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Journal articles on the topic 'Bovine babesiosis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Henker, Luan, Marina Lorenzett, and Saulo Pavarini. "Bovine congenital babesiosis." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 14, no. 1 (2021): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24070/bjvp.1983-0246.v14i1p70-74.

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Diagnostic Exercise from The Latin Comparative Pathology Group. Clinical History: A crossbred, stillborn bovine fetus, with nine months of gestation, was submitted for postmortem examination. The dam that aborted was a 2-year-old heifer that did not have any additional clinical signs. The owner observed several late-term abortions and stillbirths in this farm during the referred calving season. Necropsy Findings: Necropsy findings included moderate accumulation of light red fluid in the abdominal and thoracic cavities, mild hemoglobin imbibition, as well as collapsed lungs. The liver was marke

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2

Shivani, Sarangi Rewa Rajeswari Prasana Kumar Rath Susen Kumar panda. "Bovine Babesiosis in India: An Update." Veterinary Today 3, no. 3 (2025): 649–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15163650.

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Bovine babesiosis is also known as cattle tick fever, red water disease or piroplasmosis in cattle. Bovine babesiosis is one of the major haemoprotozoal disease of cattle in India. The losses caused by this disease to the livestock industry is highly devastating. In India the estimated annual losses due to Bovine babesiosis is found to be about ≈57.2Million USD. This disease is of great economic importance in India and have always challenged the livability of crossbreed and exotic cattle.  

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McFadzean, Harriet, Ben Strugnell, Cam Collins, Alwyn Jones, L. Paul Phipps, and Nicholas Johnson. "Bovine babesiosis in Northumberland." Veterinary Record 189, no. 5 (2021): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vetr.910.

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4

VOS, ALBERTUS J., and RUSSELL E. BOCK. "Vaccination against Bovine Babesiosis." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 916, no. 1 (2006): 540–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05333.x.

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Sutherland, AK. "Vaccinating against bovine babesiosis." Australian Veterinary Journal 76, no. 9 (1998): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1998.tb10243.x.

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6

Sukanto, Ismu Prastyawati, R. C. Payne, and S. Partoutomo. "Bovine babesiosis in Indonesia." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 16, no. 2 (1993): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(93)90085-8.

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7

¹Nabanita, Ganguly ²Dr. H. R. Parsani ³Dr. K. P. Shyma. "Bovine Babesiosis: An Overview." Science World a monthly e magazine 2, no. 11 (2022): 1745–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7295097.

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Bovine babesiosis is an economically important tick-borne haemoprotozoan disease affecting cattle and buffaloes. The disease is recognized as a major economic threat to the upgrading of the country’s wealth system. This apicomplexan parasites “<em>Babesia</em>” mainly attack the host erythrocytes and characteristically mainly found in in naïve cattle older than one year, which result in either death or the development of persistent infection in animals, often known as “premunity” that have recovered from the acute phase. Persistently infected animals become r

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8

Ali Hussein, Abdinur. "Prevalence of Bovine Babesiosis, Associated Risk Factors and Tick Species Identification in Galka-Ayo District, Somalia." American Journal of Aquaculture and Animal Science 3, no. 1 (2025): 43–49. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajaas.v3i1.2057.

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A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2021 to November 2021 with the objectives to estimate the prevalence bovine babesiosis and identify the associated potential risk factors and tick species involved in the transmission of this disease in Galka-Ayo district, Somalia. A random sampling technique was employed for selecting the sampling units and the logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association of hypothesized risk factors with positivity for bovine babesiosis. A total of 348 blood samples were collected and examined for the presence of bovine babesiosis by Giems

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Ozubek, Sezayi, Reginaldo G. Bastos, Heba F. Alzan, Abdullah Inci, Munir Aktas, and Carlos E. Suarez. "Bovine Babesiosis in Turkey: Impact, Current Gaps, and Opportunities for Intervention." Pathogens 9, no. 12 (2020): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121041.

