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Journal articles on the topic 'Bourgeois virtues'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Fishman, Leonid G. "Socialist Bourgeois Virtues." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filosofiya, sotsiologiya, politologiya, no. 58 (December 1, 2020): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/1998863x/58/23.

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2

Persky, Joseph. "John Stuart Mill, Virtues and the Laboring Classes, with Notes on McCloskey." Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch 140, no. 3-4 (2020): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.140.3-4.341.

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Deirdre McCloskey’s work on bourgeois virtues is pathbreaking, but it has relatively little to say about working class virtues. The present paper turns to John Stuart Mill (a McCloskey favorite) for his take on the “future of the laboring classes” (Mill [1848] 1965, 758 – 796). If modern capitalism is the world created by McCloskey’s bourgeois virtues, what would the world created by Mill’s working-class virtues look like? Key to that vision is the emergence of an economy based on producer cooperatives. McCloskey is undoubtedly right that the bourgeoisie has greatly improved the material condi

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3

Wells, Thomas, and Johan Graafland. "Adam Smith’s Bourgeois Virtues in Competition." Business Ethics Quarterly 22, no. 2 (2012): 319–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq201222222.

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ABSTRACT:Whether or not capitalism is compatible with ethics is a long standing dispute. We take up an approach to virtue ethics inspired by Adam Smith and consider how market competition influences the virtues most associated with modern commercial society. Up to a point, competition nurtures and supports such virtues as prudence, temperance, civility, industriousness and honesty. But there are also various mechanisms by which competition can have deleterious effects on the institutions and incentives necessary for sustaining even these most commercially friendly of virtues. It is often suppo

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4

Unger, Danny. "Sufficiency Economy and the Bourgeois Virtues." Asian Affairs: An American Review 36, no. 3 (2009): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00927670903259897.

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5

Arbo, Matthew. "Materially Blessed are the Middle Classes, for They are Virtuous: A Review Essay on Deirdre McCloskey’s Bourgeois Trilogy." Studies in Christian Ethics 31, no. 3 (2018): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0953946818770401.

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This essay reviews Deirdre McCloskey’s trilogy in political economy: Bourgeois Virtues, Bourgeois Dignity, and Bourgeois Equality. In this trilogy McCloskey seeks to reestablish the ethical, historical, and political legitimacy of modern capitalism. Success of the project is offset by misapprehension of normativity and thus of how human economy is ethical.

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6

Goodnight, G. Thomas. "The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce." Quarterly Journal of Speech 95, no. 3 (2009): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00335630903141679.

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7

Keating, Maryann O. "The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce." Review of Social Economy 67, no. 1 (2009): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00346760801933385.

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8

Tolin, Tom. "The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce." Eastern Economic Journal 34, no. 1 (2007): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.eej.9050016.

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9

Zaostrovtsev, A. "An Economist on History: Deirdre Mccloskey’s Perspective." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 12 (December 20, 2014): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-12-129-146.

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The article analyzes the conception of the history and progress of mankind, presented in recent fundamental research by Deirdre McCloskey. The author stresses the non-materialistic view of institutional change that is characteristic of them. The article examines the controversy with almost all current explanations of the breakthrough of the Western world to the economic growth and prosperity. The paper also presents McCloskey’s own theory that explains this breakthrough by the radical change of rhetoric recognizing the “bourgeois virtues” and the dignity of the bourgeoisie. Attention is drawn

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10

Horwitz, Steven. "How capitalism and the bourgeois virtues transformed and humanized the family." Journal of Socio-Economics 41, no. 6 (2012): 792–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2012.05.004.

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11

Boettke, Peter J. "DEIRDRE McCLOSKEY'S THE BOURGEOIS VIRTUES: ETHICS FOR AN AGE OF COMMERCE." Economic Affairs 27, no. 1 (2007): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2007.00716.x.

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12

Sumner, Scott. "Book Review: The Missionary: McCloskey's Apologia for Bourgeois Virtues and the Market." Business and Society Review 112, no. 4 (2007): 573–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8594.2007.00310.x.

