Journal articles: 'Boundary layer (Meteorology)'

1

Hänel, G. "Introduction to boundary layer meteorology." Atmospheric Research 26, no. 2 (April 1991): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(91)90034-t.

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Sorbjan, Zbigniew. "Recent topics in boundary-layer meteorology." Acta Geophysica 56, no. 1 (March 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11600-007-0044-0.

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LeMone, Margaret A., Wayne M. Angevine, Christopher S. Bretherton, Fei Chen, Jimy Dudhia, Evgeni Fedorovich, Kristina B. Katsaros, et al. "100 Years of Progress in Boundary Layer Meteorology." Meteorological Monographs 59 (January 1, 2019): 9.1–9.85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-18-0013.1.

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AbstractOver the last 100 years, boundary layer meteorology grew from the subject of mostly near-surface observations to a field encompassing diverse atmospheric boundary layers (ABLs) around the world. From the start, researchers drew from an ever-expanding set of disciplines—thermodynamics, soil and plant studies, fluid dynamics and turbulence, cloud microphysics, and aerosol studies. Research expanded upward to include the entire ABL in response to the need to know how particles and trace gases dispersed, and later how to represent the ABL in numerical models of weather and climate (starting in the 1970s–80s); taking advantage of the opportunities afforded by the development of large-eddy simulations (1970s), direct numerical simulations (1990s), and a host of instruments to sample the boundary layer in situ and remotely from the surface, the air, and space. Near-surface flux-profile relationships were developed rapidly between the 1940s and 1970s, when rapid progress shifted to the fair-weather convective boundary layer (CBL), though tropical CBL studies date back to the 1940s. In the 1980s, ABL research began to include the interaction of the ABL with the surface and clouds, the first ABL parameterization schemes emerged; and land surface and ocean surface model development blossomed. Research in subsequent decades has focused on more complex ABLs, often identified by shortcomings or uncertainties in weather and climate models, including the stable boundary layer, the Arctic boundary layer, cloudy boundary layers, and ABLs over heterogeneous surfaces (including cities). The paper closes with a brief summary, some lessons learned, and a look to the future.

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Hu, Xiao-Ming, Jianping Huang, Jose D. Fuentes, Renate Forkel, and Ning Zhang. "Advances in Boundary-Layer/Air Pollution Meteorology." Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2825019.

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Rotach, M. W., R. Vogt, C. Bernhofer, E. Batchvarova, A. Christen, A. Clappier, B. Feddersen, et al. "BUBBLE – an Urban Boundary Layer Meteorology Project." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 81, no. 3-4 (March 31, 2005): 231–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-004-0117-9.

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Garratt, J. R., and E. Fedorovich. "Introducing Research Letters to Boundary-Layer Meteorology." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 154, no. 3 (January 9, 2015): 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-014-9998-z.

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Garratt, John. "50th Anniversary Issue of Boundary-Layer Meteorology." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 177, no. 2-3 (September 12, 2020): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00566-1.

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Heinemann, Günther. "The polar regions: a natural laboratory for boundary layer meteorology a review." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 17, no. 5 (October 27, 2008): 589–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0327.

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Slater, Jessica, Juha Tonttila, Gordon McFiggans, Paul Connolly, Sami Romakkaniemi, Thomas Kühn, and Hugh Coe. "Using a coupled large-eddy simulation–aerosol radiation model to investigate urban haze: sensitivity to aerosol loading and meteorological conditions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 20 (October 22, 2020): 11893–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11893-2020.

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Abstract. The aerosol–radiation–meteorology feedback loop is the process by which aerosols interact with solar radiation to influence boundary layer meteorology. Through this feedback, aerosols cause cooling of the surface, resulting in reduced buoyant turbulence, enhanced atmospheric stratification and suppressed boundary layer growth. These changes in meteorology result in the accumulation of aerosols in a shallow boundary layer, which can enhance the extent of aerosol–radiation interactions. The feedback effect is thought to be important during periods of high aerosol concentrations, for example, during urban haze. However, direct quantification and isolation of the factors and processes affecting the feedback loop have thus far been limited to observations and low-resolution modelling studies. The coupled large-eddy simulation (LES)–aerosol model, the University of California, Los Angeles large-eddy simulation – Sectional Aerosol Scheme for Large Scale Applications (UCLALES-SALSA), allows for direct interpretation on the sensitivity of boundary layer dynamics to aerosol perturbations. In this work, UCLALES-SALSA has for the first time been explicitly set up to model the urban environment, including addition of an anthropogenic heat flux and treatment of heat storage terms, to examine the sensitivity of meteorology to the newly coupled aerosol–radiation scheme. We find that (a) sensitivity of boundary layer dynamics in the model to initial meteorological conditions is extremely high, (b) simulations with high aerosol loading (220 µg m−3) compared to low aerosol loading (55 µg m−3) cause overall surface cooling and a reduction in sensible heat flux, turbulent kinetic energy and planetary boundary layer height for all 3 d examined, and (c) initial meteorological conditions impact the vertical distribution of aerosols throughout the day.