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Bovine babesiosis is a global tick-borne disease that causes important cattle losses and has potential zoonotic implications. The impact of bovine babesiosis in Turkey remains poorly characterized, but several Babesia spp., including B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. divergens, among others and competent tick vectors, except Rhipicephalus microplus, have been recently identified in the country. Bovine babesiosis has been reported in all provinces but is more prevalent in central and highly humid areas in low and medium altitude regions of the country housing approximately 70% of the cattle populat

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10

Ali, Sadaqat. "PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS OF BOVINE BABESIOSIS IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN." Agrobiological Records 2 (July 2020): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47278/journal.abr/2020.007.

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Babesiosis is a tick-borne infectious disease caused by intra-erythrocytic protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and related associated risk factors of bovine babesiosis in district Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 1258 animals (n = 532 buffaloes; n = 726 cattle) were sampled through random sampling technique and analyzed for the detection of inclusion bodies resembling babesiosis through thin smear microscopy. Risk factors regarding breed, specie, age, month of the year, gender, and season were statistically analyzed using chi-squa

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11

ROJAS, CARMEN, JULIO V. FIGUEROA, ARCELIA ALVARADO, et al. "Bovine Babesiosis Live Vaccine Production." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1081, no. 1 (2006): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1373.059.

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12

de Waal, D. T., and M. P. Combrink. "Live vaccines against bovine babesiosis." Veterinary Parasitology 138, no. 1-2 (2006): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.042.

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13

Chandran, Deepak. "Bovine babesiosis: A general review." International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry 6, no. 3 (2021): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/veterinary.2021.v6.i3a.359.

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14

Namomsa, Ishetu, Jiregna Gari, and Amare Eshetu. "Prevalence of Bovine Babesiosis in Selected District of East Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia." Microbes, Infection and Chemotherapy 3 (June 9, 2023): e1856. http://dx.doi.org/10.54034/mic.e1856.

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Introduction. Bovine babesiosis is a hemoparasitic disease that severely impacts cattle, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of bovine babesiosis and identify associated risk factors. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two selected districts of East Wollega, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected from a purposively selected group of 384 animals (268 females and 116 males), and thin and thick smears were prepared to identify Babesia parasites. Anemia was assessed using packed cell volume measurements. Results

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15

Esteve-Gasent, Maria D., Roger I. Rodríguez-Vivas, Raúl F. Medina, et al. "Research on Integrated Management for Cattle Fever Ticks and Bovine Babesiosis in the United States and Mexico: Current Status and Opportunities for Binational Coordination." Pathogens 9, no. 11 (2020): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110871.

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Bovine babesiosis is a reportable transboundary animal disease caused by Babesia bovis and Babesiabigemina in the Americas where these apicomplexan protozoa are transmitted by the invasive cattle fever ticks Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) annulatus. In countries like Mexico where cattle fever ticks remain endemic, bovine babesiosis is detrimental to cattle health and results in a significant economic cost to the livestock industry. These cattle disease vectors continue to threaten the U.S. cattle industry despite their elimination through efforts of the Cattle

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16

Modibo Diakité, Brahima Sacko, Chaka Traoré, Amadou Sery, Mahamadou Konte, Bekaye Sacko, and Sekouba Bengaly. "Prevalence of Babesia isolated from cattle from farms in the Koulikoro region (Mali)." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 21, no. 2 (2025): 226–31. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.21.2.0152.

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This study carried out in 2023, in the Koulikoro region aimed to determine the prevalence of babesia in the Koulikoro region. 219 blood samples were taken from cattle (142 females and 77 males) and were examined for Babesia bovis. Trypanosomes were identified by microscopic examination of blood smears stained in a GIEMSA Rapide solution. 24 cattle were positive for bovine babesiosis out of a total of 219 cattle examined, i.e. a prevalence rate of 10.96%. Statistical analysis showed that the prevalence did not vary between the communes of Kaniogo and Karan (p>0.05). The prevalence rate of bo

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Bouzid, Leila, and Omar Belhamiti. "Effect of seasonal changes on predictive model of bovine babesiosis transmission." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 08, no. 03 (2017): 1750030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962317500301.