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13

Lasch-Quinn, E. "Deirdre N. McCloskey. The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce." Enterprise and Society 10, no. 2 (2009): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/khp007.

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14

cohen, jere. "The bourgeois virtues: ethics for an age of commerce – By Deirdre N. McCloskey." Economic History Review 60, no. 2 (2007): 452–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00384_34.x.

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15

McCloskey, Deirdre. "Listening, really listening: a response to Graafland, Binmore and Ferber onThe Bourgeois Virtues." Journal of Economic Methodology 16, no. 2 (2009): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501780902940836.

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16

Rodger, N. A. M. "Honour and duty at sea, 1660–1815." Historical Research 75, no. 190 (2002): 425–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00159.

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Abstract This article looks at the changing meaning of the concepts of honour and duty among sea officers over the ‘long eighteenth century’. As gentlemen and as fighting men, sea officers felt particularly close to the concept of honour; but as members of a skilled, semi–bourgeois profession which was substantially open to talent, they were seen by others as being on the margins of gentility. The rise of the middle–class virtues of duty and service in public esteem at the end of the century, benefited the sea officers by making their long–standing combination of honour and duty fashionable.

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17

Smith, Jeffrey A. "Nationalism, Virtue, and the Spirit of Liberty in Rousseau's Government of Poland." Review of Politics 65, no. 3 (2003): 409–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500038304.

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According to Rousseau in The Government of Poland, the “love of liberty,” when properly cultivated, engenders the patriotism and virtue of citizens. The citizen's love of liberty, however, is not his enjoyment of liberty; it is his fiery longing or passion for national liberty, which has endured in the hearts of Poles owing to the constant threat posed by Russian imperialism. Unless the Poles continue to believe their liberty is threatened, they will begin to believe they can enjoy the luxury of possessing liberty; and then Poland will start down the familiar path of bourgeois corruption, culm

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18

Perović, Ana. "The role of clothing in the pre-bourgeois ambience of Kersnik’s novels." Journal of Education Culture and Society 4, no. 1 (2020): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20131.267.280.

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The article focuses on the analysis of women’s and men’s clothing appearances in the pre-bo-urgeois ambience of Kersnik’s novels. Particular clothing items and clothing appearances indicate the presence of specifi c spiritual and social characteristics, typical for the cultural and historical environment in which the two literary works were created. The methodological approach of the analysis in terms of theory is based on general semiotic theory (Eco, Lotman), cultural semiotics (Barthes), literary theory and literary history, Lotman’s symbol theory, clothing culture, discourse analysis and B

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19

Solomon, Robert C. "The Virtues of a Passionate Life: Erotic Love and “the Will to Power”." Social Philosophy and Policy 15, no. 1 (1998): 91–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500003083.

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I would like to defend a conception of life that many of us in philosophy practice but few of us preach, and with it a set of virtues that have often been ignored in ethics. In short, I would like to defend what philosopher Sam Keen, among many others, has called the passionate life. It is neither exotic nor unfamiliar. It is a life defined by emotions, by impassioned engagement and belief, by one or more quests, grand projects, embracing affections. It is also sometimes characterized (for example, by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Faust, by Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche) in terms o

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20

Helmius, Agneta. "Mode och moral - Begär och hushållning i svenska 1700-talspublikationer." Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 32, no. 1 (2022): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.55870/tgv.v32i1.3571.

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In this article I turn to the 18th century Swedish public debate on fashion and morality. In the Swedish ‘moral’ essay papers of the 1730’s fashion was portrayed as a woman named Madame la Mode who embodied the sin or desire of vanity or self interest. Her character and stories about how she seduced women and men were meant to be read as metaphors of how traditional society was threatened by ‘modernity’, by la mode. It is important to analytically separate the construction of gender symbolically and structurally. While Madame la Mode challenges traditional virtues of both men and women on a sy

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21

SUTCLIFFE-BRAITHWAITE, FLORENCE. "NEO-LIBERALISM AND MORALITY IN THE MAKING OF THATCHERITE SOCIAL POLICY." Historical Journal 55, no. 2 (2012): 497–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x12000118.

