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Mulder, Ann M., Paul A. Connellan, Christopher J. Oliver, Carol A. Morris, and Lesley M. Stevenson. "Bovine lactoferrin supplementation supports immune and antioxidant status in healthy human males." Nutrition Research 28, no. 9 (September 2008): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2008.05.007.
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Jones, Arwel W., Simon J. S. Cameron, Rhys Thatcher, Marikka S. Beecroft, Luis A. J. Mur, and Glen Davison. "Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on upper respiratory illness in active males." Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 39 (July 2014): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.032.
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Shropshire, J. Dylan, Edward J. van Opstal, and Seth R. Bordenstein. "An optimized approach to germ-free rearing in the jewel waspNasonia." PeerJ 4 (August 9, 2016): e2316. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2316.
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Development of aNasonia in vitrogerm-free rearing system in 2012 enabled investigation ofNasonia-microbiota interactions and real-time visualization of parasitoid metamorphosis. However, the use of antibiotics, bleach, and fetal bovine serum introduced artifacts relative to conventional rearing ofNasonia. Here, we optimize the germ-free rearing procedure by using filter sterilizationin lieuof antibiotics and by removing residual bleach and fetal bovine serum. Comparison of these methods reveals no influence on larval survival or growth, and a 52% improvement in adult production. Additionally, adult males produced in the new germ-free system are similar in size to conventionally reared males. Experimental implications of these changes are discussed.
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Rouco, C., C. Jewell, K. S. Richardson, N. P. French, B. M. Buddle, and D. M. Tompkins. "Brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) social interactions and their implications for bovine tuberculosis epidemiology." Behaviour 155, no. 7-9 (2018): 621–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003512.
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Abstract The brushtail possum is the main reservoir of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand. Disease prevalence is generally higher in males than in females. This has conventionally been assumed due to greater infection rates of males, but recent work has raised the hypothesis that it may instead be driven by survival differences. With bovine tuberculosis transmission among possums most likely occurring between individuals in close proximity, here we analyse social networks built on data from wild possums collared with contact loggers inhabiting a native New Zealand forest, to investigate whether there is mechanistic support for higher male infection rates. Our results revealed that adult female possums were generally just as connected with adult male possums as other adult males are, with male–female connection patterns not being significantly different. This result suggest that the new ‘survivorship’ hypothesis for the sex bias is more likely than the conventional ‘infection rate’ hypothesis.
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Motta-Delgado, Pablo Andrés, Ricardo Alberto Martínez-Tovar, Marliyanini Londoño-Giraldo, Erika Paola Rojas-Vargas, and Wilmer Herrera-Valencia. "Sero-prevalence of brucellosis (Brucella abortus) in bovines from Caquetá state, Colombia." Ciencia y Agricultura 17, no. 1 (February 9, 2020): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01228420.v17.n1.2020.9917.
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Brucellosis is a disease with implications in the public health due both to its zoonotic character as its easy transmission trough of dairy products contaminated with the microorganism Brucella sp. The aim of this article was determinate the prevalence of bovine brucellosis in nine municipalities that carrying the 75% of bovine population in the Caquetá state, Colombia. Blood samples were collected in 100 herds dedicates to dual-purpose cattle, obtained blood serum from 1000 animals, of which 882 corresponding to cows. Rose Bengal Plate Test was performed and the confirmations of positive cases were made by competitive Elisa. The sero-prevalence of bovine brucellosis in Caquetá state was of 3.23% (95%, CI: 0-6.53%), in males 2.6% and females 3.29% respectively. At the municipal level, the sero-prevalence varied of 0 to 6.06%. The prevalence of brucellosis at herd level was of 22% (95%, CI: 12.24-31.76%). In conclusion, the sero-prevalence is low in bovines but moderate at the level of herds, therefore, it is necessary to increase the performance of the official control entities at the level of herds to reduce the high prevalence of the disease for guaranteed the safety of milk and thus the health of consumers.
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Timurkan, Mehmet Ozkan, Hakan Aydin, and Ahmet Sait. "Identification and molecular characterisation of bovine parainfluenza virus-3 and bovine respiratory syncytial virus - first report from Turkey." Journal of Veterinary Research 63, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2019-0022.
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AbstractIntroduction:Bovine parainfluenza virus-3 (BPIV3) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) are the cause of respiratory disease in cattle worldwide. With other pathogens, they cause bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) in ruminants. The aim of the study was the detection and molecular characterisation of BPIV3 and BRSV from nasal swabs and lung samples of cows in and around the Erzurum region of eastern Turkey.Material and Methods:In total, 155 samples were collected. Of animals used in the study 92 were males and 63 females. The age of the animals was between 9 months and 5 years, mean 1.4 years. Most males were in the fattening period and being raised in open sheds; females were in the lactating period and kept in free stall barns. All samples were tested for the presence of viral genes using RT-PCR. Gene-specific primers in a molecular method (RT-PCR) identified BRSV (fusion gene) and BPIV3 (matrix gene) strains at the genus level.Results:RNA from BRSV and BPIV3 was detected in two (1.29%) and three (1.93%) samples, respectively, one of each of which was sequenced and the sequences were aligned with reference virus strains. Phylogenetic analyses clustered the strains in genotype C/BPIV3 and subgroup III/BRSV.Conclusion:The results indicate that BRSV and BPIV3 contribute to bovine respiratory disease cases in Turkey. This is the first report on their detection and molecular characterisation in ruminants in Turkey.
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Pietersen, T., G. G. Bruwer, M. C. Smit, W. Bok, R. T. Naudé, and W. A. Vosloo. "Secondary sexual development (Masculinity) of bovine males: 2. Influence on certain meat quality characteristics." Meat Science 31, no. 4 (January 1992): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1740(92)90027-2.
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Atwill, Edward R., Sergio Maldonado Camargo, Ralph Phillips, Laura Herrera Alonso, Kenneth W. Tate, Wayne A. Jensen, Joe Bennet, Scott Little, and Terrell P. Salmon. "Quantitative Shedding of Two Genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum in California Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 2840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.6.2840-2843.2001.
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ABSTRACT Sixteen percent of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) were found to be shedding an average of 53,875Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts/g of feces. Male squirrels had a higher prevalence and higher intensity of shedding than did female squirrels. The majority of C. parvum isolates matched a bovine-murine genotype, with a few isolates resembling a porcine genotype. Higher intensities of shedding by males may enhance dissemination and genotypic mixing of this protozoa given males' proclivity to disperse to nonnatal colonies.
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Dobbs, K. B., D. Gagné, E. Fournier, I. Dufort, C. Robert, J. Block, M. A. Sirard, L. Bonilla, A. D. Ealy, and P. J. Hansen. "93 SEX-SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING OF THE BOVINE EMBRYO BY COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR 2 (CSF2)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26, no. 1 (2014): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv26n1ab93.
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Competence of the bovine embryo to establish pregnancy can be enhanced by treatment with colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) from Days 5 to 7 post-insemination. The mechanism is unknown but could involve developmental reprogramming. Here, we questioned whether treatment with CSF2 from Days 5 to 7 alters growth, interferon-τ (IFNT) secretion, and the methylome of extra-embryonic membranes (EEM) at Day 15. In vitro-produced embryos were treated with either 0 or 10 ng mL–1 bovine CSF2 from Days 5 to 7. Expanded blastocysts were transferred into synchronized recipients. On Day 15, conceptuses were recovered by flushing the uterus and sex determined by PCR (n = 4 males and 4 females per treatment). Statistical analysis of IFNT and length was performed using analysis of variance with the general linear models procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). There was a sex × treatment interaction for conceptus length (P < 0.003) and IFNT in uterine flushing (P < 0.05) (as determined by antiviral activity). CSF2 increased length in males (least squares means ± s.e.m.: 93 ± 19 mm v. 20 ± 19 mm) and decreased length in females (22 ± 19 mm v. 103 ± 19). Similarly, CSF2 increased IFNT in males (45 483 ± 22 615 IU mL–1 v. –2536.27 ± 13 385 IU mL–1) and decreased IFNT in females (–14 012 ± 13 642 IU mL–1 v. 35 404 ± 7514.91 IU mL–1). The EmbryoGENE DNA Methylation Array (Edmonton, AB, Canada) was used to assess CSF2 effects at 418 805 positions across the genome in a subset of EEM (n = 2 for vehicle and 4 for CSF2 in males; n = 3 for vehicle and n = 3 for CSF2 in females). CSF2 caused hypermethylation for 9842 probes in males and 6227 probes in females and hypomethylation for 9322 probes in males and 3292 probes in females. An analysis was conducted to evaluate if clusters of differentially-methylated probes were non-randomly distributed spatially in 5 Mb regions of individual chromosomes using a 500-kb moving window. Statistical significance was determined using chi-squared tests for each 500-kb window. Differential methylation was not uniformly distributed but rather there were regions or hyper- and hypomethylation that varied with sex. The most common situation was where a region was differentially methylated in one sex but not the other. In some cases, a region was differentially methylated in opposite directions for males and females. For example, a region of BTA1 between positions 67 Mb–77.5 Mb contained 1632 probes, of which 59 probes were hypo-methylated in males and 35 were hypermethylated in females. In conclusion, changes in developmental programming of the bovine embryo caused by CSF2 occur in a sex-specific manner. This result suggests a possible mechanism by which environmental effects on the female affect male embryos differently than female embryos. Support was provided by U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) grant 2011-67015-30688.
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Guerra, Neurisvan Ramos, Bruno Henrique Leal e. Silva Alves, Márcia Paula Oliveira Farias, Rinaldo Aparecido Mota, and Leucio Câmara Alves. "Frequency of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in bovines in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 23, no. 3 (September 2014): 417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612014056.
