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Journal articles on the topic 'Botulism antitoxin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Eliseeva, E. M., I. A. Mazerkina, and A. A. Chistokhina. "Neurotropic Effect of Botulinum Toxin and the Potential of Specific Serum Therapy in Botulism (Review)." Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy 12, no. 3 (2024): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/2312-7821-2024-12-3-299-308.

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INTRODUCTION. The outbreak of foodborne botulism that occurred in Russia in June 2024 once again demonstrated the danger of this rather rare but severe infectious disease caused by ingesting botulinum neurotoxin. The only aetiological treatment for botulism is currently the administration of antitoxins against various serotypes of botulinum toxin. However, antitoxins do not provide rapid regression of neurological symptoms, which may raise doubts about the effectiveness of the selected treatment option. It is impossible to assess the potential of specific treatment without understanding the me

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Ben David, Alon, Ada Barnea, Amram Torgeman, et al. "Immunologic and Protective Properties of Subunit- vs. Whole Toxoid-Derived Anti-Botulinum Equine Antitoxin." Vaccines 10, no. 9 (2022): 1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091522.

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Botulism is a paralytic disease caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). Equine antitoxin is currently the standard therapy for botulism in human. The preparation of equine antitoxin relies on the immunization of horses with botulinum toxoid, which suffers from low yield and safety limitations. The Hc fragment of BoNTs was suggested to be a potent antibotulinum subunit vaccine. The current study presents a comparative evaluation of equine-based toxoid-derived antitoxin (TDA) and subunit-derived antitoxin (SDA). The potency of recombinant Hc/A, Hc/B, and Hc/E in mice was similar to that of toxo

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Robinson, Renee F., and Milap C. Nahata. "Management of Botulism." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 37, no. 1 (2003): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1c034.

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OBJECTIVE To provide a concise review of the presentation and treatment of botulism. DATA SOURCES Searches of MEDLINE (1966–November 2001), tertiary references, and public and government Internet sites were conducted. STUDY SELECTION All articles and additional references from those articles were thoroughly evaluated. DATA SYNTHESIS Clostridium botulinum toxin blocks acetylcholine release in a dose-dependent fashion, resulting in acute symmetric diplopia, dysarthria, dysphonia, dysphagia, and possible neurologic sequelae despite the route of exposure (i.e., food-borne, wound, intestinal, inhal

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4

Diamant, Eran, Avi Pass, Osnat Rosen, et al. "A Novel Rabbit Spirometry Model of Type E Botulism and Its Use for the Evaluation of Postsymptom Antitoxin Efficacy." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 62, no. 4 (2018): e02379-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02379-17.

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ABSTRACTBotulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), the most poisonous substances known in nature, pose significant concern to health authorities. The only approved therapeutic for botulism is antitoxin. While administered to patients only after symptom onset, antitoxin efficacy is evaluated in animals mostly in relation to time postintoxication regardless of symptoms. This is most likely due to the difficulty in measuring early symptoms of botulism in animals. In this study, a rabbit spirometry model was developed to quantify early respiratory symptoms of type E botulism that were further used as a trigge

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Hung, Le Quoc, Vo Ngoc Anh Tho, Do Thi Ngoc Khanh, et al. "Suspected botulism outbreak after the consumption of vegetarian pâté in the south of Viet Nam." Wellcome Open Research 5 (June 18, 2021): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16372.4.

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Botulism and other botulinum neurotoxins-producing clostridia are potentially life-threatening diseases caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. Here we reported a case series of six patients who presented with botulism following ingestion of commercially made pâté. The key features of presentation were acute onset of bilateral cranial nerve palsies and symmetrical descending weakness in the absence of fever resulting in the need for mechanical ventilation in all six patients. The clinical diagnosis of botulism was confirmed through the identification of C. botulinum from the suspec

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Hung, Le Quoc, Vo Ngoc Anh Tho, Do Thi Ngoc Khanh, et al. "Botulism outbreak after the consumption of vegetarian pâté in the south of Viet Nam." Wellcome Open Research 5 (January 26, 2021): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16372.3.

