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Journal articles on the topic 'Bovine Trypanosomiasis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Robi, Dereje Tulu, Beksisa Urge Hurrisa, and Benti Deresa Gelalcha. "Trypanotolerance Sheko cattle: an option for sustainable control of bovine trypanosomiasis." Open Veterinary Science 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ovs-2020-0111.

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Abstract Trypanosomiasis is an impediment to cattle production and other agricultural development in tsetse-infested areas. It is a severe parasitic disease that causes loss in the production and performance of cattle. Hence, the aim of this paper is to review trypanosomiasis control options with emphasis on the use of trypanotolerant Sheko cattle breed for sustainable management of bovine trypanosomiasis in tsetse infested areas. Several methods have been used to control trypanosomiasis through the use of trypanocidal drugs and the management of the vector, tsetse fly. Tsetse fly controls require expensive insecticides and have adverse environmental consequences. Trypanocidal drugs are commonly used and considered a practical trypanosomiasis control method. However, the rise in trypanocidal drug resistance has rendered this option ineffective. The possibility of developing and using a vaccine against trypanosomiasis currently remains out of reach as Trypanosoma periodically undergo antigenic variation. In the absence of a vaccine, presence of trypanocidal drug resistance, and the lack of sustainable tsetse fly control measures demand the need to use trypanotole-rant cattle breeds. The Sheko breed which is found only in southwestern Ethiopia displays considerable natural resistance to tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis. This genetic resource provides sustainable solution for challenges related to trypanosomiasis. These cattle have a low level of parasitemia and are able to maintain a good packed cell volume (PCV) compared to other indigenous breeds. As several trypanosomiasis control methods are ineffective, the use of trypanotolerance cattle like Sheko breed in tsetse-fly-challenged areas was suggested.

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HOLMES, P. H., E. KATUNGUKA-RWAKISHAYA, J. J. BENNISON, G. J. WASSINK, and J. J. PARKINS. "Impact of nutrition on the pathophysiology of bovine trypanosomiasis." Parasitology 120, no. 7 (May 2000): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099005806.

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Trypanosomiasis is a major veterinary problem over much of sub-Saharan Africa and is frequently associated with undernutrition. There is growing evidence that nutrition can have a profound effect on the pathophysiological features of animal trypanosomiasis. These features include anaemia, pyrexia, body weight changes, reduced feed intake and diminished productivity including reduced draught work output, milk yield and reproductive capacity. Anaemia is a principal characteristic of trypanosomiasis and the rate at which it develops is influenced by both protein and energy intakes. Pyrexia is associated with increased energy demands for maintenance which is ultimately manifested by reductions in voluntary activity levels and productivity. Weight changes in trypanosomiasis are markedly influenced by the levels of protein intake. High intakes allow infected animals to grow at the same rate as uninfected controls providing energy intake is adequate whilst low energy levels can exacerbate the adverse effects of trypanosomiasis on body weight. Reductions in feed intake are less apparent in animals which are provided with high protein diets and where intake is limited by the disease animals will often exhibit preferential selection of higher quality browse. Further studies are required to evaluate the minimum levels of protein and energy supplementation required to ameliorate the adverse effect of trypanosomiasis, the nature and quality of protein supplement to achieve these benefits and the influence these have on digestive physiology.

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Isoun, T. T., M. J. Isoun, and V. O. Anosa. "PLASMA FREE AMINO ACID PROFILES OF CATTLE INFECTED WITH TRYPANOSOMA VIVAX: A PRELIMINARY REPORT." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 6 (January 19, 2021): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v6i.2675.

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EMACIATION and poor productivity have been recognised as some of the major features of the chronic form of bovine trypanosomiasis. However, the biochemical and nutritional bases of the Wasting and reduced growth rates of cattle with trypanosomiasis are yet to be adequately elucidated, such data may be needed, not only for the clinical management of the disease but also in the proper husbandry practice of cattle in endemic areas of trypanosomiasis for animal protein production.

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Garcia, Guilherme C., Dênia M. de Moura, Renata C. C. Frange, Eustáquio R. Bittar, and Joely F. F. Bittar. "Bovine Trypanosomiasis: Retrospective Investigation and Clinical Signs." Epidemiology - Open Journal 1, no. 1 (July 20, 2016): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/epoj-1-103.

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5

Silva, Roberto Aguilar Machado Santos, Angel Egüez, Gustavo Morales, Erick Eulert, Aurelio Montenegro, Ramón Ybañez, Andrew Seidl, Alberto Martín Rivera Dávila, and Laura Ramirez. "Bovine Trypanosomiasis in Bolivian and Brazilian Lowlands." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 93, no. 1 (January 1998): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761998000100006.