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ABSTRACTAfter 1945, neo-liberal thinkers and think-tanks in the US and UK outlined different state welfare systems for the poor, such as Milton Friedman's negative income tax. These were underpinned by a rational, economistic conception of human nature. Between 1975 and 1979, Thatcher's Conservative party abandoned attempts to develop comprehensive, state-led, paternalistic schemes to tackle poverty. Thatcherites focused instead on creating what they saw as a rational tax/benefit system which would provide a safety-net for the poor, but encourage effort and thrift. They attempted to marginaliz

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22

Urban, Florian. "The Hut on the Garden Plot." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 72, no. 2 (2013): 221–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2013.72.2.221.

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In Berlin, self-built huts and sheds were a part of the urban fabric for much of the twentieth century. They started to proliferate after World War I and were particularly common after the Second World War, when many Berliners had lost their homes in the bombings. These unplanned buildings were, ironically, connected to one of the icons of German orderliness: the allotment. Often depicted as gnomeadorned strongholds of petty bourgeois virtues, garden plots were also the site of mostly unauthorized architecture and gave rise to debates about public health and civic order. In The Hut on the Gard

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23

Rothblatt, Sheldon. "The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce. By Deirdre N. McCloskey. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 616. $32.50." Journal of Economic History 67, no. 3 (2007): 825–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050707000393.

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24

Emmett, Ross B. "Deirdre N. McCloskey, The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), pp. xviii, 616, $23.50. ISBN: 0-226-55663-8." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 30, no. 3 (2008): 420–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837208000400.

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25

Lasch-Quinn, Elisabeth. "Deirdre N. McCloskey. The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2006. xviii + 616 pp. ISBN 0-226-55663-8, $32.50." Enterprise & Society 10, no. 2 (2009): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700008090.

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26

Tilly, Charles. "The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce. By Deirdre N. McCloskey. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. xviii + 616 pp. Index, notes, bibliography, figures. Cloth, $32.50. ISBN: 0-226-55663-8." Business History Review 81, no. 1 (2007): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500036539.

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27

McCloskey, Deirdre N. "Bourgeois Virtue and the History ofPandS." Journal of Economic History 58, no. 2 (1998): 297–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700020520.

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Since the triumph of a business culture a century and half ago the businessman has been scorned, and so the phrase “bourgeois virtue” sounds like an oxymoron. Economists since Bentham have believed that anyway virtue is beside the point: what matters for explanation is Prudence. But this is false in many circumstances, even strictly economic circumstances. An economic history that insists on Prudence Alone is misspecified, and will produce biased coefficients. And it will not face candidly the central task of economic history, an apology for or a criticism of a bourgeois society.

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28

Van den Broeke, Martin. "Kastelen in Zeeland, 1570-1670. Adellijke huizen en burgerlijke buitenverblijven." Virtus | Journal of Nobility Studies 28 (December 31, 2021): 9–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/virtus.28.9-40.

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In the seventeenth century the Dutch Republic saw the rise of a culture of country living that was mainly driven by wealthy townspeople. Apart from newly built country estates, some older castles were used as country residences. This raises the question whether the possession of a castle was an expression of the exceptional position of well-to-do townspeople in the bourgeois Republic of the seventeenth century. Can this, moreover, be understood as a form of ‘aristocratisation’? Were there differences in the design of castles and newly-built country houses that indicate that the former enjoyed

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29

Jiménez Contreras, Baruc. "Academic Integrity at Risk. Joan Robinson's Interpretation of Marxian Economics and Her Ethic Critique of Orthodox Economic Theory." Iberian Journal of the History of Economic Thought 9, no. 1 (2022): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/ijhe.78669.

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During the twentieth century, Joan Robinson introduced Marx's political economy into academic discussions of economic thought. This article argues that Robinson's work generates a proposal for academic integrity in economic ideas through an ethical vision of Marx's discourse and an epistemic critique of orthodox economic theory. Robinson's research shows that economic theory has been characterized by hiding the interests of the bourgeoisie, consolidating an "unethical behavior". Following Macfarlane's (2009) work on virtue theory, it is possible to identify in Robinson's production virtues tha

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30

Frantz, Roger. "The Vices of Economists, The Virtues of the Bourgeoisie." Journal of Socio-Economics 28, no. 6 (1999): 777–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-5357(99)00057-8.

