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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Boundary disputes'
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Miyoshi, Masahiro. "Considerations of equity in international arbitrations with special reference to territorial and boundary disputes." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1989. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/considerations-of-equity-in-international-arbitrations-with-special-reference-to-territorial-and-boundary-disputes(b744eaf1-68ff-454b-a388-da0b6b95ab38).html.
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Al-Zahrani, Hussain Attiyah. "Peaceful modes of defining international boundary disputes with particular reference to the practice of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its neighbouring states regarding the settlement of their land boundary disputes." Thesis, University of Hull, 2002. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5644.
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[From the introduction] The main purpose of this thesis is to analyse and assess the practice of Saudi Arabia and its neighbouring states with regard to the settlement of their land boundary disputes in the light of the principles of international law. To this end, it will first try to discuss the evolution of the Saudi boundaries along with the acquisition of the Saudi territory and to determine the basic factors responsible for the land boundary disputes between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its neighbouring states. Secondly, it will evaluate the peaceful methods which have been applied by Saudi Arabia and its neighbours in settling their boundary disputes. This study, however, does not extend to examine the settlement of Saudi Arabia's maritime boundaries with its neighbouring states. The reason for this is that the thesis focuses on international land boundaries, and to include maritime boundaries would broaden the subject and make it difficult to provide a proper discussion within the constraints of a PhD thesis. This is especially so as there are 10 states which share maritime boundaries with Saudi Arabia.
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Williams, Brad. "Hokkaido-Sakhalin subnational government relations : opportunities and limits of kankyo seibi." Monash University, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5751.
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Burggren, Tyler Matthew Goodman. "Rivers, Mountains, and Everything in Between: How Terrain Affects Interstate Territorial Disputes." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157600/.
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Geography has been a central element in shaping conflict through the ages, and is especially important in determining which states fight, why they fight, when they fight, and more importantly, where they fight. Despite this, conflict literature has primarily focused on human geography while largely ignoring the geospatial context of ‘where' conflict occurs, or crucially, doesn't occur. Territorial disputes are highly salient issues that quite often result in militarized disputes. Terrain has been key to mitigating conflict even in the face of major variance in state capability and power projection. In this study I investigate how terrain characteristics interact with power projection, opportunity, and willingness and the impact this has across territorial disputes. Exploring terrain's interaction with these concepts and its effect among different types of conflict furthers our understanding of the questions listed above.
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Plant, Brendan Charles. "Marking the boundary between facts and norms : effectiveness, effectivités, and the adjudication of international territorial disputes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708004.
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Olorundami, Fayokemi. "The contested waters of the East China Sea : resolving the dilemma of entitlement and delimitation." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=233675.
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This thesis considers the maritime boundary dispute between China and Japan in the East China Sea in an attempt to resolve the dilemma of continental shelf entitlement and delimitation. The dispute concerns how to delimit a maritime boundary where the parties rely on the different basis for continental shelf entitlement provided for in Article 76(1) of UNCLOS, namely natural prolongation and distance, and the area to be delimited is less than 400 nautical miles when measured from the coasts of both States. China asserts its entitlement based on natural prolongation to the outer edge of the continental margin, while Japan claims a 200 nautical mile distance continental shelf. Using the doctrinal approach, this thesis notes that delimitation must be carried out in accordance with entitlement and focuses on an analysis of the meaning of Article 76(1), enquiring into the role of natural prolongation in the establishment of the outer edge of the continental margin beyond 200 nautical miles. It re-assesses the ICJ's decision in the Libya/Malta case where it was held that unless the delimitation area is at least 400 nautical miles, natural prolongation is irrelevant. This thesis considers the status of natural prolongation under customary international law and UNCLOS, arguing that natural prolongation is a valid basis for continental shelf entitlement. In critiquing the Libya/Malta decision, this thesis argues that there is no 400 nautical mile rule in UNCLOS, that the determination of each State's entitlement must be conducted on an individual basis, the length of the delimitation area being immaterial. Arguing that the two criteria of natural prolongation and distance are equally valid, this thesis found that they could be applied simultaneously over the same area to determine the area of overlapping entitlements, which is then the area to be delimited. Other connected issues to this dispute including the role of the Diaoyu/Senkaku Island dispute and the duty of States in disputed maritime areas are also discussed in relation to the main delimitation question. On the basis of the analysis, two options for delimiting the East China Sea were considered: the three-stage methodology and an alternative involving the use of a median line to divide the area of overlapping entitlements. In both methods, the position taken was that natural prolongation and distance should be reflected as relevant circumstances. Thus, it was acknowledged that both methods could produce similar results. However, the second option was shown to be preferable as it is embodies the quality of objectivity compared with the threestage methodology where adjusting the line in the second stage to take account of relevant circumstances proved to be subjective and unpredictable.
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Briand, Christopher H., Susan E. Brazer, and Jeannine M. Harter-Dennis. "Tree-Rings and the Aging of Trees: A Controversy in 19th Century America." Tree-Ring Society, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/262645.
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During the late 19th Century there was considerable debate in the United States among members of the legal profession, the general public and even some scientists about the validity of using tree rings to determine tree age. In an earlier boundary dispute case in Maryland (1830) the Honorable Theodorick Bland rejected the use of tree rings to establish the date when a purported witness tree was marked with an identifying blaze. Bland did not believe that there was enough scientific evidence or legal precedent to support this idea. A review of the current scientific literature of the time, however, indicates that most scientists, especially in Europe, accepted that tree rings could be used to determine age. In the United States, however, this idea was debated, particularly in the late 19th Century, in both the popular press and scientific publications. The main argument of opponents such as A. L. Child was that the number of tree rings was often wildly in excess of the known age of the tree. These inconsistencies were likely because of the inexperience of the observer, mistaking earlywood and latewood for separate rings, and the presence of a small number of false rings, sometimes called secondary rings. The great ages reported for the giant sequoias may have also raised doubts among the public. Among scientists, however, the relationship between ring number and tree age and between ring width and climate became widely accepted. Several cases heard in both Federal and State Courts as well as Bernhard E. Fernow’s Age of Trees and Time of Blazing Determined by Annual Rings laid to rest any doubt of the relationship between tree rings and age in temperate forests, i.e. one ring equals one year’s growth, and showed that the date when a witness tree was blazed could be easily determined from a cross-section of the trunk.
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Choque, Caseres Dante. "From boundary to development: The trajectory of Indigenous alliances and disputes for addressing development issues in northern Chile." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18735.
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This thesis provides an analysis of the trajectory of Indigenous organisations’ development goals in the border region of Arica y Parinacota, Chile. The convergence of development notions from the Indigenous Peoples on one side and the State on the other is generally viewed as a field of dispute and resistance. However, I argue that development processes in the borderland have led Indigenous people to draw their relationship with the State institutions into a collaborative space. The sovereignty over Arica y Parinacota was transferred from Peru to Chile in a process that started during the War of the Pacific (1879-1883) and ended with the Treaty of Lima (1929). Then, given its geopolitical importance, different governments took special measures to stimulate the local economy (1958-1976), strengthen border security (1973-1989) and grant administrative independence (2007). Meanwhile, in the 1990s, authorities translated the Indigenous Peoples’ development demands into an institutional framework. Throughout these periods, most Indigenous people in the borderland have acted strategically conforming to the law, as well as used their identities and cultural practices to build relationships with governments. To analyse the interactions of Indigenous people, the framework combines multiple theoretical lenses such as development theory, institutionalism and social constructivism. Through it, the thesis maintains that certain Indigenous groups recall the memory about local historical injustices and development projects to gain a dominant position. Thus, they empower or suppress voices from their peers in the political arena. This research contributes to Indigenous Studies by examining how progressive political agency of urban and trans-local Indigenous people reinforces unequal power relations, and to Development Studies by looking into how participatory policies allow marginalised social groups to create distinctive discourses, and thus to influence resource allocation.
