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1
Couillard, D., and M. Chartier. "Influence des caractéristiques des boues digérées en aérobiose sur la solubilisation biologique des métaux." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 3 (June 1, 1993): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-065.
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A process for metal removal by thiobacilli was applied to aerobic sludge from three different sources: treated sludge not subjected to phosphate removal, sludge subjected to a FeCl3 phosphate-removal process, and sludge subjected to an alum phosphate-removal process. Solubilization varied, and a number of hypotheses were formulated and tested to explain the results: influence of digestion factors, addition of Percol, metal concentrations of the sludge, and phosphate-removal processes during sludge generation. Sludge digestion and addition of Percol proved not to affect metal solubilization resulting from application of the metal removal process. Solubilized copper concentration was plotted against copper content of the sludge studied, yielding a regression with an r2 of 0.72. For manganese, an r2 of 0.53 was obtained for the same type of regression. The more contaminated the sludge, the higher the element solubilization (%). Copper solubilization correlated with sludge phosphate content (r2 = 0.46), suggesting the phosphate-removal process affected copper solubilization. With manganese, no correlation with phosphate content was established. Under optimum reactor operating conditions, metal content was the main factor in copper and manganese solubilization in the aerobic sludges studied. Key words: heavy metals, biological solubilization, thiobacilli, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, sewage sludge. [Journal translation]
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Jamroz, Dorota, Agnieszka Gajda-Janiak, Zbigniew Wzorek, Zygmunt Kowalski, and Janusz Kubizna. "Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Different Hydrated Monocalcium Phosphates for Broiler Chickens." Annals of Animal Science 12, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0016-4.
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Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Different Hydrated Monocalcium Phosphates for Broiler ChickensThree hydrated monocalcium phosphates differing in purity (with or without monetite, or monetite and calcite) and in crystalline structure were used in broiler chickens diets. The performance indices, concentration of Ca, P and Mg and activity of alkaline phosphatase in blood plasma, the content of these mineral elements in bones, and physico-mechanical parameters of femur and tibia bones were recorded. Body weight on 35th day of life, feed intake and mechanical parameters of bone quality were slightly affected by the type of phosphates used. Higher Ca and P concentration in blood was stated in chickens fed diets with greater purity of phosphates, but activity of alkaline phosphatase has increased with the admixture of monetite or calcite used in phosphates. The best parameters of bone quality were found in the treatment in which hydrated monocalcium phosphate (MCP) with admixture of monetite and calcite was applied. Higher concentration of both Ca and Mg in bone was determined in chickens fed diets with pure phosphates.
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Numata, Yasuko, Toshiro Sakae, Taketoshi Suwa, Hiroshi Nakada, Racquel Z. LeGeros, and Kihei Kobayashi. "Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Bone and Synthetic Calcium Phosphates Using Raman Spectroscopy." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.135.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate synthetic calcium phosphates and animal bones using Raman spectroscopy and explore the possibility of its application in characterizing newly formed bone around implants. Synthetic calcium phosphates (monobasic calcium phosphate, dibasic calcium phosphate, tribasic calcium phosphate, fiber apatite, hydroxyapatite and carbonate hydroxyapatite) and animal bones (from pig, cow, rabbit with and without implants) were analyzed in this study. Slight differences in the Raman bands among the 7 types of synthetic calcium phosphate were observed. Furthermore, a 3 cm-1 difference was noted in the bands of the main PO4 3- in rabbit’s bone formed around the implant, compared to the existing bone, suggesting a difference in the molecular structure between the existing and newly formed bones.
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Afanou, Ablam Lazare, Magnoudewa Bassai Bodjona, Ida Diribissakou, Ayi Kevin Ajavon, Komlavi Hubert Edoh, and Gado Tchangbedji. "Caractérisation physico-chimique des composts élaborés à base des fientes de volaille et des déchets phosphatés du Togo." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 17, no. 7 (February 22, 2024): 2998–3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v17i7.30.
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Le traitement des phosphates naturels du Togo génère des déchets phosphatés (les refus de crible et la boue phosphatée) qui causent d’énormes problèmes environnementaux immédiats. L’objectif de ce travail était de valoriser ces déchets avec les fientes de volaille en compost. Quatre composts ont été élaborés : le compost A constitué de 66,7% de fientes de volaille et 33,3% de boue phosphatée ; le compost B constitué de 66,7% de fientes de volaille et 33,3% de refus de crible ; le compost C constitué de 66,7% de fientes de volailles, 16,7% de boue phosphatée et 16,7% de refus de crible puis le compost D constitué de 100% de fientes de volaille. Tous les composts ont présenté une température supérieure ou égale à 60°C pendant le processus de maturation. Le compost D seul a présenté un rapport C/N >10. Les teneurs en CaO dans les composts variaient de 55,30 à 73,16 mg/gMS et celles en P2O5 variaient de 34,40 à 140 mg/gMS. Les teneurs en Na2O et en K2O variaient respectivement de 15,13 à 24,01 mg/gMS et 12,60 à 36,80 mg/gMS. Tous les composts produits étaient riches en nutriments et pouvaient être utilisés pour restaurer les sols.
English title: Physico-chemical characterization of composts made from poultry droppings and phosphate wastes from Togo
Physico-chemical characterization of composts made from poultry droppings and phosphate wastes from Togo The processing of natural phosphates in Togo generates phosphate wastes (sieve residues and phosphate mud) which cause many immediate environmental problems. The objective of this research work was to recover these wastes with poultry droppings in compost. Four composts have been elaborated: compost A made up of 66.7% poultry droppings and 33.3% phosphate mud; compost B made up of 66.7% poultry droppings and 33.3% sieve residue; compost C made up of 66.7% poultry droppings, 16.7% phosphate mud and 16.7% sieve residue and compost D made up of 100% poultry droppings. All the composts presented a temperature greater than or equal to 60°C during the maturation process. Compost D alone had a C/N ratio of >10. The CaO contents in the composts varied from 55.30 to 73.16 mg/gMS and those of P2O5 varied from 34.40 to 140 mg/gMS. The Na2O and K2O contents varied respectively from 15.13 to 24.01 mg/gMS and 12.60 to 36.80mg/gMS. All the composts produced were rich in nutrients and could be used to refurbish soils.
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Novotny, Etelvino Henrique, Ruben Auccaise, Marcia Helena Rodrigues Velloso, Juliano Corulli Corrêa, Martha Mayumi Higarashi, Valéria Maria Nascimento Abreu, José Dilcio Rocha, and Witold Kwapinski. "Characterization of phosphate structures in biochar from swine bones." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 47, no. 5 (May 2012): 672–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2012000500006.
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The objective of this work was to develop an alternative methodology to study and characterize the phosphate crystalline properties, directly associated with solubility and plant availability, in biochar from swine bones. Some phosphate symmetry properties of pyrolyzed swine bones were established, using solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, principal component analysis, and multivariate curve resolution analysis, on four pyrolyzed samples at different carbonization intensities. Increasing carbonization parameters (temperature or residence time) generates diverse phosphate structures, increasing their symmetry and decreasing the crossed polarizability of the pair ¹H-31P, producing phosphates with, probably, lower solubility than the ones produced at lower carbonization intensity. Additionally, a new methodology is being developed to study and characterize phosphate crystalline properties directly associated with phosphate solubility and availability to plants.
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Irfa’i1, M. A., A. Prihanto, S. Muryanto, R. Ismail, J. Jamari, and A. P. Bayuseno. "CALCINATION AND HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSING OF BOVINES BONES FOR CALCIUM PHOSPHATES EXTRACTION." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 16, no. 03 (2023): 1525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2023.1638427.
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Bovine bone is a natural resource having valuable calcium phosphate compounds as a potential bioceramics powder feedstock. This study manipulated the calcium phosphates via hydrothermal processes after calcium phosphatecontaining bone was calcined and extracted. Here the resulting powder precursors obtained after calcining at 900 °C for 5 hours were hydrothermally processed for varying times at 110°C (1–5 h), yielding mainly biphasic calcium phosphates (-tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite) formation with a minute lime according to XRD analysis. Calcination and hydrothermal processing can effectively produce a high amount of hydroxyapatite proportion (> 99 wt.%) with nano crystallite sizes (30-50 nm). After 5-hour calcination, the SEM images revealed the powder product with size uniformity (1 µm) and plate-like morphology. The powdered bovine bone was then subjected to DTA, DTG, and TG analyses to determine its thermal behavior. Calcination temperatures from 300 to 600 OC removed organic compounds and other impurities from powder matrices. Instead, the calcination of bovine bone at temperatures from 800 to 1000 OC supported the result of the stabilized microstructure of calcium-phosphate-bearing minerals, which would make valuable powder feedstock for hydrothermal synthesis. Results of the study demonstrated that simple calcination and subsequent hydrothermal processing of bovine bone providing major hydroxyapatite and minor - tricalcium phosphate would get a depth insight into calcium phosphate resource recovery and recycling.
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Postic, Srdjan. "Calcium phosphate crystal forms in human jaw bones of changed osteoporotic structure." Serbian Dental Journal 58, no. 1 (2011): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs1101023p.