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Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii that affects homeothermic animals, including humans. Felines are considered the definitive host of this parasite, while other animals act as intermediate hosts. The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies in bovines in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Serum samples (n = 427) from animals in 13 municipalities of the coastal forest/plantation region of the state were analyzed using the immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The overall results revealed a prevalence rate of 16.63% (27/427). High percentages of positivity were found among animals aged 25 to 36 months (28.57%; 30/42) and in males (22.22%; 2/9). The present findings suggest that bovine toxoplasmosis is endemic in the area under study.
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Baker, D. C., S. P. Schmidt, K. A. Langheinrich, L. Cannon, and R. A. Smart. "Bovine Myocardial Epithelial Inclusions." Veterinary Pathology 30, no. 1 (January 1993): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589303000111.
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Light microscopic, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural methods were used to examine myocardial epithelial masses in the hearts of ten cattle. The tissues consisted of paraffin-embedded or formalin-fixed samples from eight hearts that were being inspected in slaughter houses and from two hearts from calves that died of septicemia. The ages of the cattle ranged from 4 days to 12 years; the breeds were unspecified for all but one Hereford female and the two Holstein calves; and there were three males, four females, and three steers. The masses in these cases were compared with similar appearing lesions found in other animal species. The lesions in the bovine hearts were single to multiple, well circumscribed, found in the left ventricle wall, and composed of squamous to cuboidal epithelial cells that formed tubular, ductular, and acinar structures with lumens that were void or filled with amorphous protein globules. Electron microscopic examination revealed epithelial cells that had sparse apical microvilli, tight apical intercellular junctions, perinuclear bundles of filaments, and rare cilia. Almost half of the bovine epithelial masses (4/9) had occasional diastase-resistant periodic acid-Schiff-positive granules in their cytoplasm, and few had hyaluronidase-resistant alcian blue-positive granules (2/9) or colloidal iron-positive granules (1/9). All myocardial masses had abundant collagen surrounding the tubular and acinar structures, and 2/9 had elastin fibers as well. None of the myocardial masses had Churukian-Schenk or Fontana Masson's silver staining granules in epithelial cells. Immunohistochemically, all bovine myocardial tumors stained positively for cytokeratin (8/8), and occasional masses stained positively for vimentin (3/8) or carcinoembryonic antigen (3/8). None of the masses stained positively for desmin. The myocardial epithelial tumors most likely represent endodermal rests of tissue misplaced during organogenesis.
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Seidel, George E. "Assisted reproduction with gametes and embryos: what research is needed and fundable?" Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 2 (2016): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd15344.
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Principles for selecting future research projects include interests of investigators, fundability, potential applications, ethical considerations, being able to formulate testable hypotheses and choosing the best models, including selection of the most appropriate species. The following 10 areas of assisted reproduction seem especially appropriate for further research: efficacious capacitation of bovine spermatozoa in vitro; improved in vitro bovine oocyte maturation; decreasing variability and increasing efficacy of bovine superovulation; improved fertility of sexed semen; improving equine IVF; improving cryopreservation of rooster spermatozoa; understanding differences between males in success of sperm cryopreservation and reasons for success in competitive fertilisation; mechanisms of reprogramming somatic cell nuclei after nuclear transfer; regulation of differentiation of ovarian primordial follicles; and means by which spermatozoa maintain fertility during storage in the epididymis. Issues are species specific for several of these topics, in most cases because the biology is species specific.
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Santos, Thaís Rabelo dos, Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes, Carolina Buzulini, Fernando de Almeida Borges, Cláudio Alessandro Massamitsu Sakamoto, Roberto Cesar de Araújo Lima, Gilson Pereira de Oliveira, and Alvimar Jose da Costa. "Helminth fauna of bovines from the Central-Western region, Minas Gerais State, Brazil." Ciência Rural 40, no. 4 (March 26, 2010): 934–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782010005000040.
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Seventy-six naturally infected bovines, males and females of mixed breed, aged 8 to 12 months-old, were necropsied. The results of necropsy revealed the presence of 9 helminth genera and 16 species, with the following prevalence and mean infection intensity: Haemonchus placei (100.0%; 3895.5); Haemonchus similis (29.0%; 159.6); Cooperia punctata (100.0%; 5595.0); Cooperia spatulata (32.9%; 137.8); Cooperia pectinata (34.2%; 1010.5); Trichostrongylus axei (69.7%; 239.2); Trichostrongylus colubriformis (10.5%; 10.8); Trichostrongylus longyspicularis (2.6%; 0.5); Ostertagia ostertagi (2.6%; 3.1); Ostertagia lyrata (2.6%; 1.5); Ostertagia trifurcata (1.3%; 0.3); Oesophagostomum radiatum (94.7%; 470.9); Trichuris discolor (47.4%; 32.5); Strongyloides papillosus (1.3%; 0.1); Capillaria bovis (9.2%; 1.0) and Bunostomum phlebotomum (2.6%; 0.3). The mean parasitic load was 11,558.5 helminths per bovine. Of the 76 necropsied bovine, 92.1% were infected by 3 to 7 helminth species. Only 7.9% of hosts were parasitized by 8 different helminth species. This study includes the first report of the species Ostertagia lyrata and Ostertagia trifurcata in Minas Gerais state. It should be emphasized that while identifying the helminths collected during necropsy in the present work, observation revealed that an inversion in the mean parasitic intensity is occurring, showing diminishing numbers of Cooperia and an increase in Haemonchus compared to the values reported in the literature.
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Paz-Penagos, Hernan. "Use of radio telemetry to determine presence of cattle stress indicators before slaughter." Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v21n1.70294.
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This study was conducted in order to determine the presence of stress in cattle prior to slaughter in situations such as loading, trans-porting, unloading, water and food deprivation during mobilization and waiting in the corral in overcrowded and inclement condi-tions. Samples were five bovines with ages of 40 months on average, castrated males, from the San Martinero criolla breed, whichwere transported along 144 Km, by land, from the farm located in Acacias, department of Meta, to the ICTA slaughter plant in Bo-gotá. The stress indicators were identified by differences in body temperature, heart rate and respiration frequency (hereinafter-physiological constants), which were monitored for 20 minutes at the time: prior to loading the animals on the farm, and uponarri-val at the slaughterhouse (just after being transported). The bovine cardiac signal was captured and processed through a girth, and was transmitted via a radio telemetry system that was designed and built in the project. The results show data capture at a sample rate of four million samples per second and wireless communication in real time, which meant that no information was lost on thevariations of the bovine heart signal and reception of information from any point of the slaughter plant.
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Milan, Amber, Alison Hodgkinson, Sarah Mitchell, Utpal Prodhan, Colin Prosser, Elizabeth Carpenter, Karl Fraser, and David Cameron-Smith. "Digestive Responses to Fortified Cow or Goat Dairy Drinks: A Randomised Controlled Trial." Nutrients 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2018): 1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10101492.
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Fortified milk drinks are predominantly manufactured from bovine (cow) sources. Alternative formulations include those prepared with hydrolysed bovine milk proteins or from alternate bovidae species, such as caprine (goat) milk. Currently, there is little data on protein digestive and metabolic responses following ingestion of fortified milk drinks. To examine the digestive and metabolic responses to commercially-available fortified milks, young adults (n = 15 males: 15 females), in a randomised sequence, ingested isonitrogenous quantities of whole cow-protein (WC), whole goat-protein (WG), or partially-hydrolysed whey cow-protein (HC), commercial fortified milks. Plasma amino acid (AA) and hormonal responses were measured at baseline and again at 5 h after ingestion. Paracetamol recovery, breath hydrogen, and subjective digestive responses were also measured. Postprandial plasma AA was similar between WC and WG, while AA appearance was suppressed with HC. Following HC, there was a negative incremental AUC in plasma branched-chain AAs. Further, HC had delayed gastric emptying, increased transit time, and led to exaggerated insulin and GLP-1 responses, in comparison to whole protein formulas. Overall, WC and WG had similar protein and digestive responses with no differences in digestive comfort. Contrastingly, HC led to delayed gastric emptying, attenuated AA appearance, and a heightened circulating insulin response.
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Ali, Sadaqat. "PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS OF BOVINE BABESIOSIS IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN." Agrobiological Records 2 (July 2020): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47278/journal.abr/2020.007.
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Babesiosis is a tick-borne infectious disease caused by intra-erythrocytic protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and related associated risk factors of bovine babesiosis in district Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 1258 animals (n = 532 buffaloes; n = 726 cattle) were sampled through random sampling technique and analyzed for the detection of inclusion bodies resembling babesiosis through thin smear microscopy. Risk factors regarding breed, specie, age, month of the year, gender, and season were statistically analyzed using chi-square test on SPSS to find the association of different risk factors with the occurrence of this protozoan pathogen. The study has revealed an overall 34.02% prevalence of babesiosis in bovines in district Lahore. The infection rate was statistically insignificant (P>0.05) in cattle�s (34.57%) compared to buffaloes (33.27%). The females are at more risk of having babesiosis as compared to males in cattle (OR=01.24, CI=0.82-1.89) as well as buffaloes (OR=01.32, CI=0.81-2.14). The study concludes that babesiosis is prevalent in study district and adult animas and summer months were found significantly associated with the occurrence of this tick-borne disease. These study findings will aid in establishment of better strategies for prevention and control of disease.
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Denicol, A. C., K. B. Dobbs, and P. J. Hansen. "3 SEX INFLUENCES REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY DICKKOPF 1 IN THE BOVINE MORULA." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 1 (2015): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv27n1ab3.
