Academic literature on the topic 'Boue forage'

What circumstances allow the coexistence of similar species is a common but complex question in community ecology. It is often assumed that sympatric species within the same guild must employ some mechanism of niche diversification to coexist. Diving duck (Anatidae: Aythya Boie, 1822 and Oxyura Bonaparte, 1828) competition is poorly understood and current evidence of coexistence mechanisms is contradictory. In the spring and summer of 2001 and 2002, we tested whether diving ducks foraging within prairie potholes segregate by depth to avoid competition. We sought to explain any segregation by sampling sediment particle size, compactness, and organic content; submergent vegetation; and benthic invertebrate densities in the foraging locations of each species. Our study was conducted at the wetland scale in southwestern Manitoba, Canada. We found that Redheads ( Aythya americana (Eyton, 1838)), Ruddy Ducks ( Oxyura jamaicensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)), Canvasbacks ( Aythya valisineria (Wilson, 1814)), and Ring-necked Ducks ( Aythya collaris (Donovan, 1809)) foraged most often at shallow depths (50–100 cm), while Lesser Scaups ( Aythya affinis (Eyton, 1838)) foraged at shallow to intermediate depths (50–150 cm). Thus, most divers did not segregate by depth. These results conflict with an earlier study that reported diving ducks segregated by depth to avoid competition. Diving ducks likely forage where prey abundance is greatest relative to the cost of diving to obtain that prey.

One hundred and eighty-nine steers comprising 63 small (S) rotational crossbreds, 66 large (L) rotational crossbreeds and 60 Holsteins (H) were fed either a concentrate diet based on corn silage and high-moisture corn, or a forage diet based on a mixture of corn silage and alfalfa haylage. All steers were fed ad libitum and slaughtered to cover a range in external fatness (0–15 mm subcutaneous fat). Steers were removed from feed 36 h and water 16 h prior to slaughter. The left side of each carcass was separated into depot fat, lean and bone. At the same proportion of subcutaneous fat (63 g/kg carcass), S and L carcasses had greater proportions of carcass lean (P < 0.001), but less fat (P < 0.01) and bone (P < 0.001) than carcasses from H Steers. Small and large carcasses had greater muscle to bone ratios (P < 0.001) than carcasses from H steers. Diet had no effect on lean tissue proportions, but forage feeding increased carcass bone (P < 0.001) and decreased carcass fat (P < 0.01). Forage feeding also resulted in carcasses with lower muscle to bone ratios (P < 0.01) than carcasses produced from grain feeding. Holstein-carcasses had more carcass fat partitioned into the body cavity depot and less into the subcutaneous depot than S and L carcasses, but diet had no effect on fat partitioning. Biological type (S, L or H) and diet were found to have a minor effect on fat distribution. The results are discussed with reference to carcass evaluation of beef and dairy cattle fed diets based on forage or grain. Key words: Biological type, diet, carcass composition, carcass grading

A 100-day experiment of a randomized block design was conducted with forty Friesian x Zebu (Boran) crossbred growing steers to compare the value of wheat middling, an agro-industrial by-product (diet W), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) hay (diet C), and wilted forages of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala, diet L) and tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis, diet T) as cattle feed. These feeds were fed daily at a level of 1.5 kg (on an air dry basis) to supplement the basal diet (diet H) of native hay. A mineral supplement containing 50 g bone meal and 10 g common salt was also given daily. The steers were group-fed, but during the last two weeks at the end of the experiment the animals were housed individually in feeding pens to estimate the feed intake and apparent digestibilities of the diets. The animals were weighed at the beginning of the experiment, thereafter every two weeks, and finally at the end of the experiment. The animals consumed all the offered supplements, except for tagasaste forage, of which one third remained unconsumed. The mean daily total dry matter intake during the individual feeding period ranged from 4.0 to 5.0 kg between the diets (P