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6

Mulenga, Gloria M., Lars Henning, Kalinga Chilongo, Chrisborn Mubamba, Boniface Namangala, and Bruce Gummow. "Insights into the Control and Management of Human and Bovine African Trypanosomiasis in Zambia between 2009 and 2019—A Review." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 3 (July 11, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030115.

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Tsetse transmitted trypanosomiasis is a fatal disease commonly known as Nagana in cattle and sleeping sickness in humans. The disease threatens food security and has severe economic impact in Africa including most parts of Zambia. The level of effectiveness of commonly used African trypanosomiasis control methods has been reported in several studies. However, there have been no review studies on African trypanosomiasis control and management conducted in the context of One Health. This paper therefore seeks to fill this knowledge gap. A review of studies that have been conducted on African trypanosomiasis in Zambia between 2009 and 2019, with a focus on the control and management of trypanosomiasis was conducted. A total of 2238 articles were screened, with application of the search engines PubMed, PubMed Central and One Search. Out of these articles, 18 matched the required criteria and constituted the basis for the paper. An in-depth analysis of the 18 articles was conducted to identify knowledge gaps and evidence for best practices. Findings from this review provide stakeholders and health workers with a basis for prioritisation of African trypanosomiasis as an important neglected disease in Zambia and for formulation of One Health strategies for better control and/or management of the disease.

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7

Geerts, S. "African bovine trypanosomiasis: the problem of drug resistance." Parasitology Today 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4758(00)01827-5.

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8

Geerts, Stanny, Peter H. Holmes, Mark C. Eisler, and Oumar Diall. "African bovine trypanosomiasis: the problem of drug resistance." Trends in Parasitology 17, no. 1 (January 2001): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4922(00)01827-4.

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9

de Araujo Melo, Solange, Ana Caroline Ericeira Barros, Francisco Borges Costa, Alcina Vieira de Carvalho Neta, Rita de Maria Nogueira de Candanedo Guerra, and Ana Lucia Abreu-Silva. "Bovine Trypanosomiasis an Emerging Disease in Maranhão State–Brazil." Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 11, no. 7 (July 2011): 853–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2010.0107.

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10

Ogwu, D., and C. O. Njoku. "Effect of pregnancy on clinical manifestations of bovine trypanosomiasis." Veterinary Parasitology 24, no. 1-2 (April 1987): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(87)90127-0.

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11

Lopes, Sabrina Thabla Pereira, Bruno Da Silva Prado, Gustavo Henrique Chaves Martins, Hiran Esmeraldo Albuquerque Beserra, Marcos Antônio Celestino de Souza Filho, Luanna Soares de Melo Evangelista, Janaina De Fátima Saraiva Cardoso, Ana Lys Bezerra Barradas Mineiro, and José Adalmir Torres De Souza. "Trypanosoma vivax in Dairy Cattle." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46 (April 30, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.86772.

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Background: Trypanosoma vivax is a protozoan that causes reproductive disorders and decreased production in domestic and wild ungulate animals. The bovine are the main hosts of the disease and the transmission occurs by the bite of hematophagous insects, mainly tabanids. Several diagnostic techniques can be used to detect the parasite, both in parasitologicalform and by serological kits. In Brazil, the disease has been reported in bovines, goats and sheep of some states, with high morbidity and mortality and due to the scarcity of results on the epidemiology of the disease, this work had the objective to report the presence of T. vivax in a female bovine of a dairy herd in Parnaíba county, Piauí.Case: The animal naturally infected by Trypanosoma vivax, was a three-year-old cow from a dairy farm in the Parnaíba county, located in the north of Piauí state. The farm had a herd whith 62.20% of young Girolando breed cows and the breeding system used was semi-confinement, with two mechanical milking per day. At the time of a Veterinarian’s technicalvisit to the property, it was observed the occurrence of abortions, mastitis, estrus repetitions and cows with hematuria, leading to the suspicion of the bovine leptospirosis occurrence. Blood samples were collected from 78 cows from the herd for hematological, biochemical and serological tests, and 72 (92.30%) were reactive to some Leptospira serovars. All the exams were carried out at the Federal University of Piauí (UFPI). In the group of animals negative for leptospirosis, a female was diagnosed positive for bovine trypanosomiasis, confirming the result in the blood smear. This animal had no clinical signs characteristic of the disease at the time of the evaluation.Discussion: Blood trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma vivax were visualized on several slides of the animal smear and all the morphological structures of the parasite found were clearly seen under microscopyas described in the literature. The hematological alterations observed were normochromic normocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis due tolymphocytosis, monocytosis and eosinophilia. The anemia and leukocytosis clinical condition found in the specific animal is commonly found in bovines naturally infected by trypanosomiasis in the chronic phase of the disease. The results of the serum biochemistry revealed decreased blood glucose and increased renal and hepatic parameters, as well as the inversion of the albumin-globulin ratio. Similar laboratory results were also described previously. The animal had a good body score, a good diet and showed no clinical signs of the disease. A good nutrition may have controlled the T. vivax parasitaemia, avoiding the characterization of the clinical condition. This fact can be attributed to the differences in pathogenicity of the parasite and/or susceptibility of a particular host. In the area of the farm where the cattle were housed the presence ofseveral tabanids was noticed and the increase of these insects in the environment is considered a risk factor, predisposing, even, the occurrence of new outbreaks. The epidemiological situation of the disease in Brazil is described, for the most part, by reports of outbreaks or specific events, revealing the lack of more consistent studies. With this result it is knownthat trypanosomiasis exists in the dairy herd of the state of Piauí, being important to carry out new work to diagnose the epidemiological situation of the disease within the productive context of our region.Keywords: bovine, dairy herd, trypanosomiasis.