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Yiallourides, Constantinos. "Joint development of oil and gas resources : the way forward in disputed waters." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=231747.
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The settlement of the maritime boundary disputes between China and Japan in the East China Sea, and between Greece and Turkey in the Aegean Sea, is politically deadlocked. While diplomatic settlement efforts have been ongoing for the past several decades, neither side in each case appears prepared to back down from its respective maritime claims. Bilateral consultations and negotiations have been unable to prevent occasional flare-ups and, as tensions remain significantly high, it may not be long before one of the not infrequent confrontations spirals out of control. The existing status quo in each case is unstable and does not favour either side, both from the perceptive of contaminating bilateral relations as a whole, but also to the extent that it holds hostage the multiple benefits that could otherwise be generated from the exploitation of the seabed energy resources in the contested waters. Indeed, while important discoveries of commercial hydrocarbon accumulations have been made, and in fact, some of them are currently being developed in the peripheries of the East China Sea and the Aegean, the full mineral potential of the contested areas remain unproven and unrealised due to the ongoing maritime and territorial conflicts. That being the case, the debate surrounding these two conflicts has progressed to the point where there is an urgent need for a meaningful discussion on finding a practical way forward. It is the purpose of the present thesis to address this need, first, by undertaking a detailed analysis of these disputes on the basis of the legal rules and principles of international law and; second, by critically evaluating possible institutional designs of interstate cooperation on the exploitation of offshore oil and gas resources in disputed areas. This thesis considers that because of the near-impossibility of settling the maritime and territorial disputes in the East China Sea and the Aegean, at least in the short term, and the remote possibility of meaningfully utilising the resources in the given areas while these conflicts persist, provisional interstate cooperation in the form of joint development constitutes the best alternative course of action for disputing states to coordinate the exploration and exploitation of resources without having resorted previously to boundary delimitation settlement. On the basis of the above analysis, this thesis discusses the prospect of realising joint development regimes in the East China Sea and the Aegean and their appropriate institutional design in the light of the legal, historical, political, and geographical characteristics of the disputes in question. The overall aim of the present study is to discern useful guidelines that can be used to inform and support diplomatic discussions on bilateral cooperation over disputed seabed energy resources by addressing three key objectives: - Better understanding of the longstanding East China Sea and Aegean maritime boundary disputes under the rules of the public international law of the sea, as developed to date having regard to international jurisprudence and state practice. - Conceptualisation and better understanding of the legal characteristics and functional benefits of joint development regimes. - Critical evaluation of variations in the design of joint development regimes having regard to successful or unsuccessful precedents in the practice of states.
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Arrah, Moise Oneke. "A Gift of Nature and the Source of Violent Conflict: Land and Boundary Disputes in the North West Region of Cameroon The Case of BaliKumbat and Bafanji." Diss., NSUWorks, 2015. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/109.
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Balikumbat and Bafanji are the names of two villages in the Northwest Region of Cameroon that have been warring against one another over Bangang, a tract of fertile land. The conflict hinges on perceived differences about who should have access to this fertile land. Both villages claim ownership. This conflict has persisted from colonial times to the present with no tangible resolution. Understanding the place of land within the political, social, and economic fabric of the lives of both villages prior to and after the arrival of the colonial administration is the centerpiece of this research endeavor. This study sheds light on why the conflict persists. The land tenure decree of 1973, which was later promulgated into Cameroon law in 1984, is the most recent attempt at resolving disputes over land. It did not resolve this conflict. A clash of cultures between the indigenous population and the European colonizers may have triggered a legacy of land conflict between these two communities. This study unravels and seeks to explain when the Balikumbat and Bafanji villages transitioned from being two loving neighbors, capable of sharing their use of and kinship to the land, to hostile enemies ready to fight and kill one another at the earliest opportunity. In this study, interviews, observations, journal intakes, field notes, as well as document reviews, are pivotal tools used in justifying the claims highlighted in the research.
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Francisco, Ferrada Mila. "Non-democratic peace in South America : comparing the Beagle Channel Crisis (1977-1978) and the Cenepa Crisis (1994-1995)." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112337.
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The following study develops a structured focused comparison of two South American territorial crises: the Beagle Channel Crisis between Argentina and Chile (1977--1978) and the Cenepa Crisis between Ecuador and Peru (1994--1995). From a conventional perspective, the Beagle Channel Crisis should have escalated to war because it was a fully militarized inter-state crisis carried out by a military dyad. In contrast, the Cenepa Crisis should not have ended in war because it was a democratic dyad and the dissatisfied state was the weaker power. Yet the opposite happened in both cases: in the Beagle Channel Crisis the escalation process was contained, whereas in the Cenepa Crisis the situation escalated into an intensive war.Based on a comparison of these two dyads, this study argues that deterrence strategy alone is not sufficient to prevent war. Only an interaction of deterrence strategy and third party involvement can contain an escalatory process, constituting a tool for strengthening deterrence.
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Najzer, Brin. "Clarifying hybrid warfare : investigation and elucidation of the phenomenon of low-level coercion and conflict in the grey zone." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=238578.
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The present thesis analyses and clarifies the phenomenon of hybrid warfare. While the term has established its place in the political lexicon, current definitions and explanations are inadequate and unhelpful. This thesis addresses that shortfall by providing a concise strategic definition and a unifying theory of hybrid warfare. As a thesis grounded in the Realist tradition, the analysis focuses on the strategic implications with a view to aid in practical policy-making. Following a theoretical examination of the context and the intellectual history of the term, hybrid warfare is defined as a deliberately opaque blend of conventional and unconventional warfare. The rules of the international order and its 'guardian powers' are a key to understanding hybrid warfare and this thesis provides that understanding through the concept of the quinity. Based on the trinity, a concept emanating from Clausewitzian thought, the quinity blends traditional notions of war with the contemporary international order. The unique set of circumstances which such a combination creates is then combined with the proposed definition and operationalised through an examination of the defence policies and doctrines of the leading global powers. Hybrid warfare, whether practiced by state-like actors like Hezbollah, or states like Russia and China, can be said to represent the future of warfare, at least in the near- to mid- term. As a form of warfare which is not limited to any one domain, hybrid warfare is examined in its land, air, and maritime iterations by analysing the cases of the 2006 Lebanon War, the 2014 Ukraine crisis, and the South China Sea disputes. Its combination of opaqueness, effectiveness, impact, and strategic surprise makes it a carefully balanced and finely calibrated tool of international coercion.
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Uchehara, K. "Africa's foreign policy and political borders : Nigeria and her neighbours." Thesis, Coventry University, 2004. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/c150b040-f148-4a35-92d1-419b637b30ce/1.
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International boundaries inherited from colonialism have given room to territorial disputes and the existing boundary conflicts in the West African Region, and are an endemic feature of Nigeria's relations with her immediate neighbours. The thesis examines the 18 border disputes that Nigeria has been involved in since independence. The thesis begins by setting the scene in terms understanding Nigeria's foreign policy principles and objectives since independence and, in particular, its policy towards border disputes across the continent of Africa such as the Congo/Katanga, Uganda/Tanzania, Ethiopia/Somalia and Morocco/Algeria (chapter 2). The thesis then moves on to consider the underlying problems that have faced Nigeria as regards its borders as a result of colonisation (chapter 3). As the history is traced of the stages in the definition of Nigeria's boundaries, it becomes apparent that many border issues were unresolved or that decisions were made that were likely to be contested in the future. In chapter 4 the thesis turns to a detailed examination of the border disputes that have arisen in the last 43 years of independence between Nigeria and her close neighbours, Benin, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon and Niger. Chapter 5 analyses the data provided. It finds that the way the dispute was handled was closely related to the regime type. Under the liberal democratic regimes of Balewa, Shagari, Obasanjo II, disputes were largely dealt with by diplomacy and negotiation. Whereas under the autocratic regimes of military leaders such as Generals Ironsi, Gowen, Muhammed, Obasanjo, Buhari, Babangida, Abacha's and Abubaker's the disputes brought a response of a threat of force or aggressive use of force. It concludes that liberal democracy profoundly affects how border disputes are handled and is a force for peace and stability.