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Introduction. Calcium phosphates are chemical compounds that can be found in various forms within nature, as well as in human jaws and bones. The aim of this study was to assess the structure of solid chemical compounds which form the structure of normal and osteoporotic jaw-bones. Materials and Methods. The jaw-bones taken from human cadavers were used in the study. Crystalographic forms of calcium phosphate, in the samples of human jaw-bone, were determined using X-ray diffraction technique. The experimental bone samples originated from osteoporotic jaw-bone of cadavers while control samples were taken from dentate jaw-bones of non-osteoporotic cadavers. Results. The results of this study showed that hydroxyapatite was the only phase determined in control non-osteoporotic bone samples. In experimental (osteoporotic) bone samples, the same phase was registered, as well as calcium monophosphate and hydrated calcium phosphate, registered as increments of values on ? axis. Conclusion. Hydroxyapatite was the only compound detected in normal bone while osteoporotic bone contained others crystallographic forms of calcium phosphates.
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Pang, Boqi, Jiaru Xian, Jiajun Chen, Liqi Ng, Mengting Li, Guangchun Zhao, Yixun E, et al. "Cuttlefish Bone-Derived Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics Have Enhanced Osteogenic Properties." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 15, no. 8 (July 29, 2024): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080212.
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Cuttlefish bones are byproducts of cuttlefish processing and are readily available in the marine food industry. In this study, calcium phosphate bioceramics were prepared from cuttlefish bones using a two-stage hydrothermal calcination process. The results indicated that all bioceramics derived from cuttlefish bones had a higher degradation capacity, better bone-like apatite formation ability, and higher degree of osteogenic differentiation than commercially available hydroxyapatite. Notably, β-tricalcium phosphate, which had the highest degree of Ca2+ and Sr2+ dissolution among the bioceramics extracted, can significantly upregulate osteogenic markers (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin) and stimulate bone matrix mineralization. Thus, it is a promising bioceramic material for applications in bone regeneration.
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Enax, Joachim, Frederic Meyer, Erik Schulze zur Wiesche, and Matthias Epple. "On the Application of Calcium Phosphate Micro- and Nanoparticles as Food Additive." Nanomaterials 12, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 4075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12224075.
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The human body needs calcium and phosphate as essential nutrients to grow bones and teeth, but they are also necessary for many other biochemical purposes (e.g., the biosynthesis of phospholipids, adenosine triphosphate, ATP, or DNA). The use of solid calcium phosphate in particle form as a food additive is reviewed and discussed in terms of bioavailability and its safety after ingestion. The fact that all calcium phosphates, such as hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate, are soluble in the acidic environment of the stomach, regardless of the particle size or phase, means that they are present as dissolved ions after passing through the stomach. These dissolved ions cannot be distinguished from a mixture of calcium and phosphate ions that were ingested separately, e.g., from cheese or milk together with soft drinks or meat. Milk, including human breast milk, is a natural source of calcium and phosphate in which calcium phosphate is present as nanoscopic clusters (nanoparticles) inside casein (protein) micelles. It is concluded that calcium phosphates are generally safe as food additives, also in baby formula.
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Subasinghe, Nalaka Deepal. "Electron Microscopic Studies on Phosphate Binding Processes in the Presence of Iron." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.307.
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Phosphates are widely used as a substitute material for bones and teeth in medical sciences. It is known that phosphate and iron have a strong affinity for each other. In this study, process of formation of iron phosphate was closely monitored using scanning electron microscope equipped with backscatter electron image and energy dispersive X-ray imaging facilities. Different stages of formation of the iron-phosphate material in an environment rich in phosphate and iron were observed. Initial stage of absorbing iron on phosphate-rich substrate is the most important stage of the entire process. X-ray mapping provides strong visual evidence to track down the dispersion of major elements during this process.
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Babic-Ivancic, Vesna, and Maja Dutour-Sikiric. "Physico-chemical properties of calcium phosphates." Serbian Dental Journal 59, no. 1 (2012): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs1201007b.
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Calcium phosphates have important role in biological and pathological mineralization. While only one of calcium phosphates, carbonate apatite, represents the main mineral component of teeth and bones, octacalcium phosphate, calcium hydrogenphosphate dihydrate and beta-tricalcium phosphate occur in pathological deposits. From the stand-point of chemists, processes of biological and pathological mineralization could be considered as deposition of inorganic phase within organic matrix, i.e. formation of inorganic-organic composites. Although this approach is very simplified at first glance, it allows clarification of important issues related to biomineralization (e.g. what is the role of individual components of organic matrix in the emerging solid tissue), and design and preparation of new materials for hard tissue regeneration (e.g. process of transformation after implantation). The importance of investigation about calcium phosphates will be presented through the overview of basic physico-chemical reactions related to the formation and transformation of biologically relevant calcium phosphates and their interaction with various organic additives in the laboratory.
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Fernández-Arias, Mónica, Iago Álvarez-Olcina, Pablo Malvido-Fresnillo, José Antonio Vázquez, Mohamed Boutinguiza, Rafael Comesaña, and Juan Pou. "Biogenic Calcium Phosphate from Fish Discards and By-Products." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 3387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083387.
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Every year, millions of tons of fish waste are generated from fishing activities, and a similar amount is discarded and returned to the sea as unwanted catches. This material can be used as a biological source for many potential new added-value products, such asobtaining hyaluronic acid from fish eyeballs or extracting collagen from fish skin, but there are not many utilities for fish bones yet. This work tackles the transformation of fish discards into calcium phosphates. Discards from scorpionfish (Scorpaena scrofa) and Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), as well as by-products generated from aquaculture activities (heads and trimmings frames) of salmon (Salmon salar), were used to obtain calcium phosphate. Biphasic carbonated hydroxyapatite (HA) /beta-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) material was obtained. The biphasic HA-TCP material has a promising range of applications in the biomedical field based on its similarity to calcium phosphates found in human bones in terms of crystallite size and carbonate content. The presence of Na, Mg, Sr, and K ions in the HA-TCP material is very beneficial, since they contribute to bone metabolism and cell adhesion.
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Dobrzański, Zbigniew, Krystyna Pogoda-Sewerniak, Szymon Dragan, Daniel Korniewicz, Krystyna Hoffmann, and Adolf Korniewicz. "Effect of Various Feed Phosphates on Biochemical Indices of Blood and Mineral Composition of Bones in Finishing Pigs." Acta Veterinaria Brno 79, no. 3 (2010): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201079030355.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different chemical feed phosphates on the blood biochemical indicators and the content of main minerals of bones in finishing pigs. Over a period of 85 days of fattening, monocalcium (MCP, Finnish product), dicalcium (DCP, Polish product) and calcium-sodium (CSP, Russian product) phosphates were used in fattener feeding. The feeding was based on standard mixtures of starter, grower and finisher type. Dicalcium phosphate was produced according to the new, pro-ecological technology based on phosphoric acid. The content of Ca, Na, P, solubility of P in citric acid, and the concentration of undesirable substances (As, Cd, F, Hg and Pb) were determined in feed phosphates. At the end of the fattening period, blood was collected from 36 finishing pigs (12 from each group) and the following biochemical indicators were determined in the serum: enzymatic activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), lactic acid (LA); the concentration of total protein, albumins, glucose, urea, creatinine, content of triglycerides, cholesterol and its high density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) fractions, and mineral components concentration (Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, Zn). Basic macroelement content (Ca, Mg, P) was determined in the thigh bones from 30 pigs (10 from each group). Significant differences (p < 0.05) between groups were observed only in some biochemical indicators, i.e. CK, LDH and LA. The highest content of Ca, Mg and P was found in the bones of pigs fed mixtures supplemented with DCP which indicates improved bioavailability of main macroelements from that phosphate.
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Maltsev, S. V., A. I. Safina, and T. V. Mihajlova. "Гипофосфатемический рахит у детей — клинические и генетические аспекты, подходы к терапии." Practical medicine 19, no. 1 (2021): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32000/2072-1757-2021-1-38-49.
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Hypophosphatemic rickets (phosphate-diabetes) is a group of diseases associated with a defect in the reabsorption of phosphates in the proximal tubules, manifested by phosphaturia, hypophosphatemia and rickets deformities of the skeleton bones. Phosphate-diabetes has different genetic variants that determine the nature and severity of clinical manifestations. X-linked dominant hypophosphatemic rickets occurs most often (in 50-90% of cases). For the diagnosis, along with clinical characteristics, an important role is assigned to the study of partial renal functions, with the determination of clearance, excreted fraction of calcium and phosphates, as well as other indicators of calcium-phosphorus metabolism. Molecular genetic research helps to determine the form of the disease. Therapy for hypophosphatemic rickets should be differentiated depending on the type of disease. The timely appointment of an adequate pathogenetic therapy helps to slow down the formation of rickety deformities of the skeleton, positive growth dynamics, and an increase in physical activity.
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Du, Qing, Shuaishuai Zhang, Markus Antonietti, and Fan Yang. "Sustainable Leaching Process of Phosphates from Animal Bones To Alleviate the World Phosphate Crisis." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 26 (June 8, 2020): 9775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c02233.