Bone forage to treat early osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) has evolved as the channel to percutaneously deliver cell therapy into the femoral head. However, its efficacy is variable and the drivers towards higher efficacy are currently unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the forage technique and correlate it with the efficacy to heal ONFH in a multicentric, multinational clinical trial to implant autologous mesenchymal stromal cells expanded from bone marrow (BM-hMSCs). Methods: In the context of EudraCT 2012-002010-39, patients with small and medium-sized (mean volume = 13.3%, range: 5.4 to 32.2) ONFH stage II (Ficat, ARCO, Steinberg) C1 and C2 (Japanese Investigation Committee (JIC)) were treated with percutaneous forage and implantation of 140 million BM-hMSCs in a standardized manner. Postoperative hip radiographs (AP—anteroposterior and lateral), and MRI sections (coronal and transverse) were retrospectively evaluated in 22 patients to assess the femoral head drilling orientation in both planes, and its relation to the necrotic area. Results: Treatment efficacy was similar in C1 and C2 (coronal plane) and in anterior to posterior (transverse plane) osteonecrotic lesions. The drill crossed the sclerotic rim in all cases. The forage was placed slightly valgus, at 139.3 ± 8.4 grades (range, 125.5–159.3) with higher dispersion (f = 2.6; p = 0.034) than the anatomical cervicodiaphyseal angle. Bonferroni’s correlation between both angles was 0.50 (p = 0.028). More failures were seen with a varus drill positioning, aiming at the central area of the femoral head, outside the weight-bearing area (WBA) (p = 0.049). In the transverse plane, the anterior positioning of the drill did not result in better outcomes (p = 0.477). Conclusion: The forage drilling to deliver cells should be positioned within the WBA in the coronal plane, avoiding varus positioning, and central to anterior in the transverse plane. The efficacy of delivered MSCs to regenerate bone in ONFH could be influenced by the drilling direction. Standardization of this surgical technique is desirable.

Cattle (358) from western New South Wales were sampled at abattoirs as part of a survey of mineral status of range cattle. Each animal was described for breed, sex, age, and body condition, and their origin traced back to their range, which was described for forage offered and soil type. Rib bone samples were taken for chemical and mechanical analyses to provide data on percentage phosphorus (% P) and percentage calcium (% Ca) (fat-free bone), percentage ash, ash density, matrix density, ash : matrix, bending moment, and deformation. A tree-based classification model was used to form groups of animals with common background factors (e.g. soil, age, sex, weight). Several of these groups were suspected of being osteodystrophic based on the chemical and physical data. Young cows and cattle in poor body fat condition on poor quality forage were at risk and should have responded to phosphorus supplementation with rain and better pasture conditions. Identification of osteodystrophy in these cattle was most readily diagnosed from ash density data and not from % P, % Ca, or Ca : P. Bone strength interpretation was limited to young cattle. Reference values, as an indication of normal range, are provided for each of the parameters.

Hereford and Angus bull calves, progeny of breeding lines selected for nearly six generations for rapid growth on a high-energy (80% concentrate: 20% forage) or a low-energy (100% forage) diet, were themselves given a diet of 70% concentrate: 30% forage from 50 kg liveweight until slaughter at 500 kg liveweight. Effects of breed and ancestral selection diet on the composition of the empty body and the carcass at slaughter were measured. The sole effect of differences in the energy content of the selection diet was that bulls from the high-energy selection lines had higher proportions of muscle and bone in the front quarter and lower proportions in the hind quarter than bulls from the low-energy selection lines. Differences were small and probably not of economic importance. Breed of bull influenced significantly a number of body composition variables. As a proportion of empty liveweight, Herefords had lighter carcasses, less kidney fat, and heavier hides, heads, and feet than Angus. In addition, the carcasses of Hereford bulls had a higher proportion of bone than did those of the Angus and this was associated with differences in live body dimensions that reflected a larger overall skeletal size. As a result of these differences in the distribution of weight among the various parts of the empty body, Angus were superior to the Herefords in terms of total yield of carcass muscle (642 vs. 616 g kg−1 of empty liveweight) and ratio of muscle to bone in the carcass (4.96 vs. 4.64). It was concluded that the various indices of empty body and carcass composition were little influenced by ancestral selection diet but were affected by breed. Key words: Carcass, empty body, composition, cattle, selection, growth rate

Ces boues ont un caractere binghamien et thixotrope, ce qui gene leur deplacement par leur coulis lors de la cimentation des puits. Une action mecanique, compatible avec la technologie des forages, qui diminuerait ou supprimerait ce caratere pourrait contribuer a ameliorer la mise en place des coulis de ciment. Les vibrations n'ont aucun effet sur le seuil de cisaillement des boues pas plus que sur leur activite thixotropique. L'adjonction de produits fluidifiants est tout a fait benefique