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Botulism is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. Here we reported a case series of six patients who presented with botulism following ingestion of commercially made pâté. The key features of presentation were acute onset of bilateral cranial nerve palsies and symmetrical descending weakness in the absence of fever resulting in the need for mechanical ventilation in all six patients. The clinical diagnosis of botulism was confirmed through the identification of C. botulinum from the suspected food source. Given that botulinum antitoxin was n

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Ngan, Nguyen Thi Thuy, Vo Ngoc Anh Tho, Do Thi Ngoc Khanh, et al. "Botulism outbreak after the consumption of vegetarian pâté in the south of Viet Nam." Wellcome Open Research 5 (October 27, 2020): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16372.1.

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Botulism is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. Here we reported a case series of six patients who presented with botulism following ingestion of commercially made pâté. The key features of presentation were acute onset of bilateral cranial nerve palsies and symmetrical descending weakness in the absence of fever resulting in the need for mechanical ventilation in all six patients. The clinical diagnosis of botulism was confirmed through the identification of C. botulinum from the suspected food source. Given that botulinum antitoxin was n

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Ngan, Nguyen Thi Thuy, Vo Ngoc Anh Tho, Do Thi Ngoc Khanh, et al. "Botulism outbreak after the consumption of vegetarian pâté in the south of Viet Nam." Wellcome Open Research 5 (December 23, 2020): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16372.2.

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Botulism is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. Here we reported a case series of six patients who presented with botulism following ingestion of commercially made pâté. The key features of presentation were acute onset of bilateral cranial nerve palsies and symmetrical descending weakness in the absence of fever resulting in the need for mechanical ventilation in all six patients. The clinical diagnosis of botulism was confirmed through the identification of C. botulinum from the suspected food source. Given that botulinum antitoxin was n

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9

Dembek, Zygmunt F., Leonard A. Smith, and Janice M. Rusnak. "Botulism: Cause, Effects, Diagnosis, Clinical and Laboratory Identification, and Treatment Modalities." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 1, no. 2 (2007): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dmp.0b013e318158c5fd.

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ABSTRACTBotulism is a neuroparalytic disease caused by neurotoxins produced by the bacteriaClostridium botulinum. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are among the most potent naturally occurring toxins and are a category A biological threat agent. The 7 toxin serotypes of BoNTs (serotypes A–G) have different toxicities, act through 3 different intracellular protein targets, and exhibit different durations of effect. Botulism may follow ingestion of food contaminated with BoNT, from toxin production ofC botulinumpresent in the intestine or wounds, or from inhalation of aerosolized toxin. Intoxicatio

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Raza, Nadia, Sandhya Dhital, Valerie Elise Espinoza, et al. "Wound Botulism in Black Tar Heroin Injecting Users: A Case Series." Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports 9 (January 2021): 232470962110280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23247096211028078.

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The incidence of wound botulism in injection drug users has increased since the introduction of black tar heroin. Many species of the Clostridium genus, most commonly Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium baratii, and Clostridium butyricum, have been associated with wound botulism. Patients often present with progressive bulbar weakness, including dysphagia, cranial nerve palsies, and loss of speech, in addition to symmetrical descending weakness of the upper extremities that may progress to the chest and lower extremities. In this article, we present 3 cases of wound botulism, in which the patie

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Torgeman, Amram, Eran Diamant, Eyal Dor, et al. "A Rabbit Model for the Evaluation of Drugs for Treating the Chronic Phase of Botulism." Toxins 13, no. 10 (2021): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13100679.

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Antitoxin, the only licensed drug therapy for botulism, neutralizes circulating botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). However, antitoxin is no longer effective when a critical amount of BoNT has already entered its target nerve cells. The outcome is a chronic phase of botulism that is characterized by prolonged paralysis. In this stage, blocking toxin activity within cells by next-generation intraneuronal anti-botulinum drugs (INABDs) may shorten the chronic phase of the disease and accelerate recovery. However, there is a lack of adequate animal models that simulate the chronic phase of botulism for e

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Peñuelas, Marina, María Guerrero-Vadillo, Sylvia Valdezate, et al. "Botulism in Spain: Epidemiology and Outcomes of Antitoxin Treatment, 1997–2019." Toxins 15, no. 1 (2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010002.