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12

Hill, Emmeline W., Grace M. O’Gorman, Morris Agaba, John P. Gibson, Olivier Hanotte, Stephen J. Kemp, Jan Naessens, Paul M. Coussens, and David E. MacHugh. "Understanding bovine trypanosomiasis and trypanotolerance: the promise of functional genomics." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 105, no. 3-4 (May 2005): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.02.004.

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13

Catley, A., P. Irungu, K. Simiyu, J. Dadye, W. Mwakio, J. Kiragu, and S. O. Nyamwaro. "Participatory investigations of bovine trypanosomiasis in Tana River District, Kenya." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 16, no. 1 (March 2002): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0269-283x.2002.00346.x.

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14

Nawathe, D. R., P. K. Sinha, and A. S. Abechi. "Acute bovine trypanosomiasis in a tsetse-free zone of Nigeria." Tropical Animal Health and Production 20, no. 3 (September 1988): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02240079.

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Odeniran, Paul Olalekan, Isaiah Oluwafemi Ademola, Ewan Thomas Macleod, and Susan Christina Welburn. "Bovine and small ruminant African animal trypanosomiasis in Nigeria – A review." Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 13 (August 2018): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.03.001.

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16

Connor, R. J., and R. W. Halliwell. "Bovine trypanosomiasis in Southern Tanzania: Parasitological and serological survey of prevalence." Tropical Animal Health and Production 19, no. 3 (September 1987): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02239713.

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17

Dolan, R. B., P. G. W. Stevenson, H. Alushula, and G. Okech. "Failure of chemoprophylaxis against bovine trypanosomiasis on Galana Ranch in Kenya." Acta Tropica 51, no. 2 (June 1992): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-706x(92)90053-z.

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18

RR, Kasarla. "Brucella Infection: A Major Public Health Concern." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 7, no. 2 (April 6, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000227.

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Zoonotic infectious diseases are common in societies where poverty is widespread, and where people rely on animals for their livelihood, that severely hinders livestock productivity and human health worldwide, particularly in the developing world and have been historically neglected by decision makers over the decades. WHO has identified a subgroup of eight endemic or neglected zoonotic diseasesanthrax, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, Taenia solium cysticercosis, hydatid disease, leishmaniasis, rabies, and human African trypanosomiasis.

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19

Morenikeji, Olanrewaju, and Bolaji Thomas. "Disease tolerance and immune response in bovine trypanosomiasis is mediated by CD14 promoter gene." Journal of Immunology 202, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2019): 73.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.73.17.