La formulation optimale des fluides thixotropes est essentielle dans de nombreux procédés, par exemple dans le domaine des forages pétroliers. Ceci passe par une compréhension fine des liens entre les évolutions de leur microstructure et leurs propriétés d'écoulement. Nous étudions ici les propriétés d'un système émulsion inverse comprenant des argiles organophiles utilisés comme fluide de forage. Nous travaillons sur le fluide réel et sur une émulsion modèle en régime solide, en régime liquide, et durant l'arrêt du matériau sous faibles sollicitations mécaniques. A l'aide d'expériences de rhéométrie conventionnelle et de vélocimétrie IRM, nous avons identifié les origines structurelles des principales propriétés rhéologiques en fonction des concentrations des constituants : le seuil de contrainte, le vieillissement au repos, la bifurcation de viscosité en régime liquide, le déplacement de l'interface solide-liquide au sein du fluide. En particulier nous montrons que l'arrêt progressif de l'écoulement sous une contrainte critique est induit par la croissance d'agrégats. L'homogénéité du matériau lors de nos expériences rhéologiques a été vérifiée par des mesures de concentrations locales par RMN. Ces résultats montrent l'importance des liens argileux pour les propriétés thixotropes de ces systèmes.

Pour la realisation du troncon central de la ligne d du metro de lyon, il a ete retenu la technique du tunnelier avec pression de boue de bentonite pour le maintien du front de taille et transport hydraulique (marinage), avec cette meme boue, des materiaux alluvionnaires extraits. L'originalite du marinage hydraulique sur ce site est: l'utilisation d'un fluide binghamien (boue de bentonite) comme fluide porteur, le transport d'elements de granulometrie continue et etendue jusqu'a plus de 100 millimetres. Une etude sur le marinage hydraulique a ete effectuee pendant la duree du chantier avec, pour objectif, une meilleure comprehension des consequences de ces deux aspects ainsi qu'une optimisation des conditions et des parametres qui influencent le transport hydraulique de materiaux associe a de tels tunneliers. Les principaux resultats sont les suivants: l'augmentation des caracteristiques rheologiques de la boue (seuil de plasticite et viscosite plastique) abaisse la vitesse limite de depot des materiaux et attenue la vitesse de glissement phase solide-phase liquide. Le transport des materiaux s'effectue alors de facon pseudo-homogene, ce qui est favorable pour l'optimisation du marinage. Le seuil de plasticite semble agir sur le gradient des pertes de charge en fonction de la vitesse de transport tandis que la viscosite plastique et la masse volumique de la boue influent sur l'importance de la perte de charge. L'optimisation est obtenue en utilisant une boue de bentonite ayant un seuil de plasticite maximum une viscosite plastique ainsi qu'une masse volumique minimum

Cette étude porte sur la modélisation numérique du creusement de tunnels à l'aide de boucliers à front pressurisé et notamment sur l'adaptation de la méthode du ramollissement, initialement mise au point pour le calcul, en coupe bidimensionnelle, de tunnels creusés à l'aide de procédés non mécanisés. La thèse est composée de 8 chapitres et comprend une étude bibliographique concernant le calcul des ouvrages souterrains, une analyse de la réponse du terrain à une pressurisation du front de taille à partir des calculs axisymétriques, la mise au point d'une méthode permettant de reproduire, dans un calcul plan, en coupe transversale, les effets mis en évidence en conditions axisymétriques et l'application de cette méthode à l'analyse d'un ouvrage instrumenté dans le département du Val-de-Marne. Cet ouvrage a été équipé d'inclinomètres et d'extensomètres installés dans le terrain, ainsi que de témoins à cordes vibrantes disposés dans un anneau de revêtement. Les mesures ont permis d'analyser la réponse du massif encaissant et de l'ouvrage de soutènement au cours des différentes étapes de creusement. Le creusement de cet ouvrage a été simulé à l'aide de la méthode de calcul développée dans le cadre de ce travail et les résultats de calculs confrontés à ceux donnés par les mesures.

Causes de la fragilité des polymères linéaires et intérêt de l'utilisation de gels obtenus par réticulation de Ps linéaire et rendus hydrophiles par sulfonation; étude expérimentales de la transition sol-gel dans un système modèle.