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Lee, Xuhui, Zhiqiu Gao, Chaolin Zhang, Fei Chen, Yinqiao Hu, Weimei Jiang, Shuhua Liu, et al. "Priorities for Boundary Layer Meteorology Research in China." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): ES149—ES151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00278.1.

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Garratt, John, James Wilczak, Albert Holtslag, Hans Peter Schmid, Andrey Grachev, Anton Beljaars, Thomas Foken, et al. "Commentaries on Top-Cited Boundary-Layer Meteorology Articles." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 177, no. 2-3 (August 29, 2020): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00563-4.

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Flagg, D. D., and P. A. Taylor. "Sensitivity of mesoscale model urban boundary layer meteorology to urban morphology." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2010): 25909–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-25909-2010.

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Abstract. Mesoscale modeling of the urban boundary layer requires careful parameterization of the surface due to its heterogeneous morphology. Model estimated meteorological quantities, including the surface energy budget and canopy layer variables, will respond accordingly to the scale of representation. This study examines the sensitivity of the surface energy balance, canopy layer and boundary layer meteorology to the scale of urban surface representation in a real urban area (Detroit-Windsor (USA-Canada)) during several dry, cloud-free summer periods. The model used is the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with its coupled single-layer urban canopy model. Some model verification is presented using measurements from the Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study (BAQS-Met) 2007 field campaign and additional sources. Case studies span from "neighborhood" (10 s ~ 30 m) to very coarse (120 s ~ 3.7 km) resolution. Small changes in scale can affect the classification of the surface, affecting both the local and grid-average meteorology. Results indicate high sensitivity in turbulent latent heat flux from the natural surface and sensible heat flux from the urban canopy. Small scale change is also shown to delay timing of a lake-breeze front passage and can affect the timing of local transition in static stability.

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Tignat-Perrier, Romie, Aurélien Dommergue, Timothy M. Vogel, and Catherine Larose. "Microbial Ecology of the Planetary Boundary Layer." Atmosphere 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121296.

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Aerobiology is a growing research area that covers the study of aerosols with a biological origin from the air that surrounds us to space through the different atmospheric layers. Bioaerosols have captured a growing importance in atmospheric process-related fields such as meteorology and atmospheric chemistry. The potential dissemination of pathogens and allergens through the air has raised public health concern and has highlighted the need for a better prediction of airborne microbial composition and dynamics. In this review, we focused on the sources and processes that most likely determine microbial community composition and dynamics in the air that directly surrounds us, the planetary boundary layer. Planetary boundary layer microbial communities are a mix of microbial cells that likely originate mainly from local source ecosystems (as opposed to distant sources). The adverse atmospheric conditions (i.e., UV radiation, desiccation, presence of radicals, etc.) might influence microbial survival and lead to the physical selection of the most resistant cells during aerosolization and/or aerial transport. Future work should further investigate how atmospheric chemicals and physics influence microbial survival and adaptation in order to be able to model the composition of planetary boundary layer microbial communities based on the surrounding landscapes and meteorology.

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Lyons, Gregory W., and Nathan E. Murray. "Characterization of wind noise by the boundary layer meteorology." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 136, no. 4 (October 2014): 2139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4899714.

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15

Varley, M. J. "The use of kites to investigate boundary layer meteorology." Meteorological Applications 4, no. 2 (June 1997): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1350482797000431.

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16

Schumann, U. "A review of: “An introduction to boundary layer meteorology”." Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics 50, no. 4 (February 1990): 250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03091929008204108.

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17

PEARSON, GN, and CG COLLIER. "A pulsed coherent CO] lidar for boundary-layer meteorology." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 125, no. 559 (October 1, 1999): 2703–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/smsqj.55917.

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Fuentes, Jose D., and Dennis W. Thomson. "John C. Wyngaard: His Career in Boundary-Layer Meteorology." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 145, no. 1 (July 10, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-012-9749-y.

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Cuxart, J., and A. A. Boone. "Evapotranspiration over Land from a Boundary-Layer Meteorology Perspective." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 177, no. 2-3 (August 7, 2020): 427–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00550-9.

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20

Belcher, S. E., I. P. Castro, M. K. MacVean, and N. Wood. "UWERN Report No. 3: Boundary-layer meteorology and dispersion." Weather 53, no. 10 (October 1998): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1998.tb06345.x.

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21

Pearson, G. N., and C. G. Collier. "A pulsed coherent CO2 lidar for boundary-layer meteorology." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 125, no. 559 (October 1999): 2703–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712555918.

