Journal articles: 'Bovine parvovirus'

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Lucas, M., and D. Westcott. "Bovine parvovirus." Veterinary Record 116, no. 26 (June 29, 1985): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.116.26.698-b.

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Lau, Susanna K. P., Patrick C. Y. Woo, Herman Tse, Clara T. Y. Fu, Wing-Ka Au, Xin-Chun Chen, Hoi-Wah Tsoi, et al. "Identification of novel porcine and bovine parvoviruses closely related to human parvovirus 4." Journal of General Virology 89, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 1840–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.2008/000380-0.

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Human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), a recently discovered parvovirus found exclusively in human plasma and liver tissue, was considered phylogenetically distinct from other parvoviruses. Here, we report the discovery of two novel parvoviruses closely related to PARV4, porcine hokovirus (PHoV) and bovine hokovirus (BHoV), from porcine and bovine samples in Hong Kong. Their nearly full-length sequences were also analysed. PARV4-like viruses were detected by PCR among 44.4 % (148/333) of porcine samples (including lymph nodes, liver, serum, nasopharyngeal and faecal samples), 13 % (4/32) of bovine spleen samples and 2 % (7/362) of human serum samples that were sent for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus antibody tests. Three distinct parvoviruses were identified, including two novel parvoviruses, PHoV and BHoV, from porcine and bovine samples and PARV4 from humans, respectively. Analysis of genome sequences from seven PHoV strains, from three BHoV strains and from one PARV4 strain showed that the two animal parvoviruses were most similar to PARV4 with 61.5–63 % nt identities and, together with PARV4 (HHoV), formed a distinct cluster within the family Parvoviridae. The three parvoviruses also differed from other parvoviruses by their relatively large predicted VP1 protein and the presence of a small unique conserved putative protein. Based on these results, we propose a separate genus, Hokovirus, to describe these three parvoviruses. The co-detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, the agent associated with the recent ‘high fever’ disease outbreaks in pigs in China, from our porcine samples warrants further investigation.

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Monteith, H. D., E. E. Shannon, and J. B. Derbyshire. "The inactivation of a bovine enterovirus and a bovine parvovirus in cattle manure by anaerobic digestion, heat treatment, gamma irradiation, ensilage and composting." Journal of Hygiene 97, no. 1 (August 1986): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400064457.

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SUMMARYA bovine enterovirus and a bovine parvovirus seeded into liquid cattle manure were rapidly inactivated by anaerobic digestion under thermophilic conditions (55°C), but the same viruses survived for up to 13 and 8 days respectively under mesophilic conditions (35°C). The enterovirus was inactivated in digested liquid manure heated to 70°C for 30 min, but the parvovirus was not inactivated by this treatment. The enterovirus, seeded into single cell protein (the solids recovered by centrifugation of digested liquid manure), was inactivated by a gamma irradiation dose of 1·0 Mrad, but the parvovirus survived this dose. When single cell protein seeded with bovine enterovirus or bovine parvovirus was ensiled with cracked corn, the enterovirus was inactivated after a period of 30 days, while the parvovirus survived for 30 days in one of two experiments. Neither the enterovirus nor the parvovirus survived composting for 28 days in a thermophilic aerobic environment when seeded into the solid fraction of cattle manure. It was concluded that, of the procedures tested, only anaerobic digestion under thermophilic conditions appeared to be a reliable method of viral inactivation to ensure the safety of single cell protein for refeeding to livestock. Composting appeared to be a suitable method for the disinfection of manure for use as a soil conditioner.

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Kailasan, Shweta, Sujata Halder, Brittney Gurda, Heather Bladek, Paul R. Chipman, Robert McKenna, Kevin Brown, and Mavis Agbandje-McKenna. "Structure of an Enteric Pathogen, Bovine Parvovirus." Journal of Virology 89, no. 5 (December 17, 2014): 2603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.03157-14.

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ABSTRACTBovine parvovirus (BPV), the causative agent of respiratory and gastrointestinal disease in cows, is the type member of theBocaparvovirusgenus of theParvoviridaefamily. Toward efforts to obtain a template for the development of vaccines and small-molecule inhibitors for this pathogen, the structure of the BPV capsid, assembled from the major capsid viral protein 2 (VP2), was determined using X-ray crystallography as well as cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction (cryo-reconstruction) to 3.2- and 8.8-Å resolutions, respectively. The VP2 region ordered in the crystal structure, from residues 39 to 536, conserves the parvoviral eight-stranded jellyroll motif and an αA helix. The BPV capsid displays common parvovirus features: a channel at and depressions surrounding the 5-fold axes and protrusions surrounding the 3-fold axes. However, rather than a depression centered at the 2-fold axes, a raised surface loop divides this feature in BPV. Additional observed density in the capsid interior in the cryo-reconstructed map, compared to the crystal structure, is interpreted as 10 additional N-terminal residues, residues 29 to 38, that radially extend the channel under the 5-fold axis, as observed for human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1). Surface loops of various lengths and conformations extend from the core jellyroll motif of VP2. These loops confer the unique surface topology of the BPV capsid, making it strikingly different from HBoV1 as well as the type members of otherParvovirinaegenera for which structures have been determined. For the type members, regions structurally analogous to those decorating the BPV capsid surface serve as determinants of receptor recognition, tissue and host tropism, pathogenicity, and antigenicity.IMPORTANCEBovine parvovirus (BPV), identified in the 1960s in diarrheic calves, is the type member of theBocaparvovirusgenus of the nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)Parvoviridaefamily. The recent isolation of human bocaparvoviruses from children with severe respiratory and gastrointestinal infections has generated interest in understanding the life cycle and pathogenesis of these emerging viruses. We have determined the high-resolution structure of the BPV capsid assembled from its predominant capsid protein VP2, known to be involved in a myriad of functions during host cell entry, pathogenesis, and antigenicity for other members of theParvovirinae. Our results show the conservation of the core secondary structural elements and the location of the N-terminal residues for the known bocaparvovirus capsid structures. However, surface loops with high variability in sequence and conformation give BPV a unique capsid surface topology. Similar analogous regions in otherParvovirinaetype members are important as determinants of receptor recognition, tissue and host tropism, pathogenicity, and antigenicity.