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Background: Botulism is a low incidence but potentially fatal infectious disease caused by neurotoxins produced mainly by Clostridium botulinum. There are different routes of acquisition, food-borne and infant/intestinal being the most frequent presentation, and antitoxin is the treatment of choice in all cases. In Spain, botulism is under surveillance, and case reporting is mandatory. Methods: This retrospective study attempts to provide a more complete picture of the epidemiology of botulism in Spain from 1997 to 2019 and an assessment of the treatment, including the relationship between a d

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Vanella de Cuetos, Elida E., Rafael A. Fernandez, María I. Bianco, et al. "Equine Botulinum Antitoxin for the Treatment of Infant Botulism." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 11 (2011): 1845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05261-11.

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ABSTRACTInfant botulism is the most common form of human botulism in Argentina and the United States. BabyBIG (botulism immune globulin intravenous [human]) is the antitoxin of choice for specific treatment of infant botulism in the United States. However, its high cost limits its use in many countries. We report here the effectiveness and safety of equine botulinum antitoxin (EqBA) as an alternative treatment. We conducted an analytical, observational, retrospective, and longitudinal study on cases of infant botulism registered in Mendoza, Argentina, from 1993 to 2007. We analyzed 92 medical

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De Sousa, Ana Lívia Vasconcelos, Nathálya Lima Duarte, Diogo Mendonça Barth Pacini, Fernanda Campos Ilorca, and Ana Maria de Souza Almeida. "Outbreak of avian botulism in a backyard poultry farming / Surto de botulismo aviário em criação de aves domésticas." Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research 4, no. 4 (2021): 5663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv4n4-063.

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The purpose of this study is to report an outbreak of avian botulism in backyard poultry farming. In 2019, a botulism outbreak in a flock of laying hens was investigated in Brazil. In the flock of 30 hens, clinical signs of botulism occurred after they ate decaying vegetables. A type C botulism outbreak was confirmed using the mouse lethality assay for detection of botulinum toxin in serum and ELISA test to detect Clostridium botulinum in intestinal contents and serum. Botulism in laying hens has rarely been reported. The chickens developed cyanotic comb and wattle, dyspnea, different degrees

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Shakaryan, A. K., N. N. Zvereva, A. M. Demkina, K. S. Volkov, and M. V. Bazarova. "Clinical case of severe foodborne botulism in a child: diagnostic difficulties and treatment tactics." Pediatria. Journal named after G.N. Speransky 103, no. 5 (2024): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24110/0031-403x-2024-103-5-146-151.

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Practitioners’ alertness of botulism in children decreases due to the rarity of its cases. Early diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms though the clinical manifestations may also escalate rapidly and further lead to misdiagnosis. Patients with suspected botulism require immediate hospitalization due to the high risk for paralysis of respiratory muscles and the need for mechanical ventilation. The timely administration of the antitoxin is crucial. However, maximum allowable time of its administration counting from the onset is still a subject to discussion among physicians. Authors represent

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Parrera, Geraldine S., Hugo Astacio, Priya Tunga, Deborah M. Anderson, Christine L. Hall, and Jason S. Richardson. "Use of Botulism Antitoxin Heptavalent (A, B, C, D, E, F, G)—(Equine) (BAT®) in Clinical Study Subjects and Patients: A 15-Year Systematic Safety Review." Toxins 14, no. 1 (2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14010019.

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Botulism is a rare, sometimes fatal paralytic illness caused by botulinum neurotoxins. BAT® (Botulism Antitoxin Heptavalent (A, B, C, D, E, F, G)—(Equine)) is an equine-derived heptavalent botulinum antitoxin indicated for the treatment of symptomatic botulism in adult and pediatric patients. This review assesses the cumulative safety profile for BAT product from 2006 to 2020, using data received from clinical studies, an expanded-access program, a post-licensure registry, spontaneous and literature reports. The adverse event (AE) incidence rate for BAT product was calculated conservatively us

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Rega, Paul P., Christopher E. Bork, Kelly Burkholder-Allen, Michael S. Bisesi, and Jeffrey P. Gold. "Single-Breath-Count Test: An Important Adjunct in the Triaging of Patients in a Mass-Casualty Incident Due to Botulism." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25, no. 3 (2010): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00008062.