Les interactions chimiques entre des solutions utilisées dans les boues de forage, et différents types d'argiles ont été étudiées dans des conditions P, T proches de celles des forages (150°C) afin de déterminer les conséquences éventuelles sur la stabilité des argilites. Le travail a été conduit essentiellement de manière expérimentale, en utilisant différentes solutions: eau pure, NaOH (pH 8, 10, 12), KCl (0,1, 1, 2 mol. /l), eau de mer et K₂CO₃, et des argiles à forte et faible proportion de feuillets gonflants (smectite (Na, Na-Ca, Ca) interstratifiés illite-smectite). Les produits de réaction ont été étudiés par diffraction des rayons X, et microsonde électronique. Les feuillets de smectites montrent une série de transformations (échange en site interfoliaire, fermeture de feuillets, hydrolyse), qui ne conduisent pas cependant à la formation de nouveaux minéraux sauf dans le cas de traitement en présence de K₂CO₃ à 150°C (formation de zéolites). L’échange du cation interfoliaire est fonction de la nature du cation, de la concentration des cations dans les solutions, des constantes d'échange et du rapport liquide/solide. Dans les solutions diluées (<1 mol. /l), l'échange est partiel et a pour conséquence l'obtention de smectites à garnitures interfoliaires mixtes qui présentent des états d'hydratation variés. L'hydrolyse, plus forte pour la smectite sodique que la calcique, conduit à une perte du fer octaédrique

Lors des forages pétroliers, la traversée des formations argileuses pose des problèmes dont la résolution est étroitement liée à la compréhension des interactions argile - fluide de forage. Vu les imperfections des fluides à base d'eau (WBM) face aux problèmes des argiles, les systèmes de fluides émulsionnés à base d'huile (OBM) ont apporté des améliorations significatives. Cependant, la pollution qu’ils engendrent rend indispensable un traitement des boues usagées. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons voulu confronter le maximum de données de laboratoire à des données effectives de chantier et ce, dans l’espoir d’apporter une contribution à la résolution des problèmes réels. Trois systèmes modèles de fluides du type WBM on été sélectionnés : ils contiennent, en plus des polymères conventionnels (xanthane et cellulose polyanionique), des inhibiteurs de gonflement et de dispersion des argiles (polyacrylamide partiellement hydrolysé, silicates de sodium, polyalkylèneglycols). La comparaison de leurs perfo rmances, grâce à l'utilisation d'une nouvelle méthode basée sur la filtration sur pastilles compactées, a été discutée : - du point de vue macroscopique par l'analyse de leurs caractéristiques rhéologiques et de filtration, le suivi des interactions argile -fluide par l'étude des propriétés électrocinétiques, granulométriques et de rétention des polymères, - et à l'échelle microscopique par diffraction X in -situ (wet cell) et par diffraction de la lumière. Les caractéristiques rhéologiques et de filtration ont été corrélées aux propriétés électrocinétiques et complétées par l'étude des propriétés interfaciales et de mouillage. Le système aux silicates présente les meilleures performances en termes d'inhibition. L'étude de la stabilité des systèmes émulsionnés (OBM) a porté sur l'influence du type et de la concentration des tensioactifs, de la proportion de phase dispersée et de la présence d’autres additifs. La concentration optimale est celle donnant un compromis entre une stabilité électrique acceptable, un p ourcentage d’émulsion élevé et une meilleure résistance à la centrifugation. Le suivi de la variation de la phase émulsionnée, de la stabilité électrique et de la distribution granulométrique a permis de classer les différents émulsifiants. Parallèlement aux mesures rhéologiques, l'analyse des structures formées (émulsion-argile organophile) par diffusion des neutrons aux petits angles (SANS) a permis d'expliquer les mécanismes de stabilisation. Une nouvelle formulation d'émulsifiants, proposée pour un essa i sur chantier, a donné des résultats encourageants par rapport aux formulations commerciales. Au niveau du réservoir, l’impact des fluides de forage est appréhendé par l’étude des processus d’endommagement de la roche. Un de nos objectifs était de corrél er les résultats globaux obtenus pour la formulation complète avec l'endommagement induit par les additifs seuls. Les essais réalisés ont montré l'influence de la nature, de la composition chimique, et de la granulométrie des additifs. Vu la complexité des phénomènes mis en jeu, la prévision de l'endommagement par une tentative de modélisation a décelé des liens entre les propriétés des fluides utilisés, les caractéristiques de la roche et l'importance de l'endommagement induit. La filtration statique favor ise la formation du "cake" alors que la filtration dynamique contribue à l'invasion du filtrat. Sur le plan environnemental, en plus des pertes de circulation des fluides pendant et après le forage, le bourbier, en tant que collecteur des produits liquide s et solides issus du forage, représente une grande source de pollution et de danger. Le diagnostic des techniques de traitement utilisées a montré des imperfections majeures pouvant induire des nuisances pour la santé humaine, l'écosystème et l'environnement. Le présent travail s’est focalisé sur quelques éléments de réponse à l'équation performance -coûtenvironnement, en proposant un traitement biologique.