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In this paper, we present an attempt at analyzing the seasonal pattern of the Babesiosis transmission dynamics in bovine and tick populations. The infestation rate plays an important role in the variation of infection. In this logic, we set out a mathematical model with variable infestation rate for the evolution of babesiosis disease. Using the (0,2)-Jacobi multi-wavelets method combined with the decoupling and quasi-linearization technique, we demonstrate the validity and applicability of our model. Then, a set of experimental data is used to validate the proposed model under the same operat

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Gudina Mekonnen, Ayana, and Fayisa Wakgari Oljira. "Review on epidemiology of bovine hemoparasites in Ethiopia." Insights in Veterinary Science 6, no. 1 (2022): 013–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.ivs.1001036.

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A literature-based review was made to assess available information on bovine hemoparasites related to their epidemiology, distribution, and economic importance in Ethiopia. Babesiosis, anaplasmosis, cowdriosis, theileriosis, and trypanosomosis are the major hemo-parasitic disease of bovine in Ethiopia. Their adverse effects on the health of the animals can decrease production and productivity. Hemoparasites generally cause fever, anemia, jaundice, anorexia, weight loss, milk drop, malaise, swelling of lymph nodes, dyspnoea, diarrhea, nervous disorders, and death by affecting blood vessels and/

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19

Jongejan, F., J. Lemche, E. T. Mwase, and M. M. Kafunda. "Bovine babesiosis (Babesia bovisinfection) in Zambia." Veterinary Quarterly 8, no. 2 (1986): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1986.9694036.

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20

Friedman, Avner, and Abdul-Aziz Yakubu. "A Bovine Babesiosis Model with Dispersion." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 76, no. 1 (2013): 98–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11538-013-9912-8.

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21

Bante, Shivani, Rajendra Kumar Bagherwal, Vivek Agrawal, and Shweta Rajoriya. "Therapeutic Management of Babesiosis in a Cow: A Case Report." Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences & Biotechnology 19, no. 5 (2023): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijvsbt.19.5.26.

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Babesiosis is a haemoprotozoan disease intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia that infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals. It is one of the common tick borne haemoprotozoan diseases affecting the bovines in tropical and subtropical parts of Africa, Australia, America, and Asia including India (Kumar and Kala, 2018). In India, annual economic losses to livestock due to babesiosis are estimated to be about 57.2 million US dollars which is mainly caused by two most important species, i.e., Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina (Bock et al., 2004). The cattle tick Rhipic

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22

Showler, Allan T., Adalberto Pérez de León, and Perot Saelao. "Biosurveillance and Research Needs Involving Area-Wide Systematic Active Sampling to Enhance Integrated Cattle Fever Tick (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Eradication." Journal of Medical Entomology 58, no. 4 (2021): 1601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab051.

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Abstract The one-host cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (Say), and southern cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini), are important ectoparasitic pests of cattle, Bos taurus L., mostly for transmitting the causal agents of bovine babesiosis. Bovine babesiosis inflicted substantial cattle production losses in the United States before the vectors were eliminated by 1943, with the exception of a Permanent Quarantine Zone in South Texas, a buffer along the Mexico border where the invasive ixodids remain. As suitable hosts, infested white-tailed deer

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23

Bastos, Reginaldo G., Heba F. Alzan, Vignesh A. Rathinasamy, et al. "Harnessing Mycobacterium bovis BCG Trained Immunity to Control Human and Bovine Babesiosis." Vaccines 10, no. 1 (2022): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010123.

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Babesiosis is a disease caused by tickborne hemoprotozoan apicomplexan parasites of the genus Babesia that negatively impacts public health and food security worldwide. Development of effective and sustainable vaccines against babesiosis is currently hindered in part by the absence of definitive host correlates of protection. Despite that, studies in Babesia microti and Babesia bovis, major causative agents of human and bovine babesiosis, respectively, suggest that early activation of innate immune responses is crucial for vertebrates to survive acute infection. Trained immunity (TI) is define

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24

Goodswen, Stephen J., Paul J. Kennedy, and John T. Ellis. "Applying Machine Learning to Predict the Exportome of Bovine and Canine Babesia Species That Cause Babesiosis." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (2021): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060660.