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Teixeira, Alexandre de Oliveira, Fernando de Paula Leonel, Rainer Knoop, Vanusa Patrícia de Araújo Ferreira, Everton Teixeira Ribeiro, Leonardo Marmo Moreira, and José Carlos Pereira. "Mineral deposition in tissues of cattle fed with different phosphates and relationships phosphorus: fluorine." Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal 14, no. 4 (December 2013): 831–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-99402013000400015.
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Forty-nine male calves were allotted in a randomized design, initially seven replicates per treatment at the end of the experiment were slaughtered four animals per treatment. Treatments CONT: control diet; FBC120: Dicalcium Phosphate 120:1 ratio P: F; MBC60: Monodicalcium phosphate 60:1 ratio P:F; FBC30: Dicalcium Phosphate 30:1 ratio P:F; SFT30: Super triple phosphate 30:1 ratio P:F; FBC10: Dicalcium Phosphate 10:1 ratio P:F; CAR10: concentrated ratio of 10:1 rock Q:F. Phosphates less elaborate showed higher amounts of heavy metals. In bones, iron, aluminum and lead were higher in FBC10 diet, the copper content was higher in animals fed the diet MBC60. Magnesium in liver was higher in animals fed diet FBC30, aluminum was higher for treatments SFT30 and FBC10, FBC120 and the cadmium and lead levels were higher in animals that received STF30. Treatments did not affect phosphorus and fluorine in muscle and heart, being that chromium was higher in the muscle of animals fed diets CAR10 and STF30 while cadmium in heart was greater in diet CAR10. Kidney phosphorus was higher in the animals fed the diet CAR10 and lower dietary FBC10, while aluminum was higher in the animals fed with the diet FBC10 and lower dietary FBC120 and levels of chromium and lead were higher in animals CAR10 diet and lowest in diet MBC60. Alternative sources of phosphorus and low ratios P:F increased the deposition of minerals in bones and liver, and this mineral deposition was lower in the muscles.
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Liedtke, Daniel, Christine Hofmann, Franz Jakob, Eva Klopocki, and Stephanie Graser. "Tissue-Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase—A Gatekeeper of Physiological Conditions in Health and a Modulator of Biological Environments in Disease." Biomolecules 10, no. 12 (December 8, 2020): 1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10121648.
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Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that is best known for its role during mineralization processes in bones and skeleton. The enzyme metabolizes phosphate compounds like inorganic pyrophosphate and pyridoxal-5′-phosphate to provide, among others, inorganic phosphate for the mineralization and transportable vitamin B6 molecules. Patients with inherited loss of function mutations in the ALPL gene and consequently altered TNAP activity are suffering from the rare metabolic disease hypophosphatasia (HPP). This systemic disease is mainly characterized by impaired bone and dental mineralization but may also be accompanied by neurological symptoms, like anxiety disorders, seizures, and depression. HPP characteristically affects all ages and shows a wide range of clinical symptoms and disease severity, which results in the classification into different clinical subtypes. This review describes the molecular function of TNAP during the mineralization of bones and teeth, further discusses the current knowledge on the enzyme’s role in the nervous system and in sensory perception. An additional focus is set on the molecular role of TNAP in health and on functional observations reported in common laboratory vertebrate disease models, like rodents and zebrafish.
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Błaszczyk, Janusz Wiesław. "Metabolites of Life: Phosphate." Metabolites 13, no. 7 (July 19, 2023): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13070860.
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The process of aging and escalating the failure of all body organs has become the center of interest in contemporary science and medicine. The leading role of phosphate-calcium tandem deficiency as a pacemaker of metabolic senescence has emerged recently. Most of the phosphates in the human body are stored in the bones, which seem to play a pivotal role in all metabolic and energetic processes. Bone metabolism combines physical activity with adaptive changes in the internal environment of the body, which is necessary for its survival. Phosphate-calcium signaling is the primary mechanism for controlling homeostasis and its recovery after exercise-induced disorders. Phosphates play an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism both by regulating postprandial glucose storage in the muscles and in the liver, as well as the distribution and adaptation of energy metabolites to the needs of the brain and skeletal muscles. The bone-driven energy metabolism is of decisive importance for maintaining all vital functions of the body organs, including their proper functioning and integrated interplay. The phosphate-calcium tandem contributes to the development and proper functioning of the organism, whereas energy dysmetabolism is the main cause of aging and the final termination of life.
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Klyushin, N. M., D. S. Leonchuk, S. N. Luneva, A. A. Rakhmatulina, E. L. Matveeva, and A. G. Gasanova. "COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF MINERAL METABOLISM IN SHOULDERS AND CRURA IN PATIENTS WITH OSTEOMYELITIS." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 65, no. 8 (July 20, 2020): 482–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-8-482-486.
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Chronic osteomyelitis in long tubular bones is generally aggravated by metabolic imbalance in patients’ organisms affecting mineral metabolism. It is critically important that the extent of this imbalance should be determined prior to surgical intervention to choose optimal methodology, proper monitoring of recovery and adequate prognostication of final results. With this in mind a comparative assessment has been carried out to shed light on the intensity of mineral metabolism in the blood serum of patients suffering from osteomyelitis in their shoulders and crura. Dynamics of how indices of electrolytes and activity of acidic and alkaline phosphatases vary have been studied in blood serum samples in 24 patients, 18 patients suffering from osteomyelitis in crus bones and 6 - in shoulders. In addition, correlations between total calcium, inorganic phosphate and phosphatase index have been computed. The mineral metabolism indices which were exhibited by the patients having shoulder osteomyelitis and by the patients with crus osteomyelitis are statistically meaningful differences prior to surgery and 2-3 days after surgery. 21 days after surgical intervention the activity of osseous remodeling enzymes, content of total calcium and phosphates as well as the correlations with the phosphatase index show no significant differences. These specific features of mineral metabolism turn out to level out in the process of treating chronic osteomyelitis in upper and lower limbs with transosseous compression-distraction osteosynthes. It has been the first study aimed at discovering comparative characteristics of mineral metabolism in patients with shoulder osteomyelitis and the ones with crus osteomyelitis at different times following surgical intervention. The study looks into correlations between the electrolytes and the mineralization index and shows specific traits exhibited by patients who suffering from osteomyelitis in shoulder and crus went through reparative regeneration at different periods of treatment.
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Todosiuk, T., and M. Rublenko. "Clinical-radiological, hematological and biochemical assessment of bone replacement with germanium-doped calcium-phosphate ceramics for fragment fractures of tubular bones in dogs." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 1(180) (May 25, 2023): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2023-180-1-162-173.
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Abstract. Among surgical pathology in animals, asignificant share is occupied by various traumatic injuries of the skeleton, the consequence of which are bonefractures. The results of X-ray and biochemical indicators of blood for bone fragment fractures in dogs arepresented.The purpose of the work is to clinically, radiologically, and pathochemically justify bone replacementwith germanium-doped calcium-phosphate ceramicsfor bone fragment fractures in dogs.In the injured animals of the experimental group(n=10), bone defects were replaced with germanium-doped calcium-phosphate ceramics (ГТлГег-700),in the control group (n=10) with unalloyed ceramics(ГТг-700). The activity of total alkaline phosphatase (ALP)and its bone isoenzyme (KiLP), tartrate-resistant acidphosphatase (TrKF) was determined in blood serum.Measurements were made with a Stat Fax 4500 spectrophotometer.On the 60th day, in the animals of the experimentalgroup, the filling of the bone defect with regeneratedmaterial of high X-ray density was noted, with the absence of periosteal reaction, which indicated the complete consolidation of the fracture and was the reasonfor the removal of the means of fixation. In the control,the area of the bone tissue defect that was not filledwith regenerate was visualized.The activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRP) in both groups tended to increase. On the 14th day,the animals of the experimental group had a peak activity of TrKf (33.8±0.31), which was 1.3 times (p<0.001)higher than the level in the control group and 1.5 times(p<0.001) of clinically healthy animals, respectively. Onthe 30th day of research, a 1.2-fold (p<0.001) decreasein the level of TrCF was noted in the experimental groupcompared to the control group, in which the indicatorreached peak values at 34.9±0.25 units/l.The maximum activity of the bone isoenzyme alkaline phosphatase (KiLF) in the experimental groupwas observed on the 14th day of reparative osteogenesis and was 41.7±0.43 units/l, which is 1.2 times(p<0.001) higher than the indicator of the controlgroup. On the other hand, in the last group, the peakactivity of the bone isozyme was noted only on the30th day (40.9±0.48 units/l), while the indicator of theexperimental animals decreased dynamically duringthis period.The use of calcium-phosphate ceramics for fragment fractures of the bones of the tibia in dogs helpsto reduce the intensity of the inflammatory-resorptivestage of reparative osteogenesis and accelerates consolidation by 1.4 times. The dynamics of biochemicalmarkers of bone metabolism testifies to the optimizedcourse of reparative osteogenesis during osteoreplacement of bone defects with germanium-doped calcium-phosphate ceramics. Key words: bioceramics, germanium, total alkaline phosphatase, bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, bonetissue.