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AbstractClostridium botulinum toxins, the most poisonous substance known to humankind, are considered to be a [US] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A bioterrorist agent. Despite this concern, little has been published with regard to the tactical aspects of triaging a mass-casualty event involving botulism victims arriving at an emergency department. Because neuromuscular-ventilatory failure is a principal reason for botulism's early morbidity and mortality, using a quick and sensitive test to evaluate this possibility is imperative. The purpose of this article is to propose

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Fung, Hin Tat, Ka Man Chan, and Shing Kit Tommy Lam. "A review on iatrogenic botulism." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 27, no. 6 (2020): 356–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024907920934901.

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Background: With the flourishing application of botulinum toxin cosmetically and therapeutically is the emergence of iatrogenic botulism, a new type of botulism in addition to the traditional ones. Objectives: We aim at a comprehensive review of the clinical characteristics of iatrogenic botulism. Methods: The available publications are retrieved and studied. Results: Botulinum toxin blocks cholinergic transmission in the neuromuscular junctions and autonomic ganglia. The blockade can spread from the site of tissue injection to adjacent or sometimes far off structures, resulting in inadvertent

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Hill, Stanley E., Raza Iqbal, Christine L. Cadiz, and Jennifer Le. "Foodborne Botulism Treated with Heptavalent Botulism Antitoxin." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 47, no. 2 (2013): e12-e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1r646.

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Awsare, Sohun, David Chirikian, and Forshing Lui. "Wound Botulism Caused by Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A in a Chronic Parenteral Drug Abuser." Case Reports in Neurology 12, no. 3 (2020): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000510846.

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Botulism is an acute paralytic disease caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-mediated inhibition of neurosignaling at the neuromuscular junction. BoNTs are produced by gram positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria from the genus <i>Clostridium,</i>most commonly<i> Clostridium botulinum</i>. Over the last decade, a previously uncommon form of botulism, wound botulism, has increased in prevalence possibly due to the rise in parenteral drug abuse. A 53-year-old patient with a history of drug abuse presents to a rural emergency department with rapidly progressing lower e

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Durcan, Robert, Olwen Murphy, Valerie Reid, and Tim Lynch. "Guillain-Barré syndrome mimicking botulism in early disease course." Practical Neurology 18, no. 6 (2018): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2018-001891.

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A 42-year-old man, returning to Europe after a 2-month stay in China, reported cough and runny nose. Five days later, he developed neck discomfort and rapidly evolving weakness, spreading from his arms to the facial, bulbar and neck muscles, and then the legs. He developed dysphagia and breathlessness, and was intubated in the emergency department. Cerebrospinal fluid showed mildly elevated protein. On day 2 he had fixed dilated pupils, with absent oculocephalic reflexes, and a flaccid upper limb paralysis. MR scans of the brain and spinal cord were normal. The early features of descending wea

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Fan, Yongfeng, Jianlong Lou, Christina C. Tam, et al. "A Three-Monoclonal Antibody Combination Potently Neutralizes BoNT/G Toxin in Mice." Toxins 15, no. 5 (2023): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15050316.

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Equine-derived antitoxin (BAT®) is the only treatment for botulism from botulinum neurotoxin serotype G (BoNT/G). BAT® is a foreign protein with potentially severe adverse effects and is not renewable. To develop a safe, more potent, and renewable antitoxin, humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated. Yeast displayed single chain Fv (scFv) libraries were prepared from mice immunized with BoNT/G and BoNT/G domains and screened with BoNT/G using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Fourteen scFv-binding BoNT/G were isolated with KD values ranging from 3.86 nM to 103 nM (median

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imeno Ruiz, Sara J., María Benedit Gómez, Paula Touza Pol, Amaia García Arratibel, and Alejandro López Escobar. "A Case of Infant Botulism Treated with Human-Derived Antitoxin." SVOA Paediatrics 3, no. 2 (2024): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.58624/svoapd.2024.03.061.

