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Letellier, M. "RMN du deutérium sur des suspensions. Application à une boue de forage. Etude en température et en fréquence d'une argile à grands feuillets." Revue de l'Institut Français du Pétrole 53, no. 4 (July 1998): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst:1998045.
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Torrence, S. M., and M. G. Butler. "Spatial structure of a diving duck (Aythya, Oxyura) guild: how does habitat structure and competition influence diving duck habitat use within northern prairie wetlands?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 9 (September 2006): 1358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-121.
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What circumstances allow the coexistence of similar species is a common but complex question in community ecology. It is often assumed that sympatric species within the same guild must employ some mechanism of niche diversification to coexist. Diving duck (Anatidae: Aythya Boie, 1822 and Oxyura Bonaparte, 1828) competition is poorly understood and current evidence of coexistence mechanisms is contradictory. In the spring and summer of 2001 and 2002, we tested whether diving ducks foraging within prairie potholes segregate by depth to avoid competition. We sought to explain any segregation by sampling sediment particle size, compactness, and organic content; submergent vegetation; and benthic invertebrate densities in the foraging locations of each species. Our study was conducted at the wetland scale in southwestern Manitoba, Canada. We found that Redheads ( Aythya americana (Eyton, 1838)), Ruddy Ducks ( Oxyura jamaicensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)), Canvasbacks ( Aythya valisineria (Wilson, 1814)), and Ring-necked Ducks ( Aythya collaris (Donovan, 1809)) foraged most often at shallow depths (50–100 cm), while Lesser Scaups ( Aythya affinis (Eyton, 1838)) foraged at shallow to intermediate depths (50–150 cm). Thus, most divers did not segregate by depth. These results conflict with an earlier study that reported diving ducks segregated by depth to avoid competition. Diving ducks likely forage where prey abundance is greatest relative to the cost of diving to obtain that prey.
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JONES, S. D. M. "CARCASS TISSUE YIELD AND DISTRIBUTION IN THREE BIOLOGICAL TYPES OF CATTLE FED GRAIN OR FORAGE-BASED DIETS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 65, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas85-042.
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One hundred and eighty-nine steers comprising 63 small (S) rotational crossbreds, 66 large (L) rotational crossbreeds and 60 Holsteins (H) were fed either a concentrate diet based on corn silage and high-moisture corn, or a forage diet based on a mixture of corn silage and alfalfa haylage. All steers were fed ad libitum and slaughtered to cover a range in external fatness (0–15 mm subcutaneous fat). Steers were removed from feed 36 h and water 16 h prior to slaughter. The left side of each carcass was separated into depot fat, lean and bone. At the same proportion of subcutaneous fat (63 g/kg carcass), S and L carcasses had greater proportions of carcass lean (P < 0.001), but less fat (P < 0.01) and bone (P < 0.001) than carcasses from H Steers. Small and large carcasses had greater muscle to bone ratios (P < 0.001) than carcasses from H steers. Diet had no effect on lean tissue proportions, but forage feeding increased carcass bone (P < 0.001) and decreased carcass fat (P < 0.01). Forage feeding also resulted in carcasses with lower muscle to bone ratios (P < 0.01) than carcasses produced from grain feeding. Holstein-carcasses had more carcass fat partitioned into the body cavity depot and less into the subcutaneous depot than S and L carcasses, but diet had no effect on fat partitioning. Biological type (S, L or H) and diet were found to have a minor effect on fat distribution. The results are discussed with reference to carcass evaluation of beef and dairy cattle fed diets based on forage or grain. Key words: Biological type, diet, carcass composition, carcass grading
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Varvikko, Tuomo, Hannele Khalili, and Seamus Crosse. "Supplementation of native grass hay with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) hay, wilted leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) forage, wilted tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis) forage or a wheat middling for young Friesian x Zebu (Boran) crossbred steers." Agricultural and Food Science 1, no. 2 (March 1, 1992): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72435.
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A 100-day experiment of a randomized block design was conducted with forty Friesian x Zebu (Boran) crossbred growing steers to compare the value of wheat middling, an agro-industrial by-product (diet W), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) hay (diet C), and wilted forages of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala, diet L) and tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis, diet T) as cattle feed. These feeds were fed daily at a level of 1.5 kg (on an air dry basis) to supplement the basal diet (diet H) of native hay. A mineral supplement containing 50 g bone meal and 10 g common salt was also given daily. The steers were group-fed, but during the last two weeks at the end of the experiment the animals were housed individually in feeding pens to estimate the feed intake and apparent digestibilities of the diets. The animals were weighed at the beginning of the experiment, thereafter every two weeks, and finally at the end of the experiment. The animals consumed all the offered supplements, except for tagasaste forage, of which one third remained unconsumed. The mean daily total dry matter intake during the individual feeding period ranged from 4.0 to 5.0 kg between the diets (P
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Gómez-Barrena, Enrique, Norma Padilla-Eguiluz, and REBORNE Consortium. "Implantation of autologous Expanded Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Hip Osteonecrosis through Percutaneous Forage: Evaluation of the Operative Technique." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040743.
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Bone forage to treat early osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) has evolved as the channel to percutaneously deliver cell therapy into the femoral head. However, its efficacy is variable and the drivers towards higher efficacy are currently unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the forage technique and correlate it with the efficacy to heal ONFH in a multicentric, multinational clinical trial to implant autologous mesenchymal stromal cells expanded from bone marrow (BM-hMSCs). Methods: In the context of EudraCT 2012-002010-39, patients with small and medium-sized (mean volume = 13.3%, range: 5.4 to 32.2) ONFH stage II (Ficat, ARCO, Steinberg) C1 and C2 (Japanese Investigation Committee (JIC)) were treated with percutaneous forage and implantation of 140 million BM-hMSCs in a standardized manner. Postoperative hip radiographs (AP—anteroposterior and lateral), and MRI sections (coronal and transverse) were retrospectively evaluated in 22 patients to assess the femoral head drilling orientation in both planes, and its relation to the necrotic area. Results: Treatment efficacy was similar in C1 and C2 (coronal plane) and in anterior to posterior (transverse plane) osteonecrotic lesions. The drill crossed the sclerotic rim in all cases. The forage was placed slightly valgus, at 139.3 ± 8.4 grades (range, 125.5–159.3) with higher dispersion (f = 2.6; p = 0.034) than the anatomical cervicodiaphyseal angle. Bonferroni’s correlation between both angles was 0.50 (p = 0.028). More failures were seen with a varus drill positioning, aiming at the central area of the femoral head, outside the weight-bearing area (WBA) (p = 0.049). In the transverse plane, the anterior positioning of the drill did not result in better outcomes (p = 0.477). Conclusion: The forage drilling to deliver cells should be positioned within the WBA in the coronal plane, avoiding varus positioning, and central to anterior in the transverse plane. The efficacy of delivered MSCs to regenerate bone in ONFH could be influenced by the drilling direction. Standardization of this surgical technique is desirable.
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Holst, P. J., R. D. Murison, and J. C. Wadsworth. "Bone mineralisation and strength in range cattle." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 8 (2002): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01170.
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Cattle (358) from western New South Wales were sampled at abattoirs as part of a survey of mineral status of range cattle. Each animal was described for breed, sex, age, and body condition, and their origin traced back to their range, which was described for forage offered and soil type. Rib bone samples were taken for chemical and mechanical analyses to provide data on percentage phosphorus (% P) and percentage calcium (% Ca) (fat-free bone), percentage ash, ash density, matrix density, ash : matrix, bending moment, and deformation. A tree-based classification model was used to form groups of animals with common background factors (e.g. soil, age, sex, weight). Several of these groups were suspected of being osteodystrophic based on the chemical and physical data. Young cows and cattle in poor body fat condition on poor quality forage were at risk and should have responded to phosphorus supplementation with rain and better pasture conditions. Identification of osteodystrophy in these cattle was most readily diagnosed from ash density data and not from % P, % Ca, or Ca : P. Bone strength interpretation was limited to young cattle. Reference values, as an indication of normal range, are provided for each of the parameters.