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Abstract Bovine trypanosomiasis is a major drawback for cattle production in sub-Saharan Africa. Immune response to infection is thought to be mediated by genetic diversity in pattern recognition receptors, leading to disease tolerance or susceptibility. We elucidated naturally occurring variations within the bovine CD14 gene promoter in trypanotolerant (N’dama) and trypanosusceptible (White Fulani) cattle, using genomic and transcriptomic methods. We compared our gene sequences with reference bovine genome UMD 3.1 assembly from the Ensembl database. In all, we identified a total of 54 and 41 SNPs at the CD14 promoter for Ndama and White Fulani respectively, including 10 (rs210109064, rs473185091, rs521360374, rs454858160, rs432371570, rs446947915, rs442402639 and rs456854916) common to both. Interestingly, we found 36 SNP’s in 9 SNP regions that were unique to Ndama that were either functional or transcript overlap variants. The significantly higher SNP variation and density at the CD14 promoter region in Ndama could be responsible for its trypanotolerance, potentially an evolutionary adaptation to disease. To further validate this, we examined the expression of CD14 in tissue samples, with our results showing a significant upregulation and higher expression in Ndama compared to White Fulani (p<0.05). These results confirm that trypanotolerant Ndama significantly expressed CD14 and the presence of a higher SNP variation at the CD14 gene promoter plays an important role in pathogen recognition and initiation of immune response, which is absent in White Fulani (trypanosusceptible). This is a major player in host defense mechanism against trypanosomiasis that could be harnessed for breeding and selection purposes.

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Abdoulmoumini, Mamoudou, Ikoum Dalida, Sevidzem Silas Lendzele, Njan Nloga Alexandre Michel, Sieumeni Djoguep Andre, Mohammadou Bouba, and A. AMO Andre. "Bovine trypanosomiasis and vectors in Lom and Djerem Division of East-Cameroon." African Journal of Biological Sciences 02, no. 03 (July 9, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33472/afjbs.2.3.2020.20-29.

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Abdoulmoum, Mamoudou, Bouba Mohamadou, and Sevidzem Silas Lend. "Bovine Trypanosomiasis Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors at the Ngaoundere Municipal Abattoir." Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 17, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2022.111.117.

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Amato, Benedetta, Francesco Mira, Vincenzo Di Marco Lo Presti, Annalisa Guercio, Laura Russotto, Francesca Gucciardi, Maria Vitale, et al. "A case of bovine trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma theileri in Sicily, Italy." Parasitology Research 118, no. 9 (July 13, 2019): 2723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06390-y.

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Fesseha, Haben, Eyob Eshetu, Mesfin Mathewos, and Tishine Tilante. "Study on Bovine Trypanosomiasis and Associated Risk Factors in Benatsemay District, Southern Ethiopia." Environmental Health Insights 16 (January 2022): 117863022211018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302221101833.

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Trypanosomosis is an endemic livestock disease in Ethiopia that hinders livestock production and productivity, especially in fertile agricultural western and southwestern areas. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based and parasitological studies were conducted from October 2020 to July 2021 in the Benatsemay district, southern Ethiopia to assess the knowledge of livestock owners about trypanosomosis, its prevalence, and host-related risk factors associated with bovine trypanosomosis in the area. According to the questionnaire survey, trypanosomosis was the main bottleneck to cattle in two of the selected study Sites in the Benatsemay district. The parasitological survey revealed that 11.46% (44/384) of the cattle were infected with trypanosomosis. Moreover, Trypanosoma congolense (9.11%) is the leading trypanosome species in the area, followed by T. vivax (31.8%). The adult age group (16.15%), poor-conditioned cattle (22.22%), and black-skinned cattle (34.24%) were significantly associated ( P < .05) with trypanosomosis infection in the study area. Furthermore, the mean packed cell volume (PCV) of parasitaemic cattle (22.75%) was significantly ( P < .05) lower than that of aparasitaemic cattle (29.23%). Therefore, the present study revealed that the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the study area and participatory vector control and the rational use of trypanocidal drugs should be implemented to control trypanosomosis in the area.

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Makumi, J. N., P. Stevenson, and C. H. Green. "Control ofGlossina longipennis(Diptera: Glossinidae) by insecticide-treated targets at Galana Ranch, Kenya, and confirmation of the role ofG.longipennisas a vector of cattle trypanosomiasis." Bulletin of Entomological Research 90, no. 5 (October 2000): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300000535.

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AbstractGlossina longipennisCorti was studied in Galana Ranch, Kenya over a four year period, in two areas (Tank E and Lali) where the species was abundant and other species were absent or scarce. There was active transmission of trypanosomiasis to cattle in both areas, the parasite species beingTrypanosoma vivaxZiemann andT. congolenseBroden. Mean infection rates of theG. longipenniswere 1.1% and 0.55% forT. vivaxandT. congolenserespectively at Tank E, and 0.88% and 0.15% at Lali. Experimental transmission studies showed that cattle in fly-proof enclosures challenged with wildG. longipenniscollected from Galana became infected with both trypanosome species. A tsetse control operation in one area (Tank E) using targets impregnated with deltamethrin in an oil formulation reduced the population ofG. longipennisby 98% over one year, despite evidence of re-invasion. Populations ofG. longipennisin the other area (Lali) were relatively stable over the whole study period. The effect of tsetse control on the incidence of cattle trypanosomiasis at Tank E was less clear than that on tsetse numbers, probably due to the lack of a sustained reduction in tsetse numbers. However, a significant relationship was demonstrated between fortnightly incidence measurements and electric net catches ofG. longipennisat Tank E. A further significant predictor of incidence was rainfall in the previous four to seven weeks. This study confirms the importance ofG. longipennisas a vector of bovine trypanosomiasis in areas where it is the predominant tsetse present.

