Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bow and arrows'

This thesis examines the development of bow-arrow technology in terms of modem evolutionary theory. Previous approaches that propose functional-adaptive technological trajectories are critiqued. Different theoretical approaches towards technology and associated units of analysis are examined. Behavioural ecology, evolutionary archaeology, and dual inheritance theory are shown to hold most promise for explaining trait-lineages in a given technological tradition. Previous approaches to bow-arrow technology are analysed, and an evolutionary archaeological methodology appropriate for examining lithic armatures is presented. Environment, historical contingency, selection, drift, population dynamics and social learning mechanisms are seen as key complex factors requiring case by case examination. An evolutionary case study with nine temporally, geographically, and culturally related stratigraphic phases containing a total of 3600 complete lithic armatures from the south Scandinavian middle Mesolithic (c. 6600-5400 BC) is presented. The phases are described in terms of associated fine-grained archaeological data and previous interpretations. A Bayesian chronological framework is constructed for the case study, using modelling facilities in the OxCal calibration package. This method time-steps and calculates relative occupation durations of point bearing phases in terms of available archaeological and radiometric data. The chronological model covers the culture-historical periods termed Blak, Kongemose and Early Ertebolle phases. The validity of previous typological interpretations of projectile point sequences is questioned in light of these results. The nine time-stepped lithic armature assemblages are then analysed to describe inter- and intra-site point trait variation. A linked series of descriptive and multivariate statistical techniques identify key morphological attributes that summarise trait variation within and between phases. Variation is graphically represented and related to different social learning populations, reduction strategies, and engineering constraints. A remarkably long-term homogenous pattern of complex projectile point manufacture is found for the Kongemose phases, compared to the temporally bracketing Blak and Ertebolle phases. Faunal, climatic, and population level factors are then modelled to account for variation and stability of the case study's armature traits. Faunal data from the Tagerup and Segebro sites, spanning the case study period, are examined for possible diet breadth changes, in relation to point-trait variation. No functional relationship is found between point-shape and potential target-prey. A population model is then constructed in OxCal using all published south Scandinavian radiometric data from the final Maglemose to the final Ertebolle cultural phases. A simple model of landmass reduction, forestation cover and mammalian population density levels demonstrates reduced land mass alone would not significantly affect human population levels - even with relatively high human population densities. Holocene 5180 and A14C data is used as a proxy for contemporaneous climatic fluctuations. These proxies are plotted and superimposed onto the population graph. A correlation between climate change, population fluctuation, and projectile point technology is found. As changes in point morphology and lithic reduction strategies coincide with apparent regional drops in population, drift processes may account for some variation in point-shape.

The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on December 22, 2009). Thesis advisor: Yuyi Lin. Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis reexamines the adoption of the bow and arrow in the Eastern Woodlands. Archaeologists have usually relied on the size and shape of projectile points to help them determine when the bow and arrow was adopted, since the other parts of this complex system (e.g., the wooden bows and arrow shafts) do not survive well in the Eastern Woodlands. The current belief is that the bow and arrow was introduced during the Late Woodland period (AD 500) in the Eastern Woodlands. This is based on the wide spread use of small stone projectile points and on their continued use up to European contact. However, this small point technology was actually established during the Late Archaic period (2000 BC). A wide range of evidence is presented in this thesis that shows that the bow and arrow may have been adopted during the Late Archaic period and was well established during the Middle Woodland period (AD 100) in several Eastern Woodland states.