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Flagg, D. D., and P. A. Taylor. "Sensitivity of mesoscale model urban boundary layer meteorology to the scale of urban representation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 6 (March 30, 2011): 2951–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2951-2011.

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Abstract. Mesoscale modeling of the urban boundary layer requires careful parameterization of the surface due to its heterogeneous morphology. Model estimated meteorological quantities, including the surface energy budget and canopy layer variables, will respond accordingly to the scale of representation. This study examines the sensitivity of the surface energy balance, canopy layer and boundary layer meteorology to the scale of urban surface representation in a real urban area (Detroit-Windsor (USA-Canada)) during several dry, cloud-free summer periods. The model used is the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with its coupled single-layer urban canopy model. Some model verification is presented using measurements from the Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study (BAQS-Met) 2007 field campaign and additional sources. Case studies span from "neighborhood" (10 s ~308 m) to very coarse (120 s ~3.7 km) resolution. Small changes in scale can affect the classification of the surface, affecting both the local and grid-average meteorology. Results indicate high sensitivity in turbulent latent heat flux from the natural surface and sensible heat flux from the urban canopy. Small scale change is also shown to delay timing of a lake-breeze front passage and can affect the timing of local transition in static stability.

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23

Toro, Ivan Mauricio Cely, Ricardo Acosta Gotuzzo, Débora Regina Roberti, and Jackson Ernani Fiorin. "Avaliação de modelos de footprint para análise de fluxos obtidos por Eddy-Covariance em pequenas-áreas." Ciência e Natura 40 (March 22, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x30701.

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Two models for footprint calculations are compared employing flux measurements in the planetary boundary layer. The calculationsare based on the analytical models by Kormann e Meixner (2001) [An analytical footprint model for non-neutral stratification.Boundary-Layer Meteorology 99, 207–224] and by Schuepp et al. (1990) [Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the difussion equation. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 50, 355-373]. The footprint density functions of a flux sensor are determined using eddy-covariance data. Those functions are integrated over surfaces given by quadrangular rectangles, in this case an agricultural field. This work ilustrates the features of each footprint model employing flux measurements with an eddy-covariance system of the SULFLUX network, installed on a agricultural field. Finally, it is presented the model that describes in a better way the flux measurements in small fields.

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24

Bergot, Thierry. "An introduction to boundary layer meteorology - Par Roland B. Stull." La Météorologie 8, no. 8 (1994): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/53468.

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Lapworth, Alan. "Reply by Alan Lapworth, an expert on boundary-layer meteorology." Weather 64, no. 11 (November 2009): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wea.508.

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Karlický, Jan, Peter Huszár, Tereza Nováková, Michal Belda, Filip Švábik, Jana Ďoubalová, and Tomáš Halenka. "The “urban meteorology island”: a multi-model ensemble analysis." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 15061–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15061-2020.

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Abstract. Cities and urban areas are well-known for their impact on meteorological variables and thereby modification of the local climate. Our study aims to generalize the urban-induced changes in specific meteorological variables by introducing a single phenomenon – the urban meteorology island (UMI). A wide ensemble of 24 model simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional climate model and the Regional Climate Model (RegCM) on a European domain with 9 km horizontal resolution were performed to investigate various urban-induced modifications as individual components of the UMI. The results show that such an approach is meaningful, because in nearly all meteorological variables considered, statistically significant changes occur in cities. Besides previously documented urban-induced changes in temperature, wind speed and boundary-layer height, the study is also focused on changes in cloud cover, precipitation and humidity. An increase in cloud cover in cities, together with a higher amount of sub-grid-scale precipitation, is detected on summer afternoons. Specific humidity is significantly lower in cities. Further, the study shows that different models and parameterizations can have a strong impact on discussed components of the UMI. Multi-layer urban schemes with anthropogenic heat considered increase winter temperatures by more than 2 ∘C and reduce wind speed more strongly than other urban models. The selection of the planetary-boundary-layer scheme also influences the urban wind speed reduction, as well as the boundary-layer height, to the greatest extent. Finally, urban changes in cloud cover and precipitation are mostly sensitive to the parameterization of convection.

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Anderson, P. S., and W. D. Neff. "Boundary layer physics over snow and ice." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 3 (June 4, 2007): 7625–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-7625-2007.

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Abstract. A general understanding of the physics of advection and turbulent mixing within the near surface atmosphere assists the interpretation and predictive power of air chemistry theory. The theory of the physical processes involved in diffusion of trace gas reactants in the near surface atmosphere is still incomplete. Such boundary layer theory is least understood over snow and ice covered surfaces, due in part to the thermo-optical properties of the surface. Polar boundary layers have additional aspects to consider, due to the possibility of long periods without diurnal forcing and enhanced Coriolis effects. This paper provides a review of present concepts in polar boundary layer meteorology, which will generally apply to atmospheric flow over snow and ice surfaces. It forms a companion paper to the chemistry review papers in this special issue of ACP.