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Zgambo, Humphreys F. C. "Conflict within the church: a theological approach to conflict resolution with special reference to the boundary disputes between the Livingstonia and Nkhoma synods in Malawi." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/497.
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The research study acknowledges that life is possibly full of conflict, be it psychological, spiritual or otherwise. Conflict is an inescapable reality that confronts Churches and societies regardless of how loving and caring the people are. Conflict brings both the negative and positive impact on the life of Church and society. Conflict presents us with challenges and choices that reflect and shape our personal identity. Technically the challenge is not to avoid conflict, but rather to deal with it constructively. Conflict could be dangerous and destructive. Conflict could also be an opportunity for self-examination, for growth, service to people and giving glory to God. Hence the serious need for developing a theological approach to conflict resolution within the Church and society. Generally, there are two methods to conflict resolution namely: the Law court and Atonement Models based on human and divine effort to conflict respectively. Using mere psychological and legal experience, the Law court models deal with immediate substantive offenses, injustices and inequity faced by people. The Law court methods are sometimes unproductive, unprofitable and short-lived, while the Atonement methods radically deal with deep rooted matters and sinful motivations of the human heart such as idolatry, lusts and cravings. The Atonement models are reliable, fruitful and long-lasting. The purpose of conflict resolution must be to uproot the negative elements and destructive results of conflict, while at the same time preserving it’s beneficial, life- giving qualities to achieve genuine reconciliation. Therefore this new theology of conflict resolution calls for radical change. Change of the heart and on how to deal with conflict in order to accelerate transformation, growth, maturity and peace. Chapter one will provide a general background to the research study. Chapter two before looking at the case of disputes between the Livingstonia and Nkhoma Synods, it will firstly, cite briefly some conflicts in the history of the Church to get an appreciation of the impact of conflict in the life of the Church. Secondly, the chapter will outline the historical background of the Church of Central Presbyterian (CCAP) Blantyre and Livingstonia Synods, Nkhoma Synod and the General Assembly and how the boundary disputes between the two rival Synods started in Malawi. Chapter three will discuss the question of sin and its effects. Humanity cherishes sin in the heart (Ps 51:3-10, 66:19). Milne (1982:107) asserts that sin causes racial prejudice and antagonisms. The problem of sin is the world’s biggest problem. The study will also define conflict and its root causes using Marxist’s conflict conception. The argument of the study will base on the fact that sin brings conflict and produces great divisions among human beings. Therefore, if sin brings conflict with God, His will and between humans, God has provided a divine means to deal with the problem. Chapter four will discuss the answer to question of sin and conflict. There are two dimensions to conflict resolution namely: the Law court and Atonement Models based on human and divine efforts respectively. Contemporary Christian conflict theories are deficient in the God ward dimensions of conflict and most theories and practices come from within the human legal or political professions. Deep rooted matters and motivations of the human heart such as idolatry, anger, revenge, lusts and cravings in opposition to God are better addressed by the Gospel of Jesus Christ. The study will review and critique contemporary models of conflict resolution including the atonement with a view to understand the antithesis of conflict. The study will lastly formulate a synthetic model from various aspects of atonement to bring about a better understanding of conflict resolution. Chapter five will discuss the general application of the full concept of atonement. The question for discussion will be: how can the life, sufferings and death, resurrection and ascension of Jesus Christ that occurred almost 2000 years ago affect us today? How can the atonement conception be applied to resolve human conflict? The atonement of Christ will be ineffective unless it is applied to the lives of human beings. The actualization of the atonement could be done through power of the Holy Spirit who unites a person with Jesus Christ and in their close relationship, the penalty for the person’s sin is paid both together, so by Christ (Stott 1986:256ff). As we relate to God in through confession, repentance of sin and sanctification, we relate to each other that removes the cause of conflict between persons. Chapter six will discuss the application of atonement and reconciliation aspects to specific disputes in Malawi. It will also suggest recommendations on how to deal with those disputes. Christianity is not just a creed, it involves action. What is needed in Christian salvation is the practical restoration of broken relationships between God and creation, the removal of rupture within human race in order to facilitate reconciliation. Reconciliation in Malawian context means restoration, amendment, making up, settling an argument of boundary and bringing back lost relationship between the Livingstonia and Nkhoma Synods. Chapter seven will just deal with summary and conclusion. The theology of conflict resolution calls for change. Change of the heart and on how to deal with conflict. All human efforts in conflict are sometimes unproductive, unprofitable, and short-lived while divine efforts radically deal with deep rooted matters and motivations of the human heart. Divine efforts are fruitful and long-lasting.
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Paek, Chin-hyŏn. "The development and application of rules for delimitation of the Continental Shelf with particular reference to the maritime boundary disputes in the East China Sea." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306713.
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Pappa, Marianthi. "The unbalanced protection of private rights in land and maritime delimitation : the necessity of an equilibrium." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=237933.
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Capdevila, Subirana Joan. "La delimitació de la frontera hispanofrancesa (1659-1868)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/69919.
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S’estudia el procés de delimitació de la frontera hispanofrancesa, partint del Tractat dels Pirineus (1659) fins als Tractats de Límits de Baiona (1856-1868), fent especial esment al tram que correspon a la província de Girona. Amb el Tractat dels Pirineus les dues monarquies es van repartir el territori però no van arribar a fer una delimitació precisa de la línia fronterera. Durant el segle XVIII es van fer algunes delimitacions parcials i hi va haver diversos intents de fer-ne una de sencera. Va caldre esperar a la constitució de la Comisión Mixta de Límites de 1853 per a que es pogués portar a terme. La Comisión Mixta de Límites va treballar durant 15 anys i va haver de fer de mitjancera en una gran diversitat de conflictes que enfrontaven a les comunitats d’una i altra banda, la majoria dels quals relacionats amb l’aprofitament econòmic de les zones a cavall de la frontera (pastures, boscos, aigua, conreus, etc.). L’estudi es fa a dues escales: una de general, de mar a mar, on es descriuen les diferents problemàtiques i s’analitzen les solucions adoptades als Tractats de Límits de Baiona; una altra a escala local, centrada a la província de Girona, que descriu l’activitat de la Comisión Mixta de Límites, des de les negociacions fins als treballs d’afitament de la frontera. A més, es planteja un model relacional entre les diferents parts que intervenen al procés de delimitació i s’aporta el catàleg de totes les fites frontereres a Girona i el traçat fronterer desenvolupat a escala 1:25.000. Finalment, es discuteix sobre el paper d’aquest tipus de tractats tant en el Dret Internacional com a l’àmbit de les relacions de veïnatge i de l’ordenació del territori.Summary of the thesis “The delimitation of the spanish-french border (1659-1868)” by Joan Capdevila Subirana We study the delimitation of the border between Spain and France since the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) to the Border Treaties of Bayonne (1856-1868), with particular emphasis on the section corresponding to the province of Girona. With the Treaty of the Pyrenees the two monarchies divided the territory but failed to make a precise demarcation of the border. During the eighteenth century there were some partial demarcations and there were several attempts to complete one. It was the Joint Boundary Commission (Comisión Mixta de Límites) established in 1853 who succeeded in bringing out the entire border demarcation by the Border Treaties of Bayonne. The Joint Boundary Commission worked for 15 years and had to mediate in a variety of conflicts facing the communities of both sides, most of which were related to the economic use of the areas on the border. The study was performed at two scales: on the one hand, a study on a general scale, from sea to sea, which describes the different problems and what were the solutions adopted; on the other hand, a local-scale study focusing on the province of Girona, which describes the activity of the Joint Boundary Commission, from the negotiations until the work of demarcation of the border. It also presents a relational model between the different parties involved in the process of demarcation, it provides the catalog of all border markers in Girona and the border is drawn on 1:25,000 scale mapping. Finally, we discuss the role of such treaties in both international law and in the field of neighborly relations between local communities.