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Camargo, Nelson Heriberto A., S. de Lima, Julio C. P. Souza, Juliana F. de Aguiar, E. Gemelli, Márcia M. Meier, Vanessa E. Silva, and Friedrich G. Mittelstädt. "Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Ceramic Powders of Calcium Phosphate and Hydroxyapatite for Dental Applications." Key Engineering Materials 396-398 (October 2008): 619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.396-398.619.
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In the last decades many investigations have been oriented toward the development of nanostructured biomaterials such as calcium phosphate ceramics, particularly those composed of stoicheiometric hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and a-and β- tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2), which present chemical and crystallographic similarities with hard tissues (bones and teeth). Because of these characteristics, these materials can be used for reconstitution and regeneration of bone tissues. The odontological and biomedical applications are still limited due to their brittle behaviour. This study was focused in the synthesis and characterization of a bone matrix of calcium phosphate (β-TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HAP-101 e HAp-201). The results presented here are related to the morphological characterization of nanostructured powders from scanning electron microscopy viewpoint. X-ray diffraction was used to identifier the present phases in the powders and the infrared spectrometry (FTIR) was used to analyse OH bonds from hydroxyapatite and PO4 from calcium phosphates.
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TEIXEIRA, Alexandre de Oliveira, Fernando de Paula LEONEL, Rainer KNOOP, Leonardo Marmo MOREIRA, Everton Teixeira RIBEIRO, Will Pereira de OLIVEIRA, Juliana do Carmo CARVALHO, Vanusa Patrícia de Araújo FERREIRA, and Joanis Tilemahos ZERVOUDAKIS. "Blood and bone parameters of cattle fed diets containing different phosphates and phosphorus: fluorine relations." Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal 16, no. 1 (March 2015): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-99402015000100011.
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<p>Forty-nine male calves were allotted in a randomized design, being that initially were performed seven replicates per treatment. At the end of the experiment were slaughtered four animals per treatment. The treatments were designed as following: CONT: control diet; DC120: Dicalcium Phosphate 120:1 ratio P: F; MDCP60: Monodicalcium Phosphate 60:1 ratio P: F; DC30: Dicalcium Phosphate 30:1 ratio P: F; TSP30: Triple Superphosphate 30:1 ratio P: F; DC10: Dicalcium Phosphate 10:1 ratio P: F; PRC10: phosphate rock concentrate of 10:1 of relation P: F. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of animals who consumed PRC10 diet was greater than the ALP of animals that consumed TSP30, DC10 and DC120. This result was obtained with animals with 650 days of confinement. The ALP of the animals that consumed PRC10 was greater at 866 days than in the animals consuming TSP30 and DC120 diets. The ash content was greater in the DC10 diet and the diets CAR10 and DC120 achieved the lowest value. The fluorine content in bone was higher in diet DC10, while the diets DC120, PRC10 and MDCP60 obtained the lower values. The area of Haversian canals and the relation Havers/Osteon area were higher in the diet DC30 and the lowest value was encountered in DC10. The mottled teeth were more intensely observed in the treatments DC10 and PRC10. It was concluded that high fluorine content in the diet increases the deposition of fluorine in bones, which negatively affects in the histological parameters of teeth and bones of beef cattle.</p>
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Camargo, Nelson Heriberto de Almeida, O. J. Bellini, Enori Gemelli, and M. Tomiyama. "Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured ceramics powders for biomedical applications." Matéria (Rio de Janeiro) 12, no. 4 (December 2007): 574–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-70762007000400005.
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Nanostructured materials have been largely studied in the last few years because they have a great potential to applications in different fields like physics, chemistry, biology, mechanic and medicine. Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured materials is a subject of great interest involving science, market, politicians, government and society. The nanostructured materials are in demand in biomedical area, mainly the bioceramics composed of calcium phosphates (Ca/P), which have an excellent biocompatibility and mineralogical characteristics similar to those of bones. The aim of this work was to optimize the method of powder synthesis of nanostructured calcium phosphate and of nanocomposites composed of calcium phosphate//SiO2n, containing 5, 10 and 15% (in volume) of nanometric silica (SiO2n). The results are expressed according to the method of synthesis, mineralogical and morphological characterization, and thermal behavior for the different compositions of the nanostructured powder synthesized.
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Pushkareva, A. S., E. E. Bibik, A. K. Eremkina, M. V. Degtyarev, and N. G. Mokrysheva. "Phosphopenic form of osteomalacia in a patient with FGF23 producing tumor." Rheumatology Science and Practice 60, no. 2 (May 14, 2022): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47360/1995-4484-2022-249-255.
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Oncogenic osteomalacia is an orphan disease caused by the overproduction of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in tumors, which leads to impaired bone matrix mineralization. Typical laboratory changes are hypophosphatemia, increased alkaline phosphatase, hyperphosphaturia, and decreased tubular phosphate reabsorption index. Surgery is the treatment of choice to eliminate an excessive production of FGF23. If surgical intervention is ineffective or impossible, preparations of phosphorus, calcium, vitamin D are prescribed. We present a clinical case of the stage-bystage diagnosis and treatment of the patient with chronic pain syndrome in the bones and multiple fractures.
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Ueda, Kyosuke, Takayuki Narushima, Takashi Goto, T. Katsube, Hironobu Nakagawa, Hiroshi Kawamura, and M. Taira. "Calcium Phosphate Coating on Blast-Treated Titanium Implants by RF Magnetron Sputtering." Materials Science Forum 631-632 (October 2009): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.631-632.211.
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Calcium phosphate coating films were fabricated on Ti-6Al-4V plates and screw-type implants with a blast-treated surface using radiofrequency (RF) magnetron sputtering and were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and oxyapatite (OAp) films obtained in this study could cover the blast-treated substrate very efficiently, maintaining the surface roughness. For the in vitro evaluations of the calcium phosphate coating films, bonding strength and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were examined. The bonding strength of the coating films to a blast-treated substrate exceeded 60 MPa, independent of film phases except for the film after post-heat-treatment in silica ampoule. When compared with an uncoated substrate, the increase in the ALP activity of osteoblastic SaOS-2 cells on a calcium phosphate coated substrate was confirmed by a cell culture test. The removal torque of screw-type Ti-6Al-4V implants with a blast-treated surface from the femur of Japanese white rabbit increased with the duration of implantation and it was statistically improved by coating an ACP film 2 weeks after implantation. The in vitro and in vivo studies suggested that the application of the sputtered ACP film as a coating on titanium implants was effective in improving their biocompatibility with bones.
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Delgado-Ruiz, Rafael, Patricia Swanson, and Georgios Romanos. "Systematic Review of the Long-Term Effects of Transgender Hormone Therapy on Bone Markers and Bone Mineral Density and Their Potential Effects in Implant Therapy." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060784.
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This study seeks to evaluate the long-term effects of pharmacologic therapy on the bone markers and bone mineral density of transgender patients and to provide a basis for understanding its potential implications on therapies involving implant procedures. Following the referred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and well-defined PICOT (Problem/Patient/Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time) questionnaires, a literature search was completed for articles in English language, with more than a 3 year follow-up reporting the long-term effects of the cross-sex pharmacotherapy on the bones of adult transgender patients. Transgender demographics, time under treatment, and treatment received were recorded. In addition, bone marker levels (calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin), bone mineral density (BMD), and bone turnover markers (Serum Procollagen type I N-Terminal pro-peptide (PINP), and Serum Collagen type I crosslinked C-telopeptide (CTX)) before and after the treatment were also recorded. The considerable variability between studies did not allow a meta-analysis. All the studies were completed in European countries. Transwomen (921 men to female) were more frequent than transmen (719 female to male). Transwomen’s treatments were based in antiandrogens, estrogens, new drugs, and sex reassignment surgery, meanwhile transmen’s surgeries were based in the administration of several forms of testosterone and sex reassignment. Calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin levels remained stable. PINP increased in transwomen and transmen meanwhile, CTX showed contradictory values in transwomen and transmen. Finally, reduced BMD was observed in transwomen patients receiving long-term cross-sex pharmacotherapy. Considering the limitations of this systematic review, it was concluded that long-term cross-sex pharmacotherapy for transwomen and transmen transgender patients does not alter the calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin levels, and will slightly increase the bone formation in both transwomen and transmen patients. Furthermore, long-term pharmacotherapy reduces the BMD in transwomen patients.
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Miculescu, Florin, Cristina Luță, Andreea Elena Constantinescu, Andreea Maidaniuc, Aura-Cătălina Mocanu, Marian Miculescu, Ștefan Ioan Voicu, and Lucian Toma Ciocan. "Considerations and Influencing Parameters in EDS Microanalysis of Biogenic Hydroxyapatite." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 11, no. 4 (November 15, 2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb11040082.