Department of Anthropology

The role of warfare in Maya society is much debated, but it seems to have been widespread during the Late Postclassic (A.D. 1250-1519) and Protohistoric (A.D. 1519-1696) periods. This study investigates the manner in which the Maya engaged in warfare during these centuries by reviewing archaeological data on Maya warfare and Spanish accounts of their contacts with the Maya of central Petén, Guatemala. The bow and arrow, which were not used during the Classic period, are "area weapons" that can be used at a distance, and appear to have changed the character and tactics of warfare in the Postclassic period and in Maya defensive interactions with the Spaniards. Eighty small projectile points from the sites of Zacpetén and Ixlú were analyzed. These triangular points, believed to have tipped arrows, were made of chert and obsidian and varied particularly in the placement and number of notches, in the shape of their bases, and in the amount of retouch. Notching and basal variation do not clearly relate to differing ethno-political units in the central Petén Postclassic, to functional areas of the sites, or to ballistic performance. Variations in amount of retouch may indicate that the points were made quickly.

W. E. B. Du Bois‘ legendary reflections on the ―peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one‘s self through the eyes of others‖ has been applied almost exclusively to the souls of African American people (Du Bois 1903). This thesis shows how the concept of double-consciousness is alive in the stories told by Native Americans. I draw upon data from two websites that have recorded the stories told by ―exemplary indigenous elders, historians, storytellers and song carriers‖ and their oral traditions that serve the ―purpose of cultural preservation, education, and race reconciliation‖ (Wisdom of the Elders, 2009). From that population, I chose one hundred and three stories for my sample in this study. Employing qualitative methodology – thematic analysis, grounded theory, and narrative analysis - I examine these stories for the ways in which they claim to present a more satisfying identity for Native people than the myths, formula stories, and stereotypes of Native Americans that circulate through the dominant culture. They construct subversive stories that arise from their double-consciousness and challenge hegemonic concepts of Native identity, nature, and knowledge. This research will begin to fill the large gap in sociological literature on Native Americans in general and Native Americans in particular, while offering a novel application of ―double-consciousness,‖ a foundational concept in critical race theory.

Thesis (M.A. in anthropology)--Washington State University, May 2010.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Apr. 30, 2010). "Department of Anthropology ." Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-156).

This research is an investigation of the Late Holocene technological transition from the spearthrower and dart to the bow and arrow in north central Texas. It is conducted through a theoretical approach that utilizes ethnographic research, experimental archaeology and the archaeological record to elucidate differences in the behaviors and hunting strategies of Late Archaic and Late Prehistoric groups. It first confirms that there was a transition. Second, a lithic analysis demonstrates that there are fundamental differences in the sizes of the stone dart and arrow points that relate to the propulsive requirements of the weapon systems. Third, it is shown these size differences constrain maintenance potentials and that indeed dart and arrow points exhibit stark differences in their life histories in spite of being employed for the same task. And finally, the faunal record suggests that this transition was associated with an increase in foraging efficiency.

Multiple scholars have briefly discussed the Maya use of the atlatl. Yet, there has never been a decisive encompassing discussion of prevalence and use of the atlatl in the Maya region with multiple lines of support from iconographic and artifactual analyses. This thesis explores the atlatl at Chichen Itza, Tikal, and Caracol Maya sites to prove that atlatl prevalence can be interpreted primarily based on projectile point "classification function" analysis with support from iconographic and artifactual remains. The classification functions are derived from creating mutually exclusive groups of dart points and arrow points by using discrete functional analysis. Discerning between dart and arrow points can be completed with a high degree of accuracy based on maximum shoulder width of lithic points in an assemblage. Because the atlatl and bow complexes have been primarily constructed of perishable materials, the best method to determine the prevalence of atlatl use is by identifying the launcher based on projectile point identification. Using a cross-site comparison of projectile point size, the Maya use and prevalence of the atlatl will be elucidated.
ID: 031001285; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Title from PDF title page (viewed February 26, 2013).; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-91).
M.A.