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MacLeod, Michael, Vera Eory, William Wint, Alexandra Shaw, Pierre Gerber, Giuliano Cecchi, Raffaele Mattioli, Alasdair Sykes, and Timothy Robinson. "Assessing the Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Effect of Removing Bovine Trypanosomiasis in Eastern Africa." Sustainability 10, no. 5 (May 18, 2018): 1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10051633.

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Simukoko, H., T. Marcotty, J. Vercruysse, and P. Van den Bossche. "Bovine trypanosomiasis risk in an endemic area on the eastern plateau of Zambia." Research in Veterinary Science 90, no. 1 (February 2011): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.04.021.

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Suh, PF, F. Njiokou, A. Mamoudou, TM Ahmadou, A. Mouhaman, and R. Garabed. "Bovine trypanosomiasis in tsetse-free pastoral zone of the Far-North region, Cameroon." Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 54, no. 3 (2017): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-9062.217618.

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O'Gorman, Grace M., Stephen D. E. Park, Emmeline W. Hill, Kieran G. Meade, Laura C. Mitchell, Morris Agaba, John P. Gibson, et al. "Cytokine mRNA profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle infected withTrypanosoma congolense." Physiological Genomics 28, no. 1 (December 2006): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00100.2006.

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To examine differences in cytokine profiles that may confer tolerance/susceptibility to bovine African trypanosomiasis, N'Dama (trypanotolerant, n = 8) and Boran (trypanosusceptible, n = 8) cattle were experimentally challenged with Trypanosoma congolense. Blood samples were collected over a 34-day period, and RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The expression levels of a panel of 14 cytokines were profiled over the time course of infection and between breeds. Messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript levels for the IL2, IL8, and IL1RN genes were significantly downregulated across the time course of infection in both breeds. There was an early increase in transcripts for genes encoding proinflammatory mediators ( IFNG, IL1A, TNF, and IL12) in N'Dama by 14 days postinfection (dpi) compared with preinfection levels that was not detected in the susceptible Boran breed. By the time of peak parasitemia, a type 2 helper T cells (TH2)-like cytokine environment was prevalent that was particularly evident in the Boran. Increases in transcripts for the IL6 (29 and 34 dpi) and IL10 (21, 25, and 29 dpi) genes were detected that were higher in the Boran compared with N'Dama. These findings highlight the implications for using murine models to study the bovine immune response to trypanosomiasis, where in some cases cytokine expression patterns differ. Overall, these data suggest that the trypanotolerant N'Dama are more capable of responding very early in infection with proinflammatory and TH1 type cytokines than the trypanosusceptible Boran and may explain why N'Dama control parasitemia more efficiently than Boran during the early stages of infection.

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Bacchi, C. J., K. Sanabria, A. J. Spiess, M. Vargas, C. J. Marasco, L. M. Jimenez, B. Goldberg, and J. R. Sufrin. "In vivo efficacies of 5'-methylthioadenosine analogs as trypanocides." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41, no. 10 (October 1997): 2108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.41.10.2108.

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5'-Deoxy-5'-(methylthio)adenosine (MTA), a key by-product of polyamine biosynthesis, is cleaved by MTA phosphorylase and is salvaged as adenine and, through conversion of the ribose moiety, methionine. An analog of MTA, 5'-deoxy-5'-(hydroxyethylthio)adenosine (HETA), is a substrate for trypanosome MTA phosphorylase and is active in vitro and in vivo against Trypanosoma brucei brucei, an agent of bovine trypanosomiasis. In this study, HETA and three O-acylated HETA derivatives were examined for their activities against model infections of T. b. brucei and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the agent of East African sleeping sickness. HETA was curative (>60%) for infections caused by 5 of 11 clinical isolates of T. b. rhodesiense when it was given to mice at 200 mg/kg of body weight for 7 days as a continuous infusion in osmotic pumps. HETA at 150 to 200 mg/kg also extended the life spans of the mice infected with four additional isolates two- to fivefold. Di- and tri-O-acetylated derivatives of HETA also proved curative for the infections, while a tri-O-propionyl derivative, although also curative, was not as effective. This study indicates that substrate analogs of MTA should be given important consideration for development as novel chemotherapies against African trypanosomiasis.