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Calcium phosphates (CPs) used as biomaterials have been intensively studied in recent years. In most studies, the determination of the chemical composition is mandatory. Due to the versatility and possibilities of performing qualitative and quantitative compositional analyses, energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) is a widely used technique in this regard. The range of calcium phosphates is very diverse, the first method of approximating the type of compound being EDS microanalysis, by assessing the atomic Ca/P ratio. The value of this ratio can be influenced by several factors correlated with instrumental parameters and analysed samples. This article highlights the influence of the electron beam acceleration voltage (1 kV–30 kV) and of the particle size of calcium phosphate powders on the EDS analysis results. The characterised powders were obtained from bovine bones heat-treated at 1200 °C for 2 h, which have been ground and granulometrically sorted by mechanical vibration. The granulometric sorting generated three types of samples, with particle sizes < 20 μm, < 40 μm and < 100 μm, respectively. These were morphologically and dimensionally analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compositionally by EDS, after the spectrometer was calibrated with a standard reference material (SRM) from NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). The results showed that the adjusting of acceleration voltage and of the powder particle size significantly influences the spectrum profile and the results of EDS analyses, which can lead to an erroneous primary identification of the analysed calcium phosphate type.
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N W Sari, F A Putri, and D S Perwitasari. "A Manufacture of Phosphate Fertilizer from Cow Bones Waste." International Journal of Eco-Innovation in Science and Engineering 1, no. 02 (November 30, 2020): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/ijeise.v1i02.27.
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Cow bone waste was the fundamental problems that occur in several abattoirs (slaughterhouses) in Indonesia that untapped optimally. Intention of this research studied of making phosphate fertilizer from cow bone wasted by granulation process with the effect of concentration phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid to the quality of phosphate fertilizer. The process of making phosphate fertilizer was by preparation of cow bone waste until became into powder and filtered it with 80 mesh of sieve. Pan granulator ran with cow bone powder and sprayed with sulfuric acid-phosphoric acid solution according to specified variable. Then the results of granulation taken from a pan granulator and dried using an oven with a temperature of 70oC for 3 hours. The chemical composition of dried products were analyzed using XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) analysis. Analysis results showed that phosphate fertilizer can be produced by cow bone waste deliver the highest P2O5 was 30.7% with addition H2SO4 5% and H3PO4 45%.
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de Oliveira, Sara Verusca, Marcus Vinícius Lia Fook, Elaine Patrícia Araújo, A. C. B. M. Fook, R. S. C. Lima, and W. P. F. Barbosa. "Comparison of Calcium CPP, HAp and TeCP Phosphates, Obtained by Direct Reaction." Key Engineering Materials 396-398 (October 2008): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.396-398.557.
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In bioscience, there are several apatites constituteds by differents compositions. In the biological environment, apatites are found in bones and teeth of vertebrates with Ca/P ration from 2.0 to 0.5. It is not easy to determine the exact proportion of Ca2 + and PO43- in solution in the preparation of the process. In this study, apatites with Ca/P ration 1.0, 1.67 and 2.0 were prepared by direct reaction in an solution of H3PO4 in a suspension of Ca(OH)2, of same molarity, evalueting the crystallinity of CPP, Hap e TeCP with 1 mol/l, 3 mol/l and 5 mol/l. The samples characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) were compared with the standard of reference of the data base JCPDS. The composition of calcium phosphate for the differents molarity studied, resulted in a combination of phases with the exception of hydroxyapatite Ca/P ration 1.67 at concentrations 1 mol/l and 3 mol/l. But the diffractograms revealed that the increased molarity provided a decrease of some peaks of reflection of calcium phosphates with Ca/P ration 1.67. However, for the Ca/P ration 1.0 increasing the concentration, showed an increase of crystallinity of calcium phosphates. The FTIR confirmed the presence of phosphates in the spectrums around 1045 cm-1. The calcium phosphates obtained through direct reaction showed Ca/P ration is related with the technique employed, consolidating it in the preparation of these bioceramics.
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van de Wijngaert, F. P., and E. H. Burger. "Demonstration of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in un-decalcified, glycolmethacrylate-embedded mouse bone: a possible marker for (pre)osteoclast identification." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 34, no. 10 (October 1986): 1317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/34.10.3745910.
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Fixed, undecalcified mouse long bones were embedded in glycol methacrylate (GMA), sectioned, and incubated for acid phosphatase in the presence or absence of tartrate, to investigate the feasibility of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase as a histochemical marker for osteoclast identification. Naphthol AS-BI phosphate was used as the substrate and hexazonium pararosanaline as coupler. Cytocentrifuge preparations of mouse, rat, and quail bone marrow or frozen and GMA sections of mouse splenic tissue were used as controls to specify acid phosphatase activity. After adequate fixation, acid phosphatase activity sensitive to tartrate inhibition (TS-AP) was demonstrated in macrophages from spleen, bone marrow, and loose connective tissue surrounding bone rudiments. Acid phosphatase activity resistant to tartrate inhibition (TR-AP), was detected in multi-nuclear osteoclasts and in some mononuclear cells from bone marrow and periosteum. In cytocentrifuge preparations and frozen sections of mouse spleen, TR-AP was demonstrated after simultaneous incubation with substrate and tartrate. In GMA sections, however, TR-AP could only be demonstrated after pre-incubation with tartrate before application of substrate. We suggest that histochemical demonstration of TR-AP versus TS-AP on GMA-embedded bone sections by means of a pre-incubation method can be used as an identification marker of (pre)osteoclasts. Plastic embedding is recommended for its excellent preservation of morphology and enzyme activity.
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Luz, Boaz, Allison B. Cormie, and Henry P. Schwarcz. "Oxygen isotope variations in phosphate of deer bones." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, no. 6 (June 1990): 1723–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90403-8.
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Matuszewska, Agnieszka, Beata Nowak, Anna Nikodem, Anna Merwid-Ląd, Benita Wiatrak, Tomasz Tomkalski, Diana Jędrzejuk, et al. "Antiepileptic Stiripentol May Influence Bones." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 7162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137162.
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Bone structure abnormalities are increasingly observed in patients chronically treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The majority of the available data concern older conventional AEDs, while the amount of information regarding newer AEDs, including stiripentol, is limited. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of stiripentol on bones. For 24 weeks, male Wistar rats, received 0.9% sodium chloride (control group) or stiripentol (200 mg/kg/day) (STP group). In the 16th week of the study, we detected lower serum PINP levels in the STP group compared to the control group. In the 24th week, a statistically significant lower 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 level, higher inorganic phosphate level and higher neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels in serum were found in the STP group compared to the control. Micro X-ray computed tomography of the tibias demonstrated lower bone volume fraction, lower trabecular thickness, higher trabecular pattern factor and a higher structure model index in the stiripentol group. Considering the results of this experiment on rats which suggests that long-term administration of stiripentol may impair the cancellous bone microarchitecture, further prospective human studies seem to be justified. However, monitoring plasma vitamin D, calcium, inorganic phosphate and kidney function in patients on long-term stiripentol therapy may be suggested.
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Blair-West, J. R., D. A. Denton, M. J. McKinley, B. G. Radden, E. H. Ramshaw, and J. D. Wark. "Behavioral and tissue responses to severe phosphorus depletion in cattle." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 263, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): R656—R663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.3.r656.
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Two-year-old Aberdeen Angus heifers were depleted of phosphorus (P) by loss of phosphate in saliva from a parotid gland fistula combined with a low-P diet. The inorganic phosphate concentrations (Pi) of plasma, parotid saliva, ruminal fluid, and feces were reduced, but cerebrospinal fluid Pi was unaltered. Plasma Pi fell to less than 1.0 mM in 12 wk, and the cows displayed an avid appetite for old bones. P-deficient cows preferred old weathered bones to fresh bones until the latter had aged for approximately 1.5 yr. They did not eat blood, peritoneal fat, or meat, fresh or aged for 2-3 yr. They did not eat Na or Ca phosphate salts or bone heated to greater than 250 degrees C. P-replete cows did not take or eat bones. The behavioral effects of P deficiency were associated with failure to gain body weight and maintain condition, significant bone changes indicated by reduced bone weight and specific gravity, osteopenia indicated by radiology, evidence of reduced bone formation indicated by plasma osteocalcin levels and histology, and abnormal estrous cycles. Prolonged P deficiency was associated with increased plasma concentrations of total Ca and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and reduced plasma concentrations of parathyroid hormone.
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Konishi, Toshiisa, Minori Mizumoto, Michiyo Honda, Yukiko Horiguchi, Kazuya Oribe, Hikaru Morisue, Ken Ishii, Yoshiaki Toyama, Morio Matsumoto, and Mamoru Aizawa. "Fabrication of Novel Biodegradableα-Tricalcium Phosphate Cement Set by Chelating Capability of Inositol Phosphate and Its Biocompatibility." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/864374.
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Biodegradableα-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) cement based on the chelate-setting mechanism of inositol phosphate (IP6) was developed. This paper examined the effect of the milling time ofα-TCP powder on the material properties of the cement. In addition, biocompatibility of the result cementin vitrousing osteoblasts andin vivousing rabbit models will be studied as well. Theα-TCP powders were ballmilled using ZrO2beads in pure water for various durations up to 270 minutes, with a single-phaseα-TCP obtained at ballmilling for 120 minutes. The resulting cement was mostly composed ofα-TCP phase, and the compressive strength of the cement was8.5±1.1 MPa, which suggested that the cements set with keeping the crystallite phase of starting cement powder. The cell-culture test indicated that the resulting cements were biocompatible materials.In vivostudies showed that the newly formed bones increased with milling time at a slight distance from the cement specimens and grew mature at 24 weeks, and the surface of the cement was resorbed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-(TRAP-)positive osteoclast-like cells until 24 weeks of implantation. The presentα-TCP cement is promising for application as a novel paste-like artificial bone with biodegradability and osteoconductivity.