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BAILEY, C. B., and J. E. LAWSON. "CARCASS AND EMPTY BODY COMPOSITION OF HEREFORD AND ANGUS BULLS FROM LINES SELECTED FOR RAPID GROWTH ON HIGH-ENERGY OR LOW-ENERGY DEITS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 583–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-070.
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Hereford and Angus bull calves, progeny of breeding lines selected for nearly six generations for rapid growth on a high-energy (80% concentrate: 20% forage) or a low-energy (100% forage) diet, were themselves given a diet of 70% concentrate: 30% forage from 50 kg liveweight until slaughter at 500 kg liveweight. Effects of breed and ancestral selection diet on the composition of the empty body and the carcass at slaughter were measured. The sole effect of differences in the energy content of the selection diet was that bulls from the high-energy selection lines had higher proportions of muscle and bone in the front quarter and lower proportions in the hind quarter than bulls from the low-energy selection lines. Differences were small and probably not of economic importance. Breed of bull influenced significantly a number of body composition variables. As a proportion of empty liveweight, Herefords had lighter carcasses, less kidney fat, and heavier hides, heads, and feet than Angus. In addition, the carcasses of Hereford bulls had a higher proportion of bone than did those of the Angus and this was associated with differences in live body dimensions that reflected a larger overall skeletal size. As a result of these differences in the distribution of weight among the various parts of the empty body, Angus were superior to the Herefords in terms of total yield of carcass muscle (642 vs. 616 g kg−1 of empty liveweight) and ratio of muscle to bone in the carcass (4.96 vs. 4.64). It was concluded that the various indices of empty body and carcass composition were little influenced by ancestral selection diet but were affected by breed. Key words: Carcass, empty body, composition, cattle, selection, growth rate
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Djomo, J. E., A. Dauta, and F. Moreau. "Bioévaluation du potentiel d'eutrophisation du phosphore des lixiviats de boues, de forage pétrolier." Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 29, no. 1 (March 1993): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/1993001.
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Peiffer, R. "Decompressive forage technique by bone drill biopsy in some internal-temporomandibular joint dysfunction." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 49, no. 8 (August 1991): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(91)90047-p.
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Joshi, Mohini M., Prajakta S. Kishve, and Rajendra N. Wabale. "A MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF SUPRATROCHLEAR FORAMEN OF THE HUMERUS IN WESTERN INDIAN DRY BONE SAMPLE." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 4, no. 3.1 (July 31, 2016): 2609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2016.291.
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Dakshayani K.R and Uma Shivanal. "Morphological study of nutrient foramen in adult human clavicles." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, no. 1.2 (February 20, 2021): 7886–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2020.255.
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Introduction: The Clavicle is a modified long bone and only long bone which is placed horizontally and subcutaneously at the root of neck. It transmits the weight from upper limb to the axial skeleton. Nutrient foramen is the largest foramen on the long bones through which nutrient artery for the bones passes. The nutrient artery is the principal source of blood supply to a long bone, particularly important during its active growth period in the embryo and foetus, as well as during the early phase of ossification. The bone has a cylindrical part called the shaft and two ends, lateral and medial. The shaft is divisible into the lateral one-third and the medial two-thirds. The inferior surface of shaft of clavicle presents a subclavian groove. A Nutrient foramen lies at the lateral end of the groove running in a lateral direction. Aims & objectives: To note the position, number and direction of nutrient foramen Materials and Methods: The present study was performed on 100 adult human clavicles of unknown sex and age collected from the department of anatomy, Mysore medical college and research institute, Mysore. Clavicles were examined by direct observation to note the position, number and direction of nutrient foramen. A magnifying lens was used to observe the foramina. Results: The study was conducted on 100 adult human clavicles (50 right and 50 left), and we observed the following results: Nutrient foramina were present in 97 clavicles - 49 clavicles (right) and 48 clavicles (left). Single foramina was present in 80 clavicles, 41 clavicles (right) and 39 clavicles (left) Double foramina were present in 17 clavicles, 8 clavicles (right) and 9 clavicles (left). Absence of nutrient foramina were found in 3 clavicles, 1 clavicle (right) and 2 clavicles (left). All foramina were directed towards the acromial end of the clavicle. Conclusion: The knowledge of anatomical variations of nutrient foramina in clavicles are important for surgeons for performing surgical procedures like bone grafting and microsurgical vascularised bone transplantation. KEY WORDS: Clavicle, Nutrient Foramen, Bone Graft.
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Ryan, Timothy M., and Colin N. Shaw. "Gracility of the modern Homo sapiens skeleton is the result of decreased biomechanical loading." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 2 (December 22, 2014): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418646112.
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The postcranial skeleton of modern Homo sapiens is relatively gracile compared with other hominoids and earlier hominins. This gracility predisposes contemporary humans to osteoporosis and increased fracture risk. Explanations for this gracility include reduced levels of physical activity, the dissipation of load through enlarged joint surfaces, and selection for systemic physiological characteristics that differentiate modern humans from other primates. This study considered the skeletal remains of four behaviorally diverse recent human populations and a large sample of extant primates to assess variation in trabecular bone structure in the human hip joint. Proximal femur trabecular bone structure was quantified from microCT data for 229 individuals from 31 extant primate taxa and 59 individuals from four distinct archaeological human populations representing sedentary agriculturalists and mobile foragers. Analyses of mass-corrected trabecular bone variables reveal that the forager populations had significantly higher bone volume fraction, thicker trabeculae, and consequently lower relative bone surface area compared with the two agriculturalist groups. There were no significant differences between the agriculturalist and forager populations for trabecular spacing, number, or degree of anisotropy. These results reveal a correspondence between human behavior and bone structure in the proximal femur, indicating that more highly mobile human populations have trabecular bone structure similar to what would be expected for wild nonhuman primates of the same body mass. These results strongly emphasize the importance of physical activity and exercise for bone health and the attenuation of age-related bone loss.
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Kherfellah, N., H. Ait Salem, K. Bekkour, and S. Benhadid. "Approche sédimentologique pour une résolution optimale des problèmes de pertes de boues de forage." Oil & Gas Science and Technology 57, no. 6 (November 2002): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst:2002043.
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Bohnke, Claude. "Mise au point de capteurs « tout solide » pour le contrôle des boues de forage pétrolier." Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie 11, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2011): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/i2m.11.1-2.99-124.
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V.G, Lekshmy Vijay, Ramakrishna Avadhani, and Qudusia Sultana. "AN INSIGHT TO THE ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY OF MENTAL FORAMEN OF JAW BONE WITH RESPECT TO ITS SURGICAL IMPORTANCE." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 5, no. 3.3 (September 30, 2017): 4343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2017.330.
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N, Vishali, Jones Ebenraj T, Rajathi G, and Charanya N. "ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ABNORMAL BONE OUTGROWTHS WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON PTERYGOALAR BAR AND ITS CROTAPHITICO BUCCINATORIUS FORAMEN." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 6, no. 1.2 (February 5, 2018): 4963–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2017.525.
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Youngquist, J. B., D. C. Carter, and M. D. Clegg. "Grain and Forage Yield and Stover Quality of Sorghum and Millet in Low Rainfall Environments." Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 3 (July 1990): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700018433.
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SUMMARYThe potential for using sorghum and millet crop residues as fodder was studied in southeastern Botswana. This region is characterized by low, unevenly distributed rainfall and shallow sandy soils. There were significant differences among cultivars for grain and stover yield, digestibility, crude protein, and mineral content, but no species advantage. Stover from all entries was adequate for cattle maintenance inin vitrodry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and most of the minerals tested, but crude protein and phosphorus levels did not always meet the minimum requirement. The deficient phosphorus levels were compounded by high calcium levels. This mineral imbalance could lead to bone abnormalities and reduced fertility in livestock.