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Walters, Robert W., Mavis Agbandje-McKenna, Valorie D. Bowman, Thomas O. Moninger, Norman H. Olson, Michael Seiler, John A. Chiorini, Timothy S. Baker, and Joseph Zabner. "Structure of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 5." Journal of Virology 78, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 3361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.7.3361-3371.2004.

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ABSTRACT Adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) requires sialic acid on host cells to bind and infect. Other parvoviruses, including Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV), canine parvovirus (CPV), minute virus of mice, and bovine parvovirus, also bind sialic acid. Hence, structural homology may explain this functional homology. The amino acids required for CPV sialic acid binding map to a site at the icosahedral twofold axes of the capsid. In contrast to AAV5, AAV2 does not bind sialic acid, but rather binds heparan sulfate proteoglycans at its threefold axes of symmetry. To explore the structure-function relationships among parvoviruses with respect to cell receptor attachment, we determined the structure of AAV5 by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and image reconstruction at a resolution of 16 Å. Surface features common to some parvoviruses, namely depressions encircling the fivefold axes and protrusions at or surrounding the threefold axes, are preserved in the AAV5 capsid. However, even though there were some similarities, a comparison of the AAV5 structure with those of ADV and CPV failed to reveal a feature which could account for the sialic acid binding phenotype common to all three viruses. In contrast, the overall surface topologies of AAV5 and AAV2 are similar. A pseudo-atomic model generated for AAV5 based on the crystal structure of AAV2 and constrained by the AAV5 cryo-EM envelope revealed differences only in surface loop regions. Surprisingly, the surface topologies of AAV5 and AAV2 are remarkably similar to that of ADV despite only exhibiting ∼20% identity in amino acid sequences. Thus, capsid surface features are shared among parvoviruses and may not be unique to their replication phenotypes, i.e., whether they require a helper or are autonomous. Furthermore, specific surface features alone do not explain the variability in carbohydrate requirements for host cell receptor interactions among parvoviruses.

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Qiu, Jianming, Fang Cheng, F. Brent Johnson, and David Pintel. "The Transcription Profile of the Bocavirus Bovine Parvovirus Is Unlike Those of Previously Characterized Parvoviruses." Journal of Virology 81, no. 21 (August 22, 2007): 12080–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00815-07.

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ABSTRACT The Bocavirus bovine parvovirus generated a single pre-mRNA from a promoter at its left-hand end; however, the pattern of its alternative polyadenylation and splicing was different from that of other parvoviruses. A large left-hand-end open reading frame (ORF) encoded a nonstructural protein of approximately 95 kDa. An abundant, spliced, internally polyadenylated transcript encoded the viral NP1 protein from an ORF in the center of the genome. Transcripts encoding the capsid proteins were polyadenylated in the right-hand terminal palindrome. This is the first published transcription map of a member of the Bocavirus genus of the Parvovirinae.

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7

Bachmann, P. A. "Properties of a Bovine Parvovirus (Brief Report)." Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B 18, no. 1 (May 13, 2010): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1971.tb00345.x.

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8

Johnson, F. Brent, Laura B. Fenn, Thomas J. Owens, Laura J. Faucheux, and Shawn D. Blackburn. "Attachment of bovine parvovirus to sialic acids on bovine cell membranes." Journal of General Virology 85, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 2199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.79899-0.

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Although it has previously been shown that bovine parvovirus (BPV) attaches to the sialated glycoprotein glycophorin A on erythrocytes, the nature of virus-binding moieties on mammalian nucleated cells is less clear. Buffalo lung fibroblasts (Bu), primary bovine embryonic kidney cells, Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells and bovine embryonic trachea (EBTr) cells were assessed for molecules capable of binding BPV. Competition studies were carried out on both erythrocyte and nucleated cell targets using a variety of sialated compounds and sialic acid-negative compounds. Glycophorin A was found to inhibit BPV binding, while mucin exhibited low-level inhibition. These two sialated compounds also blocked attachment of BPV-modified microsphere carriers to the Bu cell membrane. Influenza A virus was used as a sialic acid competitor and interfered with BPV attachment to erythrocytes and replication in Bu cells. Significantly, the enzyme sialidase removed BPV-binding sites from Bu and EBTr cells. The binding sites could be reconstituted on sialidase-treated cells by the enzymes α-2,3-O-sialyltransferase and α-2,3-N-sialyltransferase. These results indicated that BPV can attach to sialic acid on cell membranes and that the sialylglycoproteins available for virus attachment appear to contain both N- and O-linked carbohydrate moieties, but that not all members of the sialic acid family can bind BPV. Moreover, there may be other moieties that can bind BPV, which may act as either primary or secondary receptors.

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9

Thacker, T. C., and F. B. Johnson. "Binding of bovine parvovirus to erythrocyte membrane sialylglycoproteins." Journal of General Virology 79, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 2163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-79-9-2163.

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10

Durham, P. J. K., and R. H. Johnson. "Studies on the replication of a bovine parvovirus." Veterinary Microbiology 10, no. 2 (January 1985): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(85)90018-5.

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11

Sun, Yuning, Aaron Yun Chen, Fang Cheng, Wuxiang Guan, F. Brent Johnson, and Jianming Qiu. "Molecular Characterization of Infectious Clones of the Minute Virus of Canines Reveals Unique Features of Bocaviruses." Journal of Virology 83, no. 8 (February 11, 2009): 3956–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02569-08.

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ABSTRACT Minute virus of canines (MVC) is a member of the genus Bocavirus in the family Parvoviridae. We have molecularly cloned and sequenced the 5′- and 3′-terminal palindromes of MVC. The MVC genome, 5,404 nucleotides (nt) in length, shared an identity of 52.6% and 52.1% with that of human bocavirus and bovine parvovirus, respectively. It had distinct palindromic hairpins of 183 nt and 198 nt at the left-end and right-end termini of the genome, respectively. The left-end terminus was also found in two alternative orientations (flip or flop). Both termini shared extensive similarities with those of bovine parvovirus. Four full-length molecular clones constructed with different orientations of the left-end terminus proved to be infectious in Walter Reed canine cell/3873D (WRD) canine cells. Both MVC infection and transfection of the infectious clone in WRD cells revealed an identical RNA transcription profile that was similar to that of bovine parvovirus. Mutagenesis of the infectious clone demonstrated that the middle open reading frame encodes the NP1 protein. This protein, unique to the genus Bocavirus, was essential for MVC DNA replication. Moreover, the phospholipase A2 motif in the VP1 unique region was also critical for MVC infection. Thus, our studies revealed important information about the genus Bocavirus that may eventually help us to clone the human bocavirus and study its pathogenesis.