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Macaulay, Christopher Cody. "Territorial Issue Salience: Escalation, Resources, and Ethnicity." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1011849/.
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Conflict over territory is a major concern to scholars and policymakers, and much of conflict over territory is driven by the issues that make territory more or less attractive, or salient, to states. I examine the impact that tangible and intangible issue salience has on territorial claims, and in particular, how it drives both conflict and conflict escalation. I argue that intangible issues, such as ethnic or religious kin, plays a greater role in driving more severe forms of armed conflict and conflict escalation, compared to tangible factors such as natural resources. This is theorized to be due to the difficulty in dividing territory with intangible elements, as well as domestic political pressure driving leaders to escalate. These suppositions are supported, with the finding that identity plays a particularly crucial and unique role in driving states to more severe forms of armed conflict. Further, I examine how natural resources may be viewed by states by their type and form of utilization, with certain resources likely to be more valuable or strategic to states based on their rarity, concentration, or ease of substitution, based in part on a state's level of development. The results support a fairly uniform role of natural resources, with particular resources and combinations of resources serving to drive low level conflict, but with generally little impact on severe forms of armed conflict. Development also is found to play a role, driving poorer states to dispute natural resources of certain types. Lastly, I return to the topic of conflict over territory with an ethnic dimension by examining the role of issue indivisibility in the negotiations process, and find that negotiated settlements are harder to reach, and states more likely to favor unilateral action when disputing territory with an ethnic or religious component compared to other types of issues in claimed territory.
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Fonseca, Acosta Rosa. "Plebiscites." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc799507/.
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This study investigates factors that can influence leaders to use plebiscites to settle territorial claims. A quick survey of the plebiscite literature shows that the method has been extensively mentioned in the legal, historical, and philosophical fields (mostly through case studies) but less so in political science. This thesis is the first attempt, to my knowledge, to quantitatively investigate the different factors that can influence a leader to use a plebiscite. Using the latest version of the ICOW dataset, I test political and economic theories to try to explain the variation in the decision outcome. This study includes the following variables: identity ties, economic strength, an interaction between identity ties and economic strength, internal constraints (regime type and violent interaction), and external constraints (membership to international organizations). The results suggest that identity ties offer the strongest explanation as to why leaders settle a territorial claim with a plebiscite. Plebiscites have been rarely used to settle territorial claims, but when used they tend to settle cases permanently. This thesis serves as an attempt to revive a method that while difficult to agree upon, can be successful in resolving territorial claims permanently, and more importantly peacefully.
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Badenhop, Stephen W. "Federal Failures: The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Dispute." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1206135823.
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Chung, Christopher Humanities & Social Science Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "The Spratly Islands dispute : decision units and domestic politics." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Humanities and Social Science, 2004. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38658.
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This thesis presents a cross-national, cross-regime examination of foreign policy decision-making in the Spratly Islands dispute, focusing on China, Malaysia and the Philippines. It argues that how and why these countries have acted in particular ways towards the dispute relates to the relationship among foreign policy decision-making, government behaviour and domestic politics. The theoretical foundation of the study is foreign policy analysis. It applies the decision units approach advanced by Margaret and Charles Hermann and Joe Hagan to investigate who made foreign policy decisions on the Spratly Islands dispute in the three countries during the period 1991-2002, and how this influenced government behaviour. In addition, the contextual influence of domestic politics is considered. Four case studies inform the empirical analysis: the approaches taken by Malaysia and the Philippines to bolster their respective sovereignty claim, China???s establishment of a comprehensive maritime jurisdictional regime covering the Spratly Islands among other areas, China-Philippines contestation over Mischief Reef and the development of a regional instrument to regulate conduct in the South China Sea. Three conclusions are drawn. First, the decision units approach identifies the pivotal foreign policy decision-makers in each of the countries examined and the process involved. Second, it explains the relationship between decision unit characteristics -- self-contained or externally influenceable -- and each government???s behaviour towards the dispute. Injecting domestic politics into the analysis highlights motivations of and constraints faced by decision-makers, conditioning the form and content of government action. Third, it demonstrates a low predictive capability: the ???fit??? between hypothesised and actual government behaviour is poor. While it is not a comprehensive analytical tool, the combined decision units-domestic politics approach offers deeper insight into government decisions and behaviour on the Spratly Islands dispute than hitherto reported in the literature.
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Tyabazayo, Phumlani. "Boundary demarcation and community identity concerns: an investigation of the Matatiele boundary dispute." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021019.
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This treatise explores the Matatiele boundary demarcation dispute and, in particular, the role that unmet basic human needs play in this dispute. The subject of identity is also explored. In 2006, the government of South Africa decided that Matatiele should no longer be part of the province of Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN) and instead should be incorporated into the province of the Eastern Cape. This decision divided the community of Matatiele into two groups; one was pro-KZN and the other, pro-Eastern Cape. In 2008, violence broke out between these two groups. The government’s decision and the resulting violence have created a situation of protracted conflict in the community of Matatiele with rivalries and antagonism being part of the fabric of the society. This treatise attempts to analyse this conflict and link it to the theory of basic human needs as advocated by conflict theorists such as John Burton and Johan Gultang. Human needs theorists hold the view that unmet psychological and physical needs are sources of social conflict and can lead to protracted conflict. This treatise also explores the efficacy of problem-solving workshops and referendums as conflict-resolution techniques for boundary demarcation disputes. The data were collected from unstructured, in-depth interviews with a sample of eleven respondents. The data indicate that there is a nexus between this conflict and the theory of basic human needs and that community-identity concerns are central to this dispute. The findings of this study suggest that the conflict is multi-faceted and that the underlying causes can be attributed to unmet human needs. The data was analysed using the grounded theory approach. This allowed the key causes of the conflict to be identified and subsequently informed the recommendations presented in the conclusion of this treatise.
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Kaunda, Mapopa Charles Martin Sazamleke. "Malawi’s foreign policy decision-making: the 2012 Malawi-Tanzania boundary dispute." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59225.
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Al-Maghafi, Fadhl. "More than just a boundary dispute : the regional geopolitics of Saudi-Yemeni relations." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2012. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/15941/.
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Mohamed, Osman Roukiya. "La politique de sécurité et de défense dans la corne de l'Afrique : le cas de Djibouti." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20129.
