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Journal articles on the topic 'Bottom-up construction'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

van der Vet, P. E., and N. J. I. Mars. "Bottom-up construction of ontologies." IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 10, no. 4 (1998): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/69.706054.

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2

Peltier, N. "Bottom-up Construction of Semantic Tableaux." Journal of Logic and Computation 20, no. 1 (November 13, 2008): 283–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exn069.

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3

Saito, Koichiro, and Tetsu Tatsuma. "Photoassisted bottom-up construction of plasmonic nanocity." Nanoscale 9, no. 47 (2017): 18624–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr07082a.

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4

Condon, David M., Dustin Wood, René Mõttus, Tom Booth, Giulio Costantini, Samuel Greiff, Wendy Johnson, et al. "Bottom Up Construction of a Personality Taxonomy." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 36, no. 6 (November 2020): 923–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000626.

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Abstract. In pursuit of a more systematic and comprehensive framework for personality assessment, we introduce procedures for assessing personality traits at the lowest level: nuances. We argue that constructing a personality taxonomy from the bottom up addresses some of the limitations of extant top-down assessment frameworks (e.g., the Big Five), including the opportunity to resolve confusion about the breadth and scope of traits at different levels of the organization, evaluate unique and reliable trait variance at the item level, and clarify jingle/jangle issues in personality assessment. With a focus on applications in survey methodology and transparent documentation, our procedures contain six steps: (1) identification of a highly inclusive pool of candidate items, (2) programmatic evaluation and documentation of item characteristics, (3) test-retest analyses of items with adequate qualitative and quantitative properties, (4) analysis of cross-ratings from multiple raters for items with adequate retest reliability, (5) aggregation of ratings across diverse samples to evaluate generalizability across populations, (6) evaluations of predictive utility in various contexts. We hope these recommendations are the first step in a collaborative effort to identify a comprehensive pool of personality nuances at the lowest level, enabling subsequent construction of a robust hierarchy – from the bottom up.
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5

Padirac, A., T. Fujii, and Y. Rondelez. "Bottom-up construction of in vitro switchable memories." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 47 (October 29, 2012): E3212—E3220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1212069109.

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6

Eloe, Nathan W., Joseph A. Steurer, Jennifer L. Leopold, and Chaman L. Sabharwal. "Dual graph partitioning for Bottom-Up BVH construction." Journal of Visual Languages & Computing 25, no. 6 (December 2014): 764–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvlc.2014.09.014.

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7

Frey, Raphael, Shiksha Mantri, Marco Rocca, and Donald Hilvert. "Bottom-up Construction of a Primordial Carboxysome Mimic." Journal of the American Chemical Society 138, no. 32 (August 8, 2016): 10072–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b04744.

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8

Demetriou, Dorita, Konstantinos Korfiatis, and Constantinos Constantinou. "A ‘bottom-up’ approach to food web construction." Journal of Biological Education 43, no. 4 (September 2009): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2009.9656180.

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9

Zafar, Nazir Ahmad. "LR(K) Parser Construction Using Bottom-up Formal Analysis." Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 05, no. 01 (2012): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jsea.2012.51004.

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10

Helwig, Britta, Bob van Sluijs, Aleksandr A. Pogodaev, Sjoerd G. J. Postma, and Wilhelm T. S. Huck. "Bottom-Up Construction of an Adaptive Enzymatic Reaction Network." Angewandte Chemie 130, no. 43 (October 1, 2018): 14261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201806944.

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11

Helwig, Britta, Bob van Sluijs, Aleksandr A. Pogodaev, Sjoerd G. J. Postma, and Wilhelm T. S. Huck. "Bottom-Up Construction of an Adaptive Enzymatic Reaction Network." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 57, no. 43 (October 1, 2018): 14065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201806944.

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12

Zhao, Yuliang. "Bottom-up construction of highly ordered mesoporous graphene frameworks." Science Bulletin 60, no. 22 (November 2015): 1962–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-015-0928-3.

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13

Meng, Zhuojun, Daisuke Sawada, Christiane Laine, Yu Ogawa, Tommi Virtanen, Yoshiharu Nishiyama, Tekla Tammelin, and Eero Kontturi. "Bottom-up Construction of Xylan Nanocrystals in Dimethyl Sulfoxide." Biomacromolecules 22, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 898–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01600.

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14

Attou, Samira, Ludovic Mignot, and Djelloul Ziadi. "Bottom-Up derivatives of tree expressions." RAIRO - Theoretical Informatics and Applications 55 (2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ita/2021008.