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Background: Infant botulism is a severe and rare illness due to the ingestion of the neurotoxin secreted by Clostridium botulinum and is a neuroparalytic descendant acute disease which is reversible, treatable and preventable. Symptoms vary from mild hypotonia to respiratory failure and sudden death. Clinical Observation: A four-months-old female baby taken to the Emergency Room because of hypoactivity and failure to eat. Parents reported constipation for the last 5 days. The physical examination showed a hypoactive baby with sleep tendency and mild axial hypotonia. During the next 48 hours th

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Yücer, Muhammed Furkan, Alper Kaçar, Hüseyin Dağ, and Ahmet İrdem. "Successful treatment of a 15 years-old obese adolescent patient with botulinum anti-toxin after gastric Botox and systemic botulism findings: a case report." Iberoamerican Journal of Medicine 5, no. 4 (2023): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.53986/ibjm.2023.0024.

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Obesity is an increasingly common public health problem in children. The main goal in the fight against obesity is to prevent the development of obesity by healthy eating, increasing physical activity and reducing screen time. Patients with obesity should be treated in a multidisciplinary manner in accordance with the guidelines. In children and adolescents, applications such as gastric Botox, which are not included in the guidelines and for which there is insufficient literature information, should be avoided. Obese patients with Botulism side effects should be questioned about this applicati

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Marincu, Iosif, Felix Bratosin, Iulia Vidican, et al. "Foodborne Botulism in Western Romania: Ten Years’ Experience at a Tertiary Infectious Disease Hospital." Healthcare 9, no. 9 (2021): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091149.

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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze epidemiological data concerning foodborne botulism in Western Romania over the last decade. Botulism, the toxin formed by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, results in a neuroparalytic disorder capable of severe clinical progression that begins in the cranial nerves and progressively descends. Preventing progression to a severe case entails timely diagnosis since curative assets are restricted. Ingesting food containing a preformed toxin (foodborne botulism) is the most typical form. Methods: Medical records were retrospectively analyzed f

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Richardson, Jason S., Geraldine S. Parrera, Hugo Astacio, et al. "Safety and Clinical Outcomes of an Equine-derived Heptavalent Botulinum Antitoxin Treatment for Confirmed or Suspected Botulism in the United States." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, no. 9 (2019): 1950–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz515.

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Abstract Background Botulism is a rare, life-threatening paralytic illness. Botulism Antitoxin Heptavalent (A,B,C,D,E,F,G)-(Equine) (BAT) manufactured by Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc is an equine-derived heptavalent botulinum antitoxin product indicated for the treatment of symptomatic botulism following documented or suspected exposure to botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A-G in adults and pediatric patients. BAT product was US-licensed in 2013. Methods In the United States, from October 2014 through July 2017, safety and clinical outcomes data were collected under a registry for patients tr

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Prygiel, Marta, Ewa Mosiej, Karol Wdowiak, and Aleksandra Anna Zasada. "Passive Immunisation in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases Related to Highly Potent Bacterial Toxins." Biomedicines 12, no. 12 (2024): 2920. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12122920.

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The discovery of microbial toxins as the primary factors responsible for disease manifestations and the discovery that these toxins could be neutralised by antitoxins are linked to the birth of immunology. In the late 19th century, the serum or plasma of animals or patients who had recovered from infectious diseases or who had been immunised with a relevant antigen began to be used to treat or prevent infections. Before the advent of widespread vaccination campaigns, antitoxins played a key role in the treatment and prevention of diseases such as diphtheria and tetanus. A significant reduction

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Eser, Fatma, İmran Hasanoğlu, Bircan Kayaaslan, et al. "Iatrogenic botulism cases after gastric and axillary application of botulinum toxin and review of literature." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 18, no. 03 (2024): 480–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.18868.