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Watter, Kurt, Greg Baxter, Michael Brennan, Anthony Pople, and Peter Murray. "Decline in body condition and high drought mortality limit the spread of wild chital deer in north-east Queensland, Australia." Rangeland Journal 41, no. 4 (2019): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj18113.
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Chital deer (Axis axis) were introduced to the Burdekin district of northern Queensland, Australia in 1886. Compared with most successful ungulate introductions they have been slow to expand their distribution and increase in abundance (Moriarty 2004). In this study we consider the possibility that forage shortages caused by periodic droughts have caused sufficient mortalities to limit the increase and spread of chital in the region. The Burdekin district experiences fluctuations in forage according to seasonal rainfall as well as multi-year droughts. This study recorded the decline in body condition, measured as kidney fat index (KFI) and bone marrow fat (BMF), over the wet and dry seasons of two successive years in two chital deer populations during a period when annual rainfall was ~40% below average. We relate the falls in mean KFI from ~45–15%, and mean BMF from ~80–50% to the surveyed decline in chital populations of ~80%. The extent of the decline implies increased mortalities in all age classes as well as reduced reproductive output. We propose that it is likely that chital populations have experienced several such drought mortality events since the 1890s which have contributed to their limited spread.
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Schild, Carlos O., Fabiana M. Boabaid, Luiz G. S. Olivera, Mizael Machado, Ana Vildoza, Anderson Saravia, Alejandra Custodio, et al. "Osteomalacia as a result of phosphorus deficiency in beef cattle grazing subtropical native pastures in Uruguay." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 33, no. 5 (June 23, 2021): 1018–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10406387211025828.
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We investigated 2 outbreaks of osteomalacia as a result of phosphorus (P) deficiency in herds of lactating beef cows grazing subtropical native pastures in Uruguay. Cows exhibited pica, difficulty to stand and walk, rib fractures, and body weight loss even with adequate forage availability. Osteopenia and severe osteomalacia were observed on gross and histologic examination. The concentrations of bicarbonate-extractable P in soil (4.0, 4.1 mg P/kg), total P in pasture (0.9, 1.1 g P/kg), inorganic P in serum (1.0, 0.71 mmol P/L), and P in bone (73 mg P/mL) were all low. Although injectable and mineral salt supplements provided additional P in both outbreaks, these supplementary amounts were insufficient to prevent P deficiency. The P ingested by the cows from the pasture and supplements would have provided 20–55% of their daily P requirements of ~21 g P/d. Osteomalacia occurred in cattle at the 2 ranches as a result of severe P deficiency in the soil and forage, and inadequate P supplementation. Following diagnosis, control of P deficiency in beef cattle requires estimation of the amount of pasture P ingested and provision of sufficient additional supplementary P to meet the animals’ requirements.
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WRIGHT, I. M., D. PLATT, J. E. F. HOULTON, and P. M. WEBBON. "Management of intracortical fractures of the palmaroproximal third metacarpal bone in a horse by surgical forage." Equine Veterinary Journal 22, no. 2 (March 1990): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04229.x.
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Willems, Helen, Florian Leiber, Martina Kohler, Michael Kreuzer, and Annette Liesegang. "Altitude, pasture type, and sheep breed affect bone metabolism and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in grazing lambs." Journal of Applied Physiology 114, no. 10 (May 15, 2013): 1441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01289.2012.
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This study aimed to investigate the bone development of two mountain sheep breeds during natural summer grazing either in the lowlands or on different characteristic alpine pastures. Pasture types differed in topographic slope, plant species composition, general nutritional feeding value, Ca and P content, and Ca:P ratio of herbage. Twenty-seven Engadine sheep (ES) lambs and 27 Valaisian Black Nose sheep (VS) lambs were divided into four groups of 6 to 7 animals per breed and allocated to three contrasting alpine pasture types and one lowland pasture type. The lambs were slaughtered after 9 wk of experimental grazing. The steep alpine pastures in combination with a high (4.8) to very high (13.6) Ca:P ratio in the forage decreased total bone mineral content as measured in the middle of the left metatarsus of the lambs from both breeds, and cortical bone mineral content and cortical bone mineral density of ES lambs. Breed × pasture type interactions occurred in the development of total and cortical bone mineral content, and in cortical thickness, indicating that bone metabolism of different genotypes obviously profited differently from the varying conditions. An altitude effect occurred for 25-hydroxyvitamin D with notably higher serum concentrations on the three alpine sites, and a breed effect led to higher concentrations for ES than VS. Despite a high variance, there were pasture-type effects on serum markers of bone formation and resorption.
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Stieglitz, Jonathan, Felicia Madimenos, Hillard Kaplan, and Michael Gurven. "Calcaneal Quantitative Ultrasound Indicates Reduced Bone Status Among Physically Active Adult Forager-Horticulturalists." Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 31, no. 3 (March 2016): 663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2730.
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Sharma, Koustubh, Raghunandan Singh Chundawat, Joanna Van Gruisen, and Asad Rafi Rahmani. "Understanding the patchy distribution of four-horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis in a tropical dry deciduous forest in Central India." Journal of Tropical Ecology 30, no. 1 (November 19, 2013): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467413000722.
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Abstract:At the landscape level, the four-horned antelope is confined to tropical dry deciduous forests and within these, their distribution is patchy. Various factors have been proposed as determinants for their patchy distribution within landscapes, but none provided an adequate explanation. We hypothesized that availability of a constant supply of forage influenced the species distribution. We found that the four-horned antelope mainly fed on fruits and flowers, and that a total of 60% of the tree species in Panna Tiger Reserve bore fruits at different times of the year. High tree species richness in habitat patches was considered a surrogate for constant supply of forage for the four-horned antelope. Data from 547 sighting locations between 2002 and 2006 and six spatial layers were analysed using maximum entropy to produce a probability distribution model for the four-horned antelope in Panna Tiger Reserve. Our model predicted that habitat patches summing up to only 9.5% of the 543 km2 of Panna Tiger Reserve had high probability of distribution (>0.5) of four-horned antelope. Although all variables contributed to the distribution model of the four-horned antelope, explanatory power was highest for tree species richness within habitat patches. The distribution of four-horned antelope within tropical dry deciduous forests can be treated as an indicator of high tree diversity and hence habitat quality.
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Spelman, Lucy, G. Spodnick, M. Loomis, and S. C. Roe. "Partial Carpal Arthrodesis in a Warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus)." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 07, no. 04 (1994): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633095.
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SummaryA two-year-old male African wart-hog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) sustained a fracture of the left fourth carpal bone. Initial management consisted of seven weeks of stall rest but moderate lameness continued and fragment displacement was evident on radio-graphs. A partial carpal arthrodesis, involving the intercarpal and carpometacarpal joints, was performed to alleviate discomfort from degenerative joint disease. The joints were stabilized with two bone plates and a cancellous bone graft used to promote arthrodesis. After six weeks of cast support, joint fusion had progressed well. By 24 weeks after surgery, radiographic union was present and the warthog had only mild lameness. Carpal flexion was reduced by approximately 15°. This reduction did not compromise function.A two-year-old African warthog fractured the left fourth carpal bone in a pen injury. Conservative management was unsuccessful. Partial carpal arthrodesis of the intercarpal and carpometacarpal joints was performed using cartilage debridement, cancellous bone grafting, a T-plate and a dynamic compression plate for stabilization. Forelimb function was maintained in an animal that eats and forages while kneeling on its flexed carpus.
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Kuhn, Kristen L., Thomas J. Near, H. William Detrich, and Joseph T. Eastman. "Biology of the Antarctic dragonfishVomeridens infuscipinnis(Notothenioidei: Bathydraconidae)." Antarctic Science 23, no. 1 (August 20, 2010): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410201000060x.