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In this paper, we extend the notion of (word) derivatives and partial derivatives due to (respectively) Brzozowski and Antimirov to tree derivatives using already known inductive formulae of quotients. We define a new family of extended regular tree expressions (using negation or intersection operators), and we show how to compute a Brzozowski-like inductive tree automaton; the fixed point of this construction, when it exists, is the derivative tree automaton. Such a deterministic tree automaton can be used to solve the membership test efficiently: the whole structure is not necessarily computed, and the derivative computations can be performed in parallel. We also show how to solve the membership test using our (Bottom-Up) partial derivatives, without computing an automaton.
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15

URBAN, FLORIAN. "Berlin's construction groups and the politics of bottom-up architecture." Urban History 45, no. 4 (January 23, 2018): 683–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926817000694.

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ABSTRACT:In the 2000s, Berlin saw the formation of so-called Baugruppen (construction groups) – associations of small-scale investors who pooled their modest capital to commission an architect and construct a multistorey building in which they would own and occupy a flat. They were mostly middle-class families united by a belief in community values and neighbourly contact as well as the qualities of urban living. This article will present the construction groups as an example of bottom-up architecture in an industrialized western country, in which individual initiatives and user-centred design had to be negotiated within a highly professionalized environment, as well as with contradictory political positions. It will show that construction groups brought together various threads of Berlin's recent urban history: the gradual integration of radical post-1968 lifestyles into mainstream society, the ‘return to the inner city’ connected with the increasing popularity of ‘new tenements’, and the evolution of innovative, post-functionalist architecture.
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16

Amenc, Noël, Felix Goltz, and Sivagaminathan Sivasubramanian. "Multifactor Index Construction: A Skeptical Appraisal of Bottom-Up Approaches." Journal of Index Investing 9, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jii.2018.9.1.006.

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17

Śmigiel, Wojciech Mikołaj, Pauline Lefrançois, and Bert Poolman. "Physicochemical considerations for bottom-up synthetic biology." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 3, no. 5 (August 28, 2019): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20190017.

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The bottom-up construction of synthetic cells from molecular components is arguably one of the most challenging areas of research in the life sciences. We review the impact of confining biological systems in synthetic vesicles. Complex cell-like systems require control of the internal pH, ionic strength, (macro)molecular crowding, redox state and metabolic energy conservation. These physicochemical parameters influence protein activity and need to be maintained within limits to ensure the system remains in steady-state. We present the physicochemical considerations for building synthetic cells with dimensions ranging from the smallest prokaryotes to eukaryotic cells.
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18

Maaruf, Ali, and Pavel Oleynik. "Determining the optimal construction method for basements using the Analytic Hierarchy Process." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 09043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125809043.

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In the construction industry, there are two methods for constructing basements (Top-Down) and (Bottom-UP). The difference between them lies in the sequence of works, since in the (Bottom-Up) method the end of the excavation work is the necessary condition for the beginning of the substructure construction, and this is different from the (Top Down) method where excavation and construction of the substructure and the superstructure are carried out in parallel, which significantly reduces the project duration but at the same time increases the construction cost. Also there is a difference in terms of use for each of these two methods, for example, it is preferable to use the (Top-Down) in dense urban areas, where there is not enough space for the construction and where there are concerns that the adjacent buildings may be deformed as a result of construction, and this is what the (Bottom-Up) method cannot provide. In order to determine the optimal method from a mathematical point of view, 7 main criteria and 25 sub-criteria were identified, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process was used to solve this multi-criteria problem. Using the Expert Choice software, we found that the (Top-Down) method is preferred by 14.8% more than (Bottom-Up), and a sensitivity analysis was performed to determine which criteria dominated our optimal result.
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19

Schindler, Samuel. "Rehabilitating theory: refusal of the ‘bottom-up’ construction of scientific phenomena." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 38, no. 1 (March 2007): 160–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2006.12.009.

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20

Göpfrich, Kerstin, Ilia Platzman, and Joachim P. Spatz. "Mastering Complexity: Towards Bottom-up Construction of Multifunctional Eukaryotic Synthetic Cells." Trends in Biotechnology 36, no. 9 (September 2018): 938–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.03.008.

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21

Kudsk, Anders. "Stepwise Modularization in the Construction Industry Using a Bottom-Up Approach." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 7, no. 1 (September 19, 2013): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801307010099.