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Cette thèse étudie les politiques de sécurité et de défense développées dans la corne de l’Afrique. Notre objectif principal est de montrer qu’en Somalie, en Érythrée, en Éthiopie et à Djibouti les facteurs politiques, historiques, économiques et sociaux se combinent pour expliquer la situation d’insécurité totale qui règne dans la région. Sa position géostratégique fait d’elle, une zone très convoitée pour mieux lutter contre le terrorisme et la piraterie. Cet avantage géographique est peu rentabilisé à cause des guerres civiles, des contentieux territoriaux et des catastrophes naturelles qui ont engendré l’une des plus grandes crises humanitaires et alimentaires au monde. Devant cet état de fait, les politiques de sécurité et défense, qu’elles soient régionales et continentale, semblent être impuissantes. Les échecs de ces politiques découlent, d’une part ; des discordes entre les chefs d’État et, d’autre part ; du manque de moyens financiers des États, de l’Union africaine et de ses organismes sous régionaux (l’IGAD et le COMESA). En étudiant le cas de Djibouti, nous montrerons que la politique de sécurité nationale souffre de plusieurs maux. En effet, la corruption, le clientélisme, le tribalisme et le détournement des deniers publics affaiblissent la politique sécuritaire et incitent les populations appauvries aux soulèvements. Djibouti, étant l’un des pays le plus stable de la région, constitue un baromètre pour mieux mesurer les nouvelles menaces qui déstabiliseraient la zone. Pays limitrophes des foyers du terrorisme et de la piraterie, il est le choix d’implantation, par excellence, des bases militaires françaises, américaines, japonaise et de plusieurs autres contingents. Ainsi, en bénéficiant de l’aide et de la protection de ces États, il devient, par conséquent, une cible des groupes terroristes. L’apport sécuritaire et économique des bases sont indéniables. Cependant, elles ne manquent pas d’impacter négativement sur son environnement socialThis thesis studies the politics of security and defence that have been developed in the Horn of Africa. Our main objective is to show that in Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djibouti there are political, historical, economical and sociological factors that explain the prevailing insecurity within the region. Its geostrategic position makes it a coveted area for fighting terrorism and piracy. Nevertheless this geographical advantage is not as profitable as it could be because of civil wars, boundary disputes and natural disasters that have generated one of the world’s biggest humanitarian and food crisis. Security and defence policies, whether regional or continental, have shown to be powerless when facing these realities. The failures of these policies are due to disagreements between Heads of State and to the lack of financial resources within States, the African Union and its sub-regional agencies such as IGAD and COMESA. By studying the case of Djibouti we will prove that national security policies have been weakened by corruption, clientelism and tribalism, which has lead to the insurgence of the impoverished population. Because Djibouti is one of the most stable States in the region, it serves as a barometer that measures new treats to the stability of the zone. As a neighbouring country to the hotbeds of terrorism and piracy, Djibouti is where the French, the American and the Japanese have settled their military bases; it has also consequently become the target of terrorist groups. The military bases have certainly improved the security and the economy of the area but they have also had a negative impact on its social environment
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Moscoso, de la Cuba Pablo. "Analysis of the main elements of the International Court of Justice Judgment in the maritime dispute (Peru v. Chile) in the light of the parties positions." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115556.
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On January 27, 2014 the International Court of Justice, principal judicial organ of the United Nations ruled in the case of the maritime dispute (Peru v. Chile), being Peru the one that brought forth the case in January 2008. During the proceedings in Court, the parties presented fundamentally different positions on the existence of a maritime boundary between them and how the Court should proceed solving the dispute. The Court should have considered the multiple legal reasonings presented by the States parties over the years to arrive to its ruling. Particularly, some of the legal reasonings presented by Peru were accepted by the Court and considered in the ruling, beginning from the interpretation given to the proclamations of Peru and Chile in 1947, going through the reasonings Peru presented about the 1952 Santiago Declaration (It was the main topic presented by Chile, which was discarded by the Court) until the reasoning presented by Peru saying that the 1954 Special Maritime Frontier Zone Agreement didn’t create a zone of tolerance that extends to 200 nautical miles. However, the Court considered that in the 1954 agreement the parties accepted the existence of a tacit agreement, but this existence was not presented by them in the Court even though it has a legal support in the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice. Then, the Court had to determine the extent of the tacit agreement, a very difficult duty because the parties hadn’t considered the existence of that situation and its extension. After establishing the implied legal agreement was for 80 nautical miles along a parallel of latitude, the Court proceeded to establish a maritime boundary applying thoroughly the rules and principles of maritime delimitation presented by Peru, which applied to the case determine the presence of an equidistant line. In relation to the starting-point of the maritime boundary, the Court didn’t use the point presented by Peru but, in a correct way, made it clear that the starting-point of the maritime boundary and the starting-point of the land boundary don’t have to match necessarily. Finally, the way how the Court established the maritime boundary recognizes, with no doubt, that the area previously named “outer triangle” belongs to Peru, as this country claimed and as Chile opposed repeatedly over the years. In summary, it is a decision based on International Law and adopted under the evidence presented in Court. The Court applied and confirmed various legal arguments presented by Peru during the process, in spite of the opposing position of Chile.El 27 de enero de 2014, la Corte Internacional de Justicia (CIJ), órgano judicial principal de la organización de las Naciones Unidas, dio su sentencia en el caso de la controversia marítima (Perú c. Chile), el cual el Perú presentó ante ella en enero de 2008. Durante el proceso ante la Corte, las partes presentaron posiciones fundamentalmente distintas sobre la existencia de un límite marítimo entre ellas y sobre cómo la Corte debía proceder para resolver este caso. Para llegar a su fallo, la Corte debió evaluar esos múltiples argumentos legales planteados por ambos Estados a lo largo de años. En particular, varios de los argumentos legales planteados por el Perú fueron aceptados por la Corte y acogidos en el fallo, desde la interpretación que dio a las proclamaciones de Perú y Chile de 1947, pasando por los argumentos que planteó el Perú sobre la Declaración de Santiago de 1952 (que había sido el núcleo del caso argumentado por Chile, el cual fue descartado por la Corte), hasta el argumento peruano en el sentido de que el Convenio sobre Zona Especial Fronteriza Marítima de 1954 no creó una zona de tolerancia que se extienda por doscientas millas marinas. Sin embargo, la Corte consideró que en ese tratado de 1954 las partes reconocieron la existencia de un acuerdo tácito, figura que no argumentaron las partes ante la Corte, pero que tiene su fundamentación legal en jurisprudencia previa de la CIJ. La Corte luego tuvo que determinar la extensión de ese acuerdo legal tácito, labor sumamente difícil ya que las partes no habían contemplado la existencia de esa figura ni argumentado hasta dónde se habría extendido la misma. Luego de establecer que el acuerdo legal tácito se extendía por ochenta millas marinas a lo largo de un paralelo de latitud, la Corte procedió a establecer un límite marítimo siguiendo exactamente las normas y principios sobre delimitación marítima planteados por el Perú, los cuales aplicados al caso determinan el establecimiento de una línea equidistante. Con relación al punto de inicio del límite marítimo, la Corte no empleó el punto planteado por el Perú pero, correctamente, dejó en claro que el punto de inicio del límite marítimo y el punto de inicio del límite terrestre no tienen necesariamente que coincidir. Finalmente, la manera como la Corte estableció el límite marítimo reconoce sin lugar a duda que el área antes llamada «triángulo exterior» corresponde exclusivamente al Perú, como ese Estado argumentó y Chile se opuso repetidas veces a lo largo de los años. En resumen, se trata de una decisión ajustada al derecho internacional y tomada sobre la base de la evidencia a disposición de la Corte, en la que esta emplea y confirma diversos de los argumentos legales planteados por el Perú durante el proceso, a pesar de todo lo que Chile argumentó contrariamente.
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Chen, Xiao-Zheng, and 陳曉政. "Exploring solutions to boundary disputes over cadastral surveying." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75819230374937587031.