Masters
Anthropology
Sciences
Anthropology; Maya Studies

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Atualmente, um dos mais graves problemas relacionado com a poluição ambiental é a contaminação da água, principalmente, devido ao descarte inadequado de resíduos industriais e agrícolas. Deste modo, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a remoção de Al3+ em meio aquoso por adsorção em casca de arroz in natura e cascas de arroz modificadas quimicamente. Para tal foram realizados experimentos em escala laboratorial e em batelada verificando-se a remoção da concentração de alumínio quando em contato com o biossorvente até atingir-se o tempo de equilíbrio. Foram utilizados três tipos de biosorventes: casca de arroz in natura (CN) e cascas modificadas quimicamente com solução ácida (CTA) e solução básica (CTB), a fim de avaliar qual delas proporciona a melhor adsorção do alumínio solúvel. Foram realizados três planejamentos estatísticos de experimento fatoriais 33 Box-Behnken para a otimização das condições de modo a encontrar a melhor resposta para a adsorção do alumínio em sistema de batelada. As condições ótimas encontradas através do planejamento para CTB, que teve melhor resposta de adsorção do metal, com uma recuperação de 97,60 % foram: (X1) massa 0,1500 g; (X2) volume 7,5 mL e (X3) tempo de contato solução de alumínio e o biossorvente de 5 horas. Durante a execução do planejamento de experimento fatorial 33 Box-Behken foi mantido em comum o pH 5,0 e a concentração do Al3+ em 30,0 mg L-1. A técnica analítica utilizada para quantificação do metal na solução após a adsorção foi à espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama (F AAS). Encontradas as condições ótimas prosseguiu-se com os demais estudos, a exemplo do estudo de efeito de pH considerando a faixa de 4,0 a 6,0 e estudos de isotermas de adsorção adotando os modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich. O melhor pH para adsorção do Al3+ foi 5,0 sendo que acima deste valor ocorrem perdas por precipitação em forma de hidróxido. Essas perdas devem ser levadas em consideração durante os cálculos após a sua adsorção. O modelo de Langmuir, foi o que teve valores de coeficientes de determinação (R2) altos e relativamente próximo de 1, apresentando desse modo o devido ajuste das isotermas linearizadas, comparativamente ao modelo de Freundlich que apresentou coeficientes de determinação inferiores. Desse modo o biossorvente usado neste trabalho mostrou-se eficiente na remoção do alumínio, tanto na forma modificada CTB assim como na forma CN, em detrimento da forma modificada CTA que apresentou sempre baixas capacidades adsortivas de Al3+, nas condições estabelecidas e consideradas ótimas neste trabalho.
Nowadays, one of the most serious problems related to environmental pollution is the contamination of water, mainly, through improper discard of industrial and agricultural waste. Thus, the main objective of the present study is to evaluate the removal of Al3+ in aqueous environment by adsorption on raw rice husk and chemically modified rice husks. For this purpose experiments were performed on a laboratory scale batch and was seen that actually occur a removing of aluminum concentration when it is in contact with the biosorbent until to be achieved an balance adsorption time. Three types of biosorbents were used: raw rice husk (R-RH), and chemically modified rice husk with an acid (CM-RHA) and basic solution (CM-RHB) in order to evaluate which one has the best adsorption of soluble aluminum. Three statistical 33 Box-Behnken experiment designs were performed to optimize the conditions in order to find the best answer for aluminum adsorption in batch system. The optimum conditions found for CM-RHB, which had better metal adsorption response, with a recovery about 97.60% were: (X1) mass 0.1500 g; (X2) volume 7.5 mL and (X3) contact time between the aluminum solution and biosorbent which is about 5 hours. During the execution of factorial experiment design 33 Box-Behnken was kept in common, the value of pH (pH ~ 5) and the concentration of Al3+ 30,0 mg L-1. The flame atomic absorption spectrometric (F AAS), was used to quantify the metal in solution after its adsorption. Found the optimal conditions, were carried on other studies, such as the study of effect pH where was considered the range of 4,0 to 6,0 as well the study of adsorption isotherms adopting the models of Langmuir and Freundlich. The best pH for adsorption of Al3+ was 5,0 and above this value there are losses by precipitation in form of hydroxide. These losses should be taken into account during the calculations after its adsorption. The Langmuir model was the one which showed high determination coefficient values (R2) and relatively close to 1, thereby presenting the best fit of the linearized isotherms compared to Freundlich model which showed lower determination coefficient values. Thus the biosorbent used in this work was efficient in aluminum removal, either in CM-RHB form and R-RH form rather than CM-RHA form that always showed low adsorption capacity of Al3+ under the conditions established and considered optimum in this work.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Objetivou-se estudar o resultado econ?mico na opera??o de confinamento de bovinos de tr?s grupos gen?ticos (Nelore, Anelorado e Mesti?o Leiteiro) em fun??o do ?gio no pre?o de compra do boi a ser confinado. Bem como, avaliar a forma??o do pre?o da arroba do boi terminado e as vari?veis que ? influenciam. Para o estudo do resultado econ?mico em fun??o dos diferentes grupos gen?ticos e do sobrepre?o na compra da arroba do boi magro, utilizou-se dados de 57.589 animais divididos em 709 lotes oriundos dos ciclos de opera??o de mar?o de 2014 a dezembro de 2016. Os lotes foram considerados repeti??es e a margem bruta por animal foi considerada como o resultado econ?mico. Os dados de cada lote, ?gio (rela??o entre o pre?o de compra e o pre?o venda da arroba ? PC@/PV@) e, margem bruta (MB = REC ? COE) foram submetidos ? an?lise de regress?o e assim obteve-se os modelos matem?ticos para cada grupo gen?tico. Ap?s a elabora??o de testes de signific?ncia a 5%, adotou-se modelos lineares simples para todos os grupos em estudo. Para verificar a igualdade ou n?o dos tr?s modelos de regress?o gerados utilizou-se o teste de identidade de modelos. Constatou-se que o custo da arroba produzida a partir de animais Nelore durante o confinamento foi menor do que de animais Anelorados e Mesti?os Leiteiros. Tamb?m, verificou-se, que n?o se deve agrupar dados de animais Nelore e Mesti?os Leiteiros num mesmo modelo para estimar margem bruta em fun??o do pre?o de ?gio de compra e, que independente do grupo gen?tico, o ?gio na compra do boi magro deve ser uma vari?vel alvo, sendo que animais mais eficientes acomodam um maior sobrepre?o da arroba comprada. Para o estudo sobre forma??o do pre?o da arroba do boi terminado, os dados das vari?veis (pre?o do boi, bezerro, frango, su?no, milho e soja) foram advindos de cota??es mensais extra?das de uma amostra n?o probabil?stica e intencional de mar?o de 2006 a dezembro de 2016, do indicador ESALQ/BM&FBOVESPA, deflacionadas. Efetuou-se an?lises de normalidade, heterocedasticidade e estacionariedade. Utilizou-se um modelo da classe ARIMA na forma??o do pre?o da arroba do boi gordo. As vari?veis foram analisadas a partir da regress?o linear m?ltipla, al?m do teste de correla??o. Os resultados obtidos, mostraram que, desde o in?cio de per?odo em an?lise, o pre?o nominal e real apresentaram tend?ncia a crescimento ao longo dos anos at? a data base. Ressaltando a n?o normalidade dos erros dos res?duos. Assim como a presen?a de estacion?riedade das series em an?lise. O pre?o da arroba do boi gordo se apresentou sens?vel principalmente ao pre?o defasado, ilustrando que, o pre?o no per?odo anterior ao atual exerce influ?ncia decisiva na forma??o dos pre?os. Assim como as vari?veis pre?os do bezerro e do milho, tiverem influ?ncia na forma??o do pre?o da arroba do boi, estas n?o foram superiores ao pre?o defasado da pr?pria arroba. Fato ? que, ao longo do per?odo analisado a carne bovina tornou-se mais cara para o consumidor final, devido ao aumento generalizado dos pre?os (infla??o).
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017.
