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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Boulder clay

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Academic literature on the topic 'Boulder clay'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Boulder clay"

1

Helland, P. E., Pei-Hua Huang, and R. F. Diffendal. "SEM Analysis of Quartz Sand Grain Surface Textures Indicates Alluvial/Colluvial Origin of the Quaternary “Glacial” Boulder Clays at Huangshan (Yellow Mountain), East-Central China." Quaternary Research 48, no. 2 (September 1997): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1916.

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AbstractGeomorphic features and Pleistocene deposits on Huangshan have been attributed to glaciation. Recent reassessment questions this interpretation. As part of the reassessment, quartz sand grains from deposits identified as glacial boulder clays (till composed of boulders in a clay or silt matrix) were analyzed by scanning electron microscope for evidence of their sedimentary history. Surface textures found on the boulder-clay grains were compared with those on grains with known sedimentary histories including glacial, grus, colluvial, and alluvial grains. The analysis shows that the grains lack typical glacial textures. The surface textures present indicate a complex history. Nonuniformly weathered grain surfaces point to chemical weathering of the source rock. This is supported by the deep weathering of the nonquartz clasts in the sand-sized fraction as well as in boulders at the outcrops. The close correspondence in surface-texture frequencies with those of the alluvial grains indicates an alluvial component to the grains’ history. The similarity with the colluvial grains and the outcrops’ structures suggest an alluvial/colluvial origin for the deposits. The history indicated by the surface textures agrees with the recent reassessment of the geomorphic features and points to warm climatic conditions in east-central China for at least part of the Pleistocene.

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Long, M., and C. O. Menkiti. "Geotechnical properties of Dublin Boulder Clay." Géotechnique 57, no. 7 (September 2007): 595–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.2007.57.7.595.

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Menkiti, C. O., M. Long, G. W. E. Milligan, and P. Higgins. "Soil Nailing in Dublin Boulder Clay." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 32, no. 6 (July 28, 2013): 1427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-013-9679-6.

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Bell, F. G. "A survey of the geotechnical properties of some till deposits on the north coast of Norfolk." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 7, no. 1 (1991): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1991.007.01.06.

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AbstractDeposits of till occur in the Anglian and Devensian stages of the Quaternary succession in Norfolk. These are the Cromer Till, the Chalky Boulder Clay and the Hunstanton Till, the former two occur in the Anglian stage and the latter in the Devensian stage. On the north coast of Norfolk the Chalky Boulder Clay has in the past been referred to as the Contorted Drift around Trimingham and further west, because of its chalk content, as the Marly Drift.Little work on the geotechnical properties of these tills in north Norfolk has been published. Accordingly an investigation was undertaken to determine their engineering behaviour. All these tills are matrix-dominated with clay forming less than a third of the matrix except in the case of the Marly Drift. They are either firm or stiff with low or intermediate plasticity and have shear strength values ranging between 50 and 115 kN/m2. The tills are either inactive or have normal activity and all have low sensitivity. Their consolidation properties are characteristic of stiff clays.

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Long, Michael, Carl Brangan, Christopher Menkiti, Michael Looby, and Patrick Casey. "Retaining walls in Dublin Boulder Clay, Ireland." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 165, no. 4 (August 2012): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.9.00091.

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Bell, F. G., and A. Forster. "The geotechnical characteristics of the till deposits of Holderness." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 7, no. 1 (1991): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1991.007.01.07.

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AbstractThe glacial deposits of Holderness are well displayed along the coast of Humberside from Bridlington to Spurn Head. These deposits consist primarily of tills which may contain chalky debris and include pockets and lenses of sands and gravel. They have been subdivided in the past into four units the Basement, Drab, Purple and Hessle Boulder Clays. This has been re-interpreted as three tills (the Basement, Skipsea and Withernsea Tills) below a composite weathered unit of Skipsea and Withernsea Till.The dominant clay minerals in all the clays are kaolinite and illite. In addition, the clay fraction usually constitutes up to 30% of the deposit. Accordingly the clays have a low plasticity. However, because the Basement Till contains a larger content of fines it does have higher consistency limits. The geotechnical data confirm the interpretation of the “Hessle Clay” as a weathered product of the Skipsea and Withernsea Tills

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FARRELL, E., B. LEHANE, and M. LOOBY. "AN INSTRUMENTED DRIVEN PILE IN DUBLIN BOULDER CLAY." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 131, no. 4 (October 1998): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/igeng.1998.30715.

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Beck-Broichsitter, Steffen, Horst Gerke, and Rainer Horn. "Suitability of Boulder Marl and Marsh Clay as Sealing Substrates for Landfill Capping Systems—A Practical Comparison." Geosciences 8, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8100356.