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Successful embryonic development depends upon molecules secreted by the reproductive tract. Among such molecules is the protein dickkopf 1 (DKK1), an antagonist of canonical WNT signalling that can also activate the noncanonical, planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. DKK1 increases the proportion of cells that are trophectoderm and hypoblast in the blastocyst and increases competence of embryos to establish pregnancy after transfer to recipients. The objective was to determine whether DKK1 affects cell fate by regulating expression of genes that promote differentiation at the morula stage, possibly by activating the PCP pathway. A second objective was to determine if actions of DKK1 on the embryonic transcriptome were dependent on embryo sex. Bovine oocytes were fertilized in vitro with pools of 3 bulls for which X- and Y-sorted sperm was available. Embryos were treated with 100 ng mL–1 DKK1 or vehicle at Day 5 of development and harvested 24 h later. Embryos were pooled in 5 replicates of 20 embryos each. Following RNA reverse-transcription and amplification, cDNA was used for microarray analysis of global gene expression using the Affymetrix® Bovine Gene 1.0 ST array (Affymetrix, Santa, Clara, CA, USA). Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA using JMP® Genomics (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). A total of 9931 transcripts were identified as being expressed. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) were considered as those associated with P < 0.05 and fold change ≥1.5 or <0.66. There were 124 DEG between females and males (91 up-regulated in females and 33 up-regulated in males). A total of 68% of the genes up-regulated in females were located in the X chromosome. Treatment with DKK1 resulted in 132 DEG in females (68 up-regulated and 64 down-regulated) and 136 DEG in males (90 up-regulated and 46 down-regulated). Of these, 34 genes were regulated by DKK1 in both sexes: 14 in the same direction and 20 in opposite directions. Analysis by Ingenuity® Pathway software indicated that changes in gene expression caused by DKK1 would increase formation of actin fibers in females and inhibit formation in males. DKK1 inhibited expression of AMOT in male embryos, indicating that DKK1 may inhibit Hippo signalling at this stage of development. Evidence for regulation of the PCP pathway by DKK1 was the finding that DKK1 regulated expression of genes involved in cell polarization and differentiation in both females and males. In both sexes, DKK1 regulated expression of many genes associated with HNF4A, a marker of hypoblast cells that promotes formation of cell junctions. In conclusion, female and male embryos developing in vitro have different transcriptomic profiles at the morula stage. DKK1 regulates cell differentiation and embryonic development in a sex-dependent manner and effects may be mediated, at least in part, by activation of the PCP pathway.Supported by USDA AFRI 2011-67015-30688 and NIH R03 HD080855.
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Sinnary, K. A. El, A. E. Bianco, and J. F. Williams. "Implantation of adult Onchocerca gutturosa into laboratory rodents." Parasitology 95, no. 1 (August 1987): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000057620.
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SUMMARYAdult males and females ofOnchocerca gutturosawere implanted into the peritoneal cavity of mice, and their survival was determined at intervals thereafter by post-mortem examination. Ten of 17 animals receiving males dissected free of bovine host tissues contained live parasites at necropsy up to 4 months later. Female worms digested free from connective tissue by collagenase did not survive well, even though they appeared motile and intact before implantation; only 2 were alive 10 days later in 2 of 16 recipients. When males and females still contained within connective tissue capsules were implanted they survived for up to 2 months, and microfilariae were detected transiently in the skin of 2 recipient mice. The results suggest the feasibility of maintaining adultO. gutturosain rodents by this means, provided exposure of worms to enzymes used to free them from host tissue is avoided.
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Souza, C. E. A., A. A. Moura, A. C. Lima-Souza, and G. J. Killian. "Binding patterns of seminal plasma plasma proteins on bovine epididymal and ejaculated sperm membrane." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 63, no. 3 (June 2011): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352011000300001.
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The present study was designed to investigate the topographical distribution of seminal plasma (SP) proteins on epididymal and ejaculated bovine sperm. Using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy the binding patterns of bovine SP proteins BSP-A3, albumin, transferrin, prostaglandin D-synthase (PGDS) and nucleobindin in ejaculated and cauda epididymal sperm from adult bulls were evaluated. Experiments were performed using sperm from 5 males. Data showed a positive signal, only detected for anti-PGDS, in the acrosomal cap of epididymal and ejaculated sperm. In ejaculated sperm, a very weak signal for nucleobindin 2 in the midpiece and equatorial regions was detected, using the anti-rat nucleobindin. BSP-A3 was detected on all sperm regions studied, with a more evidenced signal in acrosome and midpiece. However, no binding was detected for albumin or transferrin in neither epididymal nor ejaculated sperm. In conclusion, PGDS, BSP-A3 and nucleobindin interact directly with bovine sperm, with specific topographic distribution. These findings may add to the knowledge of how these proteins modulate sperm functions, thus providing fundamental support for studies designed to evaluate how they influence sperm functions.
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McDonald, Jennifer L., Graham C. Smith, Robbie A. McDonald, Richard J. Delahay, and Dave Hodgson. "Mortality trajectory analysis reveals the drivers of sex-specific epidemiology in natural wildlife–disease interactions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1790 (September 7, 2014): 20140526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0526.
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In animal populations, males are commonly more susceptible to disease-induced mortality than females. However, three competing mechanisms can cause this sex bias: weak males may simultaneously be more prone to exposure to infection and mortality; being ‘male’ may be an imperfect proxy for the underlying driver of disease-induced mortality; or males may experience increased severity of disease-induced effects compared with females. Here, we infer the drivers of sex-specific epidemiology by decomposing fixed mortality rates into mortality trajectories and comparing their parameters. We applied Bayesian survival trajectory analysis to a 22-year longitudinal study of a population of badgers ( Meles meles ) naturally infected with bovine tuberculosis (bTB). At the point of infection, infected male and female badgers had equal mortality risk, refuting the hypothesis that acquisition of infection occurs in males with coincidentally high mortality. Males and females exhibited similar levels of heterogeneity in mortality risk, refuting the hypothesis that maleness is only a proxy for disease susceptibility. Instead, sex differences were caused by a more rapid increase in male mortality rates following infection. Males are indeed more susceptible to bTB, probably due to immunological differences between the sexes. We recommend this mortality trajectory approach for the study of infection in animal populations.
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Fina, M., J. Casellas, J. Tarrés, J. Bartolomé, J. Plaixats, X. Such, N. Jiménez, A. Sánchez, and J. Piedrafita. "Characterisation and conservation programme of the Alberes cattle breed in Catalonia (Spain)." Animal Genetic Resources Information 43 (April 2008): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900002686.
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SummaryThe Alberes cattle breed is a Catalonian autochthonous bovine population located in the Alberes Massif (north east of Spain), in the eastern extreme of the Pyrenees Mountains, and is well adapted to this zone in which it mainly makes use of forest resources. Cows are small sized and rustic, living under a semi-feral management system with minimal human contact. Traditionally, two coat colour varieties, Black and Fawn, have been described. Nevertheless, in both coat colour types the wild-type allele (E+) of the extension locus predominates. The Alberes breed clusters within the Cantabrian trunk, although some other breeds may also have influenced the population during its history. All of the females are used for replacement and the surplus males are destined for fattening despite their low meat potential. Age at first calving ranges between 3 and 4 years. The 2007 census estimated the number of adult animals at 138 females and 9 males. The Alberes breed is considered as an Endangered Breed according to the FAO classification and intends to start an in situ minimum kinship conservation programme and also a cryoconservation scheme with embryos and semen.
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Padilha, Mayckon Antonio Cardoso, Gefferson Wasen, Antonio Pereira de Souza, Viviane Milczewski, Thaís Vaz Brito da Luz, Amélia Aparecida Sartor, Juliana Antunes Farias, and Anderson Barbosa de Moura. "Neospora caninum: Seroprevalence in beef cattle in the mountainous region of Santa Catarina, Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 1 (March 2, 2017): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n1p273.
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The distribution of Neospora caninum, an important agent of reproductive disorders in cattle, has been frequently reported in dairy cattle in Brazil and worldwide. Records of infection are less frequent in beef cattle. To determine the seroprevalence of bovine neosporosis, 507 beef cattle blood samples were collected from January 2013 to September 2015, from 16 municipalities of the Associação dos Municípios da Região Serrana (AMURES). Samples were tested for the presence of IgG antibodies ( ? 1:100) against N. caninum by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Information about sex, age, and origin of the bovines were obtained from the Brazilian Bovine and Bubaline Identification and Certification System (SISBOV), and were tabulated for statistical analysis (Chi-square and Fisher Exact test, P ? 0.05). Of the 507 serum samples analyzed, 70 (13.81%) contained antibodies against N. caninum with titers of 1:100 (16), 1:200 (22), 1:400 (17), 1:800 (nine), 1:1600 (four) and 1:3200 (two). Positive specimens were collected from 13 of the 16 municipalities and across all age groups. Of the positive samples, there were no statistical differences between males and females (32.86% vs. 67.14%, P= 0.1072), age groups (P= 0.4116), or municipalities (P= 0.6838). While not statistically significant (P>0.05), higher seroprevalence was observed among older females. Although seroprevalence was relatively low, results indicate that infection by N. caninum in beef cattle is widespread in the studied region.
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Dix, Clare, and Olivia Wright. "Bioavailability of a Novel Form of Microencapsulated Bovine Lactoferrin and Its Effect on Inflammatory Markers and the Gut Microbiome: A Pilot Study." Nutrients 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2018): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10081115.