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Dudleenamjil, E., C. Y. Lin, D. Dredge, B. K. Murray, R. A. Robison, and F. B. Johnson. "Bovine parvovirus uses clathrin-mediated endocytosis for cell entry." Journal of General Virology 91, no. 12 (September 1, 2010): 3032–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.024133-0.

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Chen, K. C., B. C. Shull, E. A. Moses, M. Lederman, E. R. Stout, and R. C. Bates. "Complete nucleotide sequence and genome organization of bovine parvovirus." Journal of Virology 60, no. 3 (1986): 1085–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.60.3.1085-1097.1986.

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Gurda, Brittney L., Kristin N. Parent, Heather Bladek, Robert S. Sinkovits, Michael A. DiMattia, Chelsea Rence, Alejandro Castro, et al. "Human Bocavirus Capsid Structure: Insights into the Structural Repertoire of the Parvoviridae." Journal of Virology 84, no. 12 (April 7, 2010): 5880–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02719-09.

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ABSTRACT Human bocavirus (HBoV) was recently discovered and classified in the Bocavirus genus (family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae) on the basis of genomic similarity to bovine parvovirus and canine minute virus. HBoV has been implicated in respiratory tract infections and gastroenteric disease in children worldwide, yet despite numerous epidemiological reports, there has been limited biochemical and molecular characterization of the virus. Reported here is the three-dimensional structure of recombinant HBoV capsids, assembled from viral protein 2 (VP2), at 7.9-Å resolution as determined by cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction. A pseudo-atomic model of HBoV VP2 was derived from sequence alignment analysis and knowledge of the crystal structure of human parvovirus B19 (genus Erythrovirus). Comparison of the HBoV capsid structure to that of parvoviruses from five separate genera demonstrates strong conservation of a β-barrel core domain and an α-helix, from which emanate several loops of various lengths and conformations, yielding a unique surface topology that differs from the three already described for this family. The highly conserved core is consistent with observations for other single-stranded DNA viruses, and variable surface loops have been shown to confer the host-specific tropism and the diverse antigenic properties of this family.

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Lederman, M., S. F. Cotmore, E. R. Stout, and R. C. Bates. "Detection of bovine parvovirus proteins homologous to the nonstructural NS-1 proteins of other autonomous parvoviruses." Journal of Virology 61, no. 11 (1987): 3612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.61.11.3612-3616.1987.

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GONG, Zhuandi, Xiaoyun SHEN, Haoqin LIANG, Jinjing GENG, and Suocheng WEI. "TaqMan probe qRT-PCR detects bovine parvovirus and applies clinically." TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES 44, no. 2 (April 6, 2020): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/vet-1907-80.

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Durham, P. J. K., and R. H. Johnson. "Properties of an Australian isolate of bovine parvovirus type 1." Veterinary Microbiology 10, no. 4 (June 1985): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(85)90004-5.

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Kirkbride, Clyde A. "Viral Agents and Associated Lesions Detected in a 10-Year Study of Bovine Abortions and Stillbirths." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 4, no. 4 (October 1992): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879200400402.

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In a lo-year survey started in 1980, specimens from 8,995 bovine abortions and stillbirths were submitted to the South Dakota Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory. Of these, 8,962 were suitable for some type of examination. Viruses were associated with 948 (10.58%). Bovine herpesvirus-1 (IBR) was detected in 485 (5.41%), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was detected in 407 (4.54%). In 1 year of the survey, BVDV was detected in 8/32 fetuses that had lesions of passive congestion. Bovine herpesviruswas isolated from 47 specimens (0.52%), parvovirus and enterovirus were each isolated from 2, and adenovirus, Parainfluenza virus, and pseudorabies virus were each isolated from 1. Malignant lymphoid neoplasia was present in 2 fetuses, and their abortion was assumed to have been caused by the bovine leukosis virus.

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Schwartz, Daniel, Bryan Green, Leland E. Carmichael, and Colin R. Parrish. "The Canine Minute Virus (Minute Virus of Canines) Is a Distinct Parvovirus That Is Most Similar to Bovine Parvovirus." Virology 302, no. 2 (October 2002): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/viro.2002.1674.

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Abdel-Latif, Lubna, Byron K. Murray, Rebecca L. Renberg, Kim L. O'Neill, Heidi Porter, James B. Jensen, and F. Brent Johnson. "Cell death in bovine parvovirus-infected embryonic bovine tracheal cells is mediated by necrosis rather than apoptosis." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 2539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81915-0.

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The helper-independent bovine parvovirus (BPV) was studied to determine its effect on host embryonic bovine tracheal (EBTr) cells: whether the ultimate outcome of infection results in apoptotic cell death or cell death by necrosis. Infected cells were observed for changes marking apoptosis. Observations of alterations in nuclear morphology, membrane changes, apoptotic body formation, membrane phosphatidylserine inversions, caspase activation and cell DNA laddering in infected cells were not indicative of apoptosis. On the other hand, at the end of the virus replication cycle, infected cells released viral haemagglutinin and infectious virus particles, as would be expected from cell membrane failure. Moreover, the infected cells released lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), release of which is a marker of necrosis. LDH release into the cell medium correlated directly with viral m.o.i. and time post-infection. Furthermore, assessment of mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity was consistent with cell death by necrosis. Taken together, these findings indicate that cell death in BPV-infected EBTr cells is due to necrosis, as defined by infected-cell membrane failure and release of the cell contents into the extracellular environment.

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Gaffarov, Kh Z., and M. A. Efimova. "BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BOVINE PARVOVIRUS AND ITS ROLE IN CATTLE PATHOLOGY (review)." Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya, no. 6 (December 2013): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2013.6.16eng.

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Pecora, Andrea, Jorgelina Pérez López, Maximiliano J. Jordán, Lautaro N. Franco, Romina Politzki, Vanesa Ruiz, and Irene Alvarez. "Analysis of irradiated Argentinean fetal bovine serum for adventitious agents." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 6 (August 19, 2020): 892–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720951556.