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AbstractNineteen specimens of the rare dragonfishVomeridens infuscipinniswere evaluated for meristic counts, morphometric measurements, vomerine teeth and the supratemporal canal, anatomical and histological observations of bone, cartilage and lipid, diet, and reproductive status. Seven individuals were measured for buoyancy. All specimens had small vomerine teeth that varied in number. There was also variability in the arrangement of the supratemporal pores and canals.Vomeridenspossess a body with little bone and considerable amounts of cartilage and lipid. A mean percentage buoyancy of 1.61% indicated thatVomeridensis nearly neutrally buoyant. Inferences from measurements of buoyancy and from morphological data suggest thatVomeridenslives in an epibenthic water column habitat at 400–900 m. Facilitated by its reduced body density,Vomeridensare likely to forage in the water column by hovering above the substrate. The stomach contents consisted of krill (Euphausia superba), some as large as 46–50 mm.The absolute and relative fecundity in seven female was 1576–2296 oocytes (mean 1889) and 21.3–28.9 oocytes g-1body weight (mean 25.3), respectively. The reproductive effort in terms of egg diameter, GSI, and absolute and relative fecundity is similar to that for other bathydraconids.
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Schubert, Dana Carina, Lisa-Theresa Neustädter, Manfred Coenen, Christian Visscher, and Josef Kamphues. "Investigations on the Effects of Different Calcium Supply Exceeding the Requirements on Mineral Serum Concentrations and Bone Metabolism in Young Warmblood Stallions." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 2439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082439.
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Since mineral supplements for horses commonly contain macro minerals, although the requirement for such is usually covered by roughage-based diets, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different dietary calcium levels on mineral serum concentrations and bone metabolism. The trial was conducted in 30 young warmblood stallions (2–3 years) that were divided into two groups for a five-month feeding trial. The groups were fed a hay- and oat-based diet and were either supplied with high (Ca-High) or moderate (Ca-Moderate) calcium excess. While in Ca-High calcium supply was about 2–2.5-fold of the requirement, in Ca-Moderate calcium requirements were slightly surpassed (1.5–1.6-fold). In order to monitor the effects of the different calcium supply, blood samples were taken during the trial and analysed for levels of macro and trace elements as well as concentrations of two bone markers. In Ca-Moderate a trend towards higher phosphorus serum levels compared to Ca-High was observed which was significant at the end of the trial (p = 0.0002). Furthermore, results showed no influence of the diet on bone markers. Results support the idea that forage-based rations for horses do not necessarily have to be supplemented with macro minerals but with trace elements.
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Santos, Priscila Vincenzi dos, Wagner Paris, Luís Fernando Glasenapp de Menezes, Douglas Vonz, Magali Floriano da Silveira, and Jessica Tubin. "Carcass physical composition and meat quality of holstein calves, terminated in different finishing systems and slaughter weights." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 37, no. 5 (October 2013): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542013000500008.
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The Brazil sacrifices many dairy calves at birth, which can become a very serious problem merchandising. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the physical carcass composition and meat quality characteristics of Holstein calves in feedlot or pasture with supplementation, slaughtered at 140, 180, 220 or 260 kg body weight. In the early termination calves had on average 57 kg and 58 days of age. The confined animals were fed forage (corn) and concentrated, in the ratio of 40:60 and concentrated pasture supplemented with 1% body weight. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 4 (two feeding systems x four slaughter weights). It was observed a significant interaction between slaughter weight and finishing system only for the texture of the meat. The finished animals on pasture showed improved texture with increased weight, whereas the confined animals did not affect the weight. Animals finished on pasture had higher muscle percentage (69.48% vs 66.57%), and lower fat percentage (9.58% and 9.75 kg vs 13.20% and 13.08 kg) compared to confined animals. There was a linear increase in the total amount of muscle, bone and fat, muscle / bone ratio, compared edible portion / bone, palatability and juiciness when increased slaughter weight. The percentage of bone and meat coloring decreased linearly with the increase of slaughter weight. The proportion of muscle and fat, showed quadratic behavior. The animals of dairy breeds are excellent producers of lean meat, with good smoothness, flavor and juiciness.
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Westover, M. L., K. A. Lizewski, K. B. Klingler, and F. A. Smith. "Isotopic niche of the American pika (Ochotona princeps) through space and time." Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 8 (August 2020): 515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0212.
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Anthropogenic climate change is influencing the ecology and distribution of animals. The American pika (Ochotona princeps (Richardson, 1828)) is considered a model species for studying the effects of climate on small alpine mammals and has experienced local extirpation across its range. Using stable isotope analysis of two seasonal molts and bone collagen, we characterize the isotopic carbon and nitrogen niche of pika populations across their range and through time. We find pika isotopic diet to be stable across both time and space compared with other animals and considering the geographic and environmental extent of their range. We find that climatic, not geographic, factors explain part of the isotopic variation across their range. Both δ13C and δ15N from the fall-onset molt decrease with relative humidity of the environment and δ15N values from bone collagen increase with temperature and precipitation. We find a small but significant seasonal difference in δ13C, which could be explained by microbial enrichment of cached haypiles. We establish a baseline of pika isotopic diet and patterns related to climate across their range. We conclude that differences in isotopic signature between pika populations likely reflect the physiology of their forage plants in different environmental conditions.
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Faccia, Kathleen, Helen Buie, Andrzej Weber, Vladimir I. Bazaliiskii, Olga I. Goriunova, Steven Boyd, Benedikt Hallgrímsson, and M. Anne Katzenberg. "Bone quality in prehistoric, cis-baikal forager femora: A micro-CT analysis of cortical canal microstructure." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 154, no. 4 (May 19, 2014): 486–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22533.
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Lin, X. Y., Y. Wang, J. Wang, Q. L. Hou, Z. Y. Hu, K. R. Shi, Z. G. Yan, and Z. H. Wang. "Effect of initial time of forage supply on growth and rumen development in preweaning calves." Animal Production Science 58, no. 12 (2018): 2224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16667.
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To determine the effects of the initial timing of forage supply on growth, ruminal fermentation parameters and rumen development in preweaning calves, 18 7-day-old Holstein calves of 42 ± 3 kg were randomly divided into three treatment groups. The dietary treatments were (1) milk and commercial starter diet (MS) control, (2) milk and starter diet supplemented with oat hay at 2 weeks (MSO2), and (3) milk and starter diet supplemented with oat hay at 6 weeks (MSO6). Starter feed and oat hay were provided ad libitum, and 2 L of milk was provided twice daily. Samples were collected at 64 days of age. Supplementing with hay increased the dry-matter intake; P < 0.05). The height, body length, heart girth and cannon bone circumference were similar among the three treatments (P > 0.05). The concentrations of serum glucose (P = 0.07) and β-hydroxybutyric acid; P < 0.05) were lower in the MSO6 group than in the MS and MSO2 groups. Rumination time was longer, and time spent on non-nutritive oral behaviour (such as e.g. licking surfaces, tongue rolling, wood-shaving consumption) was lower for hay-supplemented calves than for the control (P < 0.05). Although ruminal pH of hay-supplemented calves was significantly higher than that of the control, total rumen fluid volatile fatty acid concentrations were not significantly different among treatments. Calves in the MSO2 group had a smaller ratio of empty weight to slaughter weight (P < 0.05) and a larger total digestive tract weight (P < 0.05); the empty gastrointestinal tract weights were similar among the three treatments, suggesting that MSO2 calf weight gain may have resulted from intestinal chyme accumulation. Compared with the control, hay-supplemented calves had reduced rumen papilla width and epithelium thickness (P < 0.05), and no discernable plaque formation. Hay supplementation in the diet of preweaning calves improved the overall dry-matter intake, improved rumination, reduced non-nutritive oral behaviours, improved rumen pH, and ensured healthy rumen development; furthermore, productivity and rumen development were better in calves supplemented with hay from the second week.
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Lyman, R. Lee. "Taphonomy, pathology, and paleoecology of the terminal Pleistocene Marmes Rockshelter (45FR50) “big elk” (Cervus elaphus), southeastern Washington State, USA." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47, no. 11 (November 2010): 1367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e10-059.