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22

Block, Philippe, Matthias Rippmann, and Tom Van Mele. "Compressive Assemblies: Bottom-Up Performance for a New Form of Construction." Architectural Design 87, no. 4 (July 2017): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ad.2202.

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23

Peng, Yong, Tony Cullis, and Beverley J. Inkson. "Electrical Nanowelding and Bottom-Up Nano-Construction Together Using Nanoscale Solder." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 7394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2010.2804.

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24

Majumder, Sagardip, Jonathan Garamella, Ying-Lin Wang, Maxwell DeNies, Vincent Noireaux, and Allen P. Liu. "Cell-sized mechanosensitive and biosensing compartment programmed with DNA." Chemical Communications 53, no. 53 (2017): 7349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc03455e.

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25

Garrido, Joaquín. "Motion metaphors in discourse construction." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 9, no. 1 (July 6, 2011): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.9.1.06gar.

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Motion metaphors occur at different levels, from prepositional phrases to discourse, including theoretical metaphors. After reviewing Relevance Theory as a bottom-up approach, and Cognitive Linguistics and Segmented Discourse Representation Theory as top-down ones, an integrated approach to metaphor in discourse construction is developed, based on a cognitive operation of connection of lower units into higher ones, similar to subsumption in the Lexical Constructional Model and to chunking in the Usage-Based Approach. In discourse construction, as the analysis of press and poetry examples show, either a motion metaphor may contribute to the discourse structure, or it may result from it. Discourses are packed into text structures; live discourse metaphors develop into text-type metaphors on their way to conventionalization. Metaphor and discourse construction are bottom-up processes, since they result from connection of lower units, but they are also top-down, based on properties of higher units, domains in metaphor and relations in discourse.
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26

Lowery, David, Virginia Gray, and James Monogan. "The Construction of Interest Communities: Distinguishing Bottom-Up and Top-Down Models." Journal of Politics 70, no. 4 (October 2008): 1160–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022381608081127.

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27

Kachtan. "The Construction of Ethnic Identity in the Military—From the Bottom Up." Israel Studies 17, no. 3 (2012): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.17.3.150.

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28

Chiu, Chao-Ying, and Alan D. Russell. "Design of a construction management data visualization environment: A bottom-up approach." Automation in Construction 35 (November 2013): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2013.05.013.

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29

Sun, Pei, Dong Chen, Hongping Deng, Nan Wang, Ping Huang, Xin Jin, and Xinyuan Zhu. "“Bottom-up” Construction of Multi-Polyprodrug-Arm Hyperbranched Amphiphiles for Cancer Therapy." Bioconjugate Chemistry 28, no. 5 (May 5, 2017): 1470–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00146.

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30

De Fina, A. "Top-Down and Bottom-Up Strategies of Identity Construction in Ethnic Media." Applied Linguistics 34, no. 5 (October 15, 2013): 554–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/amt026.

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31

Roy, Rajarshi, Mukesh Kumar, Navin K. Sharma, and Shamik Sural. "Bottom-Up Construction of Bluetooth Topology under a Traffic-Aware Scheduling Scheme." IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 6, no. 1 (January 2007): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2007.250672.

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32

Zhang, Guang-Lu, Li-Peng Zhou, Da-Qiang Yuan, and Qing-Fu Sun. "Bottom-Up Construction of Mesoporous Nanotubes from 78-Component Self-Assembled Nanobarrels." Angewandte Chemie 127, no. 34 (June 30, 2015): 9982–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201503295.

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33

Zhang, Guang-Lu, Li-Peng Zhou, Da-Qiang Yuan, and Qing-Fu Sun. "Bottom-Up Construction of Mesoporous Nanotubes from 78-Component Self-Assembled Nanobarrels." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 54, no. 34 (June 30, 2015): 9844–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201503295.

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34

Li, Peng, Nicolaas A. Vermeulen, Christos D. Malliakas, Diego A. Gómez-Gualdrón, Ashlee J. Howarth, B. Layla Mehdi, Alice Dohnalkova, Nigel D. Browning, Michael O’Keeffe, and Omar K. Farha. "Bottom-up construction of a superstructure in a porous uranium-organic crystal." Science 356, no. 6338 (April 20, 2017): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7851.

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35

Balzani, Vincenzo. "Nanoscience and nanotechnology: The bottom-up construction of molecular devices and machines." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 8 (January 1, 2008): 1631–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880081631.