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碩士國立中興大學
土木工程學系所
100
As mapping technology advances and land prices arise, precise and high quality cadastral survey is possible, which greatly involves people’s property rights. To protect citizens’ property rights, the National Land Surveying and Mapping Center, Ministry of Interior has promoted re-cadastering surveying by digital technology since 1981. Thereafter, the digital re-cadastering has been fully applied to each corner of the Republic of China in 1989. The preparation jobs of re-cadastering include the field work of land owners’ recognizing and pointing out their land boundaries. The two parties of neighboring pieces of land may not point to the same line; then dispute arises. It is hard to decide which line is correct or which party tries to take advantage. If the old cadastral maps in the Japanese colonial years can be used, digitalization of the geometric maps would have served the purpose and there would have been no necessity to re-cadaster. The concurrent art is that the Committee over Real Property Dispute of a County/City Government serves as mediator to make the two parties agree to the solution. If any party refuses to accept the mediation, the party should file a complaint against the other for the decision of the correct boundary line at the law court within 15 days after the mediation date. Within three days from the filing date, the plaintiff should take the court’s acknowledgment of receiving the complaint and a copy of the litigation document to the Governmental Land Authority to invalidate the mediation. Then the process of re-cadastering is not managed by the Governmental Land Authority and the two parties’ real property files are noted “Re-cadastering boundaries to be solved,” which hugely damages the two parties’ rights and interests. Reconsidering the nature of land re-cadastering, we have to say that re-cadastering is a governmental administrative planning and its result is made known to citizens as Governmental Administrative Action. It is unreasonable for the Government Land Authority to leave the matter to the judicial decision. Besides the committee mediation, there might be other proper solutions. Maybe the County/City Government can set a compulsory arbitration committee for the special re-cadastering cases. The committee members can be chosen by the two parties (based on the theory of autonomy of contractors) until the full process finishes at the final registration of new boundary line to create a win-win scene.
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Mavungu, Eddy Mazembo. "Frontiers of prosperity and power: explaning provincial boundary disputes in post-apartheid South Africa." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/10945.
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Ph.D. Faculty of Humanties, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011.Post-Apartheid South Africa has been plagued by recurrent and protracted provincial boundary disputes since the demarcation of new provinces in 1993. These conflicts have mainly opposed the Government and affected communities with high security, economic, social and political cost. In many respects, these disputes have threatened the very legitimacy of Local Government. However, existing literature exclusively focused on the early Bushbuckridge case. Besides, analysis of this first instance of post-apartheid provincial boundary, though very enlightening, overemphasized socio-economic factors to account for the border dispute, paying little attention to ideological and strategic underpinnings of the clashes. These deficiencies particularly came to light when there emerged in 2005 other provincial boundary disputes in Khutsong, Matatiele, and Moutse. In the face of such countrywide political phenomena, it became clear that early studies of the Bushbuckridge border dispute needed to be complemented in order to enrich our understanding of social, economic and political drivers of these territorial conflicts. This PhD research distinctively uses a multiple case study approach in order to explain post-apartheid provincial boundary disputes. Drawing on interviews, observations and secondary materials on the three chosen case studies namely the Bushbuckridge, Khutsong, and Matatiele cases, this PhD thesis argues that post-apartheid provincial boundary disputes are complex socio-political phenomena which can best be accounted for by taking into account various socio-economic and political factors including the interplay between historically constituted material conditions of affected communities and their local notions of democracy and development, conflicting regional planning models, Government’s democratic deficit, strategic political struggles and limits of judicial arbitration. Interpreting these cases with the proposed explanatory framework clearly demonstrates that under the veneer of provincial boundary disputes, disputants have actually been engaging in battles for socio-economic emancipation, in ideological contestations and strategic political struggles. Physical provincial frontiers are fought over not because of any inherent importance, but mainly because they are represented as proxies for socio-economic prosperity and political power. At a time when the current government is still grappling with at least two provincial boundary disputes and is contemplating reducing the number of provinces, this thesis highlights lessons which should inform future provincial demarcation decisions.
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Ho, Han-chieh, and 何函潔. "China’s Strategic Choices on Its Boundary Disputes (1949-2009):An Evaluation of Defensive Realism." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82182024850295715087.
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碩士國立中正大學
戰略暨國際事務研究所
98
China is one of the countries that have long land borders with many adjacent countries. To defend its borders and deal with boundary disputes with other neighboring countries has been the Chinese government''s priority since the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) established its authority on the mainland. This paper reviews the behavior of CCP and found an existing pattern in Bejing’s responding behavior towards this problem. The pattern correlates with what defensive realism advocated, it is therefore in this article the following research problems will be discussed in depth. First issue is China’s pattern in dealing with boundary disputes; secondly, what is the validity of using defensive realism to portray China''s boundary dispute resolutions, and the methods and results of this research are as follows. To categorize the behavioral patterns, each case of the boundary dispute had been placed under three different categories: negotiation, armed confrontation and putting aside the dispute, and joint development. The conditions of "When" to use the according style will be summed up and the result of using such method will be sorted out, and further more put together to help explaining these actions as a whole. Then the discussion the validity of using defense realism as an explanation, this article devised three different ways of acquiring national security according to the theory: expansion maintain the status quo and communication, through analyzing the real world situation and using defensive realism as assumptions for prediction. Comparison of results is used for further discuss its validity. According to this article, china''s action of resolution of boundary dispute is using "threat" as a motivation, and combined with the status of the diplomatic situation of the two countries, the action logic of when to use what method can be clarified. When under the influence of "threatening", if normal diplomatic relationship is maintained, china will resolve the dispute through negotiation; but if two countries are under a conflicting relationship, china will use force as its means of protecting territory. According to how china actually resolves its boundary dispute and the prediction through assumption, this article found that defense realism has 80% validity on interpretation.
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Yang, Hee-Cheol, and 梁熙喆. "Maritime Boundary Delimitation Regime and China’s Position on the Settlement of maritime Disputes in the Northeast Aisa." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37574079076066896800.
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博士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
94
Coastal states are adopting maritime boundary delimitation as their primary maritime policy because maritime jurisdiction directly relates to vast economic interest. This becomes specially important and sensitive when complex maritime boundary issues are involved between neighboring coastal states. China has not actively carried out nor declared maritime boundary delimitation until recently with any country except Agreement between China and Viet Nam on the demarcation of the territorial water, the exclusive economic zones and the continental shelf of China and Viet Nam in the Gulf of Tonkin on 25 December 2000 (hereinafter, the Gulf of Tonkin Agreement). The principles that governs maritime boundary delimitation are to consider primarily an agreement between States concerned, however, if no agreement can be reached, all relevant circumstances are considered to achieve an equity between concerned States. Relevant circumstances are length of coastline, form of coastline, existence and position of island or islands, speciality of geology/topography, and factor of economy and defence. Factors which sinologists are considering in regard to continental shelf delimitation of the Yellow Sea are as follows ; i) geographical factor, ii) geological factor, iii) topographical factor, iv) environment and ecological factor, v) historic interest, and vi) social and economic interest. The ‘Gulf of Tonkin Agreement’ is completed by basically applying the principle of delimitation according to median line which seems that China has adopted the maritime boundary delimitation principle of ‘half and half’ which was the intention of Chinese government. At the same time, China recognized Viet Nam’s dominion and sovereign right over the partial exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf of Dao Bach Long Vi in Gulf of Tonkin. This case can be considered as an example of mutual concession or compromise in delimiting maritime boundary for states of concerned.
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Abukhater, Ahmed Baha'. "Equity in the context of bilateral, international water allocation treaties in arid regions : an interdisciplinary, transformative approach to conflict resolution." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-908.