Lors de l'opération de forage, fluides de gisement et fluides de forage entrent en contact. Sous l'effet de la pression et de la température qui règnent dans le puits, le gaz se disperse ou se dissout dans le fluide de forage. Lorsque la boue remonte en surface, la pression diminue. Dans ces conditions, la solubilité décroît et la libération de gaz entraîne des risques d'explosion ('gas kick'). Des esters à longue chaîne provenant d'acides gras naturels sont de plus en plus utilisés dans les fluides de forage à base d'huile, mais leur comportement reste mal connu. Pour accroître la sécurité des forages, il est donc important de connaître les équilibres triphasiques en présence de gaz, d'ester et de l'eau présente dans les réservoirs pétroliers et dans les boues de forage. Nous présentons dans ce travail de nouvelles données de tensions de vapeur, mais aussi de pressions de bulle et de propriétés volumétriques pour différents mélanges méthane - ester (+ toluène éventuellement). Les conditions de pression et de température sont comprises entre 1 et 600 bar, et entre 30 et 120 ʿC. Des mesures de solubilités de l'eau dans trois coupes esters sont également réalisées pour des températures allant de 30 à 140ʿC. L'étude d'un système réel permet de vérifier les conclusions expérimentales. L'analyse thermodynamique des données expérimentales permet de valider l'utilisation du modèle basé sur l'équation d'état de Elliott-Suresh-Donohue dont les paramètres sont calculés à l'aide des coordonnées critiques de Somayajulu. Les résultats des calculs de pressions de bulle et de volumes molaires sont améliorés par l'utilisation de corrélations pour les coefficients d'interactions binaires méthane - ester et méthane - aromatique ainsi que pour les translations de volume. Nous obtenons ainsi un modèle permettant de restituer les pressions de bulle et les volumes molaires des mélanges fluide de gisement - fluide de forage avec des précisions respectives de 16% et de 6%.

Studies of regional and chronological variation in skeletal markers of physical activity in past hunter-gatherer populations typically focus on adults, however, patterns of bone strength develop predominantly during childhood and adolescence. Ethnographic studies suggest that differences in environment and subsistence strategy would have brought about variation in how children grew up to be productive foragers capable of procuring food for themselves and others. Different foraging activities require varying degrees of physical strength and skills development. These factors would have influenced the age at which individuals began to participate in different foraging activities and lead to regional and chronological differences in the ontogeny of limb robusticity. This process is culturally-mediated in terms of the degree to which children are ‘trained’ in subsistence activities. Consequently, this study compares ontogenetic patterns in the development of bone strength with the aim of reconstructing physical activity patterns among the children of two Holocene hunter-gatherer populations.

When Harold Schuknecht arrived at Harvard in 1961, he immediately set up a temporal bone laboratory and began collecting specimens. Schuknecht obtained two specimens from patients with a typical clinical picture of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). In these specimens, Schuknecht identified a prominent granular basophilic staining mass attached to the cupula of the left posterior semicircular canal. Based on his findings, Schuknecht coined the term “cupulolithiasis” (“stones on the cupula”) to explain the clinical syndrome of BPPV. He assumed that substances having a specific gravity greater than endolymph and thus subject to movement with changes in the direction of gravitational force come into contact with the cupula of the posterior semicircular canal. With the head in the erect position, the posterior canal ampulla is located inferiorly, whereas in the provocative test position (supine, head hanging, ear down) the posterior canal assumes a superior position.

Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.

♦ Most injuries occur in hyperextension♦ The force vector and size dictates the injury♦ History and x-rays still prevail in diagnosis♦ Classification has helped choose management♦ Instability often associated with poor bone healing.