The objective of this study was to study the economic result in the confinement of cattle from three genetic groups (Nelore, Anelorado and Mesti?o Leiteiro) as a function of the goodwill in the purchase price of the ox to be confined. As well as, to evaluate the formation of the price of the finished ox arroba and the variables that influence it. For the study of the economic result according to the different genetic groups and the overprice in the purchase of the arroba of the lean bovine, data of 57,589 animals divided in 709 lots were obtained from the operating cycles from March 2014 to December 2016. The lots Were considered repetitions and the gross margin per animal was considered as the economic result. The data of each batch of goodwill (relation between the purchase price and the sale price of the PC @ / PV @) and gross margin (MB = REC - COE) were submitted to the regression analysis and thus obtained from the mathematical models For each genetic group. After the development of 5% significance tests, simple linear models were adopted for all groups under study. To verify the equality of the three regression models generated, the model identity test was used. It was found that the cost of the arroba produced from Nellore animals during confinement was lower than that of Anelorados and Mesti?os Leiteiros animals, that Nelore and Mesti?os Leiteiros data should not be grouped together in the same model to estimate gross margin as a function of Price of goodwill and that, independent of the genetic group, goodwill on the purchase of lean cattle should be a target variable, with more efficient animals accommodating a higher price of purchased arroba. For the study on the formation of the price of the finished beef arroba, the variables data (price of beef, calf, chicken, pork, corn and soy) were derived from monthly quotations extracted from a non-probabilistic and intentional sample from March 2006 to December, 2016, of the ESALQ / BM & FBOVESPA indicator, deflated. Analyzes of normality, heteroskedasticity and stationarity were carried out. A model of the ARIMA class was used in the formation of the arroba arroba price. The variables were analyzed from the multiple linear regression, in addition to the correlation test. The results obtained showed that since the beginning of the period under analysis, the nominal and real prices showed a tendency to growth over the years up to the base date. Emphasizing the non-normality of waste errors. As well as the presence of stationary of the series under analysis. The price of beef cattle beef was mainly sensitive to the lagged price, showing that the price in the period prior to the present exerts a decisive influence on the price formation. Just as the variable prices of the calf and corn had an influence on the formation of the arroba arroba price, these were not higher than the price of the arroba itself. The fact is that, over the period analyzed, beef became more expensive for the final consumer due to the generalized increase in prices (inflation).

Les mémoires de Jacques du Clercq appartiennent à l'importante production historiographique qui naît, au milieu du XVe siècle, dans le giron des Valois de Bourgogne. Nous proposons une étude de ce texte en suivant trois axes de recherche principaux. Il s'agit d'abord d'étudier la personnalité de l'auteur inconnu qu'étaient Jacques du Clercq en nous arrêtant, notamment, sur son milieu familial. Il est essentiel, également de jauger ses lectures et donc des sources qu'il utilisa pour disserter sur l'histoire de son temps. Dans un second temps, nous étudions la manière dont il conduit la rédaction de son texte. Enfin, naturellement, il s'agit de s'intéresser, dans une troisième partie, à sa pensée politique
The memories of Jacques du Clercq belongs to the important historiographical production which is born, in the middle of the XVth century, in the environment of the Valois of Burgundy. We propose a study of this text by following three main areas of research. First, we study the personnality of the unknown author whom was Jacques du Clercq and is family's background. The analyse of his sources of information, which he used to talk about the history of his time, was essential to. In a second part, we study the way he composed his text. Finally, we invoke the problematic of his political thought