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In 1968, remains of what were reported to be a larger-than-modern elk ( Cervus elaphus ) were recovered from terminal Pleistocene sediments associated with the Marmes Rockshelter archaeological site in southeastern Washington State. Originally thought to have been butchered by humans, it is associated with radiocarbon dates suggesting an age of about 9800 14C years B.P. Taphonomic analysis in 2009 indicates the elk likely died of natural causes during winter months; it was lightly scavenged by carnivores prior to burial from silt-rich spring runoff. The elk suffered from two pathological conditions: one resulting in fusion of the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae, and the other resulting in excessive bone tissue on the proximal ends of the first ribs, seventh cervical, and first and second thoracic vertebrae. The Marmes elk is larger than modern Rocky Mountain elk ( C. e. nelsoni ) and is on the large end of the size range of modern Roosevelt elk ( C. e. roosevelti ). It is also larger than the similarly aged elk skeleton from Three Hills, Alberta. A single elk bone from the Sentinel Gap archaeological site in central Washington State, dated to about 10 200 14C years BP and located 130 km west of Marmes Rockshelter, is the same size as the same bone of the Marmes elk. Terminal Pleistocene elk in eastern Washington likely grew to exceptionally large size as a result of abundant grass at the time, forage that decreased in abundance as Holocene climatic conditions developed.
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Matulka, Ray A. "61 Nutritive feed ingredients that pose toxicological potential." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.135.
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Abstract A variety of different substances can promote adverse effects on livestock and companion animals, varying from a decrease in overall growth, to frank toxicological response and death. Many substances that are the cause of adverse effects are either components in feed, part of the forage landscape for grazing animals, or even a part of the nutritive feed composition for pets. It has been well-known that vitamin D intake increases bone mineralization, but methionine consumption may also positively impact bone density. Excess consumption of other nutrients may lead to adverse effects, as current research found that excess tryptophan consumption in weaned pigs adversely affects intestinal morphology and tight junction proteins in other species. However, some studies have found that different animals can have opposing effects from consuming the same substances. For example, a study in mice has found that consumption of chitosan impairs intestinal barrier integrity, while twice the intake by weaned piglets improved the average daily gain. This presentation will discuss examples of nutrients and other substances that may adversely impact the growth and reproductive capacity of companion animals and livestock, underscoring the need for the completion of safety studies of potentially new ingredients to evaluate their long-term use in commercial feed formulations.
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Eyoh, G. D., M. D. Udo, and C. P. Edet. "Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of West African Dwarf Bucks Fed Different Forms of Processed Guinea Grass (Panicum Maximum)." Current Agriculture Research Journal 7, no. 2 (May 10, 2019): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.7.2.13.
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An experiment was conducted to determine the growth performance and carcass characteristics of West African Dwarf bucks fed different types of processed Panicum maximum. Twelve West African Dwarf bucks aged between 6 and 8 months with initial mean weight of 7.26 kg were intensively managed for 56 days. The experimental diets are wilted Panicum maximum, fresh Panicum maximum, ensiled Panicum maximum and Panicum maximum Hay designated as T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. The results revealed that goats placed on wilted Panicum maximum (T1) (135.18g/day) and hay, (T4) (139.29g/day) were similar in respect to concentrate intake. Forage intake showed significant (P<0.05) differences. Goats fed wilted Panicum (T1) (607.78g/day) and fresh Panicum maximum (T2) (634.46g/day) had similar intake but differed from goats placed on ensiled Panicum maximum (T3) and hay Panicum maximum (T4). Daily dry matter intake (DMI) differed (P<0.05) significantly among treatments. Total daily feed intake of goats on wilted Panicum maximum (T1) (42.96g/day) and fresh Panicum maximum (T2) (759.80g/day) were similar and differed from total daily feed intake of goats placed on ensiled Panicum maximum(564.28g/day) and Hay Panicum maximum484g/day. Goats fed wilted Panicum maximum produced higher value of live weight which did not differ (P>0.05) from other treatments.Bucks on fresh Panicum maximum (T2) had higher value of bled weight (7.40kg) but did not significantly differ (P>0.05). Heavier dressed weight (35.62) was recorded by goats fed wilted Panicum maximum (T1) but did not significantly differ (P>0.05) from other treatments. Dressing percentages, thigh, loin, internal organs and bone to lean ratio were not significantly different (P>0.05) from each other. The use of Panicum maximum in any form has no effect on conversion of forage into meat and formation of any part.
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Gummer, David L., and R. Mark Brigham. "Does fluctuating asymmetry reflect the importance of traits in little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus)?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 990–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-116.
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Small random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry define fluctuating asymmetry, and these deviations reflect an individual's inability to genetically control the development of a particular trait. Natural selection should act to minimize fluctuating asymmetry in traits that are most functionally important to an organism. Temperate-zone bats forage in flight and therefore symmetry of wing bones should be very important to fitness. Bats use their hind limbs only for hanging in roosts, therefore asymmetry in the main leg bone, the tibia, should not be as significant to a bat's fitness. We predicted that there would be less fluctuating asymmetry in the forearms than in the tibia. We measured the forearms and tibias of 119 little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), and as predicted, forearm length did show less fluctuating asymmetry than tibia length. This result supports the hypothesis that traits can be ranked in order of functional importance according to the degree of fluctuating asymmetry found for each.
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Molokwu, E. C. I., N. N. Umunna, and S. M. Dennis. "EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS SUPPLEMENTATION ON PREGNANCY IN WHITE FULANI (BUNAJI) CATTLE." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 6 (January 19, 2021): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v6i.2656.
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THE effect of bone meal supplementation on pregnancy and plasma phosphorus level in White Fulani (Bunaji) cattle was investigated over a 13-month period. The monthly mean plasma levels of inorganic phosphorus for supplemented Cows varied from 4.63mg/100ml in dry season to 8.09mg/100ml in the rainy season in contrast to 3.07 to 7.09/100ml in the dry and rainy seasons respectively, for the controls. Bonemeal supplementation resulted in earlier conception and calving. Fifty percent of the supplemented cows calved by the end of the period of supplementation in contrast to 25 percent of the controls. By two months after the study period, 100% of cows that received the supplementation had conceived compared with 87.50% of the controls. It is concluded from the study that bonemeal is a practical method for improving the fertility of White Fulani cattle in the grazing areas of Nigeria where soil and forage are deficient in phosphorus
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Madimenos, Felicia C., Melissa A. Liebert, Tara J. Cepon‐Robins, Samuel S. Urlacher, J. Josh Snodgrass, Lawrence S. Sugiyama, and Jonathan Stieglitz. "Disparities in bone density across contemporary Amazonian forager‐horticulturalists: Cross‐population comparison of the Tsimane and Shuar." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 171, no. 1 (October 29, 2019): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23949.
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Armero, E., and A. Falagán. "A comparison of growth, carcass traits, and tissue composition of ‘Segureña’ lambs raised either in an extensive production system or an intensive one." Animal Production Science 55, no. 6 (2015): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13342.
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The aim of this study was to determine the performance of lambs of a Segureña local breed for growth, carcass traits and tissue composition when raised either in an extensive or an intensive production system to produce carcasses of ~11 kg. In the extensive system lambs (n = 21) were raised on pasture with salt-tolerant forages (bermudagrass hybrid and ryegrass Westerwold) and were unweaned. In the intensive system lambs (n = 24) were weaned at 45 days and reared in stalls with concentrate feeding. Extensive lambs, especially twins, showed lower growth rates during the total growing period. Male extensive lambs had higher proportions of full digestive tract and stomachs and lower commercial dressing percentages. Extensive lambs had a lower percentage of valuable body parts such as liver and tenderloin. In addition they showed a higher percentage of head, shoulder and neck; and poorer conformation scores. Furthermore, their carcasses had a higher percentage of bone and a lower percentage of muscle. Nevertheless, other aspects should be taken into account, such as meat quality and meat production cost, animal welfare and taking advantage of high salinity soil and water to grow these forages. An alternative system in which grazing is supplemented with concentrates should be evaluated in future research.