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Bovine lactoferrin, extracted from milk or whey, is used in a range of products to enhance immunity and support digestive health, iron absorption, and homeostasis. This study examined the absorption and effect of Progel (Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) microencapsulated bovine lactoferrin (InferrinTM, Bega Bionutrients, Victoria, Australia) on immune markers and the microbiome. A double-blind randomised, cross-over trial was conducted with 12 healthy males randomised to one of two doses, equivalent to 200 mg or 600 mg lactoferrin, for two four-week supplementation arms, with a two-week washout period. Subjects received either standard bovine lactoferrin or InferrinTM for each arm. Baseline and post each trial arm, CD69+ activation on CD4+ and CD8+ cells was analysed, bovine and human lactoferrin contents of faecal and serum samples were reported, and the gut microbiome was analysed using 16S sequencing and metagenomic sequencing. The mean level of CD69+ activation on the CD4+ cells was lower after supplementation regardless of the form or dose of lactoferrin. This was statistically significant for the 200 mg dose. A higher level of bovine lactoferrin was found post-supplementation in those taking InferrinTM, although this was not statistically significant. Changes in phylum-level microbial community profiling were detected post-supplementation in the second trial arm, particularly in those receiving InferrinTM. Metagenomic sequencing showed changes in the volumes of the top 100 species of bacteria present before and after all treatment arms. Results suggest that lactoferrin supplementation may have beneficial effects on the microbiome and immune system, and that the use of InferrinTM improves absorption. Larger detailed studies are needed to ascertain the potential positive effects of bovine lactoferrin supplementation.
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Zewde, Adane, Yehualashet Bayu, and Anteneh Wondimu. "Prevalence of Bovine Fasciolosis and Its Economic Loss due to Liver Condemnation at Wolaita Sodo Municipal Abattair, Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine International 2019 (December 1, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9572373.
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Fasciolosis is a serious animal health problem in Ethiopia where cattle raising is very important to the local economy. A cross sectional study was carried out from November 2018 to February 2019 to estimate the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis and its associated risk factors as well as financial losses due to liver condemnation. A total of 247 cattle consisting of 219 males and 28 females were randomly selected and fecal sample collection for Fasciola egg detection and postmortem liver inspection for adult liver flukes, were done. From the total of 247 cattle examined, the overall prevalence of bovine fasciolosis in the study area was 16.6% and 20.24% by coprological and postmortem examinations, respectively. The livers and bile ducts were examined for the adult flukes and the result showed that F. hepatica was frequently detected Fasciola sp. (72%) than F. gigantica (28%). In the study area, the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis between sex was significantly different p<0.05 with higher prevalence was recorded in female (57.1%) than male (15.5%). There was also significant association p<0.05 among different age groups for the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis with the highest prevalence in older (40.1%) than younger (18.8%) age groups. But, regarding origin and body condition the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis was not significantly associated p>0.05. The annual direct financial losses incurred due to fasciolosis were estimated around 1,505, 856 ETB ($43, 024.458). In conclusion, bovine fasciolosis is prevalent and economically important disease in the study area. Therefore, implementation of control and prevention strategy like, grazing managements, reducing the population of the intermediate host, diagnosis and treating sick animals using anthelmintic, is mandatory.
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Bermejo-Alvarez, P., D. Rizos, P. Lonergan, and A. G. Adan. "181 TRANSCRIPTIONAL SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN AUTOSOMAL GENES ON BOVINE DAY 14 EMBRYOS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab181.
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In bovine blastocysts, a large transcriptional sexual dimorphism affecting almost one-third of the genes is observed. At this early stage, sex chromosomes impose extensive transcriptional regulation on autosomal genes. However, little is known about the situation in further stages of embryo development. The aim of the present study was to determine the transcriptional sexual dimorphism on Day 14 bovine embryos for 10 candidate genes. In vitro-produced bovine blastocysts were transferred on Day 7 to the ipsilateral uterine horn of synchronized recipients. Seven days after embryo transfer, the recipients were slaughtered and Day 14 embryos were recovered by uterine flushing. Fourteen embryos of a similar size were selected for the analysis (8 males, 6 females). PolyA mRNA and cDNA synthesis and DNA extraction were performed individually. Embryo sexing was performed based on the expression of the Y-linked gene YZRSR2, and the result was confirmed on DNA by a PCR for BRY/Sat. The mRNA abundance relative to the housekeeping H2AZ was analysed for 5 genes known to display transcriptional sexual dimorphism at the blastocyst stage: the X-linked gene glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD); the autosomal genes DNA methyltransferase 3 A (DNMT3A), gluthatione S-transferase mu 3 (GSTM3), laminin α 1 (LAMA1), progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), and interferon tau (IFNT2); and 4 genes related to sex determination and differentiation: Wilms tumour 1 (WT1), GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4), zinc finger protein, multitype 2 (ZFPM2, also known as FOG2), and double-sex and mab-3-related transcription factor 1 (DMRT1). Statistical differences were assessed by ANOVA (P ≤ 0.05). Consistently with the situation observed in blastocysts, DNMT3A was significantly up-regulated in males (2.5 ± 0.5 v. 1 ± 0.2), and IFNT2 in females (1 ± 0.2 v. 1.8 ± 0.5), but G6PD, GSTM3, LAMA1, and PGRMC1 did not show significant differences. Among the genes linked with sex determination, WT1 was significantly up-regulated in males (1.7 ± 0.2 v. 1 ± 0.2), whereas the opposite situation was observed for GATA4 (1 ± 0.2 v. 1.5 ± 0.2). No differences between sexes were observed for ZFPM2 (1 ± 0.3 v. 1.1 ± 0.3) and DMRT1 (1.2 ± 0.2 v. 1 ± 0.1). In conclusion, transcriptional sexual dimorphism seems to be reduced in more advanced stages of embryo development, but 2 genes, related to DNA methylation (DNMT3A) and pregnancy recognition (IFNT2), maintained the sex-specific differences observed at the blastocyst stage. Furthermore, the expression of 3 potential activators of SRY (WT1, GATA4, and ZFPM2) and the regulator of male development DMRT1 was observed on Day 14 bovine conceptuses, and 2 of the genes (WT1 and GATA4) showed sex-specific transcriptional regulation. This work was funded by Science Foundation Ireland, AGL2009-11358, AGL2009-11810 funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology.
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Tamrakar Karki, Karuna. "Bovine Arch Variation Detected During Cerebral Digital Subtraction Angiography in Nepalese Population: A Retrospective Study." Eastern Green Neurosurgery 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/egn.v4i1.51006.
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Background:Anatomical variation of aortic arch play’s significant role in diagnosing and planning further therapeutic intervention of cerebrovascular diseases. Objectives: Aim of this study was to review the neck vessels arising from the aorta and to determine the prevalence of aortic arch variation in digital subtraction angiography. Materials and methods: after ethical clearance from institutional review board, study was conducted retrospectively in 129 patients who underwent digital subtraction angiography for various reasons from December 2020 to December 2021. Age ranged between 21-87 years old. 88 were males and 41 were females. Mean age was 57.89. Results: bovine arch variations were found in 2.3% in our study population. Classic branching pattern was demonstrated in 97 % of studied cases. Conclusion: Determining bovine arch variation though rarely detected, is essential for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention of cerebrovascular conditions for uncomplicated navigation of catheters and guide wires.
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Pratt, Scott L., T. Ashley Burns, Erin Curry, and Susan K. Duckett. "Expression of microRNA during bovine adipogenesis." Journal of Nucleic Acids Investigation 1, no. 1 (November 11, 2010): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jnai.2010.1872.
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Studies have recently indicated that the adipogenic process and the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism may be regulated in part at the post-transcriptional level by a class of small RNA called microRNA (miRNA). The objectives of this study were to i) determine if miRNAs are differentially expressed, and ii) evaluate expression of known miRNA targets in bovine adipocytes. Bovine adipose samples were collected from castrated males fattened on a high concentrate diet (C) or pasture (PA) and were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C, or used to generate primary stromal-vascular cells (SV). SV cells were cultured to confluence (Control) or differentiated at confluence and harvested 2 (D2), 6 (D6), or 12 (D12) days post-confluence. A 3x3 microarray analysis was performed comparing Control and differentiated samples. miR-21, -221, and -222 (P less than 0.05) were differentially expressed. qRT-PCR was conducted using the<em> in vitro</em> samples, and all three miRNAs were down regulated on D2 (P less than 0.05). miR-221 and -222 were decreased on D6 compared to Control (P less than 0.05), but only miR-222 expression was decreased at D12 (P less than 0.05) compared to Control. miR-21 increased in expression compared to Control on D12 (P less than 0.05). <em>In vivo</em>, only miR-21 expression was affected and it was reduced in PA compared to C fat samples (P less than 0.05). Two targets of miR-21 are Programmed Cell Death Protein 4 (PDCD4) and Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (PTEN), and neither messenger RNA was differentially expressed<em> in vitro</em> (P greater than 0.05), but both messenger RNAs were elevated for PA compared to C (P less than 0.05). These data show that miRNAs are differentially expressed in adipose cells and tissue, and that miR-21 may be involved in adipocyte function by regulating the translation of PDCD4 and PTEN.
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Ribeiro, L., O. R. Silva, F. C. Duarte, and V. L. T. Jesus. "Investigation of Tritrichomonas foetus in cryopreserved bovine semen by culture and polymerase chain reaction." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 73, no. 5 (October 2021): 1023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12370.
