporate social responsibility reports, stakeholders related to IBA reuse and the major IBA themes they are concerned about are identified. The major themes are assessed using matrix-based pattern matching. Subsequently, qualitative in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders were conducted to obtain further information, which were then discussed together with reports composed by nongovernmental organizations and the media on recycled aggregates to identify the relation between use and disposal of IBA and the circular economy. Accordingly, relevant response measures to key themes were discussed. Although recycled aggregates are processed products and certified to be safe, their quality is often questioned by the public and nongovernmental organizations. Instead of causing public and environmental problems and having to expend substantial effort to track, contain, and manage IBA due to a lack of suitable disposal approaches, applying a proper method for handling IBA at designated processing sites can facilitate ensuring the appropriate use of recycled aggregates. By directing recycled aggregates to public constructions, their environmental implications can be realized in addition to solving the issue on how they should be used. Accordingly, a stable and comprehensive direction of development can be formulated through the joint efforts of central and local environmental agencies.
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Liao, Yuan-Lung, and 廖元隆. "Biostabilization assessment of MSW co-disposed with MSW incinerator bottom ash and fly ash in landfill bioreactor." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4dkk86.
Full textAbstract:
碩士朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
94
Due to the economical development, municipal solid waste (MSW) has increased to a greater amount as the increase of higher consumption and living standard in Taiwan. MSW treatment has evolved to incineration from landfill due to the difficulty of finding appropriate landfill site in Taiwan. However, residues such as bottom ash and fly ash will still remain 15 % of its original MSW volume. Therefore, residues have become another important issue and need to treat them to prevent secondary pollution in Taiwan. Bottom ash has been utilized as backfill, soil amendment, aggregate and landfill cover. Among them, landfill cover has played a major part for the utilization. However, the baseline data of landfill cover practice is still not fully understood. Thus, using bottom ash as landfill cover needs a deep theoretical and experimental investigation for the understanding of landfill mechanisms. For convenience, fly ash was tested and compared as well. For a short term simulation, six landfill bioreactors with 1 m high and 20 cm wide with working volume of 32 L were used to conduct the experiment. Among them, two was used as control bioreactors containing only the mixture of MSW and seeded sludge. The remained four ones were employed as tested bioreactors the same packing as control ones but with the designated bottom ash and fly ash added ratios of 100 and 200 g l-1 and 10 and 20 g l-1 respectively. These six bioreactors were maintained in a homeostatic oven of 35℃ suitable for the anaerobic digestion. For performance assessment of bioreactors, leachates with 100 mL were sampled for pH, conductivity, salinity, Cl-1, SO4-2 (IC) and metals analyses (ICP-OES). Another 100 mL leachates were recirculated. From the results, it showed that pHs were maintained between 6.5 and 7.5 throught the bioreactor operation with the exception of the first two weeks. 100 g l-1 bottom ash added and 10 and 20 g l-1 fly ash added bioreactors were found to enhance the gas production rate with the highest gas accumulation by 20 g l-1 fly ash added bioreactor. Released alkali metals, heavy metals and trace metals such as Ca, Mg, Ni, Co, Mo etc have been found to have potential beneficial rather than detrimental effects on MSW digestion. Thus, it indicated that proper MSW incinerator bottom and fly ash addition on MSW could increase the MSW decomposition and gas production rate and therefore increased the landfill MSW biostabilization.
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Wang, Luyun, and 汪稑畇. "Study of Mix Design with Fly Ash, Bottom Ash and FGD Gypsum for Subbase and Base Course." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57400417951055356569.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東南科技大學
防災科技研究所
100
This study discusses the mix design with fly ash, bottom ash and FGD gypsum generated by power plant for subbase and base courses. The optimum water contents are to be determined by the analysis of maximum dry density test, compressive strength test, CBR test and permeability test. The mix design for sub-base course and base course are (1) fly ash + bottom ash and (2) fly ash + bottom ash + FGD gypsum, and (3) fly ash + bottom ash + cement and (4) fly ash + bottom ash + FGD gypsum + cement, respectively. The test results are analyzed by the method of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results show that the optimum compositions of the mix design are (1) 40% fly ash + 60% bottom ash and (2) 40% fly ash + 60% bottom ash + 15% FGD gypsum for sub-base course, and (3) 40% fly ash + 60% bottom ash + 5% cement for base course. The optimum water cement ratio of mix design (4) is 0.5. Both the results of mix design (1) and (2) for subbase course can fulfill the requirement of pavement construction. The mix design (2) provides higher bearing capacity and lower permeability coefficient than that of mix design (1). The results of mix design (3) and (4) can fulfill the requirement of cement stabilized base course of pavement specified by the authority of California. The mix design (4) provides a highly compressive strength and lowly permeability coefficient. The coal ash generated from power plant can be effectively utilized by using the mix designs with fly ash, bottom ash, FGD gypsum and cement for sub-base and base courses; and the cost for disposal and treatment of coal ash can be reduced. Keywords: Subbase course, base course, mix design, fly ash, bottom ash, FGD gypsum.