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Sekoni, V. O., C. Njoku, D. Saror, A. Sannusi, B. Oyejola, and J. Kumi-Diaka. "Effect of chemotherapy on elevated ejaculation time and deteriorated semen characteristics consequent to bovine trypanosomiasis." British Veterinary Journal 146, no. 4 (July 1990): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1935(11)80032-1.

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Connor, R. J., D. J. A. Mukangi, and R. W. Halliwell. "Bovine trypanosomiasis in southern Tanzania: Investigation into the incidence of infection and duration of chemoprophylaxis." Tropical Animal Health and Production 21, no. 2 (June 1989): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02236194.

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Waiswa, C., and E. Katunguka-Rwakishaya. "Bovine trypanosomiasis in south–western Uganda: packed-cell volumes and prevalences of infection in the cattle." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 98, no. 1 (January 2004): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/000349804225003073.

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von Wissmann, Beatrix, Jenna Fyfe, Kim Picozzi, Louise Hamill, Charles Waiswa, and Susan C. Welburn. "Quantifying the Association between Bovine and Human Trypanosomiasis in Newly Affected Sleeping Sickness Areas of Uganda." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8, no. 6 (June 5, 2014): e2931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002931.

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Baumgärtner, Johann, Gianni Gilioli, Getachew Tikubet, and Andrew Paul Gutierrez. "Eco-social analysis of an East African agro-pastoral system: Management of tsetse and bovine trypanosomiasis." Ecological Economics 65, no. 1 (March 2008): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.06.005.

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Abah, Samuel, Silas Lendzele Sevidzem, Alexandre Michel Njan Nloga, Archile Paguem, Abdoulmoumini Mamoudou, Jacques François Mavoungou, and Andre Zoli. "“Silent” circulation of Trypanosoma spp. in Tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) and Cattle in a Tsetse free Range land of Ngaoundere (Adamawa-Cameroon)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 7 (December 7, 2020): 2611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i7.19.

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The Adamawa region falls within the tsetse belt of Cameroon but harbours isolated pockets of tsetse free range lands like Ngaoundere. There is no report on the occurrence of tsetse and bovine trypanosomosis in Ngaoundere. To provide information on this subject, two Vavoua traps were used to trap vectors of bovine trypanosomiasis and at the same time, blood was collected from cattle. Genomic DNA was extracted from buffy coat of cattle blood (n=42) and biting flies (n=53). The nested PCR was used to screen the samples for Trypanosoma spp. During the 14 days of trapping in November and December 2017 in Ngaoundere, 127 flies were documented and classified under two taxa: Tabanidae and Stomoxyini. Three Trypanosoma spp. DNA was isolated from tabanid (18.9%) samples and identified as T. theileri, T. vivax and T. evansi and two of them that is T. theileri (4%) and T. vivax (3%) were also detected in cattle (7%). There was no case of trypanosome DNA isolated from all the screened Stomoxyini. This result indicates the “silent” transmission of T. theileri and T. vivax by tabanids in the absence of glossines in Ngaoundere.Keywords: Trypanosomes, tabanids, stomoxyini, PCR, Ngaoundere, Adamawa-Cameroon.

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Loha Yada, Enkeshe, and Gizaw Mekonnen Meku. "Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomiasis in Selected Border Areas of Boloso Bombe and Boloso Sore Districts, Southern Ethiopia." International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 10, no. 1 (2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbse.20221001.14.

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Machila, Noreen, Samuel W. Wanyangu, John McDermott, Susan C. Welburn, Ian Maudlin, and Mark C. Eisler. "Cattle owners’ perceptions of African bovine trypanosomiasis and its control in Busia and Kwale Districts of Kenya." Acta Tropica 86, no. 1 (April 2003): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-706x(02)00288-7.

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Ebhodaghe, F., C. Isaac, and J. A. Ohiolei. "A meta-analysis of the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in some African countries from 2000 to 2018." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 160 (November 2018): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.09.018.

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Efa, Debela Abdeta. "Bovine Trypanosomiasis Epidemiology and Tsetse Fly Density in Jimma Arjo District, East Wollega Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports Volume 12 (October 2021): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/vmrr.s336585.