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Fuentes, Jose D., Marcelo Chamecki, Rosa Maria Nascimento dos Santos, Celso Von Randow, Paul C. Stoy, Gabriel Katul, David Fitzjarrald, et al. "Linking Meteorology, Turbulence, and Air Chemistry in the Amazon Rain Forest." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 2329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00152.1.

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Abstract We describe the salient features of a field study whose goals are to quantify the vertical distribution of plant-emitted hydrocarbons and their contribution to aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei production above a central Amazonian rain forest. Using observing systems deployed on a 50-m meteorological tower, complemented with tethered balloon deployments, the vertical distribution of hydrocarbons and aerosols was determined under different boundary layer thermodynamic states. The rain forest emits sufficient reactive hydrocarbons, such as isoprene and monoterpenes, to provide precursors of secondary organic aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei. Mesoscale convective systems transport ozone from the middle troposphere, enriching the atmospheric boundary layer as well as the forest canopy and surface layer. Through multiple chemical transformations, the ozone-enriched atmospheric surface layer can oxidize rain forest–emitted hydrocarbons. One conclusion derived from the field studies is that the rain forest produces the necessary chemical species and in sufficient amounts to undergo oxidation and generate aerosols that subsequently activate into cloud condensation nuclei.

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Anderson, P. S., and W. D. Neff. "Boundary layer physics over snow and ice." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 13 (July 7, 2008): 3563–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3563-2008.

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Abstract. Observations of the unique chemical environment over snow and ice in recent decades, particularly in the polar regions, have stimulated increasing interest in the boundary layer processes that mediate exchanges between the ice/snow interface and the atmosphere. This paper provides a review of the underlying concepts and examples from recent field studies in polar boundary layer meteorology, which will generally apply to atmospheric flow over snow and ice surfaces. It forms a companion paper to the chemistry review papers in this special issue of ACP that focus on processes linking halogens to the depletion of boundary layer ozone in coastal environments, mercury transport and deposition, snow photochemistry, and related snow physics. In this context, observational approaches, stable boundary layer behavior, the effects of a weak or absent diurnal cycle, and transport and mixing over the heterogeneous surfaces characteristic of coastal ocean environments are of particular relevance.

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Bruin, Henk De, and Frans Nieuwstadt. "Joost Businger–His Career In Boundary-Layer Meteorology In A Nutshell." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 116, no. 2 (August 2005): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-004-7957-9.

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Eun, Seung-Hee, Sung-Min Park, Byung-Gon Kim, Jin-Soo Park, and Ki-Ho Chang. "Observational Analysis of Aerosol–Meteorology Interactions for the Severe Haze Episode in Korea." Atmosphere 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010033.

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Korea has occasionally suffered from various kinds of severe hazes such as long-range transported aerosol (LH), yellow sand (YS), and urban haze (UH). We classified haze days into LH, YS, and UH and analyzed the characteristics of its associated meteorological conditions for 2011–2016 using reanalysis data and surface observations. The results show that higher boundary layer height and stronger wind speed were found for the LH and YS hazes relative to those for UH. Intensive analysis on a golden episode of 10–18 January 2013 indicates that the cloud fraction increased along with extended light precipitation at a weaker rate by enhanced aerosol loading for an unprecedented LH event, which in turn brought about a decrease in boundary layer height (BLH) with less irradiance, that is, much stronger stability. Later, the intensified stability after the LH event accumulated and increased domestic aerosols, and eventually resulted in the longer-lasting severe haze. This study suggests that aerosol–meteorology interactions play an important role in both short-term weather and fine particle forecasts, especially on polluted days.

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Renggono, F., H. Hashiguchi, S. Fukao, M. D. Yamanaka, S. Y. Ogino, N. Okamoto, F. Murata, et al. "Precipitating clouds observed by 1.3-GHz boundary layer radars in equatorial Indonesia." Annales Geophysicae 19, no. 8 (August 31, 2001): 889–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-19-889-2001.

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Abstract. Temporal variations of precipitating clouds in equatorial Indonesia have been studied based on observations with 1357.5 MHz boundary layer radars at Serpong (6.4° S, 106.7° E) near Jakarta and Bukittinggi (0.2° S, 100.3° E) in West Sumatera. We have classified precipitating clouds into four types: stratiform, mixed stratiform-convective, deep convective, and shallow convective clouds, using the Williams et al. (1995) method. Diurnal variations of the occurrence of precipitating clouds at Serpong and Bukittinggi have showed the same characteristics, namely, that the precipitating clouds primarily occur in the afternoon and the peak of the stratiform cloud comes after the peak of the deep convective cloud. The time delay between the peaks of stratiform and deep convective clouds corresponds to the life cycle of the mesoscale convective system. The precipitating clouds which occur in the early morning at Serpong are dominated by stratiform cloud. Concerning seasonal variations of the precipitating clouds, we have found that the occurrence of the stratiform cloud is most frequent in the rainy season, while the occurrence of the deep convective cloud is predominant in the dry season.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (convective processes; precipitation; tropical meteorology)

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Elkhalfi, A. "Two-dimensional simulations of katabatic layers observed during the GIMEX experiment." Annales Geophysicae 17, no. 4 (April 30, 1999): 533–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-0533-3.