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Fetal bovine serum (FBS) used in cell culture may be contaminated with adventitious agents, which can affect the production of biologicals and the results of clinical laboratory tests. We carried out a retrospective study to determine the incidence of adventitious agent contamination of Argentinean irradiated FBS dating from 2015 to 2019. We analyzed FBS batches for mycoplasma and adventitious viruses (bovine pestiviruses, bovine adenovirus, bluetongue virus, bovine parainfluenza virus 3, rabies virus, bovine parvovirus, bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and reovirus). Cell passages followed by direct immunofluorescence were carried out to check viability of the mentioned adventitious agents. Also, molecular detection of mycoplasma and pestiviruses was performed on the FBS samples. The presence of neutralizing antibodies against pestiviruses was determined. Molecular analyses indicated that frequencies of mycoplasma and pestiviruses in FBS were 14% and 84%, respectively. All of the batches were seronegative for pestiviral antibodies. After cell passages, all FBS samples were negative for hemadsorbent agents and by immunofluorescence for all of the viral species analyzed; PCR assays were negative for mycoplasma and pestiviruses. Our results demonstrate that, of all adventitious agents tested, local FBS batches only had traces of mycoplasma and pestiviruses; gamma irradiation was effective in inactivating them.

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Wekerle, J., M. Leuze, and K. Koch. "Virus Inactivating Effect of Anaerobic Mesophilic Digestion of Municipal Sludge with or without Different Preceding Types of Treatment." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0108.

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The effect of the conventional mesophilic anaerobic one-step digestion, and of two-phase processes with and without pre-pasteurisation and pasteurisation of the digested sludge on three non-enveloped viruses was investigated. Reovirus Type 1 and bovine Enterovirus (ECBO-LCR-4) were inactivated completely by the one-step mesophilic anaerobic digestion process with a mean hydraulic retention time (MHRT) of 20 days, as well as by the two-phase process with a MHRT of two days in the anaerobic pretreatment at 33°C or 20°C and eight days in the main digestion at 33°C, with and without prepasteurisation. None of the processes inactivated bovine Parvovirus (strain Haden) completely. Even by pasteurisation of the digested sludge this virus could not be inactivated in all cases.

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Bräuniger, Siegfried, Jürgen Peters, Ulrich Borchers, Mujahed Kao, and Ulrich Borchers. "Further studies on thermal resistance of bovine parvovirus against moist and dry heat." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 203, no. 1 (January 2000): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/s1438-4639(04)70010-3.

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Cibulski, Samuel Paulo, Thais Fumaco Teixeira, Helton Fernandes dos Santos, Francisco Esmaile de Sales Lima, Camila Mengue Scheffer, Ana Paula Muterle Varela, Diane Alves de Lima, et al. "Ungulate copiparvovirus 1 (bovine parvovirus 2): characterization of a new genotype and associated viremia in different bovine age groups." Virus Genes 52, no. 1 (December 8, 2015): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11262-015-1266-x.

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Luo, Ji-guan, Jun-wei Ge, Li-jie Tang, Xin-yuan Qiao, Yan-ping Jiang, Wen Cui, Min Liu, and Yi-jing Li. "Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of bovine parvovirus." Journal of Virological Methods 191, no. 2 (August 2013): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.05.002.

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Lederman, M., B. C. Shull, E. R. Stout, and R. C. Bates. "Bovine Parvovirus DNA-binding Proteins: Identification by a Combined DNA Hybridization and Immunodetection Assay." Journal of General Virology 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-68-1-147.

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Blackburn, S. D., S. E. Cline, J. P. Hemming, and F. B. Johnson. "Attachment of bovine parvovirus to O-linked alpha 2,3 neuraminic acid on glycophorin A." Archives of Virology 150, no. 7 (March 8, 2005): 1477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-005-0496-y.

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Fernandes, Sandra, Maude Boisvert, Jozsef Szelei, and Peter Tijssen. "Differential replication of two porcine parvovirus strains in bovine cell lines ensues from initial DNA processing and NS1 expression." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 910–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.059741-0.

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Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a small DNA virus with restricted coding capacity. The 5 kb genome expresses three major non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2 and SAT), and two structural proteins (VP1 and VP2). These few viral proteins are pleiotropic and interact with cellular components throughout viral replication. In this regard, very few cell lines have been shown to replicate the virus efficiently. Cell lines were established from a primary culture of bovine cells that allowed allotropic variants of PPV to be distinguished. Three cell lines were differentially sensitive to infection by two prototype PPV strains, NADL-2 and Kresse. In the first cell line (D10), infection was restricted early in the infectious cycle and was not productive. Infection of the second cell line (G11) was 1000 times less efficient with the NADL-2 strain compared with porcine cells, while production of infectious virus of the Kresse strain was barely detectable. Restriction points in these cells were the initial generation of DNA replication intermediates and NS1 production. Infection with chimeras between NADL-2 and Kresse showed that residues outside the previously described allotropic determinant were also partially responsible for the restriction to Kresse replication in G11 cells. F4 cells were permissive to both strains, although genome replication and infectious virus production were lower than in the porcine cells used for comparison. These results highlight the dependent nature of parvovirus tropism on host factors and suggest that cells from a non-host origin can fully support a productive infection by both strains.

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Vijayaragavan, K. Saagar, Amna Zahid, Jonathan W. Young, and Caryn L. Heldt. "Separation of porcine parvovirus from bovine serum albumin using PEG–salt aqueous two-phase system." Journal of Chromatography B 967 (September 2014): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.07.025.

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Pratelli, Annamaria, and Paschalina Moschidou. "Host range of Canine minute virus in cell culture." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 24, no. 5 (July 23, 2012): 981–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638712453579.

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Canine minute virus (CnMV) is a member of the Bocavirus genus, together with Bovine parvovirus (BPV), which emerged as a new pathogen of dogs in 1967. The genus Bocavirus gained more recognition after the recent identification of Human bocavirus in pooled specimens from the respiratory tract of children. The cell culture host range of CnMV appears to be restricted to the Walter Reed canine cell (WRCC) line, although there is a report that indicates susceptibility of the Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. In order to study the susceptibility of different cell lines to CnMV, the replication in cell cultures of canine, bovine, and human origin and the interaction of the virus with freshly isolated canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells were evaluated. The in vitro host range was unexpectedly wide. As shown by indirect fluorescent antibody and polymerase chain reaction assays, CnMV replicates efficiently in the A72 and MDCK canine cell lines. Bovine and human cell lines support the replication of CnMV less efficiently. In contrast, canine mononuclear blood cells are permissive to replication of CnMV in vitro. The present study revealed the ability of CnMV to replicate in continuous cell lines of different origin and, partially, in canine mononuclear cells.