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Sharma, Amrita, L. D. Singla, Paramjit Kaur, M. S. Bal, Deepak Sumbria, and Raj Setia. "Spatial seroepidemiology, risk assessment and haemato-biochemical implications of bovine trypanosomiasis in low lying areas of Punjab, India." Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 64 (June 2019): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2019.01.018.

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Dowler, M. E., D. Schillinger, and R. J. Connor. "Notes on the routine intravenous use of isometamidium in the control of bovine trypanosomiasis on the Kenya coast." Tropical Animal Health and Production 21, no. 1 (March 1989): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02297333.

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Benti, Teferi. "Study on Bovine Trypanosomosis and Tse Tse Fly Challenge in Darimu District of Birbir Valley, South Western Ethiopia." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 3, no. 1 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000153.

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This study was undertaken on bovine trypanosomia sis and its vectors at Birbir valley located in Darmu district, Illubababor zone. The parasitological examination was conducted using Buffy coat technique while vector survey was conducted using odour baited Monopyramidal trap. The objective of the study w as to determine the prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cattle, to determine fly density and to identify associated risk factors. From 392 Blood samples were collected, 45(11.5%) were found to be positive by Buffy coat technique and trypanosome species identi fied by their motility were T.congolense 40 (88.9%) and T.vivax 5(11.1 %) and Trypanosoma congolense was the dominant species. A total of 52 Monopyramidal traps were deployed and 1836 (73%) tsetse flies and 676(26.9%) biting flies were caught. From flies c aptured, 971(52.9%), 540(29.4%) and 325(17.7%) Glossina morsitans sub morsitans of savannah flies, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes of reverine and Glossina pallidipes of savannah species were identified respectively. The overall apparent densities fly / trap / day (FTD) were 17.7 and 6.5 for tsetse and biting flies respectively. There was no statically significant difference (P > 0.05) in the prevalence of trypanosome infection between sex group while statistically significant difference was observed between age group(x 2 =41.0, p=0.000 , p<0.05). The mean PCV of the parasitemic and aparasitemic animals were 21.3% and 24.3% respectively .The difference between the mean PCV value of the parasitemic and apparasitemic animals were statistically significant(P< 0.05). Designing and implementation of trypanosomosis control should be targeted to the major cyclically transmitting tsetse flies.

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Ahmed, M. I., T. I. O. Osiyemi, and M. B. Ardo. "RESEARCH NOTE PREVALENCE OF BOVINE TRYPANOSOME INFECTIONS IN DAMBOA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA BORNO STATE." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 21 (January 3, 2021): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v21i1.1196.

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African animal trypanosomiasis is a disease complex caused by pathogenic trypanosomes which are cyclically transmitted by tsetse-fly or mechanically by other biting flies to domestic animals. The disease has for long been a limiting factor to livestock production in tsetse-fly infested regions of Africa (Anosa, 1983; Trail et al., 1985; Dwinger et al., 1986). It is now assuming significance in the tsetse-free vegetational zones (Nawathe et al., 1988) probably due to transhumance and ecological upset in favour of increasing insect population and activity in the area. The study was undertaken to ascertain the prevalence of bovine trypansome infection in the area and hoped that it will provide information on the epidemiology of the disease. A total of 151 blood samples were collected from 11 sedentary herds of cattle in Damboa Local Government Area between February to April, 1992. About 3ml of blood was collected from each animal inbijou bottle containing anticoagulant (Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid). The sex, age and breed of each animal were noted during blood collection. The blood samples were transported to the Laboratory on ice and examined using wet-film, stained thin smears, haematocrit centrifuge technique (Woo, 1969) and dark ground buffy coat. The packed cell volume was also recorded for each animal using Hawksley's haematocrit reader.

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BASTOS, T. S. A., G. F. C. LINHARES, T. M. S. FREITAS, L. A. F. SILVA, and P. H. J. CUNHA. "SURTO DE TRIPANOSSOMOSE BOVINA DESENCADEADO APÓS MANEJO INADEQUADO DURANTE APLICAÇÃO DE MEDICAMENTO ENDOVENOSO / OUTBREAK OF BOVINE TRYPANOSOMIASIS UNLEASHED AFTER IMPROPER APPLICATION OF INTRAVENOUS MEDICINE." Ars Veterinaria 29, no. 4 (October 9, 2013): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15361/2175-0106.2013v29n4p63.

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Eyers, John. "The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the African Health Literature." African Research & Documentation 49 (1989): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00009663.