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The persistence of water conflicts in many arid regions is not simply a matter of water shortages, but rather the lack of equitable agreements that govern the allocation of disputed water resources to mitigate the adverse impacts of hostility and resentment. As such, equity is at the heart of many trans-boundary water disputes. Mindful of the dynamics and implications of inequitable water allocation on inter-state relationships and overall regional stability, this research aims at eliciting and developing theoretical criteria for equitable distribution of water (process equity) responsible for creating equitable outcomes and perception. This research makes the distinction between “process equity” and “outcome equity” and their impact on attaining and sustaining water security, peace, and hydro-stability.
These parameters of equitable processes will be developed through a review of current literature addressing the issues of water equity in arid regions, coupled with case study analyses and cross-case comparisons and semi-structured interviews of key water negotiators. These key cases will be selected through a systematic screening methodology that analyzes nine pertinent cases. Collectively, employing these methods will yield in-depth analysis and findings applicable to other international water dispute cases in the context of arid regions.
Proposing an alternative strategy that views water as a catalyst for peace and cooperation rather than conflict and altercation, this research further advocates for the development and adoption of an interdisciplinary, transformative approach to conflict resolution to advance water disputes to plausible and implementable agreements. Aiming to inform the theory and practice of hydro-diplomacy along disputed water resources, this approach encapsulates three key components, including rules of engagement, mechanisms of engagement, and neutral third-party mediation. Water satiety is identified as a major characteristic of equitable water allocation agreements that ensure the level of satisfaction of all involved stakeholders and the extent to which acceptable agreements, durable implementation, and sustainable relationships among co-riparians are attained and maintained.text
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TURPIN, James. "The jurisdictional art of separation : the role of jurisdiction in the management of territorial and self-determination disputes : mixed jurisdiction in the Anglo-French condominium of the new Hebrides 1906-1980." Doctoral thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4809.
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Defence date: 27 September 2002Examining Board: Prof. Philip Alston, New York University ; Prof. Christine Bell, University of Ulster ; Prof. John Coakley, University College, Dublin ; Prof. Jean-Marie Dupuy, European University Institute
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Lin, Hsiang-Yin, and 林香吟. "Islands in the Maritime Boundary Delimitation─A Case Study on the Disputes over the Diaoyutai Islands and the Maritime Delimitation in the East China Sea." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92810049115253977434.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
政治學研究所
95
The capacity of islands to generate maritime zones and to influence the location of international maritime boundaries was a long-term dispute long before a single provision in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Particularly, the problem of the effect of the islands'' delimitation in the sea had attracted the attention of international law. Regime of Islands in the UNCLOS has confirmed the legal definition of an island and its entitlement. However, the rules of the provision are too simple to be applied. In addition, the UNCLOS leaves open the function of the islands in the maritime delimitation. Therefore, the effect of the islands’ delimitation can only be found in the customary law. According to the numerous international judicial legal precedents and state practices, it is full effect, partial effect and zero effect that the islands could possibly obtain in delimitation, and it is the nature and position of the islands and other factors including economic and political consideration, trade-off value, disputed islands and so on that influence the effect of the islands’ delimitation in the sea. At last, this essay attempts to analysis the possible effect of Diaoyutai Islands in the maritime delimitation of the East China Sea in terms of the regime of islands in the UNCLOS and international judicial legal precedents and bilateral agreements concerning maritime boundaries involved. Both case law and state practices seem to suggest that the most appropriate and most likely effect of Diaoyutai Islands on the delimitation of the East China Sea may be no effect or at most be limited to circa 12 nautical miles. This value, if accepted, could certainly help to bring some solution to the complicated deadlock of the maritime delimitation in the East China Sea.
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"The Conspiracy: The Canadian Response to the Order of the Midnight Sun and the Alaska Boundary Dispute." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2013-09-1234.
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In September 1901 the North-West Mounted Police learned that a group of American miners, calling themselves the Order of the Midnight Sun, were planning to take over the Yukon. The Conspiracy, as the plot to overthrow the Mounted Police and establish an independent republic in the Alaska boundary region was known, appealed to Americans in the region. The location of the Alaska boundary was not set when the Klondike Gold Rush (1897-1899) brought thousands of miners and traders into the Yukon, northern British Columbia, and Alaska. The Canadian government’s efforts to maintain order and protect its interests in the Alaska boundary dispute angered American miners and businessmen and led them to support the Order. After the Conspiracy was discovered, the Mounted Police and the Canadian government launched a full scale investigation and response. To fully investigate the Conspiracy during the Alaska boundary dispute, the Mounted Police, a domestic force, had to operate in Canada and the United States and cooperate with American authorities in Skagway. The Dominion Police were also involved in the investigation and they too had to work with American authorities in Seattle and San Francisco. But the Mounted Police did not view the Conspiracy as a serious threat. Their experience in the north had shown that such threats rarely amounted to anything. The Canadian government, however, responded differently. Canadian officials in Ottawa feared that the Conspiracy would cost Canada in the Alaska boundary negotiations and they took steps to ensure that the Mounted Police could defend the region and prevent further unrest. This thesis examines the Mounted Police and Canadian government responses to the Conspiracy and the reasons for these different responses, within the context of the Alaska boundary dispute.
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Tseng, Po-Yin, and 曾柏穎. "Research of Japan''s Exclusive Economic Zone And Dispute over the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Japan and South Korea." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44521837693342793465.
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碩士淡江大學
亞洲研究所碩士班
98
Japan is an island surrounded by the sea. Japan’s international norms and domestic norms have a certain degree of development. Until the system of exclusive economic zone has formulated, the territorial sea and the high sea continued for a long time. But the emergence of exclusive economic zone changed delimitation of the maritime boundary. Compete with the territorial sea , continental shelf , the high seas , exclusive economic zone is a completely new system in law of the sea. Islands is an important subject in the delimitation of the maritime boundary. Although the size of islands is small, and provided just in one article by United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Islands can affect a country''s territorial and maritime interests. That is why Japan and South Korea are still dispute over Takeshima even it is such a small place . All of the norm about exclusive economic zone、delimitation of the maritime boundary and the regime of islands are provided in United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. This thes started on the relevant norms of exclusive economic zone , and based on Japan’s the system of exclusive economic zone. Through this research to assist Taiwan also an island surrounded by the sea in establishing the system of exclusive economic zone.
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Skalec, Aneta. "Prawo sąsiedzkie w świetle papirusów z Egiptu grecko-rzymskiego." Doctoral thesis, 2015.
Find full textAbstract:
Celem prezentowanej pracy doktorskiej jest odtworzenie i analiza kształtowania się prawa
sąsiedzkiego w Egipcie ptolemejskim i rzymskim (od podboju przez Aleksandra Wielkiego po
podbój arabski) w oparciu o źródła praktyki, jakimi są papirusy w kilku językach – przede
wszystkim greckim i demotycznym, ale z odwołaniami także do tych napisanych po koptyjsku i
arabsku. Wśród nich możemy wyróżnić petycje, akty sądowe, instrukcje oraz raporty urzędników,
kilka zbiorów praw i edykty prefektów, a także różnorodne kontrakty – umowy kupna-sprzedaży,
najmu czy podziału własności, w których zazwyczaj jedynie niewielkie fragmenty czy
poszczególne klauzule zawierały odniesienia do relacji sąsiedzkich.