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Efimova, M. A., A. V. Ivanov, Kh Z. Gaffarov, and A. I. Yarullin. "ELISA test system for serological diagnosis of bovine parvovirus infection and determination of postvaccinal antibody level." Russian Agricultural Sciences 38, no. 2 (March 2012): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068367412020073.

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Shull, B. C., K. C. Chen, M. Lederman, E. R. Stout, and R. C. Bates. "Genomic clones of bovine parvovirus: construction and effect of deletions and terminal sequence inversions on infectivity." Journal of Virology 62, no. 2 (1988): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.62.2.417-426.1988.

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Bae, Jung Eun, and In Seop Kim. "Multiplex PCR for rapid detection of minute virus of mice, bovine parvovirus, and bovine herpesvirus during the manufacture of cell culture-derived biopharmaceuticals." Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 15, no. 6 (December 2010): 1031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12257-009-3137-6.

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Ng, Terry Fei Fan, Nikola O. Kondov, Xutao Deng, Alison Van Eenennaam, Holly L. Neibergs, and Eric Delwart. "A Metagenomics and Case-Control Study To Identify Viruses Associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease." Journal of Virology 89, no. 10 (March 4, 2015): 5340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00064-15.

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ABSTRACTBovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a common health problem for both dairy and beef cattle, resulting in significant economic loses. In order to identify viruses associated with BRD, we used a metagenomics approach to enrich and sequence viral nucleic acids in the nasal swabs of 50 young dairy cattle with symptoms of BRD. Following deep sequencing,de novoassembly, and translated protein sequence similarity searches, numerous known and previously uncharacterized viruses were identified. Bovine adenovirus 3, bovine adeno-associated virus, bovine influenza D virus, bovine parvovirus 2, bovine herpesvirus 6, bovine rhinitis A virus, and multiple genotypes of bovine rhinitis B virus were identified. The genomes of a previously uncharacterized astrovirus and picobirnaviruses were also partially or fully sequenced. Using real-time PCR, the rates of detection of the eight viruses that generated the most reads were compared for the nasal secretions of 50 animals with BRD versus 50 location-matched healthy control animals. Viruses were detected in 68% of BRD-affected animals versus 16% of healthy control animals. Thirty-eight percent of sick animals versus 8% of controls were infected with multiple respiratory viruses. Significantly associated with BRD were bovine adenovirus 3 (P< 0.0001), bovine rhinitis A virus (P= 0.005), and the recently described bovine influenza D virus (P= 0.006), which were detected either alone or in combination in 62% of animals with BRD. A metagenomics and real-time PCR detection approach in carefully matched cases and controls can provide a rapid means to identify viruses associated with a complex disease, paving the way for further confirmatory tests and ultimately to effective intervention strategies.IMPORTANCEBovine respiratory disease is the most economically important disease affecting the cattle industry, whose complex root causes include environmental, genetics, and infectious factors. Using an unbiased metagenomics approach, we characterized the viruses in respiratory secretions from BRD cases and identified known and previously uncharacterized viruses belonging to seven viral families. Using a case-control format with location-matched animals, we compared the rates of viral detection and identified 3 viruses associated with severe BRD signs. Combining a metagenomics and case-control format can provide candidate pathogens associated with complex infectious diseases and inform further studies aimed at reducing their impact.

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Pommer, J., M. Nichols, P. Kasinathan, E. Sullivan, J. Robl, J. Griffin, P. Boerma, and C. Vos. "157 VIRAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF BOVINE OOCYTES HARVESTED FROM ABATTOIR ORIGIN." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 1 (2008): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv20n1ab157.

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Bovine oocytes derived from abattoir origin are mainly used for artificial reproductive techniques in both agricultural and biomedical applications. Regulatory agencies have expressed concern for potential transmission of adventitious viruses by sourcing bovine oocytes from abattoir origin. To evaluate this concern, a viral risk assessment was conducted on batch samples collected from follicular fluid, cumulus cells, oocytes, and Day 8 embryos. These batch samples were collected from ovaries on seven randomly selected days in a 2-week period and they were frozen and stored at –80°C until tested. All samples were tested by 9 Code of Federal Regulations (9CFR) part 113.53c (animal viral testing) at a GLP compliant laboratory (American BioResearch Laboratories, Sevier, TN, USA). The 9CFR viral testing includes bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine parvovirus, bovine adenovirus type 3 and 5, bovine rabies virus, bovine bluetongue virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine reovirus, viral cytopathic effect, and hemadsorption on permissive cell cultures. Batch samples were also tested for BVDV and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and follicular fluids for BVDV antibody neutralization activity at an accredited diagnostic laboratory (Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, SDSU, Brookings, SD, USA). The 9CFR viral testing results on all the batch samples were negative. The BVDV PCR test had a low positive (37.89 cycles) with one follicular fluid batch sample (1/7) and a low positive (37.9 cycles) on all cleaved embryos (7/7). However, BVDV virus isolation was negative for both batch samples by 9CFR testing. The BLV PCR had a positive follicular batch sample (1/7), with all other samples testing being negative. BVD serum neutralization antibody assay demonstrated that all follicular fluid had significant titers of 1:128–1:1024. Although some of the viral particles may have been detected in follicular fluid and cleaved embryos by PCR, none of the batch samples collected were positive for viral growth in this study. The BVDV PCR indicated low levels of BVDV RNA. It is speculated that the positive BVDV PCR results on cleaved embryos could possibly be attributed to the use of irradiated fetal calf serum (contaminated BVDV virus) used in culture media. Follicular fluids also have high titers to BVDV which may have neutralized the virus. These results indicate that virus-free bovine oocytes can be derived from the abattoir. Thus, with appropriately applied quality assurance testing, abattoir-origin oocytes might be used effectively in agricultural and biomedical applications. Table 1. Summary of test results on batch samples from abattoir-derived oocytes

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Allander, T., S. U. Emerson, R. E. Engle, R. H. Purcell, and J. Bukh. "A virus discovery method incorporating DNase treatment and its application to the identification of two bovine parvovirus species." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, no. 20 (September 18, 2001): 11609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.211424698.