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Introduction: Iatrogenic botulism is a rare, serious disease that progresses with descending paralysis and develops after cosmetic or therapeutic botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) application. Case presentations: In this case series; six cases of iatrogenic botulism followed up in our center are presented. Four of these developed after gastric BoNT-A and two after axillary BoNT-A application. Results: The most important cause for the disease was the use of unlicensed products and high-dose toxin applications. The first symptoms were blurred vision, double vision, difficulty in swallowing, and hoarsen

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Kolesnikov, A. V., A. K. Ryabko, I. G. Shemyakin, and A. V. Kozyr. "Development of Specific Therapy to Category A ToxicInfections." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 70, no. 4 (2015): 428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v70.i4.1408.

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Category A select agents continue to be major threat to human population both as naturally occurring diseases and as potential weapon of bioterrorists. Anthrax and botulism are probably the most threatening agents as both have virtually uncontrolled natural reservoirs from which they can be isolated and propagated. Available specific antitoxin therapy of both diseases is outdated; its efficiency is questionable as well as safety of reactogenic or human-derived components used in treatment. Highly sensitive toxin detection techniques are still not as widespread as it needed for timely alerting

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Gasperoni, Umberto, Federica Acone, Francesco Morandi, and Alessandra Lazzerotti. "Un caso di botulismo infantile." Medico e Bambino Pagine elettroniche 27, no. 6 (2024): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.53126/mebxxviigu101.

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A 6-month-old infant had been presenting with weak sucking and reduced spontaneous limb movements for a week. He had constipation problems for 4 days followed by hard stool. Upon admission, blood tests including metabolic screening and instrumental investigations were performed. Upon further inquiry into the family history, it was discovered that the father works as a mason. Due to suspicion of infant botulism, the Poison Control Center Unit of Pavia was contacted, and a faecal sample was sent to the Brescia Zooprophylactic Institute, which tested positive for Clostridium bacteria that produce

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May, Meryta L. A., Michael A. Corkeron, and Mark Stretton. "Infant botulism in Australia: availability of human botulinum antitoxin for treatment." Medical Journal of Australia 193, no. 10 (2010): 614–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb04073.x.

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Bondarenko, A., D. Katsapov, P. Nartov, and A. Gordienko. "A CASE OF BOTULISM." Inter Collegas 5, no. 4 (2018): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35339/ic.5.4.178-181.

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Bondarenko A.,Katsapov D., Nartov P., Gordienko A. Data on rising number of cases of food botulism in Ukraine is discussed in the article. As a clinical example, unusual case of food-borne botulism of a patient in Kharkiv is described. Peculiarity of the case is a development of symptoms of the disease in patients with compromised psychoneurological background and exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis so the clinical presentation mimicked other acute progressive neurological disorders. Differential diagnostics is presented. Experience and effectiveness of Heptavalent Botulism Antitoxin (HBAT),

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Rankovic, Aleksandar, Miodrag Vrbic, Maja Jovanovic, Lidija Popovic-Dragonjic, and Gorana Nedin-Rankovic. "Our experience in the treatment of botulism." Vojnosanitetski pregled 74, no. 9 (2017): 891–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp141207273r.

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Introduction. Botulism is a neuro -intoxication caused by a toxin secreted by Clostridium botulinum. Due to extremely high toxicity and lethality, this toxin can be used as an agent in a biological warfare. Case report. We presented six patients, mean age 28.8 years, who ate canned food and in whom the diagnosis of disease was made based on the typical clinical picture. Predominant symptoms were blurred vision, double vision (diplopia), dry mouth and constipation which were present in all patients. The patient whose disease was recognized only after 23 days and who did not receive the anti bot

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Li, Lucy Qian, Andrew Cadamy, and Andrew Seaton. "Wound botulism presenting as dysphagia to an ENT ward." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 2 (2020): e232367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-232367.

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A 44-year-old man with a background of heroin injection drug use was referred to the ear, nose and throat team with a sore throat and dysphagia. He was treated with intravenous antibiotics and steroids for suspected uvulitis. He developed progressive bulbar weakness and symmetrical descending weakness of the upper extremities over a 12-hour period and was intubated prior to transfer to the intensive care unit.Botulinum heptavalent antitoxin was administered, and subsequent PCR assay confirmed Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin B from his most recent injection site. He was found unconscious on th

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Diaz, Alex, and Surit Sharma. "A Case of a 34-Year-Old Female with Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure and Proximal Muscle Weakness." Case Reports in Critical Care 2017 (2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7941715.