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ABSTRACT Bovine Trichomoniasis (BT) is an infectious disease caused by Tritrichomonas foetus that can be transmitted either sexually or by fomites. In males, the disease is asymptomatic and permanent. T. foetus has been detected in semen samples where it is able to remain viable even when frozen. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of T. foetus in 27 samples of commercial frozen bovine semen by culture and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Samples were thawed in water at 37°C. Part of the samples was inoculated in a test tube containing Diamond’s medium and incubated at 35°C. Growth was evaluated every 24 hours via direct examination under a microscope. The other part was placed in an Eppendorf tube and frozen for later molecular analysis. After 10 days of culture, all samples were negative for T. foetus. The Quick-DNA Miniprep Kit (Zymo Research) without proteinase K was used for DNA extraction. The primers used in PCR were TRF3 and TRF4. PCR results were negative for all samples. In conclusion, bovine semen samples were negative for T. foetus in both diagnostic methods, according to the adopted methodology.
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Pietersen, T., G. G. Bruwer, R. T. Naudé, and W. A. Vosloo. "Secondary sexual development (Masculinity) of bovine males: 1. Influence on carcass composition, cutability, economic value and certain muscles." Meat Science 31, no. 4 (January 1992): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1740(92)90026-z.
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Gettys, T. W., D. M. Henricks, P. M. Burrows, and B. D. Schanbacher. "Partition of food intake between maintenance and gain among bovine sex phenotypes." Animal Science 44, no. 2 (April 1987): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100018560.
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ABSTRACTFour groups of calves (10 bulls, 10 steers, 10 heifers and 10 ovariectomized heifers) of Simmental- Hereford breeding were individually given a high-energy diet from 10 to 16 months of age. At the end of the experiment, the 9-10-11th rib section was dissected into fat, lean and bone and chemical analysis was performed on the dissected soft tissue. For each group, the relationship between food intake and change in body weight was examined by a method designed to separate intake into its simultaneous maintenance and gain components: least-squares estimates for the maintenance coefficient (βm, kg/day per kg body weight) and the gain coefficient (βg, kg food per kg gain) were obtained for each animal. Conventional measures of food conversion ratio (kg food per kg gain) were examined on both common age and common weight-gain bases. Bulls, followed by steers, accumulated the most lean and least fat while heifers and ovariectomized heifers accumulated the least lean and most fat. Maintenance coefficients (βm) were lower in males than in females but did not differ within gender. Gain coefficients (βg) did not differ among the groups, although the coefficients appeared to be similar within gender. Food conversion ratio computed over a common age interval did not differ among groups. Food conversion ratio computed over common weight intervals was lowest in bulls followed in increasing order by steers then the two female groups. It is concluded that males grow more efficiently than females while accumulating more lean and less adipose tisue and that this greater efficiency is achieved by consuming less food per unit of body weight for maintenance, leaving proportionately more of the total intake available for gain.
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Bilal, Ziyad M., and Kedir S. Musa. "Coprological Prevalence and Associated Risk Factor of Bovine Fasciolosis Around Furda Veterinary Clinic, East Hararghe, Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine – Open Journal 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/vmoj-6-157.
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Aim This study was conducted using the sedimentation method to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine fasciolosis around Furda Veterinary Clinic, East Hararghe, Ethiopia. Method A cross-sectional study design was conducted from October 2020 up to June 2021 to know the prevalence and its associated risk factors of bovine Fasciolosis, taking animal origin, sex, age and body condition as risk factors and standard deviation. The sedimentation technique was used for the recovery of fasciola eggs from fresh fecal. Results From a total of 384 animals selected randomly and coprologically examined, 117 of them contained fasciola eggs with a 30.5% total prevalence in the study area. The prevalence of bovine fasciolosis on the basis of animal origin was highest in Gorowodo 23 (28.7%), followed by Dada 24 (30.4%), Harawa 15 (20.5), Rasa Janata 25 (33.8%), and Tirtiro 30 (38.5%). Based on the sexes of animals, the prevalence rate of 74 (32.7%) in females and 43 (27.2%) in males were obtained. While animals of different ages were recorded at 43 (29.9%) and 74 (30.8%), respectively. Whereas 44 (33.6%), 45 (28.8%), and 28 (28.9%) were found to be in poor, moderate, and good physical condition, respectively. All of the risk factors investigated (animal origin, sex, age, and body conditions) were found to be non-significantly associated with the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis (p>0.05). Conclusion This study reveals that bovine fasciolosis was a highly prevalent disease in the study area and needs immediate control and prevention by the animal health office and veterinarians working together, treating cattle with anthelmintics before and after the rainy season, and increasing owner awareness about the disease.
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Motta-Delgado, Pablo Andrés, Luis Gabriel Rivera-Calderón, Wilmer Herrera-Valencia, Ricardo Alberto Martínez-Tovar, Marliyanini Londoño-Sánchez, Erika Paola Rojas-Vargas, Angie Liseth Muñoz-Murcia, and María Elodia Gutiérrez-Quintero. "Sero-prevalence of bovine Leukemia virus in cattle from Caquetá state, Colombia." Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA 11, no. 2 (September 24, 2019): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.24188/recia.v11.n2.2019.722.
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Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) is the agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), this disease is a neoplasm of lymphatic tissue in bovine species. The aim of this article was determinate the prevalence of bovine leukemia virus in dual-purpose cattle from nine municipalities that produce the 98% of milk in the Caquetá state, Colombia. Blood samples were collected in 100 herds dedicates to dual purpose cattle, obtained blood serum from 1000 animals, of which 893 corresponding to cows. Indirect Elisa test for detection of antibodies anti-GP51 of BLV was performance and the positive cases were considered if the serum-to-positive ratio with percentages of M/N lower than 40%. Categorized data were analyzed by contingency tables and ANOVA at the significant level of p<0.05 by DGC test was performed. The overall sero-prevalence of BLV in Caquetá state was of 25.18% (95%, CI: 21.9-28.46%), in males 26.25% and females 25.37% respectively. At municipal level the sero-prevalence varied of 7.12 to 41.81%. The prevalence of BLV at herd level was of 67% (95%, CI: 57.24-76.76%). In conclusion, the sero-prevalence of BLV in the dual-purpose livestock system over 36 months of age in Caquetá state is moderate, do not exist statistical difference between sero-prevalence of cows and bulls. At level of herds the prevalence of BLV is high. Improving strategies of control and managements in the herds, as well as implement policies of sanitary management are necessary.
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Yu, Bo, Helena T. A. van Tol, Tom A. E. Stout, and Bernard A. J. Roelen. "Initiation of X Chromosome Inactivation during Bovine Embryo Development." Cells 9, no. 4 (April 19, 2020): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9041016.
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X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a developmental process that aims to equalize the dosage of X-linked gene products between XY males and XX females in eutherian mammals. In female mouse embryos, paternal XCI is initiated at the 4-cell stage; however, the X chromosome is reactivated in the inner cell mass cells of blastocysts, and random XCI is subsequently initiated in epiblast cells. However, recent findings show that the patterns of XCI are not conserved among mammals. In this study, we used quantitative RT-PCR and RNA in situ hybridization combined with immunofluorescence to investigate the pattern of XCI during bovine embryo development. Expression of XIST (X-inactive specific transcript) RNA was significantly upregulated at the morula stage. For the first time, we demonstrate that XIST accumulation in bovine embryos starts in nuclei of female morulae, but its colocalization with histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation was first detected in day 7 blastocysts. Both in the inner cell mass and in putative epiblast precursors, we observed a proportion of cells with XIST RNA and H3K27me3 colocalization. Surprisingly, the onset of XCI did not lead to a global downregulation of X-linked genes, even in day 9 blastocysts. Together, our findings confirm that diverse patterns of XCI initiation exist among developing mammalian embryos.
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Unanian, Maria Marina, Cristine Chaves Barreto, Célia Maria Torres Cordeiro, Alfredo Ribeiro Freitas, and Luiz Antonio Josahkian. "Possible Associations between Bovine Growth Hormone Gene Polymorphism and Reproductive Traits." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 45, no. 3 (September 2002): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132002000300007.
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The polymorphism of the bovine growth hormone gene (bGH) was studied in 211 Nellore pure breed males for association with reproductive traits. Scrotal circumference and testosterone concentrations were collected monthly from 10 until 16 months of age. Additionally, testicular growth rates were calculated. DNA was amplified by PCR and digested using Msp I and Hae III restriction enzymes. Every polymorphism presented two alleles. The predominant alleles were D (0.85) and F (0.98), respectively, and genotype EE - bGH/Hae III was missing. Significant association (P<0.05) between bGH/Msp I polymorphism, scrotal circumference and testicular growth after puberty, as well as between bGH/Hae III and testosterone concentrations at puberty were detected. The results suggested that these association could be useful for selection, since bGH/Msp I and bGH/Hae III polymorphisms could be considered as markers for testicular development after puberty and onset of puberty, respectively.
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Ararsa, Gudeta, Eyob Hirpa, and Morka Amante. "Complement Fixation Test for Specific Antibody Detection against Bovine Brucellosis in Selected Peasant Association of Guto Gida District, East Wollega Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine International 2021 (June 23, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6668167.
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Brucellosis is one of the major zoonotic diseases yet prevalent in Ethiopia. It is contagious and has harmful effects on free animal movement and export. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to April 2017 in the Loko and Uke peasant association of Guto Gida District. The goal of this study is to determine the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bovine brucellosis. The questionnaire survey was conducted on 200 respondents to collect the livestock owner’s perception of this disease. Eighty (80) blood samples were collected from grazing cattle above six months of age. Serum was tested by complement fixation test (CFT) for Brucella antibody detection. Pearson chi-square is used to assess the relation of independent variables such as sex, site, and age with seroprevalence in a 95% confidence interval if P value is less than 0.05, recoded as significant. Seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in the present study is 22.5%. Bovine brucellosis prevalence recorded in Uke (28.6%) was higher than that in Loko (21.2%). Again bovine brucellosis is higher in males (30.4%) than females (19.2%). There is prevalence variation among site, sex, and age which is statistically insignificant ( P value>0.05). Survey findings revealed that 52% (104/200) of respondents did not know the causes of abortion, while 48% (96/200) of them confirmed abortion in their herd and 64% (124/200) of respondents removed retained fetal membrane by themselves. Brucellosis is a contagious reproductive disease of cattle with zoonotic implications and needs to design and implement control measures aiming at preventing further spread of the disease.