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The last quarter of the 19th century had established beyond doubt the germ theory of infection over the miasmatic theory of disease. Over the last 50 years of the 19th century unparalleled advances had been made in medical science. Many of the causative organisms of what are now called tropical diseases had been identified. In 1851 Bilharz had discovered the worm which causes schistosomiasis or bilharzia; in 1876 Bancroft had isolated the filarial worm which causes the debilitating disease filariasis; the trypanosome had been discovered in 1877; in 1880 the French scientist Laveran had described the malaria parasite, Robert Koch the cholera vibrio in 1883, and in 1894 the plague bacillus was isolated. Crucial discoveries were made by Patrick Manson in 1879 in China on the transmission of filariasis by the mosquito, by David Bruce in 1896 on the transmission of bovine trypanosomiasis by the tsetse fly and by Ronald Ross in India in 1897 on the development of the malaria parasite in the mosquito.

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Eyers, John. "The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the African Health Literature." African Research & Documentation 49 (1989): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00009663.

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Abstract:

The last quarter of the 19th century had established beyond doubt the germ theory of infection over the miasmatic theory of disease. Over the last 50 years of the 19th century unparalleled advances had been made in medical science. Many of the causative organisms of what are now called tropical diseases had been identified. In 1851 Bilharz had discovered the worm which causes schistosomiasis or bilharzia; in 1876 Bancroft had isolated the filarial worm which causes the debilitating disease filariasis; the trypanosome had been discovered in 1877; in 1880 the French scientist Laveran had described the malaria parasite, Robert Koch the cholera vibrio in 1883, and in 1894 the plague bacillus was isolated. Crucial discoveries were made by Patrick Manson in 1879 in China on the transmission of filariasis by the mosquito, by David Bruce in 1896 on the transmission of bovine trypanosomiasis by the tsetse fly and by Ronald Ross in India in 1897 on the development of the malaria parasite in the mosquito.

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47

Morenikeji, Olanrewaju, Jessica L. Metelski, and Bolaji Thomas. "Significant upregulation of signaling and pro-inflammatory markers indicate adaptation for tolerance in bovine trypanosomosis." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2020): 92.7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.92.7.

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Abstract The initial immune response on exposure to trypanosomosis is a significant factor mitigating disease tolerance or susceptibility in cattle. CD14 is a signaling receptor involved in the activation of the TLR signaling pathway, contributing to the production of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). We had shown that CD14 expression in trypanotolerant cattle is an adaptation footprint, not found in susceptible animals. To further our analysis in delineating the role of TLR-4 and TNF-α genes in disease tolerance or susceptibility, we examined whole transcriptome and interactome of the two genes by elucidating their expression profiles in bovine tissues (liver, lungs, heart and kidney). Our analyses demonstrate a significant (p< 0.05) upregulation of TLR-4 and TNF-α in trypanotolerant cattle but not others. The upregulation of these genes in tolerant animals reflects a complete activation of the innate immune pathway, thereby hampering disease establishment, which is absent in the susceptible animals. This is contrary to reports in human studies, where the expression of these genes lead to disease chronicity, rather than tolerance. This indicates an evolutionary differentiation between cattle and human during speciation. Furthermore, we catalogued microRNA expression between disease groups via network analysis and identified 13 candidate microRNAs targeting CD14, TLR-4 and TNF-α, amongst others, which GO analysis reveal are involved in gene silencing, cellular protein modification process, etc. We conclude that the upregulation of these markers and the significant co-regulatory interactome is indicative of adaptation footprint in tolerant animal, helpful for bovine immune response against trypanosomiasis.

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Cherenet, T., R. A. Sani, N. Speybroeck, J. M. Panandam, S. Nadzr, and P. Van den Bossche. "A comparative longitudinal study of bovine trypanosomiasis in tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones of the Amhara Region, northwest Ethiopia." Veterinary Parasitology 140, no. 3-4 (September 2006): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.04.004.

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Machila, Noreen, Rosemary Emongor, Alexandra P. Shaw, Susan C. Welburn, John McDermott, Ian Maudlin, and Mark C. Eisler. "A community education intervention to improve bovine trypanosomiasis knowledge and appropriate use of trypanocidal drugs on smallholder farms in Kenya." Agricultural Systems 94, no. 2 (May 2007): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2006.09.004.

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Mamoudou, A., L. M. Mbakou, V. Ngu Ngwa, S. L. Sevidzem, A. P. Zoli, and M. D. Achukwi. "Preliminary assessment of bovine trypanosomiasis and its vectors in Santa, Bali and Bafut Sub-Divisions of the, North West Region, Cameroon." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 10, no. 1 (August 8, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v10i1.1.

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