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31

Ramírez Tovar, Yaeko. "I wonder where the dreams I don’t remember go, de Yoann Bourgeois." Investigación Teatral. Revista de artes escénicas y performatividad 12, no. 19 (2021): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25009/it.v12i19.2668.

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Como parte de su temporada 2020-2021, Nederlands Dans Theater estrenó la coreografía I wonder where the dreams I don’t remember go, bajo la dirección del coreógrafo francés Yoann Bourgeois, una coreografía marcada por el estilo característico de Bourgeois, donde el desafío a la gravedad es el eje principal. Nederlands Dans Theater es una compañía de danza originaria de los Países Bajos y una de las pocas en el mundo que invita a diferentes coreógrafos anualmente, brindándoles la oportunidad de crear nuevas obras con una virtuosa y preparada compañía. Fue fundada por Benjamin Harkarvy, Aart Ver

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32

Janes, Regina. "Rhetorical Style and Bourgeois Virtue: Capitalism and Civil Society in the British Enlightenment." Scriblerian and the Kit-Cats 51, no. 2 (2019): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/scriblerian.51.2.0185.

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33

Walzer, Arthur. "Rhetorical Style and Bourgeois Virtue: Capitalism and Civil Society in the British Eighteenth Century." Quarterly Journal of Speech 104, no. 4 (2018): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00335630.2018.1505468.

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34

Zhang, Nan. "‘Solemn Progress’: Woolf, Burke, and the Negotiation of Virtue." Modernist Cultures 12, no. 3 (2017): 391–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/mod.2017.0184.

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This essay analyzes Virginia Woolf's exploration of a public spirit exceeding both bourgeois egotism and narrow patriotic allegiances prescribed by the imperial state. Excavating hitherto unexamined affinities between Woolf and Edmund Burke, the essay shows how Woolf's vision of ‘solemn progress’ in Mrs Dalloway effectively conjoins a Burkean emphasis on the civilizing effects of aesthetic sentiments with a Renaissance humanist notion of virtù. Woolf's re-imagining of solidarity involves two moves that are temporally divergent yet temperamentally complementary: a renewal of attention to older

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35

Regaignon, Dara Rossman. "INSTRUCTIVE SUFFICIENCY: RE-READING THE GOVERNESS THROUGH AGNES GREY." Victorian Literature and Culture 29, no. 1 (2001): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150301291062.

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IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND, a governess was the primary educator of male and female children in a middle-class household; particularly by virtue of her work educating girls through their mid-teens, the governess simultaneously effected and disrupted the transparent transmission of class and gender identity between generations of middle-class women. Recent scholarship has de-emphasized this pedagogical function in its readings of the figure.1 Discussion has centered, instead, on the ways in which the governess represented a crisis for early Victorian definitions of bourgeois femininity (whic

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36

Bellhouse, Mary L. "Crimes and Pardons: Bourgeois Justice, Gendered Virtue, and the Criminalized Other in Eighteenth-Century France." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 24, no. 4 (1999): 959–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/495400.

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37

Morelon, Claire. "Respectable Citizens: Civic Militias, Local Patriotism, and Social Order in Late Habsburg Austria (1890‒1920)." Austrian History Yearbook 51 (March 24, 2020): 193–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237820000156.

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AbstractThis article analyzes the role of urban civic militias (burgher corps) in Habsburg Austria from the end of the nineteenth century to the aftermath of World War I. Far from a remnant of the early modern past, by the turn of the twentieth century these militias were thriving local institutions. They fostered dynastic patriotism and participated in the growing promotion of shooting among the population in the lead-up to the conflict. But they also played a major role in upholding the bourgeois ideals of protection of social hierarchies and property. In the context of the rise of the worke

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38

Janes, Regina. "Rhetorical Style and Bourgeois Virtue: Capitalism and Civil Society in the British Enlightenment by Mark Garrett Longaker." Scriblerian and the Kit-Cats 51, no. 2 (2019): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/scb.2019.0077.