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Kang, Hong-Yo, Chih-Rong Shyr, Chiung-Kuei Huang, Meng-Yin Tsai, Hideo Orimo, Pei-Chun Lin, Chawnshang Chang, and Ko-En Huang. "Altered TNSALP Expression and Phosphate Regulation Contribute to Reduced Mineralization in Mice Lacking Androgen Receptor." Molecular and Cellular Biology 28, no. 24 (October 6, 2008): 7354–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00582-08.
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ABSTRACT While androgen receptor (AR)-deficient mice developed osteopenia in endochondral bones due to the high bone turnover with increased bone resorption by osteoclasts, little is known about the mechanism of intramembranous bone loss contributed by AR in osteoblasts. Here, we discovered a dramatic decrease in the area of calcification, new bone, and the number of osteocytes in calvaria from AR-deficient mice related to a reduction in mineralization caused, in part, by the diminished activity of AR-deficient osteoblasts. Enforced AR expression in differentiated osteoblasts boosts mineralization while knockdown of AR expression prevents androgen-induced mineralization. We identified the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) and several members of small integrin binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) gene family as androgen target genes required for AR-mediated bone formation. We show that inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels and TNSALP activity increased in response to androgen/AR and Pi signals increase the expression and translocation of AR. The ectopic expression of TNSALP or Pi partially rescued the bone loss due to AR deficiency. Thus, androgen/AR signaling plays an essential role in bone formation by coordinating the expression of genes associated with phosphate regulation.
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Lisowska-Gaczorek, Aleksandra, Krzysztof Szostek, Jacek Pawlyta, and Beata Cienkosz-Stepańczak. "Oxygen isotopic fractionation in rat bones as a result of consuming thermally processed water – bioarchaeological applications." Geochronometria 47, no. 1 (May 4, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geochr-2020-0001.
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AbstractStable isotope analyses of oxygen are used in anthropology for such purposes as determination of origin of individuals, tracking migration routes or dynamics of human community relocation. The methodology related to oxygen isotope analysis has been founded on the relationship between its isotopic composition within phosphate groups of bone tissue (δ18Op) in individuals being analysed and the water consumed by such individuals (δ18Ow). Such a relationship has been observed in many species of mammals, including humans. However, the influence of culinary practices on the isotopic delta values of apatite phosphates of individuals has not yet been researched. The present study, which was conducted using laboratory rats, is an investigation of the influence of the thermal processing of water drank by such rats on the isotopic composition (δ18Op) of bone apatite. Increasing the value of the isotopic composition of water by about 6.1 ‰ during boiling resulted in an increase in the oxygen isotopic value δ18Op of rats drinking the water by about 4 ‰ (29%). It can be expected that regular consumption of heavily isotopic drinks and foods by humans may cause the δ18Op of individuals to exceed the range of isotopic environmental variability, even by a few per mille.
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Furqon, Parisya Velayati, Bambang Fajar Suryadi, and Ernin Hidayati. "Isolation of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria Around Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) Clumps Using Natural Media Trap Method." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 23, no. 2 (June 26, 2023): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v23i2.5074.
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Bamboo plant is a potential source of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). Phosphate solubilizing ability is an important characteristic of PGPB. This study aims to isolate phosphate solubilizing bacteria around the bamboo clumps using natural media. The bacteria around the bamboo clumps are trapped using natural media. The media consist of 70 gram cooked rice and 70 gram banana peel. The media were stored in plastic boxes with four types of treatments: 1) tightly closed, 2) covered with tissue, 3) covered with banana leaves, and 4) uncovered (open). Those plastic boxes are placed around the bamboo clump and left for up to 5 days. The trapped phosphate solubilizing bacteria were isolated using Pikovskaya agar. A total of 17 isolates of phosphate solubilizing bacteria were successfully trapped, 8 isolates in cooked rice and 9 isolates in banana peel. The isolates showed a phosphate solubilization index, ranging from 0,2 to 1,40. The isolate NN01 has the highest ability to solubilize phosphate. This isolate was trapped in a cooked rice with an open plastic box condition. NN01 is a Gram positive rod-shaped bacterium. In this study it was revealed that the area of the bamboo clumps is inhabited by various types of bacteria. The natural media of cooked rice and banana peels have a good ability to trap potential phosphate solubilizing bacteria around the bamboo clumps.
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Chemerovskiy, V. O., M. V. Rublenko, S. V. Rublenko, N. V. Ulanchych, S. O. Firstov, and V. V. Kolomiiets. "Effect of implants of hydroxyapatite with tricalcium phosphates alloyed with Si on histomorphological and biochemical parameters in cases of bone defects of rabbits." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 12, no. 2 (June 5, 2021): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022137.
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Complex comminuted fractures are accompanied by development of bone defects and loss of reparative potential of the bone tissue in the region of the trauma. This brings the necessity of using implants with optimum osteoconductive and osteointegration properties. The objective of the study was determining the condition of biochemical bone markers and peculiarities of histomorphological changes under the influence of ceramic hydroxyapatite (HA) implants with various physical-chemical properties in the conditions of diaphyseal bone defects in rabbits. We composed control and experimental groups of rabbits with 10 individuals in each with diaphyseal bone defects (3 mm) of the radial bones formed under general anesthesia. In one experimental group, they were filled with granules of hydroxyapatite with α-tricalcium phosphate, and in the second group – with β-tricalcium phosphate, alloyed with Si. In the control rabbits, the defects healed under a blood clot. Blood was analyzed on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st and 42nd days, and as reference we used biochemical parameters of blood of clinically healthy rabbits (n = 10). Bone biopsied materials were taken on days 21–42 under general anesthesia. When using hydroxyapatite with β-tricalcium phosphate, alloyed with Si, we determined early intensification of the levels of nitrogen oxide, angiogenesis and development of bone regenerate in conditions of shortening of inflammatory resorption phase, which was verified according to the level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. According to the level of bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum of animals of the control group, the reparative osteogenesis developed slowly and peaked on day 42, whereas in animals implanted with α-tricalcium phosphate, its development peaked peaked on days 14–42, and when using Si-alloy – on days 7–14. Histomorphologically, on the 21st day, in the case of replacement of bone defect with hydroxyapatite with α-tricalcium phosphate, coarse-fibered type of bone regenerate developed with no dense contact with the elements of the regenerate, while spongy bone trabeculae occurred when hydroxyapatite was applied with β-tricalcium phosphate alloyed with Si, and the control rabbits were observed to be in the stage of cartilaginous callus. On the 42nd day, under the influence of implants of hydroxyapatite with α-tricalcium phosphate, the spongy bone tissue transformed into compact tissue with further mineralization. With implants alloyed with Si, there occurred compact bone tissue, and bone regenerates of the control animals were regions of coarse-fibered and spongy bone tissue without dense contact with the parent bone. This study revealed that hydroxyapatite with β-tricalcium phosphate alloyed with Si had notable osteoinductive and osteointegrating properties, as indicated by early angiogenesis and osteoblast reaction, positive dynamics of the marker biochemical parameters with faster and better development of bone regenerate as spongy bone trabeculae.
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Mienasova, Anhelyna S., Maryna D. Krochak, and Oleh S. Ogienko. "The Late Cretaceous phosphatized ichnofauna fossils from the Eocene basal horizon of the Middle Dnieper area." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 29, no. 1 (April 10, 2020): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112013.
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The object of our study was phosphated remains of ichnofaunas from the basal horizon of the Kanivska suite (Eocene), which transgressively onlaps here the eroded top of the Burimska suite. The goal of the research was to reconstruct some sedimentation features of the final stages of the Late Cretaceous basin’s existence and during of the Early Eocene transgression on the Middle Dnieper area (Ukraine). The specimens of the basal horizon of the Kanivska suite (Р2kn) were sampled from the outcrops in the Melanchin Potik gulley and in a branch of the Glyadovy gulley. It is a complex of rough-medium grained gravel sandstones with shark teeth, fish bone fragments, detritus of Bivalvia and Brachiopoda. The nature of preservation and arrangement suggests that the fossils were relocated. The sample from the Glyadovy gulley is an agglomeration of phosphatized debris of various types of ichnofauna, cemented with a phosphate and sand substrate. The first type, in our opinion, is a fragment of a burrow nucleus of a crayfishlike decapod Thalassinoides Ehrenberg ichnogenus, as indicated by the surface , absence of a constructed wall and its size. The phosphorite features of the second type are cores of the burrows of the Ophiomorpha Lundgren genus with a characteristic ophiomorphic sculpture in the form of knobbles on the outer surface. The structures of the second type have certain differences in the distribution and nature of phosphate material. The described cores are interpreted as domichnia: dwelling places of fossil fauna. They were not known earlier within the Middle Dnieper area. The animals constructed a system of void ducts in the well ventilated middle ichnofossil layer with depth up to 60 cm (as can be inferred from the diameter of Thalassinoides). Although crayfish burrows can be present in any formation, it is generally thought that they are more specific for the littoral and shallow water environments. Based on the fauna composition and the phosphated debris preservation, we can assume the age of ichnofaunas is Late Cretaceous. An indirect indication of this can be the bones and teeth of Cretaceous vertebrates, found in the same basal layer, in particular, ichthyosaurus genus (Platypterygius sp.) and a phosphate concretion with ammonite remnants. Besides phosphatized ichnofauna debris, the basal level contains black odd-shaped nodules and microconcretions, composed of amorphous phosphate minerals. They contain a considerable amount of microscopic fossils of presumably phytoorganic nature and fragments of undeterrmined groups. From the fact that the phosphate material is not completely decrystallized, and that some microfossils have their initial composition, we infer that they belong to the Early Eocene.