Synovium is an integrated tissue of the diarthrodial joints that interacts with all the other joint tissues and specifically is important in nourishment and lubrication of the articular cartilage, removal of waste products, and immunological surveillance. Chronic as well as recurrent low-grade synovial inflammation definitely contributes to progression and symptoms of certain patients with osteoarthritis. Low-grade inflammation may even be causative in the disease. The challenge is that osteoarthritis is a heterogeneous disorder with inflammation not only of the synovial tissue but with its mediators also present in cartilage and bone. Therefore, despite the presence of inflammatory mediators, in some cases synovitis may be seen as a bystander and not as a driving force in pathogenesis. Future research must be directed toward defining the risk-to-benefit ratio for (systemic) anti-inflammatory therapy, especially when targeting mediators of low-grade inflammation.

AbstractMandible, a horseshoe shaped bone of the facial skeleton, is one of the sturdy bones in humans. Prominent chin is a unique feature of anatomically modern man in comparison with his anthropological ancestors. The simian shelf has reduced to two genial tubercles to which two muscles are attached. The neck of the condyle has narrowed and acts as a buffer to budge by fracture if there is a severe force on the prominent chin. These evolutionary changes facilitated increased space for the tongue as men started articulation. It articulates with the temporal bone by two inter-dependent Temporo-mandibular joints. Mandible is important in both function and aesthetics.Mandible can be cut into multiple pieces and re-arranged and fixed to achieve aesthetic and functional changes. Facial bones have a tremendous capacity to regenerate and heal provided proper blood supply is ensured to the cut segments. Ostoetomies of the mandible can be done on ramus, body, chin, dento-alveolar region, inferior border, etc. Most of these procedures are done intraorally. Technological advancements have aided orthognathic surgery at large. This chapter envisages to elaborate different techniques of osteotomy of mandible.

One of the most exciting aspects of studying transitions from foraging to farming is the extraordinary range of evidence available, and the necessary interdisciplinarity of the exercise (Barker and Grant, 1999; Dincauze, 2000). The primary data for whether prehistoric people were living as foragers or farmers (or combining activities, as was often the case) have been collected by archaeologists, from their surveys and excavations. For much of the history of study, subsistence patterns were inferred principally from interpretations of artefacts, settlements, and associated structures. More recently, studies of artefact use have been strengthened by the application of techniques of physical and chemical analyses of food residues attached to them. A vital strand of research has been on the environmental contexts in which early farming took place. Such studies, of sediments, soils, and the microscopic flora and fauna they contain, have contributed reconstructions at a wide variety of scales, from regional climatic and environmental histories of late Pleistocene and Holocene climatic change to the landscapes of single occupation sites—the recognition of signs of animal stalling, for example. From the 1960s onwards, priority has also been given on archaeological excavations to the collection of the organic materials that survive in many conditions such as fragments of animal bone and seeds and other fragments of plants, waste discarded from the consumption of food that is the primary evidence for systems of subsistence. In certain conditions even faeces may survive, telling us about individual meals. Human teeth and bone provide further information about diet. Molecular biology is a new and exciting area of current research, with modern and ancient DNA (aDNA) being used to infer population histories and domestication processes (Jobling et al., 2004; M. Jones, 2001; Renfrew and Boyle, 2000). Further contributions have come from linguistics: studies of present-day languages have been used in support of theories about how farming was spread by new language groups (Bellwood and Renfrew, 2002). The art systems created by foragers and early farmers are yet another source of information, amongst the most intriguing for their potential insights about the beliefs of the people who created them. In short, there is a remarkably broad church of disciplines with contributions to offer, though integrating their findings can be challenging.

Indistinguishability of like particles, and the fermion and boson exchange symmetries discussed.Pauli exclusion principle and features of multi-electron atoms, including selection rules are discussed. Degeneracy pressure and the formation of compact stellar objects is analysed. Quantum exchange force between electrons and its contribution to ferromagnetism is outlined. Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics, includng the chemical potential are derived. The conditions for Bose-Einstein condensation are deduced; condensates and their stability are considered.

Abstract In orthopedic surgery, bone cutting is an indispensable procedure followed by the surgeons to treat the fractured and fragmented bones. Because of the unsuitable parameter values used in the cutting processes, micro crack, fragmentation, and thermal osteonecrosis of bone are observed. Therefore, prediction of suitable cutting force is essential to subtract the bone without any adverse effect. In this study, the Cowper-Symonds model for bovine bone was developed for the first time. Then the developed model was coupled with the finite element analysis to predict the cutting force. To determine the model constants, tensile tests with different strain rates (10−5/s, 10−4/s, 10−3/s, and 1/s) were conducted on the cortical bone specimens. The developed material model was implemented in the bone cutting simulation and validated with the experiments.