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The effects of compaction on soil shrinkage behavior need to be considered for engineering long-term durable mineral liners of landfill capping systems. For this purpose, a new three-dimensional laser scanning device was coupled with a mathematical-empirical model to simultaneously determine the shrinkage behavior of a boulder marl (bm) and a marsh clay (mc). Therefore, both materials were precompacted in 200 soil cores (100 cm3) on the basis of the Proctor test results with five different degrees of compaction (bm1-bm5; mc1-mc5). Thus, the shrinkage behavior, intensity, and tendency were determined during a standardized drying experiment. The volume shrinkage index was used to describe the pore size dependent shrinkage tendency and was classified as high to very high (11.3–17.7%) for the marsh clay and medium (5.3–9.2%) for the boulder marl. Additionally, only the boulder marl (bm2), compacted up to 88% of Proctor density, could be installed as landfill bottom liner in drier locations if the local matric potentials did not exceed the previously highest observed drying range (i.e. values below −300 hPa), to avoid crack formation and generation.

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Gavin, K., D. Cadogan, and L. Twomey. "Axial resistance of CFA piles in Dublin Boulder Clay." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 161, no. 4 (August 2008): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.2008.161.4.171.

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Skipper, J., B. Follett, C. O. Menkiti, M. Long, and J. Clark-Hughes. "The engineering geology and characterization of Dublin Boulder Clay." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 38, no. 2 (May 2005): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1470-9236/04-038.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Boulder clay"

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Rogerson, Andrew. "Fransham : an archaeological and historical study of a parish on the Norfolk boulder clay." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296829.

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Books on the topic "Boulder clay"

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Ryley, M. D. Trench construction: Trial to study ground movement in boulder clay. Crowthorne, Berks: Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Highways and Structures Dept., Ground Engineering Division, 1985.

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2

Barlow, Stuart Garry. The mineralogical, geochemical and experimental evaluation of boulder clay from Adswood,Stockport, as a model brickclay raw material. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1996.

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Edinburgh), International Conference on Construction in Glacial Tills and Boulder Clays (1985. Glacial tills 85: Proceedings of the International Conference on Construction in Glacial Tills and Boulder Clays held 12-14 March 1985, Edinburgh. Edinburgh: Engineering Technics Press, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Boulder clay"

1

"boulder clay." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 155. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_22842.

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"Boulder Clay." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology, 190. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0_20601.

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"fissured boulder clay." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 528. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_61184.

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4

"boulder-clay [n] [UK]." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning, 90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_1263.

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Long, M., and C. Menkiti. "Characterisation and engineering properties of Dublin Boulder Clay." In Characterisation and Engineering Properties of Natural Soils. Taylor & Francis, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/noe0415426916.ch11.

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6

Leopold, Estella B. "The Shack Landscape and Its Restoration: A Natural history." In Stories From the Leopold Shack. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190463229.003.0012.

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“The outstanding scientific discovery of the twentieth century is not television, or radio, but rather the complexity of the land organism,” wrote my father in Round River. As he was hinting, we can locate many of the parts, but how these fit together in the land organism was another matter. Finding the native plant species would be a good start. To reunite some of these came next. The work of our family was creative in its own right: figuring out what conditions these species needed, including by experimentation. Essential to that is appreciating how this landscape got its form—what processes have worked on it and with what results. This much helps us with our understanding of the setting and the soils—what I would call the lay of the land. In the work to restore old habitats and old vegetation types, it is really useful and interesting to know something of the land history, ancient and recent. As Mary Austin wrote, “To understand the fashion of any life, one must know the land it is lived in and the procession of the year.” The Shack experience involved both of these elements. When you live in an area, a natural question that arises is how the landscape got the way it is. What forces shaped it, and over what periods of time? In the Shack area, two different prominent ridges (about twenty-five feet in height) are oriented perpendicular to the Wisconsin River. One is the north-south ridge just west of the Shack—the Sand Hill/Clay Hill ridge. The other is the north-south ridge downstream from Gilbert’s farm; it is the ridge on which the Leopold Center is built. At the point where the river cuts the nose of that ridge (Barrows Bluff) are a great number of large boulders and clay. The Sand Hill site also has an enormous boulder on it. Both have sand on top near the river. I wondered how ridges like these formed in the first place. Then I read the report by Robert Dott and John Attig about the history of the glacial ice lobes in Wisconsin.

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Hallam, Tony. "Climate change." In Catastrophes and Lesser Calamities. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198524977.003.0010.