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Rico-Sanz, J. "Progressive decrease of intramyocellular accumulation of H+ and Pi in human skeletal muscle during repeated isotonic exercise." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 284, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): C1490—C1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00419.2002.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypotheses that accumulation of hydrogen ions and/or inorganic phosphate (Pi) in skeletal muscle increases with repeated bouts of isotonic exercise. 31P-Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to examine the gastrocnemius muscle of seven highly aerobically trained females during four bouts of isotonic plantar flexion. The exercise bouts ( EX1- 4) of 3 min and 18 s were separated by 3 min and 54 s of complete rest. Muscle ATP did not change during the four bouts. Phosphocreatine (PCr) degradation during EX1 (13.3 ± 2.4 mmol/kg wet weight) was higher ( P < 0.01) compared with EX3- 4(9.7 ± 1.6 and 9.6 ± 1.8 mmol/kg wet weight, respectively). The intramyocellular pH at the end of EX1 (6.87 ± 0.05) was significantly lower ( P < 0.001) than those of EX2 (6.97 ± 0.02), EX3 (7.02 ± 0.01), and EX4 (7.02 ± 0.02). Total Pi and diprotonated Pi were significantly higher ( P < 0.001) at the end of EX1 (17.3 ± 2.7 and 7.8 ± 1.6 mmol/kg wet weight, respectively) compared with the values at the end of EX3 and EX4. The monoprotonated Pi at the end of EX1 (9.5 ± 1.2 mmol/kg wet weight) was also significantly higher ( P < 0.001) than that after EX4 (7.5 ± 1.1 mmol/kg wet weight). Subjects' rating of perceived exertion increased ( P < 0.001) toward exhaustion as the number of exercises progressed (7.1 ± 0.4, EX1; 8.0 ± 0.3, EX2; 8.5 ± 0.3, EX3; and 9.0 ± 0.4, EX4; scale from 0 to 10). The present results indicate that human muscle fatigue during repeated intense isotonic exercise is not due to progressive depletion of high energy phosphates nor to intracellular accumulation of hydrogen ions, total, mono-, or diprotonated Pi.
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Furko, Monika, Katalin Balázsi, and Csaba Balázsi. "Calcium Phosphate Loaded Biopolymer Composites—A Comprehensive Review on the Most Recent Progress and Promising Trends." Coatings 13, no. 2 (February 5, 2023): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020360.
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Biocompatible ceramics are extremely important in bioengineering, and very useful in many biomedical or orthopedic applications because of their positive interactions with human tissues. There have been enormous efforts to develop bioceramic particles that cost-effectively meet high standards of quality. Among the numerous bioceramics, calcium phosphates are the most suitable since the main inorganic compound in human bones is hydroxyapatite, a specific phase of the calcium phosphates (CaPs). The CaPs can be applied as bone substitutes, types of cement, drug carriers, implants, or coatings. In addition, bioresorbable bioceramics have great potential in tissue engineering in their use as a scaffold that can advance the healing process of bones during the normal tissue repair process. On the other hand, the main disadvantages of bioceramics are their brittleness and poor mechanical properties. The newest advancement in CaPs doping with active biomolecules such as Mg, Zn, Sr, and others. Another set of similarly important materials in bioengineering are biopolymers. These include natural polymers such as collagen, cellulose acetate, gelatin, chitosan, and synthetic polymers, for example, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polycaprolactone (PCL). Various types of polymer have unique properties that make them useful in different fields. The combination of CaP particles with different biopolymers gives rise to new opportunities for application, since their properties can be changed and adjusted to the given requirements. This review offers an insight into the most up-to-date advancements in the preparation and evaluation of different calcium phosphate–biopolymer composites, highlighting their application possibilities, which largely depend on the chemical and physical characteristics of CaPs and the applied polymer materials. Overall, these composites can be considered advanced materials in many important biomedical fields, with potential to improve the quality of healthcare and to assist in providing better outcomes as scaffolds in bone healing or in the integration of implants in orthopedic surgeries.
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Mancini, Federica, Lorenzo Degli Esposti, Alessio Adamiano, Daniele Catalucci, Silvia Appleton, Alberto Vitali, Francesca Bugli, Maurizio Sanguinetti, and Michele Iafisco. "Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles as Carriers of Therapeutic Peptides." Solid State Phenomena 339 (December 19, 2022): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-lu147x.
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Calcium phosphate is a natural biomineral and the major inorganic constituent of bones and teeth. Therefore, synthetic calcium phosphates that mimic the biogenic ones possess excellent biocompatibility as well as biodegradability and are promising materials for medicine. Due to their unique physiochemical properties, calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaP NPs) are extensively exploited in nanomedicine as carriers of biomolecules, including peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids. In this regard, peptides are of particular interest as they are exceptionally selective and efficacious for the treatment of a broad range of diseases. Among various peptides for biomedical applications, cardio-specific peptides are particularly interesting since they represent a valuable alternative to conventional treatments. Moreover, they can contribute to overcome important clinical limitations, including drug resistance and non-specific biodistribution of traditional drug products. In this work, we have investigated the loading of a therapeutic mimetic peptide, which was previously shown to improve myocardial contraction and results in the restoration of cardiac function. Peptide-loaded CaP NPs were prepared by exploiting a biomineralization approach, by using a mineralizing solution containing Ca2+, Mg2+, and PO43- ions. Several experimental conditions were tested by varying the reaction time, as well as the drug concentration. Colloidal stability, morphology, size, as well as drug loading were evaluated to identify the best candidate to be tested in vitro in the future.
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Szałaj, Urszula, Agnieszka Chodara, Stanisław Gierlotka, Jacek Wojnarowicz, and Witold Łojkowski. "Enhanced Release of Calcium Ions from Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles with an Increase in Their Specific Surface Area." Materials 16, no. 19 (September 25, 2023): 6397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16196397.
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Synthetic calcium phosphates, e.g., hydroxyapatite (HAP) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP), are the most commonly used bone-graft materials due to their high chemical similarity to the natural hydroxyapatite—the inorganic component of bones. Calcium in the form of a free ion or bound complexes plays a key role in many biological functions, including bone regeneration. This paper explores the possibility of increasing the Ca2+-ion release from HAP nanoparticles (NPs) by reducing their size. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were obtained through microwave hydrothermal synthesis. Particles with a specific surface area ranging from 51 m2/g to 240 m2/g and with sizes of 39, 29, 19, 11, 10, and 9 nm were used in the experiment. The structure of the nanomaterial was also studied by means of helium pycnometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission-electron microscopy (TEM). The calcium-ion release into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was studied. The highest release of Ca2+ ions, i.e., 18 mg/L, was observed in HAP with a specific surface area 240 m2/g and an average nanoparticle size of 9 nm. A significant increase in Ca2+-ion release was also observed with specific surface areas of 183 m2/g and above, and with nanoparticle sizes of 11 nm and below. No substantial size dependence was observed for the larger particle sizes.
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Azuma, Kotaro, Stephanie C. Casey, Masako Ito, Tomohiko Urano, Kuniko Horie, Yasuyoshi Ouchi, Séverine Kirchner, Bruce Blumberg, and Satoshi Inoue. "Pregnane X receptor knockout mice display osteopenia with reduced bone formation and enhanced bone resorption." Journal of Endocrinology 207, no. 3 (September 27, 2010): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-10-0208.
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The steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) and its murine ortholog pregnane X receptor (PXR) are nuclear receptors that are expressed mainly in the liver and intestine where they function as xenobiotic sensors. In addition to its role as a xenobiotic sensor, previous studies in our laboratories and elsewhere have identified a role for SXR/PXR as a mediator of bone homeostasis. Here, we report that systemic deletion of PXR results in marked osteopenia with mechanical fragility in female mice as young as 4 months old. Bone mineral density (BMD) of PXR knockout (PXRKO) mice was significantly decreased compared with the BMD of wild-type (WT) mice. Micro-computed tomography analysis of femoral trabecular bones revealed that the three-dimensional bone volume fraction of PXRKO mice was markedly reduced compared with that of WT mice. Histomorphometrical analysis of the trabecular bones in the proximal tibia showed a remarkable reduction in bone mass in PXRKO mice. As for bone turnover of the trabecular bones, bone formation is reduced, whereas bone resorption is enhanced in PXRKO mice. Histomorphometrical analysis of femoral cortical bones revealed a larger cortical area in WT mice than that in PXRKO mice. WT mice had a thicker cortical width than PXRKO mice. Three-point bending test revealed that these morphological phenotypes actually caused mechanical fragility. Lastly, serum levels of phosphate, calcium, and alkaline phosphatase were unchanged in PXRKO mice compared with WT. Consistent with our previous results, we conclude that SXR/PXR promotes bone formation and suppresses bone resorption thus cementing a role for SXR/PXR as a key regulator of bone homeostasis.