A goal in the design of prosthetic limbs is to mimic the use, feel, and behavior of the missing natural limb. A promising area of research focused on these goals is osseointegration. Osseointegration is the direct attachment of the prosthetic device to the bone. In the case of the above knee amputee, it would involve placing a fixture in the femur with a pin (abutment) that extends through the skin and allows the prosthetic leg to be directly attached to the bone structure, and creates a more natural force path which offers a variety of benefits when compared with the stump and socket approach. First, it eliminates the pressure placed on soft tissues. The skin and muscles of the leg were never designed to be part of the load transfer path. With an osseointegrated fixture, the load is transferred directly into the bone and into the rest of the body using the same force path a natural leg would generate.

Abstract In this work, we use structural topology optimization to design the hip bone with multi-load conditions of walking gait cycle. Previous research works on optimal bone design primarily aimed to design the micro-structure of the femur bone using a multi-load approach with global geometry fixed. To the best of authors’ knowledge, no optimal design research literature is available on the hip bone. This work uses the concept of multiload conditions, since it considers the effect of entire gait cycle while applying loading conditions. We consider three cases for the weights. Those are (i) equi-weight case, (ii) non-equi weight case based on the fraction of the phase in the gait cycle and (iii) non-equi weight case based on the ratio of magnitude of the hip joint force in respective phases to the total hip joint force of the entire walking gait cycle. The optimal designs are compared with natural hip bone by measuring shape similarity using Procrustes Analysis. Results show that the compliance is less for the optimal designs compared with natural hip bone. The shape similarity values for the three cases are found to be 64%, 78% and 73% respectively. Optimal design obtained from the non-equi weight case based on the duration of phase has highest shape similarity value due to creation of a hole similar to obturator foramen in lower portion of the hip bone. The maximum stress and maximum displacement values are lower in optimal designs compared with natural hip bone. From the shape similarity results, the optimal design from the non-equi weight based on duration of the phase may be more suitable for prosthesis applications.

Thermal necrosis of bone occurs at sustained temperatures above approximately 47°C. During joint replacement surgery, resection of bone by sawing can heat the bone above this necrotic threshold, thereby inducing cellular damage and negatively affecting surgical outcomes. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of saw blade speed and applied thrust force on the heating of bone. A sagittal sawing fixture was used to make cuts in cortical bovine bone, while thermocouples were used to characterize the temperature profile from the cut surface. A full factorial Design of Experiments was performed to determine the relative effects of blade speed and applied thrust force on temperature. When comparing the effect of speed to force in the regression analysis, the effect of force on temperature (p < 0.001) was 2.5 times more significant than speed (p = 0.005). The interaction of speed and force was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The results of this research can be used in the development of training simulators, where virtual surgeries with haptic feedback can be accompanied by the related temperatures in proximity to the cut. From a clinical perspective, the results indicate that aggressive cutting at higher blade speed and greater thrust force results in lower temperatures in the surrounding bone.

As part of Oxfam’s Strategic Partnership project ‘Towards a Worldwide Influencing Network’, the graphic story Zahra: A policewoman in Afghanistan was developed by Jorrit Kamminga, Cristina Durán and Miguel Ángel Giner Bou. The project is funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands. The graphic story is part of a long-standing Oxfam campaign that supports the inclusion and meaningful participation of women in the Afghan police. The story portrays the struggles of a young woman from a rural village who wants to become a police officer. While a fictional character, Zahra’s story represents the aspirations and dreams of many young Afghan women who are increasingly standing up for their rights and equal opportunities, but who are still facing structural societal and institutional barriers. For young women like Zahra, there are still few role models and male champions to support their cause. Yet, as Oxfam’s project has shown, their number is growing, which contributes to small shifts in behaviour and perceptions, gradually normalizing women’s presence in the police force. If a critical mass of women within the police force can be reached and their participation increasingly becomes meaningful, this can reduce the societal and institutional resistance over time. Oxfam hopes the fictional character of Zahra can contribute to that in terms of awareness raising and the promotion of women’s participation in the police force. The story is also available on the #IMatter website.