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Abstract. The hydrostatic model SALSA is used to simulate a particular event observed during the Greenland Ice Margin EXperiment "GIMEX" (on July 12th, 1991). The time evolution of the large-scale flow was incorporated in the model through time dependent boundary conditions which were updated using the closest upwind sounding. A turbulent scheme for the stable boundary layer and an appropriate parametrization of the surface fluxes implemented in the same model, are used for this study. The simulation results are discussed and compared to the available observations. The computed turbulent fluxes are correctly estimated. The model predicts a mixing zone of about 1500 m high which is in good agreement with tundra site observations. Over the ice cap, the katabatic layer is correctly simulated by the model. Its height of 80-300 m is well estimated. The comparison between the simulation and observations taken at ice cap sites is reasonably valid. The ablation computed along the ice cap corresponds well to the values reconstructed of observations at sites 4 and 9. Finally, a sensibility study to a specified westward geostrophic wind (2 ms-1) shows that the consideration of this latter improves the simulated tundra wind evolution.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (mesoscale meteorology; polar meteorology; turbulance)

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Miller, S. M., M. N. Hayek, A. E. Andrews, I. Fung, and J. Liu. "Biases in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> estimates from correlated meteorology modeling errors." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 5 (March 13, 2015): 2903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2903-2015.

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Abstract. Estimates of CO2 fluxes that are based on atmospheric measurements rely upon a meteorology model to simulate atmospheric transport. These models provide a quantitative link between the surface fluxes and CO2 measurements taken downwind. Errors in the meteorology can therefore cause errors in the estimated CO2 fluxes. Meteorology errors that correlate or covary across time and/or space are particularly worrisome; they can cause biases in modeled atmospheric CO2 that are easily confused with the CO2 signal from surface fluxes, and they are difficult to characterize. In this paper, we leverage an ensemble of global meteorology model outputs combined with a data assimilation system to estimate these biases in modeled atmospheric CO2. In one case study, we estimate the magnitude of month-long CO2 biases relative to CO2 boundary layer enhancements and quantify how that answer changes if we either include or remove error correlations or covariances. In a second case study, we investigate which meteorological conditions are associated with these CO2 biases. In the first case study, we estimate uncertainties of 0.5–7 ppm in monthly-averaged CO2 concentrations, depending upon location (95% confidence interval). These uncertainties correspond to 13–150% of the mean afternoon CO2 boundary layer enhancement at individual observation sites. When we remove error covariances, however, this range drops to 2–22%. Top-down studies that ignore these covariances could therefore underestimate the uncertainties and/or propagate transport errors into the flux estimate. In the second case study, we find that these month-long errors in atmospheric transport are anti-correlated with temperature and planetary boundary layer (PBL) height over terrestrial regions. In marine environments, by contrast, these errors are more strongly associated with weak zonal winds. Many errors, however, are not correlated with a single meteorological parameter, suggesting that a single meteorological proxy is not sufficient to characterize uncertainties in atmospheric CO2. Together, these two case studies provide information to improve the setup of future top-down inverse modeling studies, preventing unforeseen biases in estimated CO2 fluxes.

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Matthews, Stuart, Jörg M. Hacker, Jason Cole, Jeffrey Hare, Charles N. Long, and R. Michael Reynolds. "Modification of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer by a Small Island: Observations from Nauru." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 891–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3319.1.

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Abstract Nauru, a small island in the tropical Pacific, generates cloud plumes that may grow to over 100-km lengths. This study uses observations to examine the mesoscale disturbance of the marine atmospheric boundary layer by the island that produces these cloud plumes. Observations of the surface layer were made from two ships in the vicinity of Nauru and from instruments on the island. The structure of the atmospheric boundary layer over the island was investigated using aircraft flights. Cloud production over Nauru was examined using remote sensing instruments. The diurnal cycles of surface meteorology and radiation are characterized at a point near the west (downwind) coast of Nauru. The spatial variation of surface meteorology and radiation are also examined using surface and aircraft measurements. During the day, the island surface layer is warmer than the marine surface layer and wind speed is lower than over the ocean. Surface heating forces the growth of a thermal internal boundary layer, within which a plume of cumulus clouds forms. Cloud production begins early in the morning over the ocean near the island’s lee shore; as heating intensifies during the day, cloud production moves upwind over Nauru. These clouds form a plume that may extend over 100 km downwind of Nauru. Aircraft observations showed that a plume of warm, dry air develops over the island that extends 15–20 km downwind before dissipating. Limited observations suggest that the cloud plume may be sustained farther downwind of Nauru by a pair of convective rolls. Suggestions for further investigation of the cloud plume are made.