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Brookins, Milagros D., Sreekumari Rajeev, Timothy D. Thornhill, Kurt Kreinheder, and Debra L. Miller. "Mandibular and Maxillary Osteomyelitis and Myositis in a Captive Herd of Red Kangaroos (Macropus Rufus)." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 20, no. 6 (November 2008): 846–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870802000627.
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Jaw infections in macropods are common and will result in mortality if not promptly diagnosed and aggressively treated. They have most often been reported in wallabies; however, in the current case, the gross and histopathologic findings, microbial culture, and management of jaw infections in a population of red kangaroos ( Macropus rufus) housed in a zoological park are described. Three red kangaroos, among a group of 23, were submitted for necropsy after death after progressively invasive and nonresolving jaw infections. Extensive bone and soft-tissue inflammation and necrosis were observed in all animals. A mixed population of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria was cultured; however, Pseudomonas spp. was consistently isolated from the sites of infection in all animals. Parental administration of gentamicin and penicillin, along with daily oral flushing of the wounds with Betadine, removal of all rough forage, and hand feeding soft-pelleted feed, was effective in controlling the progression of disease in 1 affected animal. This case documents an important disease in an additional macropod species and identifies predisposing factors, possible etiologies, and treatment and/or management options.
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BAILEY, C. B. "RATE AND EFFICIENCY OF GAIN, FROM WEANING TO SLAUGHTER, OF STEERS GIVEN HAY, HAY SUPPLEMENTED WITH RUMTNAL UNDEGRADABLE PROTEIN, OR CONCENTRATE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 691–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-083.
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Holstein steers were given milk from birth until they reached a weight of 100 kg. Beginning at 60 kg, they received gradually increasing amounts of one of three different diets and these became their sole diet after milk was withdrawn. The three diets were: (a) 85% grass hay and 15% concentrate (group 1); (b) the same diet with enough rumen undegradable protein (formaldehyde-treated canola meal) added to raise the crude protein content by 10 g kg−1 (group 2); and (c) 85% concentrate and 15% grass hay (group 3). The amounts of the three diets offered were designed to provide 0.95 MJ of digestible energy per day per unit of liveweight0.75. Steers were slaughtered at about 500 kg liveweight and the right sides of their carcasses were dissected into separable muscle, adipose tissue, and bone. This information was used to derive estimates of the daily gains of protein, fat, and energy in the empty bodies and the carcasses of the steers. Empty liveweight gain of group 3 steers exceeded that of group 1 steers by 42% and they required only 58% as much extra-maintenance energy per unit of gain. Daily gains of carcass muscle, adipose tissue, bone, protein, fat, and energy, and of empty body protein, fat, and energy, were greater in steers in group 3 than in those in group 1. The extra gain of group 3 steers, compared with group 1 steers, was due largely to gain of extra body fat. The overall efficiency of energy gain was 50% greater in steers in group 3 than in those in group 1. Supplementing the forage diet (group 1) with rumen undegradable protein (group 2) increased daily empty liveweight gains by 13% and reduced the extra-maintenance energy requirement per unit weight gain by 12%. Daily gains of carcass muscle, bone, and protein, and of empty body protein, were greater in steers in group 2 than in those in group 1. The extra gain of group 2 steers, compared with group 1 steers, was due largely to gain of extra body protein and its associated water. There were no differences between steers in these two groups in efficiency of energy gain (energy gain per unit extra-maintenance energy intake). It was concluded that the higher energetic efficiency of empty body weight gain of steers in group 2, as opposed to those in group 1, was due to a higher rate of net protein synthesis as a consequence of the increased amounts of protein absorbed from the intestine, and that the higher energetic efficiency of weight gain of steers given the concentrate diet (group 3), as opposed to those given the forage diet (group 1), was due to a higher efficiency of conversion of the energy-yielding products of digestion into fat. Key words: Energetic efficiency, steers, protein, undegradable, hay, concentrate
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Moen, Ron, and John Pastor. "Simulating antler growth and energy, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus metabolism in caribou." Rangifer 18, no. 5 (March 1, 1998): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.18.5.1544.
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We added antler growth and mineral metabolism modules to a previously developed energetics model for ruminants to simulate energy and mineral balance of male and female caribou throughout an annual cycle. Body watet, fat, protein, and ash are monitored on a daily time step, and energy costs associated with reproduction and body mass changes are simulated. In order to simulate antler growth, we had to predict calcium and phosphorus metabolism as it is affected by antler growth, gestation, and lactation. We used data on dietary digestibility, protein, calcium and phosphorus content, and seasonal patterns in body mass to predict the energy, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus balances of a "generic" male and female caribou. Antler growth in males increased energy requirements during antler growth by 8 to 16%, depending on the efficiency with which energy was used for antler growth. Female energy requirements for antler growth were proportionately much smaller because of the smaller size of female antlers. Protein requirements for antler growth in both males and females were met by forage intake. Calcium and phosphorus must be resorbed from bone during peak antler growth in males, when > 25 g/day of calcium and > 12 g/day of phosphorus are being deposited in antlers. Females are capable of meeting calcium needs during antler growth without bone resorption, but phosphorus was resorbed from bone during the final stages of antler mineralization. After energy, phosphorus was most likely to limit growth of antlers for both males and females in our simulations. Input parameters can be easily changed to represent caribou from specific geographic regions in which dietary nutrient content or body mass patterns differ from those in our "generic" caribou. The model can be used to quantitatively analyze the evolutionary basis for development of antlers in female caribou, and the relationship between body mass and antler size in the Cervidae.
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Holló, G., K. Ender, K. Lóki, J. Seregi, I. Holló, and K. Nuernberg. "Carcass characteristics and meat quality of Hungarian Simmental young bulls fed different forage to concentrate ratios with or without linseed supplementation." Archives Animal Breeding 51, no. 6 (October 10, 2008): 517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-51-517-2008.
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Abstract. In total, 30 Hungarian Simmental bulls were reared to 300.07 ± 43.78 kg initial live weight and 274.57 ± 19.73 d of age. Animals were distributed into three feeding groups with different maize silage to concentrate ratios (670 : 330 = F/ HC; 750 : 250 = F/ LC 1; 800 : 200 = F/ LC 2) based on dry matter. The low concentrate groups (F/ LC 1 and F/ LC 2) received linseed supplemented concentrate during the fattening period. Feeding high concentrate (F/ HC) caused the significantly highest daily gain. The slaughter weights, dressing (%), lean (%) and fat (%) did not show any significant differences between feeding groups. Carcass conformation of all groups was assessed mainly as U. Bulls of group F/ LC 2 had the lowest amount of kidney fat. Bone proportion of the carcasses was affected by the diet (F/ HC: 18.65 %; F/ LC 1: 18.41 %; F/ LC 2: 17.91 %). The tendon proportions were lower in groups F/ LC 1 and F/ LC 2 but not significantly (F/ HC: 1.15 %; F/ LC 1: 1.1 %; F/ LC 2: 1.08 %). The intramuscular fat content varied between the three muscles investigated. Psoas major muscle contained the highest fat concentration in all three feeding groups. The mineral content of muscles (iron [Fe], copper [Cu], zinc [Zn]) was only affected by muscle type, but not by diet. In linseed supplemented groups (F/ LC 1 and F/ LC 2) the palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid proportion was decreased (P<0.05) in all muscles and the linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and the sum of n-3 fatty acid (P<0.05) was increased compared to the F/ HC group. The beef from groups F/ LC 1 and F/ LC 2 bulls showed a lower n-6 to n-3 fatty acids ratio (P<0.05). The relative and absolute concentration of CLAcis-9,trans-11 was unaffected by diet but muscle type caused changes.
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Tao, Yu, Jian Tao Liu, and Yi Wen Zhang. "Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of a Superalloy Disk with a Dual Microstructure." Advanced Materials Research 278 (July 2011): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.278.381.