Praca stanowi pierwsze kompleksowe i wyczerpujące opracowanie bogatego, acz
rozproszonego i mocno zróżnicowanego materiału papirusowego dotyczącego prawa sąsiedzkiego
w Egipcie ptolemejsko-rzymskim. Szeroki zakres chronologiczny i językowy badanego materiału
ma na celu wskazanie pochodzenia poszczególnych instytucji prawnych, ich kształtowania się i
zmian jakim ulegały one w czasie. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy możliwe było
stwierdzenie istnienia wyraźnej kontynuacji pomiędzy okresem ptolemejskim i rzymskim, jeżeli
chodzi o charakter prawny instytucji prawa sąsiedzkiego znajdujących wyraz w dokumentach, co
wskazuje na ich wcześniejszy niż rzymski rodowód. Wywodziły się one zatem z wcześniej
obowiązujących na tym terenie praw – greckich oraz egipskiego i także po podboju rzymskim,
pomimo że prawo rzymskie dysponowało rozbudowanym systemem instytucji z zakresu prawa
sąsiedzkiego, w papirusach nie widać zasadniczo zmian, które można by uznać za jego wpływy na
praktykę prawną w Egipcie. Wypracowane uprzednio i utrwalone instytucje nie były zatem
zmieniane przez nowe władze. Spełniały one bowiem dobrze swoje funkcje, odpowiadając
lokalnym warunkom, a dodatkowo pod wieloma względami były one podobne do rozwiązań
rzymskich.
Dokładne i pewne przypisanie poszczególnych zagadnień z zakresu prawa sąsiedzkiego do
praw greckich czy egipskiego funkcjonujących na terenie Egiptu nie jest łatwe, ani też zawsze
możliwe z powodu niedostatecznego materiału porównawczego. Wydaje się jednak, że
przynajmniej pewna część rozwiązań stosowanych w Egipcie w czasach faraońskich i tych znanych
prawu greckiemu była analogiczna czy też różniła się jedynie nieznacznie, co pozwalało na ich w
miarę bezbolesne współistnienie. Część rozwiązań zdaje się mieć natomiast egipski rodowód, ale
niewykluczone, że zagadnienia te były regulowane także przez prawa greckie, które doznały
istotnych modyfikacji pod wpływem lokalnych, egipskich uwarunkowań, w ramach których
musiały funkcjonować, co jest szczególnie widoczne w przypadku kwestii związanych z irygacją.
Warto wskazać, że wiele rozwiązań z zakresu prawa sąsiedzkiego znajdujących odbicie w
papirusach właściwych było nie tylko dla tego kraju, ale także dla innych praw antycznych –
rzymskiego czy praw Wschodu. Przemawia to za uniwersalnym charakterem dużej części
rozwiązań stosowanych w Egipcie, wynikającym z ogólnoludzkiego rodzaju problemów i potrzeb z
jakimi musiały się zmierzyć antyczne społeczności dla zapewnienia w miarę pokojowego
współżycia oraz jak najszybszego rozwiązywania problemów pomiędzy sąsiadami.
Cała praca podzielona jest na wstęp, jedenaście rozdziałów, zakończenie, cztery apendyksy
oraz zaopatrzona jest w bibliografię, spis ilustracji oraz indeks źródeł. W kolejnych rozdziałach
przeanalizowane są poszczególne problemy i instytucje prawne związane ze stosunkami
sąsiedzkimi. Uporządkowane są one według kryterium przedmiotowego, opierającego się na fakcie
powiązania danego zagadnienia z sąsiedztwem gruntów lub też budynków.
Rozdział pierwszy stanowi wprowadzenie do charakteru źródeł papirusowych i zagadnienia
pluralizmu prawnego w Egipcie ptolemejsko-rzymskim istotnego z punktu widzenia prawa
sąsiedzkiego. W rozdziale drugim przeanalizowany został spór o granice, stanowiący jeden z
podstawowych konfliktów pomiędzy sąsiadami. Rozdział trzeci poświęcony jest szkodom
wyrządzanym przez zwierzęta w uprawach. Rozdział czwarty i piąty dotyczą zagadnień związanych
z wodą, która w Egipcie rolniczo całkowicie uzależnionym od wylewów Nilu, odgrywała
zasadniczą rolę. Rozdział czwarty poświęcony jest sporom dotyczącym zalewania sąsiednich
terenów czy też blokowania dopływu do nich wody na skutek działań sąsiadów, a w rozdziale
piątym zostało omówione zagadnienie prowadzenia wody przez cudzy teren oraz kwestia
współpracy sąsiadów przy utrzymaniu systemu irygacyjnego.
Rozdział szósty dotyczy zapewnienia dostępu do nieruchomości, kwestii odnoszącej się w
Egipcie nie tylko do gruntów, ale także budynków. Kolejne cztery rozdziały poświęcone są
natomiast zagadnieniom związanym z sąsiedztwem budynków. W rozdziale siódmym poddany
został analizie problem powstrzymywania prac budowlanych prowadzonych na terenie sąsiednim, a
w rozdziale ósmym rozważana jest kwestia zabezpieczania przed szkodami grożącymi z
sąsiedniego budynku. Kolejny rozdział (dziewiąty) dotyczy ścian działowych – kwestii ich
własności, kosztów utrzymania oraz rozwiązywania sporów, a w dziesiątym analizie poddany został
dostęp światła do budynków. Ostatni rozdział poświęcony jest prawu pierwokupu przysługującemu
sąsiadom w przypadku sprzedaży nieruchomości.
Każdy rozdział rozpoczyna się krótkim wprowadzeniem przybliżającym badane zagadnienie
i przedstawiającym charakterystykę źródeł, którymi dysponujemy. Zasadnicza część, zawierająca
analizę materiału papirusowego, jest bogato ilustrowana tekstami źródłowymi wraz z ich
tłumaczeniami, w celu ukazania problemu na przykładach. W przypadku zagadnień znajdujących
wyraz przede wszystkim w petycjach, odtwarzana jest na ich podstawie procedura, a więc
zaangażowani urzędnicy, podejmowane przez nich środki oraz żądania i oczekiwania stron i
sposoby ich zaspokojenia. W przypadku zagadnień znajdujących odbicie w pierwszej kolejności w
kontraktach, odtwarzany jest przede wszystkim charakter prawny instytucji, okoliczności które
prowadziły do zawierania stosownych porozumień czy współpracy pomiędzy sąsiadami. Następnie
obraz wynikający z analizy papirusów zestawiany jest w poszczególnych rozdziałach z
uregulowaniami danego problemu znanymi z innych praw antycznych – egipskiego, greckiego,
bliskowschodnich i rzymskiego, co służy ustaleniu rodowodu poszczególnych instytucji z zakresu
prawa sąsiedzkiego, ale także ukazaniu podobieństw czy różnic w rozwiązywaniu różnego rodzaju
zagadnień pomiędzy różnymi prawami antycznymi. Wnioski z analizy prawnej są konfrontowane w
pracy także z pozostałościami archeologicznymi oraz wiedzą, na temat warunków naturalnych
panujących w Egipcie. Służy to osadzeniu instytucji prawnych w szerszym kontekście kulturowym
i środowiskowym, zbadaniu w jakim zakresie warunki, w których funkcjonuje prawo wpływają na
jego kształt oraz zaobserwowaniu odbicia prawa w pozostałościach materialnych.
Praca wzbogacona jest o cztery aneksy zawierające wykaz źródeł papirusowych w układzie
chronologicznym, dotyczące sporu granicznego, szkód wyrządzanych przez zwierzęta, szkód w
systemie irygacyjnym i szkód spowodowanych przez zawalenie się budynku. Dodatkowo zawiera
ona bogaty materiał ilustracyjny, na który składają się plany stanowisk i budynków odkrytych
podczas prac archeologicznych, schematyczne rekonstrukcje nieruchomości odtwarzane na
podstawie papirusów itp., które obrazują zagadnienia prawne analizowane w rozprawie, ułatwiając
ich wyjaśnienie.