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Qi, Ling, Haotian Zheng, Dian Ding, Dechao Ye, and Shuxiao Wang. "Effects of Meteorology Changes on Inter-Annual Variations of Aerosol Optical Depth and Surface PM2.5 in China—Implications for PM2.5 Remote Sensing." Remote Sensing 14, no. 12 (June 8, 2022): 2762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14122762.

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PM2.5 retrieval from satellite-observed aerosol optical depth (AOD) is still challenging due to the strong impact of meteorology. We investigate influences of meteorology changes on the inter-annual variations of AOD and surface PM2.5 in China between 2006 and 2017 using a nested 3D chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem, by fixing emissions at the 2006 level. We then identify major meteorological elements controlling the inter-annual variations of AOD and surface PM2.5 using multiple linear regression. We find larger influences of meteorology changes on trends of AOD than that of surface PM2.5. On the seasonal scale, meteorology changes are beneficial to AOD and surface PM2.5 reduction in spring (1–50%) but show an adverse effect on aerosol reduction in summer. In addition, major meteorological elements influencing variations of AOD and PM2.5 are similar between spring and fall. In winter, meteorology changes are favorable to AOD reduction (−0.007 yr−1, −1.2% yr−1; p < 0.05) but enhanced surface PM2.5 between 2006 and 2017. The difference in winter is mainly attributed to the stable boundary layer that isolates surface PM2.5 from aloft. The significant decrease in AOD over the years is related to the increase in meridional wind speed at 850 hPa in NCP (p < 0.05). The increase of surface PM2.5 in NCP in winter is possibly related to the increased temperature inversion and more stable stratification in the boundary layer. This suggests that previous estimates of wintertime surface PM2.5 using satellite measurements of AOD corrected by meteorological elements should be used with caution. Our findings provide potential meteorological elements that might improve the retrieval of surface PM2.5 from satellite-observed AOD on the seasonal scale.

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Repina, I. A., M. I. Varentsov, D. G. Chechin, A. Yu Artamonov, N. E. Bodunkov, M. Yu Kalyagin, D. N. Zhivoglotov, et al. "APPLICATION OF UNMANNED AIRCRAFT FOR STUDYING OF THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER." Innovatics and Expert Examination, no. 2(30) (December 3, 2020): 20–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35264/1996-2274-2020-2-20-39.

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The article is devoted to various aspects of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for the study of the atmospheric boundary layer. The characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer, measured using the UAV, are considered. The types of devices and measuring systems used are presented. The characteristics of measuring systems installed on a fixed-wing aircraft and copter UAVs developed in the A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics RAS (IAP RAS) are presented. A brief overview of a number of the IAP RAS measurement campaigns is given. The prospects of using UAV in meteorology and atmospheric physics are considered

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Tong, Zheming, Yujiao Chen, and Ali Malkawi. "Estimating natural ventilation potential for high-rise buildings considering boundary layer meteorology." Applied Energy 193 (May 2017): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.041.

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Peña, Alfredo, Rogier Floors, Ameya Sathe, Sven-Erik Gryning, Rozenn Wagner, Michael S. Courtney, Xiaoli G. Larsén, Andrea N. Hahmann, and Charlotte B. Hasager. "Ten Years of Boundary-Layer and Wind-Power Meteorology at Høvsøre, Denmark." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 158, no. 1 (September 16, 2015): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-015-0079-8.

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Bou-Zeid, Elie, William Anderson, Gabriel G. Katul, and Larry Mahrt. "The Persistent Challenge of Surface Heterogeneity in Boundary-Layer Meteorology: A Review." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 177, no. 2-3 (July 24, 2020): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00551-8.

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Raupach, M. R., and J. J. Finnigan. "Scale issues in boundary-layer meteorology: Surface energy balances in heterogeneous terrain." Hydrological Processes 9, no. 5-6 (June 1995): 589–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360090509.

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Fisher, P., J. Kukkonen, M. Piringer, M. W. Rotach, and M. Schatzmann. "Meteorology applied to urban air pollution problems: concepts from COST 715." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 4 (August 31, 2005): 7903–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-7903-2005.