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Babesia infection of red blood cells can cause a severe disease called babesiosis in susceptible hosts. Bovine babesiosis causes global economic loss to the beef and dairy cattle industries, and canine babesiosis is considered a clinically significant disease. Potential therapeutic targets against bovine and canine babesiosis include members of the exportome, i.e., those proteins exported from the parasite into the host red blood cell. We developed three machine learning-derived methods (two novel and one adapted) to predict for every known Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, and Babesia canis pr

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Stuart Tayebwa, Dickson, Amany Magdy Beshbishy, Gaber El-Saber Batiha, et al. "Assessing the Immunochromatographic Test Strip for Serological Detection of Bovine Babesiosis in Uganda." Microorganisms 8, no. 8 (2020): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081110.

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In Uganda, bovine babesiosis continues to cause losses to the livestock industry because of shortages of cheap, quick, and reliable diagnostic tools to guide prescription measures. In this study, the presence of antibodies to Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis in 401 bovine blood samples obtained from eastern and central areas of Uganda were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and immunochromatographic test strips (ICTs). The ELISA and ICT test used targeted the B. bigemina C-terminal rhoptry-associated protein (RAP-1/CT17) and B. bovis spherical body protein-4 (SPB-4).

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26

Menshawy, Soaad. "A Review on Bovine Babesiosis in Egypt." Egyptian Veterinary Medical Society of Parasitology Journal (EVMSPJ) 16, no. 1 (2020): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/evmspj.2020.81864.

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ANGUS, BM, LL CALLOW, RJ DALGLIESH, and AJ VOS. "Vaccines against bovine babesiosis - longest field trial?" Australian Veterinary Journal 77, no. 3 (1999): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb11238.x.

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28

Saad-Roy, C. M., Zhisheng Shuai, and P. van den Driessche. "Models of Bovine Babesiosis Including Juvenile Cattle." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 77, no. 3 (2015): 514–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11538-015-0068-6.

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29

Elata, Afraa, Keisuke Suganuma, Ehab Mossaad, et al. "Evaluation of 5-Aminolevulenic Acid Plus Ferrous Ion for Its Potential to Improve Symptoms of Bovine Babesiosis." Parasitologia 1, no. 4 (2021): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/parasitologia1040023.

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5-aminolevulenic acid (ALA), an endogenous, non-proteinogenic, naturally occurring amino acid found in diverse organisms, is a precursor of heme biosynthesis. For apicomplexan protozoan parasites, an ALA and sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) combination was previously evaluated and suggested as a potential drug candidate for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of this combination against bovine babesiosis. ALA administration at 100 and 500 µM coupled with 10 µM SFC in culture medium significantly inhibited intraerythrocytic development and growth of Babesia bov

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30

Yousef, Sara, Nader Sobhy, Heba Gouda, and Mahmoud Emam. "Sero epidemiological study on bovine babesiosis in cattle and buffaloes in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt." Open Veterinary Journal 14, no. 7 (2024): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i7.7.

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Background: Bovine babesiosis represents a serious challenge for animal health, herd production and profitability. Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors associated with babesiosis is critical to reduce their negative impacts. Aim: Investigation of the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Babesia bigemina (B. bigemina) and Babesia bovis (B. bovis) in five districts in Sharkia governorate using ELISA. Methods: Across-sectional research was conducted to determine the seropositivity of babesiosis by collecting a total of 352 blood samples from 250 cattle and 102 buffaloes. A m

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31

Hamid, Penny Humaidah, Muhammad Cahyadi, April Hari Whardana, et al. "First Autochthonous Report on Cattle Babesia naoakii in Central Java, Indonesia, and Identification of Haemaphysalis bispinosa Ticks in the Investigated Area." Pathogens 12, no. 1 (2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010059.