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Paluszak, Z., A. Lipowski, and A. Ligocka. "Survival of BPV and Aujeszky's disease viruses in meat wastes subjected to different sanitization processes." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 749–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10181-010-0013-4.

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Survival of BPV and Aujeszky's disease viruses in meat wastes subjected to different sanitization processesThe effect of composting and anaerobic fermentations under meso- and thermophylic conditions (37° and 55°C) on the survival of bovine parvovirus (BPV) and Aujeszky's disease viruse (ADV) in meat wastes has been examined in this study. Viruses were adsorbed on filters and introduced into carriers which were made of meat fragments of different sizes and bones or in the form of suspension they were introduced into the biomass in the course of processes of waste treatment. Carriers were removed at appropriate time intervals and virus titres were determined. The thermoresistant parvovirus survived for the longest time during mesophylic fermentation (almost 70 days), slightly shorter during composting (7-9.5 days depending on the type of carrier) and for the shortest time - at 55°C (46-76 hours). Its inactivation rate was the fastest in a suspension, slower in meat and bone carriers. ADV inactivation proceeded considerably faster, as compared with BPV. Its active particles were not detected as early as in the 30thminute of thermophylic fermentation, the 6thhour of mesophylic fermentation and at the first sampling time during composting (at the 72ndhour). Total survival time ranged from 50 min to 13 hours. All the tested technologies enabled the effective elimination of ADV and on average twofold decrease in BPV titre. From the study conducted it follows that of both viruses, the BPV should be applied for validation processes of methods used in meat waste processing, particularly if this refers to methods where higher temperature is the factor inactivating pathogens.

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Metcalf, J. B., R. C. Bates, and M. Lederman. "Interaction of virally coded protein and a cell cycle-regulated cellular protein with the bovine parvovirus left terminus ori." Journal of Virology 64, no. 11 (1990): 5485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.64.11.5485-5490.1990.

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Wang, Xiaona, Fengsai Li, Meijing Han, Shuo Jia, Li Wang, Xinyuan Qiao, Yanping Jiang, et al. "Cloning, Prokaryotic Soluble Expression, and Analysis of Antiviral Activity of Two Novel Feline IFN-ω Proteins." Viruses 12, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12030335.

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Cats are becoming more popular as household companions and pets, forming close relationships with humans. Although feline viral diseases can pose serious health hazards to pet cats, commercialized preventative vaccines are lacking. Interferons (IFNs), especially type I IFNs (IFN-α, IFN-β, and interferon omega (IFN-ω)), have been explored as effective therapeutic drugs against viral diseases in cats. Nevertheless, there is limited knowledge regarding feline IFN-ω (feIFN-ω), compared to IFN-α and IFN-β. In this study, we cloned the genes encoding feIFN-ωa and feIFN-ωb from cat spleen lymphocytes. Homology and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that these two genes belonged to new subtypes of feIFN-ω. The recombinant feIFN-ωa and feIFN-ωb proteins were expressed in their soluble forms in Escherichia coli, followed by purification. Both proteins exhibited effective anti-vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) activity in Vero, F81 (feline kidney cell), Madin–Darby bovine kidney (MDBK), Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK), and porcine kidney (PK-15) cells, showing broader cross-species antiviral activity than the INTERCAT IFN antiviral drug. Furthermore, the recombinant feIFN-ωa and feIFN-ωb proteins demonstrated antiviral activity against VSV, feline coronavirus (FCoV), canine parvovirus (CPV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), indicating better broad-spectrum antiviral activity than the INTERCAT IFN. The two novel feIFN-ω proteins (feIFN-ωa and feIFN-ωb) described in this study show promising potential to serve as effective therapeutic agents for treating viral infections in pet cats.

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Caruso, C., E. Gobbi, T. Biosa, M. Andra’, U. Cavallazzi, and L. Masoero. "Evaluation of viral inactivation of pseudorabies virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus and porcine parvovirus in pancreatin of porcine origin." Journal of Virological Methods 208 (November 2014): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.032.

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42

Dijkman, Ronald, Sylvie M. Koekkoek, Richard Molenkamp, Oliver Schildgen, and Lia van der Hoek. "Human Bocavirus Can Be Cultured in Differentiated Human Airway Epithelial Cells." Journal of Virology 83, no. 15 (May 27, 2009): 7739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00614-09.

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ABSTRACT In 2005, a human bocavirus was discovered in children with respiratory tract illnesses. Attempts to culture this virus on conventional cell lines has failed thus far. We investigated whether the virus can replicate on pseudostratified human airway epithelium. This cell culture system mimics the human airway environment and facilitates culturing of various respiratory agents. The cells were inoculated with human bocavirus-positive nasopharyngeal washes from children, and virus replication was monitored by measuring apical release of the virus via real-time PCR. Furthermore, we identified different viral mRNAs in the infected cells. All mRNAs were transcribed from a single promoter but varied due to alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation, similar to what has been described for bovine parvovirus and minute virus of canines, the other two members of the Bocavirus genus. Thus, transcription of human bocavirus displays strong homology to the transcription of the other bocaviruses. In conclusion, we report here for the first time that human bocavirus can be propagated in an in vitro culture system and present a detailed map of the set of mRNAs that are produced by the virus.

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Roberts, Peter L., and Helena Hart. "Comparison of the Inactivation of Canine and Bovine Parvovirus by Freeze-drying and Dry-heat Treatment in Two High Purity Factor VIII Concentrates." Biologicals 28, no. 3 (September 2000): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/biol.2000.0256.

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Li, Qian, Zhenfeng Zhang, Zhenhua Zheng, Xianliang Ke, Huanle Luo, Qinxue Hu, and Hanzhong Wang. "Identification and characterization of complex dual nuclear localization signals in human bocavirus NP1." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 1335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.047530-0.