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Chacur, Marcelo George Mungai, Alex Arikawa Miyasaki, Eunice Oba, Camila Dutra Souza, and Luis Roberto Almeida Gabriel Filho. "Body and testicular development and serum testosterone concentrations in Brahman males." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 4Supl1 (August 25, 2017): 2561. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4supl1p2561.
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The present study had the objective of evaluating the physical and testicular development, and the serum testosterone concentration of 8 to 18 months old male Brahman cattle on grazing weight gaining performance tests. Bovine cattle (n=40), aged 259.76 ± 26.15 days and weighing 239.71 ± 33,94kg had the following characteristics evaluated every 56 days, corresponding to 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 months of age (six different data collections): body weight (BW), scrotal circumference (SC), girth (G), height at the withers (WH), body length (BL), body mass index (BMI), right and left testicular length (RTL and LTL, respectively), right and left testicular height (RTH and LTH, respectively), average daily weight gain (ADG), testicular volume (TV), and serum testosterone (ST).Analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5% probability were used. Correlations between variables were assessed using Pearson's method at 5% confidence. There was significant difference (P < 0.05) from 12 months of age onwards for ADG and ST. There were differences (P < 0.05) for: BW, SC, G, WH, BL, BMI, RTL, LTL, RTH,and TV from 14 months of age. There was a positive correlation between: ST x G (r=0.38; P < 0.01); ST x WH (r=0.38; P < 0.01); ST xRTH (r=0.23; P < 0.05); ST x LTH (r=0.21; P < 0.01); ST x TV (r=0.22; P < 0.008); TV x weight (r=0.70; P < 0.01); TV x SC (r=0.90; P < 0.01); and TV x BMI (r=0.93; P < 0.01). A rapid increase in serum testosterone concentration occurred between 12 and 14 months of age, followed by rapid body and testicular growth. An elevation in testosterone levels is an indirect indicator that an acceleration inphysical and testicular growth is approaching. It is recommended to calculate both BMI and TV to follow cattle growth due to the high correlation between these variables.
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Chacur, Marcelo George Mungai, Alex Arikawa Miyasaki, Eunice Oba, Camila Dutra Souza, and Luis Roberto Almeida Gabriel Filho. "Body and testicular development and serum testosterone concentrations in Brahman males." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 4Supl1 (August 25, 2017): 2561. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4suplp2561.
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The present study had the objective of evaluating the physical and testicular development, and the serum testosterone concentration of 8 to 18 months old male Brahman cattle on grazing weight gaining performance tests. Bovine cattle (n=40), aged 259.76 ± 26.15 days and weighing 239.71 ± 33,94kg had the following characteristics evaluated every 56 days, corresponding to 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 months of age (six different data collections): body weight (BW), scrotal circumference (SC), girth (G), height at the withers (WH), body length (BL), body mass index (BMI), right and left testicular length (RTL and LTL, respectively), right and left testicular height (RTH and LTH, respectively), average daily weight gain (ADG), testicular volume (TV), and serum testosterone (ST).Analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5% probability were used. Correlations between variables were assessed using Pearson's method at 5% confidence. There was significant difference (P < 0.05) from 12 months of age onwards for ADG and ST. There were differences (P < 0.05) for: BW, SC, G, WH, BL, BMI, RTL, LTL, RTH,and TV from 14 months of age. There was a positive correlation between: ST x G (r=0.38; P < 0.01); ST x WH (r=0.38; P < 0.01); ST xRTH (r=0.23; P < 0.05); ST x LTH (r=0.21; P < 0.01); ST x TV (r=0.22; P < 0.008); TV x weight (r=0.70; P < 0.01); TV x SC (r=0.90; P < 0.01); and TV x BMI (r=0.93; P < 0.01). A rapid increase in serum testosterone concentration occurred between 12 and 14 months of age, followed by rapid body and testicular growth. An elevation in testosterone levels is an indirect indicator that an acceleration inphysical and testicular growth is approaching. It is recommended to calculate both BMI and TV to follow cattle growth due to the high correlation between these variables.
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Kruger, F. J., and C. T. Wolmarans. "Variation in the morphology of the dorsal and dorso-lateral tegument of male Schistosoma haematobium from southern Africa." Journal of Helminthology 64, no. 4 (December 1990): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00012372.
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ABSTRACTThe teguments of Schistosoma haematobium males from three localities in the Eastern Transvaal and one in the eastern Caprivi were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. Eastern Transvaal S. haematobium, which occurs sympatrically with S. mattheei, a bovine schistosome also infecting man and which hybridizes with S. haematobium, exhibited certain S. mattheei characteristics. The occurrence of these characteristics were neither related to the prevalence of human S. mattheei infections nor could they be attributed exclusively to phenotypic plasticity. The variation therefore may be geographical and possibly related to the phylogeny of the two species.
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Kotarski, F., B. Zimmer, and C. Wrenzycki. "147 Pre-incubation of bovine sperm used for IVF accelerates the developmental kinetics of the resulting embryos and possibly their sex ratio." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 1 (2019): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv31n1ab147.
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The sex ratio of newborn calves and embryos produced in vivo is ~1:1. However, numerous studies on bovine in vitro-produced embryos suggest that the sex ratio may differ from 1:1 and that the rate of development may be influenced by the sex of the embryo under certain culture conditions. The duration of sperm-oocyte interaction and sperm pre-incubation also affect the sex ratio of bovine embryos produced in vitro. It is well documented that in vitro male embryos reach the more advanced stages earlier than do their female counterparts. Selection of developmentally more advanced embryos in anticipation that they have a greater developmental capacity may be one of the underlying causes of the disproportionate number of males among offspring born after transfer of in vitro-produced embryos. The aim of the present study is to test whether a pre-incubation of sperm before IVF might improve the developmental rates and also influence the sex ratio of the resulting embryos. Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes were recovered from abattoir-derived ovaries by the slicing method. After 24h of maturation, fertilization was realised using a standard protocol. Prior to IVF, sperm cells from 2 different bulls were treated as follows: sperm within group A were pre-incubated in IVF medium for one hour. This step was omitted for sperm in group B (control). After 19h of co-culture of COC and sperm, presumptive zygotes were cultured in SOFaa for a period of 7 days. Cleavage and developmental rates were recorded at Day 3 and 7 (Day 0=IVF). Day 7 blastocysts from all groups were sexed using bovine and Y chromosome-specific primers. Data were analysed by ANOVA. As shown in Table 1, sperm pre-incubation did not affect the cleavage and developmental rates for the individual bull (P>0.05). On average, at Day 7 of development a higher number of blastocysts was determined when embryos had been produced from pre-incubated sperm (P ≤ 0.05). This held true for both bulls. The shift in favour of male embryos was detectable in all groups of embryos, with a drastic one for bull 1 after sperm pre-incubation. In conclusion, sperm pre-incubation accelerated embryo development and possibly enhanced the proportion of male embryos, which was already shifted toward males. Table 1.Developmental rates, developmental kinetics and sex ratio of embryos after sperm pre-incubation before IVF (mean±standard deviation)
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Buzzo, A. R., A. R. Pupulim, J. Mazucheli, F. V. Meirelles, and I. P. Emanuelli. "168 CORRELATION OF DEVELOPMENT KINETICS AND SEX OF IN VITRO-PRODUCED BOVINE EMBRYOS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv24n1ab168.
Full textAbstract:
Approaches to improve the culture medium for in vitro production (IVP) of bovine embryos have been continuous because of the high commercial demand and a portion of this attempts the production of female cattle (dairy cows and stud cattle). However, in some embryonic in vitro culture systems, the development kinetics is faster in male than in female embryos (Avery 1992 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 32, 265–70; Xu 1992 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 31, 249–50). The aim of this work was to relate the kinetics of blastocyst expansion with the production rates of male and female embryos. Cumulus–oocyte complexes (n = 917; classes I and II) of cows from a slaughterhouse were matured with TCM-199 bicarbonate and 10% FCS (38.5°C, 5% CO2) for 24 h and fertilized with frozen-thawed semen in TALP-IVF medium for 18 h. Presumptive zygotes were culture in SOF medium supplemented with 10% FSB (5% O2, 38.5°C). Seven days after IVF, embryos were divided in 2 groups according to their kinetic stage of development: nonexpanded blastocysts (n = 175), or hatched and expanded blastocysts (n = 146). Hence, embryos were individually frozen in LN and stored in cryotubes. After thawing, Proteinase K (16 mg mL–1) was added to each tube and the tubes were incubated for 60 min at 37°C. Proteinase was denatured at 98°C for 10 min and the contents of each tube were divided into 2 samples (A and B) and subjected to the PCR technique. Two pairs of primers for the specific sequence of the Y chromosome were used to amplify the sequence of 210 and 250 bp for the male bovine and 1 pair of primers was used for the autosomal bovine sequence with a 280-bp fragment. Female embryos with a 280-bp product were observed in sample A and none were observed in sample B. The presence of 2 amplicons (280 and 210 bp) in sample A and 1 amplicon of 250 bp in sample B indicated that the embryo was male. A chi-square test was used to evaluate homogeneity. An analysis of the percentage of males and females between the experimental groups was performed by logistic regression and significance was considered when P < 0.05. There was no difference in the proportions of males and females in the nonexpanded blastocyst group (49.71 and 50.29%; P > 0.05). In the hatched and expanded blastocyst group, the proportion of males (65.75%) was statistically different from the proportion of females (34.25%); that is, the chance of the embryo being male was twice as high (P < 0.0038). These results suggest that there is a difference in the kinetics of embryo development between male and female embryos and that blastocyst expansion can point that out. In vitro culture media with FCS support the development of expanded male blastocysts. Further research in culture medium modifications (FCS, the energy source, amino acids and others) are needed to respond to the trend in the production of sex-defined embryos.