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In tropical countries, clinical bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease primarily caused by Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina. Here, we investigated 11 cattle with presumptive diagnosis of clinical babesiosis in Boyolali district, Central Java, Indonesia. The majority of the animals were anemic, as evidenced by lower hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and red blood cell counts than the normal ranges. Blood DNA was analyzed by a PCR assay targeting the 18S rRNA-ITS region of babesial origin, and the results confirmed that the cattle were infected with Babesia species. The sequencing and p

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32

Jongejan, F., B. D. Perry, P. D. S. Moorhouse, F. L. Musisi, R. G. Pegram, and M. Snacken. "Epidemiology of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in Zambia." Tropical Animal Health and Production 20, no. 4 (1988): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02239989.

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33

James, M. A., A. Coronado, W. Lopez, R. Melendez, and M. Ristic. "Seroepidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis in Venezuela." Tropical Animal Health and Production 17, no. 1 (1985): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02356127.

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34

Mitrovic, Sanja, Ivana Kranjcic-Zec, Valentina Arsic-Arsenijevic, Aleksandar Dzamic, and Ivana Radonjic. "Human babesiosis: Recent discoveries." Medical review 57, no. 7-8 (2004): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0408349m.

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Introduction Babesiosis is caused by intraerythrocytic parasites of the genus Babesia, which is a common animal infection worldwide. This protozoa requires both a competent vertebrate and a nonvertebrate host (Ixodes sp. etc.) to maintain the transmission cycle. Human babesiosis Human babesiosis is predominantly caused by Babesia microti (rodent-borne piroplasm, an emerging zoonosis in humans in North America) and by Babesia divergens (bovine pathogen, in Europe). Occasionally, infection in America is caused also by a newly recognized species, so-called WA1 piroplasm. The spectrum of human bab

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35

Jocirei, D. Ferreira, F. Aranda Diego, Y. Trejos Deccy, and Sree Hari Rao V. "Reaction Diffusion Babesiosis Model Involving Bovine and Tick Populations." Journal of Innovation Sciences and Sustainable Technologies Volume 3, Issue 3 (2023): 139–60. https://doi.org/10.0904/JISST.2023705141.

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In a recent research, a five dimensional ordinary differential equation model describing the transmission of babesiosis disease between bovine and tick populations has been studied. Self-diffusion, modeling the spatial dynamics of the babesiosis disease, is incorporated in the ordinary differential equation model. The normalized version of the proposed model, where the unknown functions are the proportions of the susceptible, infected, and controlled individuals in the total population is analyzed. The main results presented in this work are the local linear stability analysis for the spatiall

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36

Masterson, Hayley E., Naomi S. Taus, Wendell C. Johnson, et al. "Thrombospondin-Related Anonymous Protein (TRAP) Family Expression by Babesia bovis Life Stages within the Mammalian Host and Tick Vector." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (2022): 2173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112173.

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The tick-transmitted disease bovine babesiosis causes significant economic losses in many countries around the world. Current control methods include modified live-attenuated vaccines that have limited efficacy. Recombinant proteins could provide effective, safe, and low-cost alternative vaccines. We compared the expression of the Babesia bovis thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family from parasites in bovine blood, in vitro induced sexual stages, and kinetes from tick hemolymph. Quantitative PCR showed that in blood and sexual stages, TRAP3 was highly transcribed as compared to

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Álvarez Martínez, Jesús A., Julio V. Figueroa Millán, Massaro W. Ueti, and Carmen Rojas-Martínez. "Establishment of Babesia bovis In Vitro Culture Using Medium Free of Animal Products." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (2021): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060770.