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Kao, Michaei, and 高文成. "Research study for the use of fly ash, bottom ash and FGD gypsum in road base construction." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51626596407728894577.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東南科技大學
防災科技研究所
100
Global economic growth leads to the increasing depletion of natural resources. Rapid increase in population and economic development has resulted in increasing waste production leading to the decline of natural resources. Only the recycling of resources could help achieve sustainable development of the economy and the environment. In recent years, due to nuclear waste disposal problems in domestic nuclear power plants and Japan's tsunami nuclear radiation caused by nuclear energy development, the source of the electricity in the future still relies on coal-fired power plants in short-term supply. Consequently, the ash generated by coal-fired power plants has increased substantially. Therefore the value added re-use of the ash has become essential. This study uses the Taipower production of a large number of fly ash, bottom ash, FGD gypsum ratio tests. The research results show that fly ash, bottom ash, FGD gypsum comply with the road engineering requirements and could be used as backfill alternative materials for road subgrades, achieving the target of resource re-use.
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Lu, Chien-Hsing, and 呂建興. "Characterization of lightweight aggregates made from the bottom ash and fly ash of a fluidized-bed incinerator." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gh4dqh.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立中興大學
環境工程學系所
104
The properties of bottom ash and fly ash collected from a fluidized-bed (FB) incinerator for treating general municipal waste and general industrial waste were investigated. These bottom ash and fly ash were used for preparing artificial lightweight aggregates (LWAs) under different operating conditions. The physical properties such as the appearance, expansion rate, density, water absorption, ignition loss, and crushing strength, as well as the leaching rates of toxic heavy metals of these LWAs were explored. Furthermore, the differences of LWAs between the bottom ash and fly ash from a FB incinerator and a mechanical-bed (MB) incinerator were compared and discussed. Experimental results showed that both the bottom ash and fly ash from the FB incinerator can meet the regulation limits of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). However, the fly ash from the cyclone and bag-house of the MB incinerator were identified as toxic wastes due to the concentrations of Cr and Pb over the TCLP regulation limits of Taiwan EPA. For preparing the LWAs, the fly ash from the different incinerators were mixed with the reservoir sediment and sintered. The results showed that the fly ash can be served as a fluxing and foaming agent, and the prepared LWAs can meet the TCLP regulation limits. The maximum mixing percentage of fly ash in the LWAs could be up to 15%. All the physical properties of the LWAs made from the FB fly ash were superior to those made from the MB fly ash. The bottom ash of different incinerators were also used to replace the glass additive and mixed with the fly ash to prepare LWAs. The properties of these LWAs were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the maximum mixing percentage of bottom ash in the LWAs was within the range of 65 - 75%, and that of fly ash was within 5 - 15%. The highest crushing strength of the LWAs made from the bottom ash and fly ash of the FB and MB incinerators were sintered at 1100oC and 1200oC, respectively. In addition, all the properties of LWAs made from the bottom ash and fly ash of FB incinerator were better than those of the MB incinerator. The operating conditions of waste incinerators are the major factors influencing the physical and chemical properties of bottom ash and fly ash. Owing to the quartz sand being served as the fluidizing media, FB incinerator features the advantages of high mixing extent, high combustion efficiency, low ignition loss, and capturing heavy metals in bed. The concentrations of Si, Al, and Fe in both bottom ash and fly ash of the FB incinerator were high but the concentration of Ca in the fly ash was relatively low. Therefore, the FB fly ash was inherently viewed as the general (non-toxic) industrial waste. They can be directly reused in LWAs without any worry of secondary pollution. In addition, the optimal sintering temperature of LWAs made from the bottom ash and fly ash of the FB incinerator was lower than that made from the ashes of the MB incinerator. Therefore, the bottom ash and fly ash from FB incinerator exhibited superior physical and chemical properties to those of the MB incinerator. The bottom ash and fly ash of the FB incinerator displayed great reusing potentials and possibility.
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Kuan-Hong, Ho, and 何寬宏. "Feasibility of MSW Incinerator Bottom Ash as Adsorbent for Chromate Removal." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32598557380398723423.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
環境工程學系
88
The feasibility of municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator bottom ashes as adsorbent to remove chromate from dilute aqueous solution was investigated in this research. MSW incinerator bottom ashes used were sampled from several large MSW incinerators in Taiwan. In first step, to realize the basic characteristics of sampled ashes for proper pretreatment, physical, chemical and leaching characteristics of the sampled ashes were tested. Second, batch chromate adsorption experiments were executed with water-washed and acid-washed ashes. And the behavior of chromate removal by MSW bottom ashes was also discussed in this research with adsorption experiments using the main oxide composites of MSW bottom ash - silica, iron and aluminum oxides. The experimental results show that MSW bottom ash had high pHzpc (about 10.5), and high pHzpc favors the removal of anion from dilute aqueous solution. When the dosage of MSW bottom ash was 5 g/L and the initial concentration of chromate solution was 10 ppm, the chromate removal was 44.3 % with equilibrium pH at 4.96 and the specific adsorption capacity was 0.886 mg/g. The result of chromate removal by oxides shows that aluminum oxide has better removal efficiency than other oxides used and the optimum pH range for chromate removal is between 4 to 6. When the dosage of aluminum oxide increased to 25 g/L, the chromate removal was 37.3 % and the specific adsorption capacity was 11.09 mg/g. The water-washed and acid-washed pretreatments show that the specific adsorption capacity of MSW bottom ash was improved. Moreover, water-washed ash expands the optimum removal pH for chromate removal from about 5 to the range of 5 to 7. Acid-wash ash not only improves the specific adsorption capacity from 0.886 to 1.14 mg/g but also expands the optimum pH to the range higher than 4.