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Unlike the other factors that have been invoked to account for mass extinctions, climate change is manifest to us all, whether we travel from the tropics to the poles or experience the seasonal cycle. Over a longer timescale, the issue of global warming in the recent past and likely future, and its probable consequences for other aspects of the environment, has occupied a considerable amount of media attention. Those people who are unaware of the likely consequences of the burning of fossil fuels cannot count themselves as well educated. Over a longer timescale, geologists have been aware for many decades of significant climatic changes on a global scale leading to the appearance and disappearance of polar ice caps on a number of occasions. Steve Stanley, the distinguished palaeobiologist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, has actively promoted the view that episodes of climatic cooling are the most likely cause of mass extinctions. However, we must consider also the significance of global warming, and for the continents, at any rate, the possible effects of changes in the humidity–aridity spectrum. Before examining the relationships between climatic change and mass extinctions we need to examine the criteria from the stratigraphic record that geologists use to determine ancient climates, or palaeo-climates. The most obvious way of detecting cold conditions in the past is to find evidence of the presence of ice. At the present day the sedimentary deposits associated with glaciers and ice sheets, which occur where melting ice dumps its rock load, range in grain size from boulders and pebbles to finely ground rock flour. Such deposits are known as boulder clay or till, and ancient examples consolidated into resistant rock as tillites. The surfaces of hard rock that have underlain substantial ice sheets bear characteristic linear striations indicating the former direction of ice movement, such as glaciers moving up or down a U-shaped valley. The striations are produced by pebbles embedded in the ice, and are a unique marker for glacial action. In the 1830s Louis Agassiz, the great Swiss naturalist, extrapolated from his knowledge of the margins of Alpine glaciers to propose that the whole of northern Europe had been covered by one or more ice sheets in the recent geological past.

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"Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing." In Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing, edited by Peter W. Barnes, Guy W. Fleischer, James V. Gardner, and Kristen M. Lee. American Fisheries Society, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569605.ch15.

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<strong><em>Abstract. </em></strong>As part of a strategy to reestablish native stocks of lake trout <em>Salvelinus namaycush</em>, six areas of offshore and coastal Lake Michigan benthic habitat were mapped with a bathymetric laser system. This allowed us to visualize and map morphologic detail by at least an order of magnitude over existing data. Decimeter elevation–bathymetric data, referenced to the International Great Lakes datum of 1985, were obtained on a 4-m grid over a total area of about 200 km<sup>2</sup> in water depths from 0 to 30 m. Based on the laser-derived morphology, regional geology and sparse samples, three geologic regimes were used for substrate–habitat classification: (1) bedrock carbonates of Silurian through Devonian age, indicated by bedding scarps and lineations at or near the surface at all of the mapped areas; (2) glacial deposits that appear as compacted clay till lineations and cobble and boulder moraines with outwash features; and (3) modern sand deposits seen in thin down-drift (to the east) bedforms, sand sheets, and depositional lobes. Preferred spawning substrate—clean cobble and gravel deposits with adjacent deep water—is present in sections of all mapped areas. However, laser data cannot discern cleanliness, and video data indicate the cleanliness on this substrate may be compromised by recent algal and mussel growth.

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Zalasiewicz, Jan, and Mark Williams. "Earth as a Snowball." In The Goldilocks Planet. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199593576.003.0008.

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Our attempts to reconstruct the climate of the distant Archaean in Chapter 1 might seem a little like reading a volume of Tolstoy’s War and Peace recovered from a burnt-out house. Most of the pages have turned to ash, and only some scattered sentences remain on a few charred pages. The Proterozoic Eon that followed began 2.5 billion years ago, thus is not quite so distant from us in time. We know it a little better than the Archaean—at least a handful of pages from its own book have survived. And this book is long—the Proterozoic lasted nearly two billion years. This is as long as the Hadean and Archaean together, and not far short of half of Earth’s history. Like many a soldier’s account of war, it combined long periods of boredom and brief intervals of terror—or their climatic equivalents, at least. The latter included the most intense glaciations that ever spread across the Earth. Some of these may have converted the planet into one giant snowball. The earliest traces of glaciation on Earth are seen even before the Proterozoic, in rock strata of Archaean age, 2.9 billion years old, near the small South African town of Pongola. These rocks include sedimentary deposits called tillites, which are essentially a jumble of rock fragments embedded in finer sediment. The vivid, old-fashioned term for such deposits is ‘boulder clays’, while the newer and more formal name is ‘till’ for a recent deposit and ‘tillite’ for the hardened, ancient version. Many of the ancient blocks and boulders in the tillites of Pongola are grooved and scratched—a tell-tale sign that they have been dragged along the ground by debris-rich ice. This kind of evidence is among the first ever employed by scientists of the mid-nineteenth century, such as Louis Agassiz and William Buckland, to tell apart ice-transported sediments from superficially similar ones that had formed as boulder-rich slurries when rivers flooded or volcanoes erupted. Ice, then, appeared on Earth in Archaean times.