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The bottom-up approach to miniaturization, which starts from molecules to build up nanostructures, enables the extension of the macroscopic concepts of a device and a machine to molecular level. Molecular-level devices and machines operate via electronic and/or nuclear rearrangements and, like macroscopic devices and machines, need energy to operate and signals to communicate with the operator. Examples of molecular-level photonic wires, plug/socket systems, light-harvesting antennas, artificial muscles, molecular lifts, and light-powered linear and rotary motors are illustrated. The extension of the concepts of a device and a machine to the molecular level is of interest not only for basic research, but also for the growth of nanoscience and the development of nanotechnology.
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36

Yagahara, Ayako, Yuki Yokooka, Guoqian Jiang, Shintarou Tsuji, Akihisa Fukuda, Naoki Nishimoto, Kunio Kurowarabi, and Katsuhiko Ogasawara. "Construction of mammographic examination process ontology using bottom–up hierarchical task analysis." Radiological Physics and Technology 11, no. 1 (January 10, 2018): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12194-017-0439-9.

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37

Chen, Yao, Dong Yang, Yuchen Gao, Runlai Li, Ke An, Wenjing Wang, Zhanfeng Zhao, Xin Xin, Hanjie Ren, and Zhongyi Jiang. "On-Surface Bottom-Up Construction of COF Nanoshells towards Photocatalytic H2 Production." Research 2021 (August 2, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9798564.

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The rational design of an outer shell is of great significance to promote the photocatalytic efficiency of core-shell structured photocatalysts. Herein, a covalent organic framework (COF) nanoshell was designed and deposited on the cadmium sulfide (CdS) core surface. A typical COF material, TPPA, featuring exceptional stability, was synthesized through interfacial polymerization using 1, 3, 5-triformylphloroglucinol (TP) and p-phenylenediamine (PA) as monomers. The nanoshell endows the CdS@TPPA nanosphere with ordered channels for unimpeded light-harvesting and fast diffusion of reactants/products and well-defined modular building blocks for spatially charge separation. Moreover, the heterojunction formed between CdS and TPPA can further facilitate the effective charge separation at the interface via lower exciton binding energy compared with that of pristine TPPA. By modulating the thickness of TPPA nanoshell, the CdS@TPPA nanosphere photocatalyst with the nanoshell thickness of about 8±1 nm exhibits the highest photocatalytic H2 evolution of 194.1 μmol h-1 (24.3 mmol g-1 h-1, 8 mg), which is superior to most of the reported COF-based photocatalysts. The framework nanoshell in this work may stimulate the thinking about how to design advanced shell architecture in the core-shell structured photocatalysts to achieve coordinated charge and molecule transport.
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38

Schwille, Petra. "Bottom-Up Synthetic Biology: Engineering in a Tinkerer’s World." Science 333, no. 6047 (September 1, 2011): 1252–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1211701.

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How synthetic can “synthetic biology” be? A literal interpretation of the name of this new life science discipline invokes expectations of the systematic construction of biological systems with cells being built module by module—from the bottom up. But can this possibly be achieved, taking into account the enormous complexity and redundancy of living systems, which distinguish them quite remarkably from design features that characterize human inventions? There are several recent developments in biology, in tight conjunction with quantitative disciplines, that may bring this literal perspective into the realm of the possible. However, such bottom-up engineering requires tools that were originally designed by nature’s greatest tinkerer: evolution.
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39

FRIESE, SYLVIA, HELMUT SEIDL, and SEBASTIAN MANETH. "EARLIEST NORMAL FORM AND MINIMIZATION FOR BOTTOM-UP TREE TRANSDUCERS." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 22, no. 07 (November 2011): 1607–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012905411100891x.

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We show that for every deterministic bottom-up tree transducer, a unique equivalent transducer can be constructed which is minimal. The construction is based on a sequence of normalizing transformations which, among others, guarantee that non-trivial output is produced as early as possible. For a deterministic bottom-up transducer where every state produces either none or infinitely many outputs, the minimal transducer can be constructed in polynomial time.
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40

Kern, Anna. "Pragmatic Citizens – A Bottom-Up Perspective on Participatory Politics." Politics of the Low Countries 3, no. 2 (September 2021): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/plc/.000012.

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41

Freire, Danilo, Manoel Galdino, and Umberto Mignozzetti. "Bottom-up accountability and public service provision: Evidence from a field experiment in Brazil." Research & Politics 7, no. 2 (April 2020): 205316802091444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168020914444.