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Human bocavirus (HBoV), closely related to canine minute virus (MVC) and bovine parvovirus (BPV), is a new member of the Bocavirus genus within the Parvoviridae family. The non-structural protein NP1 of HBoV is a nuclear localized protein and plays an important role in DNA replication as well as in the evasion of host innate immunity. In the current study, we provide the first evidence that NP1 possesses a non-classical nuclear localization signal (ncNLS) (amino acids 7–50). Embedded within this ncNLS is a classical bipartite nuclear localization signal (cNLS) (amino acids 14–28), capable of transporting a heterologous cytoplasmic protein β-galactosidase fusion protein (β-gal-EGFP) to the nucleus via the classical importin α/β1-mediated pathway. Amino acids 7–50 containing the cNLS and the ncNLS of NP1 or full-length NP1 interact with importin α1, importin β1 and importin β1Δ, which lacks the importin α binding domain, indicating that the nuclear import of NP1 is through both conventional importin α/β1 heterodimer- and non-classical importinß1-mediated pathways. Given that the arrangement of a cNLS embedded within an ncNLS is unusual in viral proteins, our data together reveal a novel molecular mechanism underlying the nuclear import of HBoV NP1, providing a basis for further understanding its biological function.

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Groener, Albrecht, Thomas Nowak, Birgit Popp, and Wolfram Schäfer. "Multiple Dedicated Measures Result in a Plasma-Derived FVIII Concentrate with High Margin of Safety Regarding Pathogen Transmission." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 4355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.4355.4355.

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Abstract Abstract 4355 A minimal load of infectious virus, if any, in human plasma, the starting material for the production of a FVIII concentrate, is achieved by selecting donor centers and donors, by testing donations for viral markers and genomic material of HAV, HBV, HCV, HIV-1 and high titers of parvovirus B19 (B19V), and by releasing plasma pools for fractionation when non-reactive for these blood-borne viruses. Two dedicated virus reduction steps and further steps of the manufacturing process of this FVIII concentrate [Beriate] were investigated: heat treatment in aqueous, stabilized solution (“pasteurization”), virus filtration (filter with a mean pore size of approx. 19 nm (Planova 20N)), and a chromatography step. The virus and prion reduction capacity of the manufacturing process of this FVIII concentrate was evaluated in in vitro studies. Product intermediates from selected steps of the manufacturing process for the FVIII concentrate, derived from different production lots, were spiked with enveloped and non-enveloped viruses of diverse physico-chemical characteristics and processed according to a scaled-down, validated manufacturing process. The virus panel employed in these studies consisted of HIV, BVDV (bovine viral diarrhea virus, a specific model virus for HCV and WNV), HAV, parvoviruses (B19V and CPV (canine parvovirus)) and PRV (pseudorabies virus, a non-specific enveloped DNA virus). The prion reduction capacity was studied by spiking cryoprecipitate with two different spike preparations and performing the whole manufacturing process including the virus filtration according to a valid down scaled process. Pasteurization (heat treatment) inactivates all blood-borne viruses or their specific model viruses effectively, i.e. HIV, BVDV, HAV and B19V were inactivated in the order of 4 log10 or more. Virus filtration removed effectively all enveloped viruses and HAV and removed CPV, a small non-enveloped virus, to a very high degree. Further manufacturing steps reliably contribute to the overall virus reduction capacity of the manufacturing process of this FVIII concentrate. Two different prion preparations prepared from brain homogenate of 263K infected hamsters were used in prion evaluation studies: a membrane-associated preparation of prion material (microsomes) and a PrPSc preparation without membranes (purified PrPSc) were used to evaluate the prion reduction capacity of the FVIII production process. Studying the whole manufacturing process in a combined step approach documented the removal of both spike preparations below the limit of detection. Prion material in the different fractions was quantified using a biochemical/serological method, the Conformation-Dependent Immunoassay (CDI). Spiking different manufacturing steps independently and adding the individual reduction factors to the overall prion reduction factor was considered not appropriate as conditioning of the spiked prion material by the production process may impact the reduction capacity. The pathogen reduction capacity for the FVIII concentrate Beriate is shown in the following table: Based on the epidemiology in the donor population and donation frequency, the sensitivity of the NAT assay, the amount of plasma needed to produce one vial of FVIII concentrate and the virus reduction factors demonstrated, it can be concluded that the measures taken result in a FVIII concentrate [Beriate] with a very high margin of safety for a wide range of viruses and other pathogens. Disclosures: Groener: CSL Behring: Employment. Nowak:CSL Behring: Employment. Popp:CSL Behring: Employment. Schäfer:CSL Behring: Employment.

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Chen, K. C., B. C. Shull, M. Lederman, E. R. Stout, and R. C. Bates. "Analysis of the termini of the DNA of bovine parvovirus: demonstration of sequence inversion at the left terminus and its implication for the replication model." Journal of Virology 62, no. 10 (1988): 3807–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.62.10.3807-3813.1988.

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Chang, Jitao, Yue Zhang, Decheng Yang, Zhigang Jiang, Fang Wang, and Li Yu. "Potent neutralization activity against type O foot-and-mouth disease virus elicited by a conserved type O neutralizing epitope displayed on bovine parvovirus virus-like particles." Journal of General Virology 100, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001194.

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Groener, Albrecht, Thomas Nowak, and Wolfram Schäfer. "Two Virus Reduction Steps Are Inherent in the Manufacturing Process of Berinert P, a C1-Esterase-Inhibitor Concentrate." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 4170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.4170.4170.