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The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the mechanical properties of a FGH96 alloy disk with a dual microstructure. FGH96 is a powder metallurgy (P/M) processed disk alloy, which was developed in the 1990s in China. The manufacturing processes used to produce the FGH96 disk with a dual grain structure consisted of atomization by plasma rotating electrode process (PREP), hot isostatic pressing (HIP), isothermal forge, special heat treatment for obtaining dual grain struc-ture and final heat treatment. The disk was cut up and completely evaluated. Mechanical properties, including tensile, stress rupture, plastic creep, low cycle fatigue, fatigue crack growth rate, fracture toughness, impact and hardness, were tested at room and higher temperatures. In addition, a detailed grain characterization of the disk, from rim to bore, was also presented.
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Patterson, D. C., C. A. Moore, and R. W. J. Steen. "The effects of plane of nutrition and slaughter weight on the performance and carcass composition of continental beef bulls given high forage diets." Animal Science 58, no. 1 (February 1994): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100007066.
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AbstractBulls (½ Blonde d'Aquitaine ⅜ Charolais) were used in a 2 × 3 factorial design experiment with two planes of nutrition in the finishing period and three slaughter weights. High and low planes of nutrition were based on diets with similar forage to concentrate ratio (0·40 of dry matter (DM)) offered ad libitum or at 0·78 of ad libitum DM intake at equal live weight respectively. The target slaughter live weights were 550, 625 and 700 kg. Twelve bulls were taken to each slaughter point and an additional five animals were killed as a pre-experimental slaughter group. Mean initial live weight was 412 (s.e. 5·3) kg at a mean age of 342 (s.e. 2·5) days. No significant interactions were found between the main factors. For the high and low planes, live-weight and estimated carcass gains were 1251 and 989 (s.e. 47·7), and 816 and 668 (s.e. 35·3) g/day respectively, the reduction in gains being similar to the proportional degree of nutritional restriction. Plane of nutrition had no effect on live-weight or carcass gain per unit of energy intake. The low plane of nutrition produced significant decreases in body cavity fat depots, subcutaneous fat in the sample joint and increased the proportions of both saleable beef and high-priced joints in the carcass.With increase in slaughter weight, energy intake per unit of live weight0·75 and rates of both live-weight and carcass gain tended to decline. The dressing proportions were 583,579 and 609 (s.e. 9·1) g/kg for the slaughter live weights of 550, 625 and 700 kg. Carcass conformation improved while fat depots in the body cavity and estimated concentration of separable fat in the carcass increased with increase in slaughter weight, and both estimated lean and bone concentrations decreased. Forequarter as a proportion of total side tended to increase with increase in slaughter weight. Slaughter weight had no effect on concentration of saleable meat or ultimate pH of carcass muscle. It is concluded that bulls of this genotype can be taken to high slaughter weights on diets having a relatively high proportion of forage as grass silage, with high rates of growth and acceptable carcass leanness.
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Blanco, M., M. Joy, B. Panea, P. Albertí, G. Ripoll, S. Carrasco, R. Revilla, and I. Casasús. "Effects of the forage content of the winter diet on the growth performance and carcass quality of steers finished on mountain pasture with a barley supplement." Animal Production Science 52, no. 9 (2012): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12060.
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Eighteen Parda de Montaña steers (366 kg liveweight, 10 months of age) received diets of either forage (F; lucerne hay + straw) or forage and concentrate (FC; lucerne hay + straw + barley) during the winter feeding period, which lasted 118 days. Thereafter, steers continuously grazed in meadows in a dry mountain area until the end of the grazing period in September (160–167 days) and received 4.1 kg DM barley per head for the final 103–110 days of the grazing season. The steers that received the FC winter diet were heavier (491 vs 457 kg, respectively; P < 0.05) and had deposited more fat (7.2 vs 5.8 mm, P < 0.05) and muscle (63 vs 54 mm, P < 0.05) at the end of the winter than the steers that received the F winter diet. During the grazing period, the steers from both groups had similar weight gains (0.728 and 0.756 kg/day for FC and F diet, respectively). At slaughter, the steers from both groups were of similar age (590 vs 599 days, for FC and F diet, respectively) and had similar liveweights (560 vs 539 kg), muscle depths (54 vs 63 mm) and subcutaneous fat thicknesses (7.3 vs 7.2 mm). The serum leptin concentration differed only at the end of the winter period, when steers on the FC diet had higher leptin concentrations than did steers on the F diet (P < 0.05), reflecting differences in fatness. The carotenoid concentration in the plasma during the winter feeding period was higher in steers on the F than on the FC winter diet, but this difference was not seen during the grazing period. Carcasses from steers on the FC winter diet were heavier (324 vs 300 kg; P < 0.05) and had a higher dressing percentage (57.3% vs 56.1%, P < 0.05) than those reared on the F winter diet, but the fatness and conformation scores were similar between the groups. The percentages of fat, muscle and bone in the commercial dissection and 10th rib dissection did not differ between the winter diet groups. In conclusion, the differences resulting from the winter feeding period disappeared after the grazing period, and the carcass quality did not differ between the diets. Therefore, both strategies are equally technically advisable.
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Silva, Westerlly J., Carolina C. Guizelini, Gumercindo L. Franco, Rayane C. P. Veiga, Williane G. Arruda, Valter A. Nascimento, Elaine S. P. Melo, and Ricardo A. A. Lemos. "Cobalt deficiency in cattle and its impact on production." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 40, no. 11 (November 2020): 837–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6770.
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ABSTRACT: Two outbreaks of cobalt deficiency in beef cattle were diagnosed in Midwestern Brazil. We discuss the clinical, epidemiological, pathological features, therapeutic measures, and impact aspects of the production system associated with these outbreaks occurring outbreaks in two farms of extensive cattle raising-system in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Seven affected cattle were euthanized and necropsied. Tissues for histopathology and microelements dosage were secured. At Farm A, 3100 cattle of all ages got sick, and 396 died; at Farm B, 148 were affected, and 110 died. In both farms, cattle were fed the same mineral supplement. The main clinical signs were weight loss and weakness, even though a good supply of forage was available in the paddocks. Many cattle stop grazing and chew at tree barks, wood chips from fence posts, and bones. In addition to the deaths, there was a compromised growth, and the reproductive rates fell sharply. The necropsied cattle were thin, with rough hair coat and pale mucous membranes. The liver was diffusely orange and showed a lobular pattern. The bone marrow was gelatinous and diffusely yellow. Histological changes included hemosiderosis in the liver and spleen, hepatocellular vacuolar degeneration, and myeloid and erythroid hypoplasia of the bone marrow. In the white matter of four cattle’s brains, the myelin sheath was markedly distended (spongy degeneration). Proliferative parasitic abomasitis was observed in three cattle. The presumptive diagnosis was based on the association of the clinical picture, the necropsy findings, and the ruling out of other possible causes. The diagnosis was confirmed by the favorable response to treatment with cobalt and vitamin B12 orally and by mineral supplementation.
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Macfarlane, J. M., R. M. Lewis, and G. C. Emmans. "Effects of two dried forages, and a choice between them, on intake, growth and carcass composition in lambs of two breeds and their cross." Animal Science 78, no. 3 (June 2004): 485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800058884.
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AbstractThe effects of forage type, breed type and sex on lamb growth and carcass composition, and their changes throughout growth, were measured. The three breed types were Scottish Blackface (no. = 31), Suffolk (no. = 28) and their reciprocal cross (no. = 30). The lambs were given ad libitum a pelleted ryegrass alone, pelleted lucerne alone or a choice of both. Each lamb was scanned using X-ray computed tomography to measure the weights of fat, lean and bone in the carcass at three proportions of mature body weight (0·30, 0·45 and 0·65). Live weights and food intake data were recorded weekly. Average daily gains in live weight and carcass tissues, food intake and efficiency were calculated for each lamb between degrees of maturity. Relationships between weight and food intake were investigated using a Spillman function.Breed type had no effect on fat or lean proportion in the carcass but Scottish Blackface lambs had 1·04 times the carcass bone proportions of the Suffolk or crossbred lambs. Diet had no effect on carcass tissue proportions. The effect of sex on carcass composition changed with stage of maturity. Breed type and sex effects on intakes and gains in live weight and tissue weights were related to mature size differences. Scaling by (mature size)0·73did not fully remove these differences. There were no effects of breed type, sex or diet on efficiency. Lambs on ryegrass had lower intakes (0·878 as great) and slower growth (0·851 as fast) than those on lucerne or the choice treatment. The mean proportion of ryegrass in the choice diet was 0·366 (s.e. 0·0273); it increased slightly with time. There was no breed type by diet interaction for any of the variables examined. The Spillman function described growth well and showed that there were no effects of breed type, diet or sex on efficiency.