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39

Alatrash, Muhammad, K. ,. "Henry Fielding’s Shamela and Joseph Andrews as Counternarratives to Samuel Richardson’s Pamela." World Journal of English Language 13, no. 2 (2023): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v13n2p393.

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This paper sheds light on the immediate counternarrative response to the publication of Samuel Richardson’s Pamela in 1740. Upon its publication, the female servant Pamela gained popularity among readers for her exemplary chastity, morality and virtue. This paper discusses the writings of Henry Fielding as a leading anti-Pamela approach through two subsequent narratives, Shamela (1741) and Joseph Andrews (1742). Fielding and others saw in Pamela a direct threat to 18th-century normative servant-master and aristocrat-bourgeois relations. In his novels, Fielding uses multiple literary motifs to

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40

McClish, Glen. "Review: Rhetorical Style and Bourgeois Virtue: Capitalism and Civil Society in the British Enlightenment, by Mark Garrett Longaker." Rhetorica 35, no. 2 (2017): 234–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2017.35.2.234.

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41

Vogel, Maria A. "Ensuring Failure?" Girlhood Studies 14, no. 2 (2021): 80–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ghs.2021.140207.

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Historically, the regulation of girls through institutionalization has been guided by bourgeois norms of femininity, including virtue, domesticity, and motherhood. Using a Foucauldian perspective on the production of subjects in Swedish secure care, I investigate whether or not middle-class norms of femininity, centered today around self-regulation, still guide the regulation of working-class girls. By analyzing data from an ethnographic study, I show that even though secure care is repressive, it is also permeated with the aim of producing self-regulating subjects corresponding with discourse

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42

Koganzon, Rita. "“Producing a Reconciliation of Disinterestedness and Commerce”: The Political Rhetoric of Education in the Early Republic." History of Education Quarterly 52, no. 3 (2012): 403–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2012.00405.x.

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One of the vexing ambiguities in the historiography of the civic republican tradition has been just when and how republicanism ended. The American Revolution itself, according to Gordon Wood and J. G. A. Pocock, was waged for republican principles, but the government established in its wake represented what Wood called “the end of classical politics,” abandoning virtue in the name of commerce and liberal individualism. By the close of the eighteenth century, Pocock writes, “A condition of thought … in which a bourgeois ideology, a civic morality for the market man, was ardently desired but app

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43

Joó, Mária. "The Second Sex in Hungary. Simone de Beauvoir and the (Post)-Socialist Condition." Hungarian Cultural Studies 4 (January 1, 2011): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2011.37.

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Beauvoir’s work was translated in 1969, a period of change in state socialism: the introduction of some elements of market economy in 1968 (called New Economic Mechanism), the publication of Western bourgeois philosophers as Sartre and Beauvoir, and Marxist philosophers’ efforts to revise orthodox Marxism. ’The woman question’ was declared to be already solved by socialism. The emblematic female identity is of the working mother: free and equal with men by virtue of law, taking part in producing new value as worker and according to her natural role as mother and wife, representing the center o

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44

Sheehi, Stephen. "A SOCIAL HISTORY OF EARLY ARAB PHOTOGRAPHY OR A PROLEGOMENON TO AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE LEBANESE IMAGO." International Journal of Middle East Studies 39, no. 2 (2007): 177–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743807070067.

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Viewing an exhibition of civil war paintings in 1886, Lea Barakat wrote that her “country came to mind: the splendor of its ruins, the wonders of their form like the fortress of Baalbek, the ruins of Palmyra, and the scenes of Lebanon…” Native women should paint like this, she states, and “not leave a scene [of Lebanon] unpainted… They can decorate the rooms of their homes and sitting rooms with these pictures…” She concludes that “since the ladies of our country are smarter and more industrious in their handcrafts than [American] ladies,” they too can obtain a similar level of “wealth, honora

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45

Burley, David G. "The Keepers of the Gate." Articles 17, no. 2 (2013): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017652ar.