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Bermejo-Álvarez, P., D. Rizos, D. Rath, P. Lonergan, and A. Gutierrez-Adan. "Epigenetic differences between male and female bovine blastocysts produced in vitro." Physiological Genomics 32, no. 2 (January 2008): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00234.2007.
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Epigenetic differences between male and female bovine blastocysts provide a plausible link between physiological and gene transcription differences observed between male and female embryos. The aim of this study was to examine sex-related epigenetic differences in bovine blastocysts produced in vitro. Oocytes were matured in vitro and inseminated with frozen-thawed sex-sorted (X or Y) and unsorted (control) bull sperm. Zygotes were cultured to blastocyst stage and were analyzed for embryo sexing, mtDNA content, telomere lengths, methylation analysis, and quantification of mRNA transcripts of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b) HMT1 hnRNP methyltransferase-like 2 (Hmt1), and interleukin enhancer binding factor 3 (Ilf3). There was a difference ( P < 0.05) in the mean mtDNA copy number between male (410,000 ± 23,000) and female (360,000 ± 21,000) blastocysts. Telomere length was shorter in male blastocysts ( P < 0.01). The level of methylation in a sequence near a variable number of tandem repeats minisatellite region [variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR)] in males (39.8% ± 4.8) was higher than in females (23.7% ± 3.1) ( P < 0.05); however, no differences were found in other regions analyzed. Moreover, transcription differences between sexes were observed for Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b, Hmt1, and Ilf3. These results provide evidence of epigenetic differences between male and female bovine in vitro produced embryos and suggest that before initiation of gonadal differentiation, epigenetic events may modulate the difference between speed of development, metabolism, and transcription observed during preimplantation development between male and female embryos.
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Garcia-Herreros, M., I. M. Aparicio, D. Rath, T. Fair, and P. Lonergan. "Differential glycolytic and glycogenogenic transduction pathways in male and female bovine embryos produced in vitro." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 2 (2012): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd11080.
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Previous studies have shown that developmental kinetic rates following IVF are lower in female than in male blastocysts and that this may be related to differences in glucose metabolism. In addition, an inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibits glucose uptake in murine blastocysts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and compare the expression of proteins involved in glucose metabolism (hexokinase-I, HK-I; phosphofructokinase-1, PFK-1; pyruvate kinase1/2, PK1/2; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH; glucose transporter-1, GLUT-1; and glycogen synthase kinase-3, GSK-3) in male and female bovine blastocysts to determine whether PI3-K has a role in the regulation of the expression of these proteins. Hexokinase-I, PFK-1, PK1/2, GAPDH and GLUT-1 were present in bovine embryos. Protein expression of these proteins and GSK-3 was significantly higher in male compared with female blastocysts. Inhibition of PI3-K with LY294002 significantly decreased the expression of HK-I, PFK-1, GAPDH, GSK-3 A/B and GLUT-1. Results showed that the expression of glycolytic proteins HK-I, PFK-1, GAPDH and PK1/2, and the transporters GLUT-1 and GSK-3 is regulated by PI3-K in bovine blastocysts. Moreover, the differential protein expression observed between male and female blastocysts might explain the faster developmental kinetics seen in males, as the expression of main proteins involved in glycolysis and glycogenogenesis was significantly higher in male than female bovine embryos and also could explain the sensitivity of male embryos to a high concentration of glucose, as a positive correlation between GLUT-1 expression and glucose uptake in embryos has been demonstrated.
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Copping, K. J., A. Hoare, M. Callaghan, I. C. McMillen, R. J. Rodgers, and V. E. A. Perry. "Fetal programming in 2-year-old calving heifers: peri-conception and first trimester protein restriction alters fetal growth in a gender-specific manner." Animal Production Science 54, no. 9 (2014): 1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14278.
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Protein restriction in early bovine gestation affects post-natal reproduction and production traits in progeny. This experiment evaluated the effects of dietary protein restriction during the peri-conception period and first trimester in yearling heifers on conceptus growth and development; this period of dietary intervention being earlier than any previous bovine fetal programming studies. Three-hundred and sixty primiparous 12-month-old Santa Gertrudis heifers were individually fed high [14% crude protein (CP)] or low (7% CP) diets for 60 days before conception. At 23 days post-conception (dpc), each high (HPERI) or low (LPERI) group was again split into high (HPOST) or low (LPOST) protein groups yielding four treatment groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design. From the end of the first trimester of gestation (98dpc), the pregnant heifers were individually fed a 12% CP diet until parturition. Forty-six fetuses were excised at 98dpc. Sixty-four heifers went on to calve. Conceptus development was assessed via transrectal ultrasound from 36dpc, fetal necropsy at 98dpc and live calf measures at term. At 36dpc, HPERI diet increased fetal crown–rump length (CRL) (P < 0.05) and at the 60dpc scan, biparietal diameter (BPD) tended to be increased by HPOST diet (P < 0.1) though the greater effect upon BPD was still the HPERI diet (P < 0.05). At 60dpc, BPD in the male fetus was affected by the peri-conception diet (P < 0.05), while in females, BPD was not different among nutritional groups. These ultrasound measures of fetal growth were validated by measures of the excised fetus at 98dpc. Fetal weight was heavier (P < 0.01) in those whose mothers were fed the HPOST diet than their LPOST counterparts. Males fetuses were heavier than female fetuses (P < 0.001). Fetal CRL was increased by HPERI diet (P < 0.05) and tended to be increased by HPOST diet (P < 0.1). Fetal BPD tended to be increased by HPERI diet (P < 0.1). In males, BPD tended to be increased in those fetuses whose mothers were fed HPERI (P < 0.1). For females, maternal nutrition during PERI or POST did not affect BPD at 98dpc (P > 0.1). At term, no dietary effect on birthweight was observed (P > 0.1) and males were not heavier than females (P > 0.1). These results suggest that maternal protein intake during the peri-conception (–60 to 23dpc) and first trimester (24–98dpc) may influence early conceptus growth and development in the bovine. The long-term effects on offspring metabolism and post-natal development of this dietary intervention are yet to be determined.
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Silvère, DIMI NGATSE, OGNIKA Alexis Jonas, and AKOUANGO Parisse. "Conformation des bovins de race Nélore (Bos indicus) au ranch Kila-département de la Cuvette en République du Congo." Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 43:1 (January 31, 2020): 7340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/janmplsci.v43-1.1.
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L’objectif de l’étude a été d’apprécier la conformation et certaines mensurations de la race bovine Nélore dans le but de maitriser leurs aptitudes à la reproduction. Les animaux avaient trois (3) ans d’âge. Les mensurations et la conformation ont concernées 89 génisses et 28 taurillons en stade de reproduction, sur un troupeau de 2587 têtes. Les mensurations corporelles concernées ont été évaluées par la méthode traditionnelle à la toise et au mètre ruban. Le poids vif moyen des mâles a été de 418,97 kg ± 25,84 kg et celui des femelles de 333,67 ± 33,12 kg. La robe régulière est blanche, uniforme avec des membres sombres aux extrémités chez les mâles. La conformation indique de bonnes aptitudes bouchères et les mâles sont de grande taille. La hauteur au garrot a été de 1,54 ± 0,01 m et 1,48 ± 0,03 m pour les mâles et les femelles respectivement. La longueur scapulo-ischiale a indiqué 1,89 ± 0,03 m et 1,81 ±0,02 pour les mâles et femelles respectivement. Le périmètre thoracique de 1,82 ± 0.03 m et 1,72 ± 0,03 m respectivement pour les mâles et femelles. La liaison corrélative du poids vif a été plus marquée avec la hauteur au garrot (r= 0,926) qu’avec le périmètre thoracique (r= 0,81) et la longueur scapulo-ischiale (r= 0,730). Il est donc important que les éleveurs procèdent à l’étude des mensurations et de conformation des Nelores pour bien apprécier leurs aptitudes futures de reproductions dans une ferme. ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to highlight the morphometric characteristics and conformation of the Nélore bovine breed in order to control their breeding. The animals were all about three (3) years old. The measurements and conformation involved 89 heifers and 28 breeding bulls from a herd of 2,587 heads. The body measurements concerned were evaluated by the traditional method of the measuring board and measuring tape. The average live weight of males was 418.97 kg ± 25.84 kg and that of females 333.67 ± 33.12 kg. The Common coat colour is uniform white, with dark extremities in the males. The conformation indicates good beefing abilities and the males are large. The height at the withers was 1.54 ± 0.01 m and 1.48 ± 0.03 m for males and females respectively. The scapuloischial length of 1.89 ± 0.03 m and 1.81 ± 0.02 for males and females respectively and thoracic perimeter of 1.82 ± 0.03 m and 1.72 ± 0.03 m respectively for males and females. The correlation of body weight was more marked with the height at the withers (r = 0.926) than with the thoracic perimeter (r = 0.81) and the scapuloischial length (r = 0.730). It is therefore important that the breeders study the measurements and conformation in order to appreciate the future breeding abilities of the animals on a farm.