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Does local oversight improve public service delivery? We study the effect of a mobile phone application that allows citizens to monitor school construction projects in Brazilian municipalities. The app prompts users to submit data about construction sites, sends such crowdsourced information to independent engineers, and contacts the mayors’ offices about project delays. Our results show that the app has a null impact on school construction indicators. Additionally, we find that politicians are unresponsive to individual requests. The results question the impact of bottom-up monitoring on public service performance and suggest that interventions targeted at other groups, or focused on different issues, may produce better policy outcomes.
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42

P. Sheehan, D. "Bottom-Up Approach to Nanoscale Electrostatic Potentials and Fields: Theory and Applications." Micro and Nanosystemse 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876402911103010035.

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43

Liu, Junzhi, and Xinliang Feng. "Bottom-Up Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons." Synlett 31, no. 03 (December 10, 2019): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690767.

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Bottom-up organic synthesis serves as an efficient method to provide atomically precise heteroatom-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with not only well-defined size and edge structures but also specific concentrations and positions of the heteroatoms. We provide a plenary account of the preparation of nitrogen-doped PAHs (N-PAHs) through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between different dipolarophiles, as well as pyrazine-type N-doped diaza-hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (diaza-HBC). Additionally, we present the synthesis of a class of helical N-charged PAHs, including one charged aza[5]helicene and two charged aza[4]helicenes. Moreover, the bottom-up organic synthesis strategy is further extended to the construction of novel nitrogen-boron-nitrogen (NBN)-containing PAHs. Finally, we discuss the synthesis of four-coordinate boron chromophores containing 6,12,18-tris(alkyl amine)-5,11,17-triazatrinaphthylene derivative ligands.1 Introduction2 Nitrogen-Doped PAHs Based on Dibenzo-9a-azaphenalene (DBAP)3 Cationic Nitrogen-Doped Helical PAHs4 Nitrogen–Boron–Nitrogen-Doped PAHs5 Conclusion and Outlook
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44

Huber, Jeffrey T., Robert M. Shapiro, and Mary L. Gillaspy. "Top Down versus Bottom Up: The Social Construction of the Health Literacy Movement." Library Quarterly 82, no. 4 (October 2012): 429–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/667438.

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45

Biner, Olivier, Justin G. Fedor, Zhan Yin, and Judy Hirst. "Bottom-Up Construction of a Minimal System for Cellular Respiration and Energy Regeneration." ACS Synthetic Biology 9, no. 6 (May 8, 2020): 1450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.0c00110.

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46

Sundar, Hari, Rahul S. Sampath, and George Biros. "Bottom-Up Construction and 2:1 Balance Refinement of Linear Octrees in Parallel." SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 30, no. 5 (January 2008): 2675–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/070681727.

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47

Kundakcioglu, O. Erhun, and TonguÇ Unluyurt. "Bottom-Up Construction of Minimum-Cost and/ or Trees for Sequential Fault Diagnosis." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans 37, no. 5 (September 2007): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsmca.2007.893459.

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48

Tang, Junmei, Yuemei Han, Hao Chen, and Quankui Lin. "Bottom-Up Fabrication of PEG Brush on Poly(dimethylsiloxane) for Antifouling Surface Construction." International Journal of Polymer Science 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8458752.

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Poly(dimethylsiloxane) silicones have found many applications in biomedical devices, whereas their surface hydrophobicity always brings about unexpected bioadhesion, causing complications of the implanted biomedical devices. In this work, surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (SI-RAFT) polymerization was utilized to generate PEG brushes on silicone surface, obtaining highly hydrophilic surface coatings. Such PEG brush coated silicone presents excellent antifouling to protein, cells, and bacteria, which may have great potential in implantable biomaterial surface modifications.
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49

Carvajal-Arango, David, Alejandro Vásquez-Hernández, and Luis Fernando Botero-Botero. "Assessment of subjective workplace well-being of construction workers: A bottom-up approach." Journal of Building Engineering 36 (April 2021): 102154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102154.

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50

FALAHAT, SOMAIYEH, and M. REZA SHIRAZI. "Spatial fragmentation and bottom-up appropriations: the case of Safavid Isfahan." Urban History 42, no. 1 (April 3, 2014): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926814000133.

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ABSTRACTIt is widely claimed that there was a clear spatial continuity in the evolution of the traditional Middle Eastern city, with every new development the result of an intelligent, albeit unplanned, evolution of pre-existing doctrines of construction. However, as far as the new Safavid urban development of seventeenth-century Isfahan (in Iran) is concerned, it is possible to distinguish a spatial fragmentation, in terms of urban pattern and urban structure, between the old texture and new extensions.
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