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Zalasiewicz, Jan, and Mark Williams. "The Glacial World." In The Goldilocks Planet. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199593576.003.0014.

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It is a scene of devastation, as far as the eye can see. Swathes of bleak landscape, with strewn boulders embedded in a sticky mass of sandy clay. Here and there are signs of a little more order—distinct spreads of gravel or patches of fine sand. Mostly, though, it looks as though every type of sediment, from fine clay to house-sized blocks, has simply been stirred together and spread across the land. Remove the crops and topsoil of gentle Leicestershire and Suffolk, or of central Germany or Kansas, and this is what lies beneath. Between the ordered sedimentary strata of the distant geological past and the ordered calm of the present is evidence of an only-just-elapsed catastrophe, and two centuries ago, when the science of the Earth was young, the naturalists of those days pondered on what it might mean. There were those like the young William Buckland, both Reader in mineralogy at Oxford and priest (he went on to become Dean of Westminster), who saw in it evidence of the biblical Deluge. Or Jean André de Luc, mentor to the wife of George III, who considered that the large blocks had been fired, like Roman ballista, from the mountains by some powerful but mysterious explosions. Or Sir James Hall, a savant of Edinburgh, who thought that the blocks had been carried into position by tsunamis, generated when large areas of sea floor (he supposed) suddenly popped up like blisters—he was clearly of an intellectually playful disposition. Or Leopold von Buch, who invoked catastrophic mudflows (one such, indeed, did take place in an Alpine valley, the Val de Bagnes, just after von Buch’s paper on this topic was published, when a natural dam burst, scattering mud and boulders far down the valley, and killing many people). But it was that extraordinary polymath, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (a one-time Superintendent of Mines, if you please) who was among the first to sense what had been going on, when he associated the scattered blocks with a great expansion of the Alpine glaciers he was familiar with, and coined the term Eiszeit —the Ice Age.

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Conference papers on the topic "Boulder clay"

1

Wolters, Guido, Jan-Willem Nieuwenhuis, Jentsje van der Meer, and Mark Klein Breteler. "LARGE SCALE TESTS OF BOULDER CLAY EROSION AT THE WIERINGERMEER DIKE (IJSSELMEER)." In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814277426_0270.

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Cardenas, Camilo, Hans Erik Hansen, Sigvald Hanssen, Harald Blikra, Wolfgang Mathis, Ole Kristian Holen, Arjen Kort, and Youhu Zhang. "Top-Hole Technology Overcomes Challenging Sand-Based Seabed Conditions and Enables Record Drilling Performance in an Offshore Exploration Well." In SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204096-ms.

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Abstract Top hole construction is a critical part of any well design, especially for subsea wells. It is considered to be the foundation for the well, and it is crucial for ensuring well integrity. Uncertainties and conditions of the seabed and top layers could compromise the stability of the chosen solution. This paper describes the first implementation of the conductor anchor node (CAN®) technology in sand-based conditions and demonstrates its positive impact on the drilling performance for an offshore exploration well in the North Sea. The main challenges identified in the top-hole design for this well were the presence of boulders down to 65 m below the seabed, and hard soil that consisted mainly of very dense sand and high strength sandy-clay layers. Different solutions were evaluated using a risk-based approach, looking to optimize operational performance and decrease the environmental footprint. A technology which consists of a pre-installed short conductor within a CAN was chosen. This solution enabled the operator to establish a competent well foundation above the boulder interval and increase operational efficiency by reducing the critical rig time. However, the CAN technology had not been deployed in this type of soil previously. Thus, the feasibility of its installation became one of the main milestones of the project. This was made possible due to a set of contingencies and modifications that were the result of a strategic collaboration among the parties involved. The CAN was successfully installed by a crane vessel before the rig arrived at location, and the set of contingencies and modifications mentioned in this paper were decisive to ensure it reached the required penetration depth. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates that the CAN technology was crucial for the project to achieve top performance results and become one of the fastest exploration wells drilled in the Norwegian basin. This solution reduced uncertainties related to the conductor cementing, load and fatigue capacities, and deep surface casing cement. Improvement in the drilling performance is determined by estimating the decrease in drilling time, materials and consumables. Those results are then used to perform a cost comparison which demonstrates that the CAN technology reduced the top-hole construction cost significantly on this offshore well. In addition, the reduction in the well environmental footprint is quantified, and its contributions to the projects health and safety goals are highlighted.

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3

Ho, Chu Eu. "Settlement Performance of Large Diameter Friction Caissons in Bouldery Clay." In International Deep Foundations Congress 2002. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40601(256)38.

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