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Abstract The clinical picture of hereditary angio-edema (HAE) is characterized by acute attacks of circumscribed swellings of the skin and sub-mucosa which recur after symptomless intervals of days to years. Episodes of swelling may involve the upper respiratory tract, including the tongue, pharynx, and larynx. This contributes to the mortality of up to 30% (or more in some families) due to suffocation as complication of laryngeal edema. This increased vascular permeability and massive local uncontrolled edema is most probably caused by uncontrolled activation of the complement system and by increased formation of bradykinin and C2 kinin due to deficiency or complete absence of C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH). The first line therapy for treatment of an acute attack and for short-term prophylaxis is intravenous administration of a plasma-derived C1-INH concentrate (where licensed). Such a C1-INH product is Berinert® P, licensed in e.g., Germany, Switzerland, France, and Japan. As, in general, plasma-derived products may potentially transmit viruses, special care is taken to minimize this risk by careful selection of plasma collection centers and donors. Furthermore, each donation is tested thoroughly for the absence of hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), and high titers of parvovirus B19 (B19V) by serological and/or NAT/PCR methods. In addition, the plasma pool for fractionation is tested and only released for further processing if the pool is non-reactive (negative) for HBsAg and non-reactive for antibodies against HCV and HIV-1/-2 as well as non-reactive for genomic sequences of HAV, HBV, HCV, HIV-1, and high titers of B19V (not exceeding 105 IU/ml). Selecting and testing the starting material for absence of blood borne viruses is a very important prerequisite to the production of the C1-INH concentrate; however, the manufacturing process of this product with its inherent capacity to inactivate and/or remove potentially present viruses in the plasma pool for fractionation complements the effort for a final product with a high margin of safety with regard to viruses. Two manufacturing steps - pasteurization (heat treatment of stabilized aqueous solution at 60°C for 10 hours) and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) - were validated for their capacity to inactivate and/or remove viruses. In these laboratory studies, the relevant blood borne viruses or specific and non-specific model viruses were employed: HIV and HAV as viruses of risk, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) as model virus for HCV and related viruses as West Nile virus (WNV), and canine parvovirus (CPV) as model virus for parvovirus B19 (B19V) demonstrating a very effective reduction of the infectivity by both manufacturing steps independently. Based on these virus validation studies it is evident that two complementary virus reduction steps are inherent in the manufacturing process of Berinert® P. Mean overall virus reduction factors for Berinert® P Virus Virus Reduction by Two Manufacturing Steps [log 10 ] HI Chromatography Pasteurization Overall Virus Reduction HIV ≥ 4.5 ≥ 6.6 ≥ 11.1 BVDV ≥ 5.1 ≥ 9.2 ≥ 14.3 PRV ≥ 6.7 6.6 ≥ 13.3 HAV ≥ 3.3 ≥6.4 ≥9.7 CPV 6.7 1.4 8.1 Furthermore, investigational studies demonstrate (i) an effective inactivation of B19V by pasteurization resulting in a virus reduction factor of ≥ 4.3 log10 and (ii) the removal of two different prion preparations by a single manufacturing step (microsomes and purified PrPSc by 3.1 log10 and 3.2 log10, respectively). Therefore, a high safety margin for pathogens can be attributed to Berinert® P.

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Groener, Albrecht, Thomas Nowak, Birgit Popp, and Wolfram Schäfer. "High Margin of Pathogen Safety for a Plasma-Derived FXIII Concentrate for the Treatment of Congenital FXIII Deficiency." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 4655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.4655.4655.

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Abstract Abstract 4655 Congenital Factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency is an extremely rare, serious, and life-threatening condition, especially due to intracranial haemorrhage, which can be treated by a plasma-derived FXIII concentrate. The pathogen safety of this plasma-derived protein is achieved by the complementary measures (i) selecting and testing the starting material, human plasma, (ii) releasing the plasma pool for fractionation when non-reactive for viral markers and genomic material of blood-borne viruses, and (iii) ensuring adequate capacity of the production process to reduce a wide range of viruses as well as prions. Virus validation and prion evaluation studies were performed to assess the reduction capacity of the manufacturing process of this FXIII concentrate. A minimal load of infectious virus, if any, in human plasma, the starting material for the production of a FXIII concentrate, is achieved by selecting donor centers and donors, by testing donations for viral markers and genomic material of HAV, HBV, HCV, HIV-1 and high titers of parvovirus B19 (B19V), and by releasing plasma pools for fractionation when non-reactive for these blood-borne viruses. Two dedicated virus reduction steps and further steps of the manufacturing process of the FXIII concentrate were investigated: heat treatment in aqueous, stabilized solution (“pasteurization”), virus filtration (two filters in series with mean pore sizes of approx. 19 nm (20N/20N)), and partitioning steps. The virus and prion reduction capacity of the manufacturing process of this FXIII concentrate was evaluated in in vitro studies. Product intermediates from selected steps of the manufacturing process for the FXIII concentrate, derived from different production lots, were spiked with enveloped and non-enveloped viruses of diverse physico-chemical characteristics and processed according to a scaled-down, validated manufacturing process. The virus panel employed in these studies consisted of HIV, BVDV (bovine viral diarrhea virus, a specific model virus for HCV and WNV), WNV, HAV, parvoviruses (B19V and CPV (canine parvovirus)) and PRV (pseudorabies virus, a non-specific enveloped DNA virus). Prion reduction capacity was currently assessed by studying one manufacturing process step with two different spike preparations and based on data for other products from CSL Behring or published data. Pasteurization (heat treatment) inactivates all blood-borne viruses or their specific model viruses effectively, i.e. HIV, BVDV, WNV, HAV and B19V were inactivated in the order of 4 log10 or more. Virus filtration removed effectively all viruses studied. Further manufacturing steps reliably contribute to the overall virus reduction capacity of the manufacturing process of this FXIII concentrate. Two different prion preparations prepared from brain homogenate of 263K infected hamsters were used in the prion evaluation study: a membrane-associated preparation of prion material (microsomes) and a PrPSc preparation without membranes (purified PrPSc). Both spike preparations were removed equally by the manufacturing step Al(OH)3 adsorption / defibrination. Prion material in the different fractions was quantified using a biochemical/serological method, the Conformation-Dependent Immunoassay (CDI). The pathogen reduction capacity for this FXIII concentrate is shown in the following table:Pathogen Reduction Factor [log10]Manufacturing stepsHIVBVDVWNVPRVHAVCPVB19VPrionsMicrosomespurified PrPScpublished dataCryoprecipitation8% ethanol pptAl(OH)3 adsorption/ defibrination7.02.62.7Ion exchange chromatography5.03.4≥6.53.43.73.0*Heat treatment (Pasteurization)≥7.7≥8.1≥7.44.31.0≥4.0Ammonium sulphate precipitation20N/20N virus filtration≥6.1≥5.0≥6.4≥5.66.04.0*Formulation/sterile filtration/ lyophilizationOverall Reduction≥18.8≥16.5N/A≥19.913.310.7N/A9.69.7*based on preliminary data (for other plasma proteins from CSL Behring) or published data, included in the overall prion reduction factor. Based on the epidemiology in the donor population and donation frequency, the sensitivity of the NAT assay, the amount of plasma needed to produce one vial of FXIII concentrate and the virus reduction factors demonstrated, it can be concluded that the measures taken result in a FXIII concentrate with a very high margin of safety for a wide range of viruses and other pathogens. Disclosures: Groener: CSL Behring: Employment. Nowak:CSL Behring: Employment. Popp:CSL Behring: Employment. Schäfer:CSL Behring: Employment.

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Mahnel, H. "Zur Morphologie des bovinen Parvovirus." Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B 35, no. 1-10 (January 12, 1988): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1988.tb00467.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bovine parvovirus'

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