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Abstract. This selective review of the COST 715 considers simple descriptive concepts in urban meteorology with particular attention to air pollution assessment. It is shown that these are helpful for understanding the complex structure of the urban boundary layer, but that simple concepts only apply under a limited number of occasions. However such concepts are necessary for insight into how both simple and complex air pollution models perform. Wider considerations are needed when considering routine air quality assessments involving an air quality model's formulation and pedigree. It is argued that there is a reluctance from model developers to move away from familiar concepts of the atmospheric boundary layer even if they are not appropriate to urban areas. An example is given from COST 715 as to how routine urban meteorological measurements of wind speed may be used and adapted for air quality assessments. Reference to the full COST 715 study is made which provides further details.

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Fisher, B., J. Kukkonen, M. Piringer, M. W. Rotach, and M. Schatzmann. "Meteorology applied to urban air pollution problems: concepts from COST 715." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, no. 2 (February 22, 2006): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-555-2006.

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Abstract. The outcome of COST 715 is reviewed from the viewpoint of a potential user who is required to consider urban meteorology within an air pollution assessment. It is shown that descriptive concepts are helpful for understanding the complex structure of the urban boundary layer, but that they only apply under a limited number of conditions. However such concepts are necessary to gain insight into both simple and complex air pollution models. It is argued that wider considerations are needed when considering routine air quality assessments involving an air quality model's formulation and pedigree. Moreover there appears to be a reluctance from model developers to move away from familiar concepts of the atmospheric boundary layer even if they are not appropriate to urban areas. An example is given from COST 715 as to how routine urban meteorological measurements of wind speed may be used and adapted for air quality assessments. Reference to the full COST 715 study is made which provides further details.

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Paine, Robert J. "Tenth Joint Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 80, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 1907–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-80.9.1907.

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The tenth in a continuing series of joint conferences between the American Meteorological Society and the Air and Waste Management Association on meteorological aspects of air pollution was held 11–16 January 1998 in Phoenix, Arizona. Diverse topics in air dispersion modeling, boundary layer meteorology, cloud physics, atmospheric chemistry, fluid mechanics, and engineering were presented at the conference. A summary of the presentations made at the conference is provided.

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Schnell, Jordan L., Vaishali Naik, Larry W. Horowitz, Fabien Paulot, Jingqiu Mao, Paul Ginoux, Ming Zhao, and Kirpa Ram. "Exploring the relationship between surface PM<sub>2.5</sub> and meteorology in Northern India." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 14 (July 17, 2018): 10157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10157-2018.

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Abstract. Northern India (23–31° N, 68–90° E) is one of the most densely populated and polluted regions in world. Accurately modeling pollution in the region is difficult due to the extreme conditions with respect to emissions, meteorology, and topography, but it is paramount in order to understand how future changes in emissions and climate may alter the region's pollution regime. We evaluate the ability of a developmental version of the new-generation NOAA GFDL Atmospheric Model, version 4 (AM4) to simulate observed wintertime fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its relationship to meteorology over Northern India. We compare two simulations of GFDL-AM4 nudged to observed meteorology for the period 1980–2016 driven by pollutant emissions from two global inventories developed in support of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phases 5 (CMIP5) and 6 (CMIP6), and compare results with ground-based observations from India's Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for the period 1 October 2015–31 March 2016. Overall, our results indicate that the simulation with CMIP6 emissions produces improved concentrations of pollutants over the region relative to the CMIP5-driven simulation. While the particulate concentrations simulated by AM4 are biased low overall, the model generally simulates the magnitude and daily variability of observed total PM2.5. Nitrate and organic matter are the primary components of PM2.5 over Northern India in the model. On the basis of correlations of the individual model components with total observed PM2.5 and correlations between the two simulations, meteorology is the primary driver of daily variability. The model correctly reproduces the shape and magnitude of the seasonal cycle of PM2.5, but the simulated diurnal cycle misses the early evening rise and secondary maximum found in the observations. Observed PM2.5 abundances are by far the highest within the densely populated Indo-Gangetic Plain, where they are closely related to boundary layer meteorology, specifically relative humidity, wind speed, boundary layer height, and inversion strength. The GFDL AM4 model reproduces the overall observed pollution gradient over Northern India as well as the strength of the meteorology–PM2.5 relationship in most locations.

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Wang, Yonghong, Miao Yu, Yuesi Wang, Guiqian Tang, Tao Song, Putian Zhou, Zirui Liu, et al. "Rapid formation of intense haze episodes via aerosol–boundary layer feedback in Beijing." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-45-2020.

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Abstract. Although much effort has been put into studying air pollution, our knowledge of the mechanisms of frequently occurring intense haze episodes in China is still limited. In this study, using 3 years of measurements of air pollutants at three different height levels on a 325 m Beijing meteorology tower, we found that a positive aerosol–boundary layer feedback mechanism existed at three vertical observation heights during intense haze polluted periods within the mixing layer. This feedback was characterized by a higher loading of PM2.5 with a shallower mixing layer. Modelling results indicated that the presence of PM2.5 within the boundary layer led to reduced surface temperature, relative humidity and mixing layer height during an intensive haze episode. Measurements showed that the aerosol–boundary layer feedback was related to the decrease in solar radiation, turbulent kinetic energy and thereby suppression of the mixing layer. The feedback mechanism can explain the rapid formation of intense haze episodes to some extent, and we suggest that the detailed feedback mechanism warrants further investigation from both model simulations and field observations.