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Wound associated botulism is an unusual presentation. Early detection of this potentially life-threatening illness can significantly shorten length of hospital stay and improve prognosis. We present a case of a 34-year-old female with a history of heroin abuse who presented to the ED with acute respiratory failure, diplopia, and proximal muscle weakness. There was early concern for wound botulism as the instigating process. After discussion with the CDC, she was given equine serum heptavalent botulism antitoxin. Laboratory analysis later confirmed our suspicion. Symptoms improved and the patie

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Kelch, William J., Larry A. Kerr, John K. Pringle, Barton W. Rohrbach, and Robert H. Whitlock. "Fatal Clostridium Botulinum Toxicosis in Eleven Holstein Cattle Fed Round Bale Barley Haylage." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 12, no. 5 (2000): 453–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870001200511.

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Twenty-two lactating Holstein cattle in Tennessee had clinical signs of intoxication with preformed Clostridium botulinum toxin. These signs included weakness, paralysis of the tongue and chest muscles, abdominal breathing, and, in 11 of the 22 cows, death. Differential diagnoses included hypocalcemia, hypo-magnesemia, carbohydrate overload, and several toxicoses including mycotoxin, lead, nitrate, organophosphate, atropine or atropine-like alkaloid, and botulism. A diagnosis of botulism by the ingestion of preformed C. botulinum type B toxin was made by eliminating these other diseases, by fi

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Emanuel, Andrew, Hongyu Qiu, Douglas Barker, et al. "Efficacy of equine botulism antitoxin in botulism poisoning in a guinea pig model." PLOS ONE 14, no. 1 (2019): e0209019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209019.

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Anderson, Deborah M., Veena R. Kumar, Diana L. Arper, Eliza Kruger, S. Pinar Bilir, and Jason S. Richardson. "Cost savings associated with timely treatment of botulism with botulism antitoxin heptavalent product." PLOS ONE 14, no. 11 (2019): e0224700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224700.

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Deyna, Montes-Velez, Bautista William, Brophy Samantha, Chatten-Brown Justin, and Ranasinghe Leonrard. "A Rare Case of Botulism in an Adult Patient." Iberoamerican Journal of Medicine 3, no. 3 (2021): 276–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4825690.

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Presentation of botulism in adults is extremely rare and symptoms can be easily confused for symptoms of acute stroke, Guillain-Barre, or myasthenia gravis. The purpose of this clinical case report is to ensure adult botulism will be included in the differential diagnoses for a patient with this presentation so swift and accurate care can be provided to ensure optimal patient outcome. A 41-year-old-female presented with complaints of sudden onset of difficulty speaking. The patient reports a history of intravenous polysubstance abuse and symptoms progressed to bilateral facial weakness, ptosis

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Montes-Velez, Deyna, William Bautista, Samantha Brophy, Justin Chatten-Brown, and Leonard Ranasinghe. "A Rare Case of Botulism in an Adult Patient." Iberoamerican Journal of Medicine 3, no. 3 (2021): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.53986/ibjm.2021.0043.

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Presentation of botulism in adults is extremely rare and symptoms can be easily confused for symptoms of acute stroke, Guillain-Barre, or myasthenia gravis. The purpose of this clinical case report is to ensure adult botulism will be included in the differential diagnoses for a patient with this presentation so swift and accurate care can be provided to ensure optimal patient outcome. A 41-year-old-female presented with complaints of sudden onset of difficulty speaking. The patient reports a history of intravenous polysubstance abuse and symptoms progressed to bilateral facial weakness, ptosis

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Griese, Stephanie E., Hannah M. Kisselburgh, Michael T. Bartenfeld, et al. "Pediatric Botulism and Use of Equine Botulinum Antitoxin in Children: A Systematic Review." Clinical Infectious Diseases 66, suppl_1 (2017): S17—S29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix812.

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Kodihalli, Shantha, Andrew Emanuel, Teresa Takla, et al. "Therapeutic efficacy of equine botulism antitoxin in Rhesus macaques." PLOS ONE 12, no. 11 (2017): e0186892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186892.