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Dallemagne, M., E. Ghys, D. De Troy, and I. Donnay. "259 DOES THE SENSITIVITY TO OXIDATIVE STRESS DEPEND ON THE SEX OF THE EMBRYO?" Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 1 (2015): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv27n1ab259.
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Male and female bovine embryos show several differences as early as the blastocyst stage. For example, differences are observed in metabolism, developmental kinetics, or gene expression that can lead to a shift in the sex ratio. Interestingly, the culture medium differentially affects male and female embryos. We previously showed that male Day 7 blastocysts present lower apoptotic rates than females (Ghys et al. 2013 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 25, 194). The objective of the present study was to determine if such difference might be related to a differential sensitivity to oxidative stress, known to increase apoptosis in bovine blastocysts. In vitro-produced embryos were cultured in a SOF-based medium containing 0.4% BSA. At Day 5 post-insemination (pi) all the embryos were transferred in drops containing the same culture medium supplemented or not with 1 mM 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, an inducer of reactive oxygen species. Blastocysts were collected at Day 7, and apoptosis was evaluated by an immunofluorescent staining of cleaved caspase-3 (8 replicates, n = 175). Total and apoptotic cells were counted using an epifluorescence microscope. As expected, embryos cultured under stress conditions from Day 5 pi presented a lower blastocyst rate at Day 7 (10.9 ± 1.0% v. 23.1 ± 1.9% for the control group; standard least squares, P < 0.0001). The stressed blastocysts also showed fewer cells (113 ± 3 v. 139 ± 4; P < 0.0001) and higher apoptotic rates (15.3 ± 0.9% v. 9.4 ± 0.6%; P < 0.0001). As previously observed, the mean total cell number of the blastocysts was higher for males than females, whatever the culture condition (stress: males: 119 ± 4, females: 108 ± 4; control: males: 144 ± 5, females: 131 ± 6; sex effect: P = 0.005; interaction of sex × condition: P = 0.9). Interestingly, the sex ratio of the blastocysts was significantly different between control and stress conditions (χ2, P = 0.02); whereas a deviation in favour of the male embryos was observed in the control group (males: n = 57, 61%, females: n = 37, 39%; P = 0.04), it disappeared when embryos were submitted to oxidative stress (males: n = 35, 43%, females: n = 46, 57%; P = 0.22). However, oxidative stress had a similar impact on male and female blastocysts regarding the apoptotic rates (stress: males: 15.3 ± 1.3%, females: 15.4 ± 1.3%; control: males: 8.9 ± 0.7%, females: 10.2 ± 1.1%; standard least squares, sex effect: P = 0.99; interaction of sex × condition: P = 0.3). In conclusion, female embryos seem more resistant to oxidative stress than male ones when the stress is induced from Day 5 pi. Oxidative stress has a similar impact on the apoptotic rates in male and female blastocysts. The higher rate of apoptosis previously observed in female blastocysts can thus not be explained by a higher sensitivity of female embryos to oxidative stress. This is in accordance with the higher level of expression of several X-linked genes related to antioxidant pathways in female blastocysts.
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Rojas, Mariana A., Lorenzo Marini, Paola Russo, Vittorio Blardi, Patrick R. Schmidlin, and Andrea Pilloni. "Clinical Pilot Series of Non-Self-Contained Periodontal Infrabony Defects Treated with a Slowly Resorbable Bovine Pericardium Membrane in Combination with Low-Temperature-Treated Decellularized Bovine Bone Particles." Dentistry Journal 9, no. 10 (September 26, 2021): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj9100110.
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The aim of this case series was to present the clinical outcomes of non-contained intrabony periodontal defects (IPDs) treated by means of papillary preservation flaps in association with a slowly resorbable bovine pericardium membrane (BPM) and a low-temperature-treated bovine bone graft (BBG). Eight healthy, non-smoking patients (two males and six females, mean age 48 ± 8 years) with stage 3 periodontitis and at least one site with residual probing depth (PD) ≥ 6 mm associated with a non-contained IPD ≥ 3 mm were treated. Two weeks after surgery, no adverse events were observed, and an early wound healing score (EHS) of 8.1 ± 1.0 was recorded. After 1 year, the mean probing depth (PD) reduction and mean clinical attachment level gain (CAL-gain) accounted for 4.8 ± 0.7 and 3.5 ± 0.7 mm, respectively, whereas the mean gingival recession (REC) was of 1.2 ± 0.3 mm. Radiographic bone fill was observed in all cases. In conclusion, the treatment of non-contained IPDs with a slowly resorbable BPM and a low-temperature-treated BBG could be considered safe and may result in significant clinical improvements 1 year after surgery.
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Palmer, Scott M., Gary S. Gilkeson, and David S. Pisetsky. "Effect of Sex on the Induction of Anti-DNA Antibodies in Normal Mice Immunized with Bacterial DNA." Lupus 2, no. 1_suppl (February 1993): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961203393002001121.
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Immunization of normal mice with bacterial DNA elicits a significant IgG anti-DNA response and has been explored as a model of systemic lupus erythematosus. To determine whether this induced response is influenced by sex, we have measured anti-DNA levels in normal male and female BALB/c mice immunized with single stranded DNA from E. coli as complexes with methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) in adjuvant. By ELISA assays, anti-DNA levels of immunized females were approximately 16-fold higher than those of immunized males; levels of antibodies to the mBSA carrier were similar, however. The antibodies from females and males showed a similar degree of cross-reactivity when assayed using other natural and synthetic DNA antigens, including mammalian DNA. These findings suggest the potentiation of anti-DNA production in females by antigen-specific mechanisms and provide further evidence that immunization with bacterial DNA replicates features of autoantibody production in SLE.
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Brinkworth, Grant D., and Jonathan D. Buckley. "Concentrated bovine colostrum protein supplementation reduces the incidence of self-reported symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in adult males." European Journal of Nutrition 42, no. 4 (August 2003): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-003-0410-x.
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Bucht, Elisabet, Ove Tørring, and Hans Erik Sjöberg. "Gel chromatography of immunoextracted plasma calcitonin in response to the calcium clamp in healthy males." Acta Endocrinologica 110, no. 3 (November 1985): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1100421.
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Abstract. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed for immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) in human plasma. Antibodies against synthetic human calcitonin (hCT) coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) were raised in rabbits and were directed against the carboxy terminal part of CT. The detection limit of the assay was 8 pg/ml. In 7 males the iCT response to a calcium-clamp was studied. Blood was collected at 0, 30 and 60 min after the start of the calcium infusion. iCT was measured directly in plasma and in extracts obtained after purification of plasma iCT by means of immobilized CT antibodies. There was a good correlation between iCT in plasma samples and extracts, r = 0.993, n = 14 (P < 0.001). Dilution curves of extracts and plasma were parallel with the hCT standard curves. Gel chromatography of the extracts on Sephadex G-50 and G-75 disclosed heterogeneity of iCT in normal plasma during basal conditions as well as during calcium stimulation. Thirty min after the start of the calcium clamp all molecular forms, most likely constituting monomeric and dimeric CT and larger forms, were increased, while after 60 min iCT seemed to constitute predominantly forms larger than monomeric CT. Basal levels of unextracted iCT in healthy males (n = 44, 37 ± 10 years) were 15 ± 9 pg-equivalents/ml (mean ± sd) which was higher than in females (n = 40, 32 ± 9 years) 11 ± 4 pg-equivalents/ml (P < 0.05).
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Bermejo-Alvarez, P., D. Rizos, P. Lonergan, and A. Gutierrez-Adan. "Transcriptional sexual dimorphism in elongating bovine embryos: implications for XCI and sex determination genes." REPRODUCTION 141, no. 6 (June 2011): 801–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-11-0006.
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Sex chromosome transcripts can lead to a broad transcriptional sexual dimorphism in the absence of concomitant or previous exposure to sex hormones, especially when X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is not complete. XCI timing has been suggested to differ greatly among species, and in bovine, most of the X-linked transcripts are upregulated in female blastocysts. To determine the timing of XCI, we analyzed in day 14 bovine embryos the sexual dimorphic transcription of seven X-linked genes known to be upregulated in female blastocysts (X24112, brain-expressed X-linked 2 (BEX2), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2A (UBE2A), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), brain-expressed X-linked 1 (BEX1), calpain 6 (CAPN6), and spermidine/spermine N-acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1)). The transcription of five genes whose expression differs between sexes at the blastocyst stage (DNMT3A, interferon tau (IFNT2), glutathione S-transferase mu 3 (GSTM3), progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), and laminin alpha 1 (LAMA1)) and four genes related with sex determination (Wilms tumor 1 (WT1), gata binding protein 4 (GATA4), zinc finger protein multitype 2 (ZFPM2), and DMRT1) was also analyzed to determine the evolution of transcriptional sexual dimorphism. The expression level of five X-linked transcripts was effectively equalized among sexes suggesting that, in cattle, a substantial XCI occurs during the period between blastocyst hatching and initiation of elongation, although UBE2A and SAT1 displayed significant transcriptional differences. Similarly, sexual dimorphism was also reduced for autosomal genes with only DNMT3A and IFNT2 exhibiting sex-related differences. Among the genes potentially involved in sex determination, Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) was significantly upregulated in males and GATA4 in females, whereas no differences were observed for ZFPM2 and DMRT1. In conclusion, a major XCI occurred between the blastocyst and early elongation stages leading to a reduction in the transcriptional sexual dimorphism of autosomal genes, which makes the period the most susceptible to sex-specific embryo loss.