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Zhang, Y. "Online coupled meteorology and chemistry models: history, current status, and outlook." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 1 (February 4, 2008): 1833–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-1833-2008.

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Abstract. The climate-chemistry-aerosol-cloud-radiation feedbacks are important processes occurring in the atmosphere. Accurately simulating those feedbacks requires fully-coupled meteorology, climate, and chemistry models and presents significant challenges in terms of both scientific understanding and computational demand. This paper reviews the history and current status of development and application of online coupled models. Several representative online coupled meteorology and chemistry models developed in the U.S. such as GATOR-GCMOM, WRF/Chem, CAM3, MIRAGE, and Caltech unified GCM are included along with case studies. Major model features, physical/chemical treatments, as well as typical applications are compared with a focus on aerosol microphysics treatments, aerosol feedbacks to planetary boundary layer meteorology, and aerosol-cloud interactions. Recommendations for future development and improvement of online coupled models are provided.

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Lauros, J., E. D. Nilsson, M. Dal Maso, and M. Kulmala. "Contribution of mixing in the ABL to new particle formation based on some observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 3 (May 30, 2007): 7535–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-7535-2007.

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Abstract. The connection between new particle formation and micro- and mesoscale meteorology was studied based on measurements at SMEAR II station in Southern Finland. We analyzed turbulent conditions described by sodar measurements and utilized these combined with surface layer measurements and a simple model to estimate the upper boundary layer conditions. Turbulence was significantly stronger on particle formation days and the organic vapor saturation ratio increase due to large eddies was stronger on event than nonevent days. We examined which variables could be the best indicators of new particle formation and concluded that the formation probability depended on the condensation sink and temporal temperature change at the top of the atmospheric boundary layer. Humidity and heat flux may also be good indicators for particle formation.

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Lauros, J., E. D. Nilsson, M. Dal Maso, and M. Kulmala. "Contribution of mixing in the ABL to new particle formation based on observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 18 (September 20, 2007): 4781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4781-2007.

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Abstract. The connection between new particle formation and micro- and mesoscale meteorology was studied based on measurements at SMEAR II station in Southern Finland. We analyzed turbulent conditions described by sodar measurements and utilized these combined with surface layer measurements and a simple model to estimate the upper boundary layer conditions. Turbulence was significantly stronger on particle formation days and the organic vapor saturation ratio increase due to large eddies was stronger on event than nonevent days. We examined which variables could be the best indicators of new particle formation and concluded that the formation probability depended on the condensation sink and temporal temperature change at the top of the atmospheric boundary layer. Humidity and heat flux may also be good indicators for particle formation.

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Brönnimann, S., F. C. Siegrist, W. Eugster, R. Cattin, C. Sidle, M. M. Hirschberg, D. Schneiter, S. Perego, and H. Wanner. "Two case studies on the interaction of large-scale transport, mesoscale photochemistry, and boundary-layer processes on the lower tropospheric ozone dynamics in early spring." Annales Geophysicae 19, no. 4 (April 30, 2001): 469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-19-469-2001.

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Abstract. The vertical distribution of ozone in the lower troposphere over the Swiss Plateau is investigated in detail for two episodes in early spring (February 1998 and March 1999). Profile measurements of boundary-layer ozone performed during two field campaigns with a tethered balloon sounding system and a kite are investigated using regular aerological and ozone soundings from a nearby site, measurements from monitoring stations at various altitudes, backward trajectories, and synoptic analyses of meteorological fields. Additionally, the effect of in situ photochemistry was estimated for one of the episodes employing the Metphomod Eulerian photochemical model. Although the meteorological situations were completely different, both cases had elevated layers with high ozone concentrations, which is not untypical for late winter and early spring. In the February episode, the highest ozone concentrations of 55 to 60 ppb, which were found at around 1100 m asl, were partly advected from Southern France, but a considerable contribution of in situ photochemistry is also predicted by the model. Below that elevation, the local chemical sinks and surface deposition probably overcompensated chemical production, and the vertical ozone distribution was governed by boundary-layer dynamics. In the March episode, the results suggest that ozone-rich air parcels, probably of stratospheric or upper tropospheric origin, were advected aloft the boundary layer on the Swiss Plateau.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (pollution – urban and regional; troposphere – composition and chemistry) – Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (mesoscale meteorology)

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Journal articles on the topic 'Boundary layer (Meteorology)'

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