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Winner, Brittany M., Skylar M. L. Bodt, and Patrick M. McNutt. "Special Delivery: Potential Mechanisms of Botulinum Neurotoxin Uptake and Trafficking within Motor Nerve Terminals." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22 (2020): 8715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228715.

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Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are highly potent, neuroparalytic protein toxins that block the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons and autonomic synapses. The unparalleled toxicity of BoNTs results from the highly specific and localized cleavage of presynaptic proteins required for nerve transmission. Currently, the only pharmacotherapy for botulism is prophylaxis with antitoxin, which becomes progressively less effective as symptoms develop. Treatment for symptomatic botulism is limited to supportive care and artificial ventilation until respiratory function spontaneously recovers, whi

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Campbell, Anita J., Geoff Knight, Peter Walsh, and Asha C. Bowen. "Effective treatment of infant botulism on day 13 after symptom onset with human botulism antitoxin." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 53, no. 4 (2017): 416–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13496.

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Chang, Gregory Youngnam, and Gautam Ganguly. "Early Antitoxin Treatment in Wound Botulism Results in Better Outcome." European Neurology 49, no. 3 (2003): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000069073.

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Silva, Rodrigo O. S., Sandra Y. M. Gómez, Lilian B. Medeiros, et al. "Antitoxin therapy of natural avian botulism outbreaks occurred in Brazil." Anaerobe 48 (December 2017): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.08.005.

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Lonati, Davide, Carlo Alessandro Locatelli, Lucia Fenicia, et al. "Fatal course of foodborne botulism in an eigth-month old Infant." Pediatric Reports 3, no. 4 (2011): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/pr.2011.e31.

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An 8-month old girl, weighing 9 kg, was brought by her parents at 8.15 am to the Emergency Department (ED) for a progressive worsening of weakness and acute respiratory failure. On admission, the baby presented with poor oral intake, a weak cry and extremely weak muscular body control. Poor gag and suck, unreactive mydriasis, hypotonia, lethargy and absence of peristalsis were noted. Laboratory data showed severe respiratory acidosis. Chest X-ray, electroencephalography, encephalic CT scan and MRI were all normal, as were cerebrospinal fluid analysis and viral tests. Orotracheal intubation and

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Jones, Russell G. A., and James D. Marks. "Use of a new functional dual coating (FDC) assay to measure low toxin levels in serum and food samples following an outbreak of human botulism." Journal of Medical Microbiology 62, no. 6 (2013): 828–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.053124-0.

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Clostridium botulinum type A toxin is the most prevalent cause of naturally occurring outbreaks of human botulism in the world. The active dichain neurotoxin molecule is composed of a heavy chain (H-chain) of ~100 kDa with the carboxy-terminal end consisting of a receptor-binding (HC) domain, while the amino-terminal (HN) domain is linked by a critical disulfide bond to a light chain (L-chain) of ~50 kDa. Although the mouse bioassay (MBA) is traditionally used to confirm the presence of toxin in serum or food, its sensitivity is insufficient to detect low toxin levels in approximately 30 to 60

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Ghitani, Sara A., Maha A. Ghanem, Eman A. Sultan, Maram Atef, and Maii F. Henaidy. "Outbreak of foodborne botulism in Alexandria, Egypt: modulating indications for administration of heptavalent botulinum antitoxin." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29, no. 12 (2022): 18305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18031-y.

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Godakova, Noskov, Vinogradova, et al. "Camelid VHHs Fused to Human Fc Fragments Provide Long Term Protection Against Botulinum Neurotoxin A in Mice." Toxins 11, no. 8 (2019): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11080464.

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The bacterium Clostridium botulinum is the causative agent of botulism—a severe intoxication caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) and characterized by damage to the nervous system. In an effort to develop novel C. botulinum immunotherapeutics, camelid single-domain antibodies (sdAbs, VHHs, or nanobodies) could be used due to their unique structure and characteristics. In this study, VHHs were produced using phage display technology. A total of 15 different monoclonal VHHs were selected based on their comlementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) sequences. Different toxin lethal dose (LD50) chal

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