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Leite, Rubson Da Costa, Rubens Ribeiro da Silva, Robson Da Costa Leite, Jefferson Santana da Silva Carneiro, Álvaro José Gomes de Faria, and Gilson Araújo de Freitas. "FARINHA DE CARNE E OSSOS E ADUBAÇÃO DE COBERTURA NA PRODUTIVIDADE DE CAPIM MOMBAÇA." Nativa 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v7i1.5650.
Full textAbstract:
Apesar do resíduo de frigorífico ser abundante em nutrientes, em especial elevado teor de fósforo da farinha de carne e ossos, faz necessário a avaliação desse produto em comparação a outras fontes comerciais. Objetivou-se avaliar componentes de produção e produtividade do capim Mombaça em função de diferentes fontes fosfatadas e ausência de adubação de cobertura. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os 36 tratamentos foram obtidos numa combinação fatorial (3x6x2), sendo três fontes de fertilizantes fosfatados (Superfosfato simples, Basifós e Farinha de carne e osso) e seis doses de adubação fosfatada (0; 35; 70; 140; 210; 280) kg ha-1 de P2O5 e a aplicação ou não da adubação de cobertura de nitrogênio e potássio (100 kg de ureia; 60 kg de cloreto de potássio e 0 kg ha-1 de adubação de cobertura). Foram avaliados altura de plantas, perfilhamento e massa seca da parte aérea do capim Mombaça. A fonte alternativa farinha de carne e ossos promoveu acréscimo na altura de plantas, número de perfilhos e massa de forragem em capim Mombaça, mesmo quando comparada com diferentes fontes comerciais.Palavras-chave: adubação, resíduos de frigorífico, Panicum maximum. MEAT AND BONE MEAL AND COVER FERTILIZATION ON MOMBASA GRASS PRODUCTIVITY ABSTRACT: Although the refrigerator residue is abundant in nutrients, in particular high phosphorus content of meat and bone meal, it is necessary to evaluate this product in comparison to other commercial sources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production and productivity components of the Mombasa grass as a function of different phosphate sources and absence of cover fertilization. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The 36 treatments were obtained in a factorial combination (3x6x2), with three sources of phosphate fertilizers (Superphosphate simple, Basifós and Meat and bone meal) and six doses of phosphate fertilization (0; 35; 70; 140; 210; 280) kg ha-1 of P2O5 and the application or not of nitrogen and potassium fertilization (100 kg of urea, 60 kg of potassium chloride and 0 kg ha-1 of cover fertilization). Plant height, tillering and dry mass of the aerial part of the Mombasa grass were evaluated. The alternative source of meat and bone meal promoted an increase in plant height, number of tillers and forage mass in Mombasa grass, even when compared to different commercial sources.Keywords: fertilizer, slaughterhouse waste, Panicum maximum.
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Aksoy, Yüksel, and Zafer Ulutaş. "Effect of Different Slaughter Weights on Slaughter and Carcass Traits of Male Karayaka Lambs Reared under Intensive Production System." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 3, no. 6 (March 19, 2015): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i6.406-412.380.
Full textAbstract:
The present study was conducted to investigate the carcass traits of Karayaka lambs slaughtered at different slaughter weights (SWs) and to find out optimum SWs. Male Karayaka lambs with 20 kg live weight (n=30) constituted the animal material of the study. Lambs were randomly divided into five SW groups; 30 (GI; n=6), 35 (GII; n=6), 40 (GIII; n=6); 45 (GIV; n=6) and 50 (GV; n=6) kg. Lamb fattening feed (concentrate feed, ad libitum) and forage (lentil straw, 100g/lamb/day) were used as the feed material. Lambs were sent to slaughter at target SWs. Following the slaughter, non-carcass components, tailless hot and cold carcass weights were taken. Carcasses were separated into six sections as leg, foreleg, back, loin, neck and others. Physical dissection was performed to investigate carcass composition. Only the differences in carcass dressing and skin percentages of slaughter groups were not found to be significant. Increasing carcass fat percentages and decreasing carcass lean and bone percentages were observed with increasing SWs. Considering the consumer preferences, current findings revealed that Karayaka lambs should be sent to slaughter at weights between 30-35 kg. However, considering the red meat deficit of the country, current market conditions and producer preferences, the optimum SW for Karayaka lambs were recommended to be between 40-45 kg.
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Cooper, L. P., J. S. Thomas, M. G. Beamish, A. Gouldwell, S. N. Collcutt, J. Williams, R. M. Jacobi, A. Currant, and T. F. G. Higham. "An Early Upper Palaeolithic Open-air Station and Mid-Devensian Hyaena Den at Grange Farm, Glaston, Rutland, UK." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 78 (2012): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00027110.
Full textAbstract:
Archaeological work preceding a housing development revealed mid-Devensian (MIS 3) deposits preserved in a geological fault, a graben feature, on an interfluve plateau. Rare evidence for Early Upper Palaeolithic open-air occupation was characterised by a scant lithic signature of the Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician (LRJ) leaf-point techno-complex of the North European plain. The lithics included a complete leaf-point, another broken example with traces of impact damage, and knapping debitage indicating leaf-point maintenance. The site also preserved good evidence for an open-air hyaena den with abundant faunal remains. Discrete bone clusters were present, some of which probably represent meat caches for hyaena cubs in the burrows and scrapes of a maternity den. It is suggested that the hominins targeted the den site to forage the stored food. Their occupation is associated with a group of spirally-fractured wild horse bones thought to be the result of marrow extraction by humans, and these have been dated to 44,290–42,440 calibrated years before present (44.3–42.5 kyr calbp), comparable to the date range of continental LRJ sites. The early date of the LRJ techno-complex corresponds with that of the oldest Neanderthals in northern Europe, but possibly overlaps with the recently reported early dates for anatomically modern humans. However, it is concluded that the oldest Early Upper Palaeolithic technology in northern Europe was the product of final Neanderthals.
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Lin, Yi-Fen, Nicolai Konow, and Elizabeth R. Dumont. "How moles walk; it's all thumbs." Biology Letters 15, no. 10 (October 2019): 20190503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0503.
Full textAbstract:
A recurring theme in the evolution of tetrapods is the shift from sprawling posture with laterally orientated limbs to erect posture with the limbs extending below the body. However, in order to invade particular locomotor niches, some tetrapods secondarily evolved a sprawled posture. This includes moles, some of the most specialized digging tetrapods. Although their forelimb anatomy and posture facilitates burrowing, moles also walk long distances to forage for and transport food. Here, we use X-ray Reconstruction Of Moving Morphology (XROMM) to determine if the mole humerus rotates around its long axis during walking, as it does when moles burrow and echidnas walk, or alternatively protracts and retracts at the shoulder in the horizontal plane as seen in sprawling reptiles. Our results reject both hypotheses and demonstrate that forelimb kinematics during mole walking are unusual among those described for tetrapods. The humerus is retracted and protracted in the parasagittal plane above, rather than below the shoulder joint and the ‘false thumb’, a sesamoid bone (os falciforme), supports body weight during the stance phase, which is relatively short. Our findings broaden our understanding of the diversity of tetrapod limb posture and locomotor evolution, demonstrate the importance of X-ray-based techniques for revealing hidden kinematics and highlight the importance of examining locomotor function at the level of individual joint mobility.