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Ivanov, Vadim P., Leonid A. Satanin, Alexander V. Kim, Ludmila M. Kuzenkova, Tea V. Margieva, and Sofia G. Popovich. "Neurological and Neurosurgical Aspects of Hypophosphatasia." Pediatric pharmacology 15, no. 3 (July 6, 2018): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/pf.v15i3.1905.
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Hypophosphatasia is a rare hereditary progressive disease caused by a mutation in ALPL gene and characterized by low activity of alkaline phosphatase. Due to the disruption of the bone mineralization process, ricket-like deformations of the skeleton occur in the clinic picture more frequently but other systemic manifestations can be also observed as respiratory insufficiency, urinary tract damage, and neurological disorders. Seizures, delayed physical and psychomotor development, attention deficit disorder, muscle weakness, fatigue, intracranial hypertension associated with the development of craniosynostosis are revealed in these patients. The severity of the disease depends on age: the highest mortality is reported in younger patients, in perinatal and infantile forms of hypophosphatasia. Diagnosis is based on the identification of specific clinical manifestations: retardation of growth and development, skeletal deformities, pain in muscles and joints, premature tooth loss. In laboratory tests, a steady decrease in alkaline phosphatase level is detected taking into account age and sex specification. If possible, alkaline phosphatase substrates are measured: levels of pyridoxal-5-phosphate in the blood and phosphoethanolamine in urine are higher at low enzyme activity. Radiographs of long bones typically reveal characteristic ‘tongues’ of lucency projecting from growth plates into metaphyses, hypomineralization, osteopenia, various kinds of deformation. All patients with suspected hypophosphatasia should be consulted by a clinical geneticist and evaluated to identify possible mutation in the ALPL gene.
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Hy, Le Ho Khanh, Pham Xuan Ky, Dao Viet Ha, Nguyen Thu Hong, Phan Bao Vy, Doan Thi Thiet, and Nguyen Phuong Anh. "CERTAIN PROPERTIES OF CALCIUM HYDROXYAPATITE FROM SKIPJACK TUNA BONE (Katsuwonus pelamis)." Vietnam Journal of Marine Science and Technology 18, no. 4A (March 14, 2019): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/18/4a/13643.
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This paper is concerned with certain properties of calcium hydroxyapatite from skipjack tuna bone (Katsuwonus pelamis) which are by-products of fish export industry. Hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 and β-tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2, the high-value compounds, have been successfully extracted from skipjack tuna bones. The bones were heated at different temperatures of 600oC, 900oC, 1200oC. While at 600oC hydroxyapatites were obtained with Ca/P ratio of 1.658, comparable to the value of 1.67 found in human bone; the hydroxyapatite crystals of average size of 0.25 µm were formed with the same size distribution. In case of heated bone samples at 900°C and 1200°C, the calcium formed were biphasic calcium phosphate composed of hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate; the Ca/P ratio was between 1.660–1.665; the calcium crystals of more than 1 µm were highly porous and connected to each other in priority orientation of tube direction.
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Huy, Bui Quoc. "A STUDY FOR SYNTHESIS OF DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE FROM VARIOUS GRADES OF PHOSPHATIC MATERIALS." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, no. 5A (March 22, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/54/5a/12055.
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Anhydrous dicalcium phosphate with monetite structure plays a significant biological importance for the mineralization of bones and teeth. This compound can reconstruct the hard tissues due to its high solubility in the body than other calcium phosphate compounds. Di calcium phosphate is being used as a food - additive supplying calcium and phosphate for humans and animals. Due to the high effective P2O5 content, this compound is also used efficiently as a slowly soluble fertilizer in agriculture for all soil and crop types. This paper presents results of synthesis of di calcium phosphate monetite from Ca(OH)2 and phosphoric acid and di calcium phosphate brushite from the resulting solution after enriching of type II - Lao Cai apatite ore by phosphoric acid. The samples were examined by volumetric titration methods, XRD, SEM and EDS.
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Koike, Megumi, Minori Uga, Yuji Shiozaki, Ken-ichi Miyamoto, and Hiroko Segawa. "Regulation of Phosphate Transporters and Novel Regulator of Phosphate Metabolism." Endocrines 4, no. 3 (August 21, 2023): 607–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/endocrines4030043.
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Phosphorus is essential for all living organisms. It plays an important role in maintaining biological functions, such as energy metabolism, cell membrane formation, and bone mineralization. Various factors in the intestine, kidneys, and bones regulate the homeostasis of the inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentration in the body. X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), the most common form of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets, is characterized by an impaired mineralization of the bone matrix, hypertrophic chondrocytes with hypophosphatemia, and active vitamin D resistance in childhood. Phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome was recognized as the responsible gene for XLH. XLH is classified as fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)-related hypophosphatemic rickets. The enhanced FGF23 stimulates renal phosphate wasting by downregulating sodium-dependent Pi cotransporters, NaPi2a and NaPi2c proteins, in the proximal tubules. Recently, transmembrane protein (Tmem) 174 has been identified as a novel regulator of phosphate transporters. This review introduces the role of Tmem174 in the Pi homeostasis in the body.
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Berghuis, Nila Tanyela, Ida Fitri Maharani, Cantika Samsrestu R, Rahmad Gunawan, Sri Wahyuni Siregar, Sherina Saskia, and Alfiyah Qaulan. "Utilization of Fish Bone (Rastrelliger kanagurta) Waste as High Calcium Flour." Stannum : Jurnal Sains dan Terapan Kimia 5, no. 1 (July 4, 2023): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/jstk.v5i1.4047.
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Fish bones are one of the by-products of processing fish fillets. The yield produced from the process of making fish fillets produced is only about 36% and the remaining 64% is waste that is lost in each processing process. Fish bones consist of organic compounds and inorganic compounds (minerals). The waste generated from the fish processing industry has the highest calcium content in the fish body. From the point of view of food and nutrition, fish bones are very rich in calcium that humans need, because the main elements of fish bones are calcium, phosphorus, and carbonate. Thus, fish bone waste has great potential to be used as raw material for calcium-rich fish bone meals. In this study, the utilization of mackerel bones will be studied, so it is very important to know the formula for the best concentration of mackerel bone meal, to know the potential calcium content in mackerel bones. The characterization in this project is intended to determine and determine the experimental results quantitatively. The characterizations carried out in this study were atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) to determine the levels of Ca, Fe, and Zn and UV-Vis spectrophotometer to determine phosphate levels in mackerel bones. The results of the average mineral levels of Zinc, Iron, and Calcium respectively were 32.425 mg/100 gr, 4.3 mg/100 gr, and 213.825 mg/100 gr. While the value of phosphate concentration in mackerel bone meal was 2784.116 ppm. This is following the standards of BPOM.
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Monds, Russell D., Peter D. Newell, Julia A. Schwartzman, and George A. O'Toole. "Conservation of the Pho regulon in Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 3 (March 2006): 1910–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.3.1910-1924.2006.
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ABSTRACT The Pho regulon integrates the sensing of environmental inorganic phosphate (Pi) availability with coregulation of gene expression, mediating an adaptive response to Pi limitation. Many aspects of the Pho regulon have been addressed in studies of Escherichia coli; however, it is unclear how transferable this knowledge is to other bacterial systems. Here, we report work to discern the conservation of the Pho regulon in Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1. We demonstrate by mutational studies that PhoB/PhoR and the Pst system have conserved functions in the regulation of Pi-induced phosphatase activities, as well as expression of other Pi-regulated genes. A genetic screen was carried out to isolate factors that affect Pho-regulated phosphatase activity. We identified the Pho-regulated phosphatases PhoX and PhoD and present evidence that these enzymes are exported via the Tat system. The phoX and phoD genes were shown to be members of the Pho regulon by reverse transcription-PCR, as well as by functional assessment of putative PhoB binding sites (Pho boxes). Our data also suggested that at least one other non-Tat-secreted Pho-regulated phosphatase exists. From the genetic screen, numerous siderophore mutants that displayed severe defects in Pho-activated phosphatase activity were isolated. Subsequently, iron was shown to be important for modulating the activity of Pho-regulated phosphatases, but it does not regulate this activity at the level of transcription. We also identify and demonstrate a novel role in siderophore production and Pho-regulated phosphatase activity for ApaH, the hydrolase for the nucleotide-signaling molecule AppppA. Finally, numerous mutations in multiple cellular pathways were recovered that may be required for maximal induction of the Pho regulon under Pi-limiting conditions.