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Recent scholarship has identified inequality in real property ownership as a constant feature of urban social structure. This study of Winnipeg during the boom of 1881-82 examines the reproduction of that inequality in terms of the strategies employed by major landowners to profit in an inflationary real estate market. Such men preferred to invest in rental properties, especially commercial accommodation. Best able to do so were those members of the bourgeoisie who, by virtue of their early arrival, had acquired cheap vacant land, the sale of which financed their acquisition of rental units. T

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46

Poettinger, Monika. "Etica mercantile e sviluppo economico." SOCIETÀ E STORIA, no. 125 (December 2009): 465–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ss2009-125004.

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- Up to the nineteenth century, merchants extended networks of subsidiaries, correspondents and investments world-wide, becoming a major trigger of innovation and economic development. To guarantee the functioning of their international merchant houses, they had to adhere to a strict moral code. The resulting "moral communities" diffused everywhere the "merchant´s liberty": working to fulfil oneself, striving to obtain economic independence and richness as social recognition. As the Ancien Régime neared its end, merchants were ready to economically and morally guide society into a new era. At

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47

Head, Matthew. ""If the Pretty Little Hand Won't Stretch": Music for the Fair Sex in Eighteenth-Century Germany." Journal of the American Musicological Society 52, no. 2 (1999): 203–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/831998.

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The image of the young lady at music is part of the mythology of the eighteenth century, nostalgically summoning a bygone era in European manners. How should such images be read, and to what uses are they put in the construction of the past and the present? Richard Leppert appeals to eighteenth-century iconography to argue the disciplinary function of music on women. This article extends Leppert's arguments in a newly uncovered repertory of songs and keyboard works published in eighteenth-century Germany "for the fair sex." Moving between prescriptions about musical practice specifically and w

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48

Dolunay, Ayhan. "‘Virtual sphere’ in the framework of knowledge strategy and the function as common educational tool: Knowledge societies in COVID-19 era." Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies 13, no. 1 (2023): e202304. http://dx.doi.org/10.30935/ojcmt/12840.

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Habermas’ (1974) concept of the ‘public sphere’ (öffentlichkeit) enabled the bourgeoisie to participate in the process of discussing social issues and making various decisions which were influential in the formation of the laws regulating social life. Same time, it is an important common educational tool. Although the public sphere refers to citizens expressing their idea in a society, the virtual sphere has rapidly moved on to the Internet environment using social media. Within the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread to many countries and has been causing serious repercussions as a pand

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Langman, Lauren. "From Virtual Public Spheres to Global Justice: A Critical Theory of Internetworked Social Movements." Sociological Theory 23, no. 1 (2005): 42–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2751.2005.00242.x.

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Abstract:

From the early 1990s when the EZLN (the Zapatistas), led by Subcommandte Marcos, first made use of the Internet to the late 1990s with the defeat of the Multilateral Agreement on Trade and Investment and the anti-WTO protests in Seattle, Quebec, and Genoa, it became evident that new, qualitatively different kinds of social protest movements were emergent. These new movements seemed diffuse and unstructured, yet at the same time, they forged unlikely coalitions of labor, environmentalists, feminists, peace, and global social justice activists collectively critical of the adversities of neoliber

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Korff, Gottfried. "From Brotherly Handshake to Militant Clenched Fist: On Political Metaphors for the Worker's Hand." International Labor and Working-Class History 42 (1992): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900011236.

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Abstract:

The hand has long been a symbol of what makes human beings human. It is still used to convey this meaning, despite the decline of manual labor and the replacement of manual dexterity by machines, robots, and computers. A number of twentieth-century images remind us of the hand's labor power: for example, Fernand Leger's 1951 homage to Vladimir Mayakowsky, his earlier 1918 painting, “The Mechanic,” which is a veritable icon of the worker whose hand forms the dynamic compositional element (Fig. 1), and Diego Rivera's “Detroit Industry Frescoes,” where gigantic hands symbolize humanity's struggle

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