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Babesia bovis, an etiological agent of bovine babesiosis, causes a significant burden to the cattle industry worldwide. The most efficient method to mitigate bovine babesiosis is a live vaccine produced by serial passage in splenectomized cattle. However, there are several concerns regarding live vaccine production, including variation between batches and the use of many animals. In this study, we report a B. bovis-SF strain continuously cultured in a medium free of components of animal origin enriched with a chemically defined lipid mixture (CD lipid mixture) and the use of a perfusion biorea

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Mezouaghi, Abdelheq, Rassim Darazirar, Salih Djilali, and Tahar Abbes Mounir. "Bovines Migration Effect on the Global Behavior of the Babesiosis-Bovine Epidemic Model." Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management 13, no. 03 (2025): 289–309. https://doi.org/10.5890/jeam.2025.09.005.

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R. Kariyappa, Pradeep, Reghu Ravindran, Murikoli Nimisha, et al. "Prevalence of Bovine Babesiosis and Theileriosis in Kerala, India." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 8 (2017): 2310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.608.272.

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40

Gray, J., R. Langley, P. Brophy, and P. Gannon. "Vaccination against bovine babesiosis with drug-controlled live parasites." Veterinary Record 125, no. 14 (1989): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.125.14.369.

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Zintl, Annetta, Jeremy S. Gray, Helen E. Skerrett, and Grace Mulcahy. "Possible mechanisms underlying age-related resistance to bovine babesiosis." Parasite Immunology 27, no. 4 (2005): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2005.00748.x.

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Barré, Nicolas, Jonathan Happold, Jean-Michel Delathière, et al. "A campaign to eradicate bovine babesiosis from New Caledonia." Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 2, no. 1 (2011): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2010.11.001.

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Shkap, Varda, B. Leibovitz, Y. Krigel, et al. "Vaccination of older Bos taurus bulls against bovine babesiosis." Veterinary Parasitology 129, no. 3-4 (2005): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.01.013.

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Perez, Enrique, Marco V. Herrero, Carlos Jimenez, Tim E. Carpenter, and Gerald B. Buening. "Epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis in Costa Rica." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 20, no. 1-2 (1994): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(94)90105-8.

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Sherlock, M., A. M. Healy, and M. L. Doherty. "Acid-base balance in field cases of bovine babesiosis." Veterinary Record 152, no. 22 (2003): 687–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.152.22.687.

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BUENING, G. M., and J. V. FIGUEROA. "Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction in Bovine Babesiosis Researcha." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 791, no. 1 (1996): 466–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb53555.x.

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Woodford, J. D., T. W. Jones, P. F. Rae, R. Boid, and L. Bell-Sakyi. "Seroepidemiological studies of bovine babesiosis on Pemba Island, Tanzania." Veterinary Parasitology 37, no. 3-4 (1990): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(90)90001-r.

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ROGERS, RJ, CK DIMMOCK, AJ de VOS, and BJ RODWELL. "Bovine leucosis virus contamination of a vaccine producedin vivoagainst bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis." Australian Veterinary Journal 65, no. 9 (1988): 285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1988.tb16144.x.

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El-Ashker, MR. "Bovine Tick-borne Protozoan Diseases: Emerging Threats." International Journal of Veterinary Health Science & Research 1, no. 1e (2013): 1. https://doi.org/10.19070/2332-2748-130001e.

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Abstract:

Tick-borne protozoan diseases, Theileriosis and Babesiosis, are major health and management problems of cattle, small ruminants and buffaloes in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Recently, tickborne diseases were ranked high in terms of their impact on poor farming communities in developing countries. Whereas the global economic importance of ticks is particularly high for livestock, there is also a relevant impact on public health in the northern hemisphere.

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Zygner, Wojciech, Olga Gójska-Zygner, and Luke J. Norbury. "Pathogenesis of Anemia in Canine Babesiosis: Possible Contribution of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines—A Review." Pathogens 12, no. 2 (2023): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020166.

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Abstract:

Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne protozoan disease caused by intraerythrocytic parasites of the genus Babesia. The infection may lead to anemia in infected dogs. However, anemia is not directly caused by the pathogen. The parasite’s developmental stages only have a marginal role in contributing to a decreased red blood cell (RBC) count. The main cause of anemia in affected dogs is the immune response to the infection. This response includes antibody production, erythrophagocytosis, oxidative damage of RBCs, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Moreover, both in

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