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Kao, ChaoLang, and 高肇郎. "An Application of Coal Bottom Ash as Landfill Cover Soil Materials." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30817208375279915687.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
土木及水利工程研究所
88
In Taiwan the thermal power plants produce yearly 300 thousand tons of coal bottom ash which has not been reused efficiently. We found that the coal bottom ash could remove 84.9, 53.2 and 38.5% of total phosphorus, COD and ammonia nitrogen, respectively, and could remove H2S from landfill leachate. This result indicates that the coal bottom ash can be used to reduce the pollution strength of leachate and waste gas from landfill sites. The feasibility of using the coal bottom ashes as the daily cover soil is then expected. This study used lysimeter to carry out the experiment of using coal bottom ash to replace cover soil of landfill. Another objective was using the coal bottom ash to reduce the pollution strength of the landfill leachate. The results show that middle cover soil using coal bottom ash had better removal efficiency for BOD and COD (less than 10,000mg/L). The cover soil using coal bottom ash had better removal efficiency for heavy metals. Coal bottom ash rised the pH of landfill leachate and removed color from leachates with efficiency of 83 to 95 %. According to the adsorption experiment and GPC analyses, we find that both large and small molecules could removed by this process.
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iforsion and 薛穎智. "Research on the Production of Lightweight Aggregate Utilizing Coal Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17526328877713568719.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
土木工程學系
93
The purpose of this study is utilizing the coal bottom ashes (CBA) to produce lightweight aggregates (LWA). According to the physical properties, chemical components and mineral constituents of the CBA, a series of attempts are made to sintering the CBA with various sintering temperature (1100－1250 ℃) and time (5~10 min). From the results of attempts on sintering and essential properties of CBA , the burning conditions and mix proportions are preliminarily determined to produce LWA. Further, based on the physical properties of LWA (particle density, 24 hrs water absorption, bloating index, and pore content etc.), the sintering conditions and mix proportions appropriate for producing LWA are selected. Finally, perform the mass production of LWA and evaluate the corresponding mechanical properties of LWA. (loose weight, strength of particles and chloride ion content etc.) The experimental results show that the CBA should be ground for granulation and production and the content of the fluxing should not be too high (≦26%) for manufacturing the agglomerate lightweight aggregate. The fluxing is considered as a kind of adjuvant admixture, which can reduce the melting point and amend the expansion of the raw material. Besides, the content of the carbon in CBA will greatly affect the properties of aggregates. After sintering, the carbon can provide pores and gases for aggregates during the process of expansion, and reduce the weight of aggregates. Draw from the above mentioned, lightweight aggregates are able to be made form CBA successfully with the values lying between 1037－1901 kg/m3 for the particle density, 0.1%－18.3% for the 24 hrs water absorption, and 3.5－23.5MPa for the bulk strength, and which can achieve the requirements of the general applications of lightweight aggregates.
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Yeh, Tai-liang, and 葉泰良. "Removal of Soluble Chlorinate by Acid Washing for MSWI Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/j92u4j.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
99
Because of domestic incineration of concern, fly ash has become a follow-up question to be addressed. Bottom ash recycling products are mainly used in civil construction, road additires, it contains a high amount of water-soluble chloride ion will make the reuse restrictions before the incineration bottom ash uses again pretreatment for the bottom ash also appears important, and how does this research mainly increase the acidic medicament by four section of continuous-type washing in elimination bottom ash water-soluble chloride ion to meet domestic laws and regulations stipulations (The bottom ash the water-soluble chloride ion to be lower than 0.024wt% according to the CNS1240 before bottom ash reusing) as well as reduces the cost to favor in the project effectively the utilization. This research by liquid solid ratio、time、and the increase acidic medicament''s quantity takes experiment''s three tremendous influence condition, finally discovered that the fore-mentioned three conditions the enhancement can increases the efficiency with the bottom ash the water-soluble chloride ion in elimination, namely time = 10 minutes、liquid solid ratio =3, and the increase the acidic medicament are the acid: water , the bottom ash the water-soluble chloride ion density by 0.903% drop to 0.060% (to reduce the efficiency =93.36%); But when the condition enhances for time = 30 minutes、liquid solid ratio =3, the increase the acidic medicament is the acid: water =1: 100, the bottom ash the water-soluble chloride ion density drop to 0.020%, reduces the efficiency to reach as high as 97.75% and according to this study initially estimate cost of this work is 324 dollars each ton