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Naldy Emerson Canali
Co-orientador : Prof. Dr. Edivaldo Lopes Thomaz
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciencias da Terra, Programa de Pós-Graduaçao em Geografia. Defesa: Curitiba, 23/04/2010
Inclui referências
Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a dinâmica do uso do solo e sua influência na produção de sedimentos na bacia do Arroio Boa Vista. Trata-se de uma micro bacia hidrográfica localizada na Região Centro Sul do Estado do Paraná, na borda oeste do Segundo Planalto Paranaense. Mensurou-se a produção de sedimentos nos diversos tipos de uso do solo como: Faxinal, Mata de Araucária, Mata ecundária, Reflorestamento de Eucalipto, Erva Mate, Pastagem, e Agricultura. Foram estimadas as contribuições relativas de sedimentos nos locais de conexão entre estrada e canal fluvial. Foram avaliadas também a compactação, a exposição e a estabilidade de agregados do solo nos diversos tipos de uso. Estes procedimentos nortearam a pesquisa ao longo do ano de 2008 e 2009. O monitoramento nas áreas de plantio de Tabaco foram realizados desde setembro de 2007 a março de 2010 (30 meses), justificou-se esta diferenciação de período de monitoramento em relação aos demais tipos de uso, por o cultivo do tabaco ter seu início no mês de setembro e término no mês de março. Neste sentido, foram monitoradas três safras, destacase também que neste período o manejo do cultivo do tabaco foi modificado, havendo uma rotatividade entre o Sistema de Plantio Convencional (SPC), o Sistema de Plantio Direto Sem amalhão (SPDSC) e o Sistema de Plantio Direto Com Camalhão (SPDCC). Utilizouse de técnicas de mensuração dinâmica (Calhas de Gerlach) e técnicas de mesurações voluméricas (pinos de erosão e anéis volumétricos). De posse dos dados, foi possível identificar as áreas fontes de sedimentos, com perdas na seguinte ordem: Faxinal, com perda de água de 1,9% e perda de solo 0,144 (t/ha), Mata Araucária, perda de água de 1,4% e perda de solo de 0,152 (t/ha), Mata Secundária, com perda de água de 1,8% e perda de solo em torno de 0,163 (t/ha), Erva Mate, com uma perda de água de 1,9% e perda de solo de 0,336 (t/ha), Pastagem, com uma perda de água de 4,2% e perda de solo em torno de 1,05 (t/ha), Reflorestamento de eucalipto, com perda de água de 3,4% e perda de solo de 1,27 (t/ha). Destaca-se que essas áreas, exceto a erva mate, eram utilizadas como locais de criação de animais de forma extensiva, e como os animais (eqüinos) são utilizados nas tarefas diárias das lavouras de tabaco, estes acabam influenciando nas perdas de água e solo. Conclui-se portanto, que as perdas de solo dessas áreas sofrem influência do calendário agrícola da bacia, pois em períodos de entre safra esses tipos de usos sofrem maior pressão dos animais, potencializando as perdas de água e solo. No tocante a fumicultura, conclui-se que o Sistema de Plantio Convencional, onde faz-se a remobilização do solo para eliminar as ervas daninhas produz maior perda de água e solo (média 22% e 59,1 t/ha respectivamente), já o Sistema de Plantio Direto Com Camalhão produziu uma perda média de água e solo em torno de 10,6% e 4,63 t/ha respectivamente. O Sistema de Plantio Direto Sem Camalhão apresentou menor valor de perda de água e solo em relação aos demais manejos (6,0% e 1,61 t/ha), no entanto, esta forma de cultivo implica em uma menor rentabilidade, devido a falta do camalhão. Já as estradas apresentaram os maiores valores de perda de solo, mas ressalta-se que não foi possível individualizar as perdas de água e solo das estradas, devido ao contato dos sedimentos oriundos dos diversos usos que margeiam as estradas.
Abstract: This research aimed to evaluate the dynamics of land use and its influence on sediment production in the Arroyo Boa Vista basin. This is a micro-hydrographic basin located in South Central Region of Paraná State, on the westernmost edge of the Second Paraná Plateau. The sediment production was measured in the several types of land use as Faxinal, Araucaria Forest, Secondary Forest, Eucalyptus eforestation, Mate Herb, Pasture, and Agriculture. The relative contributions of sediment at points of connection between road and river channel were estimated. The compression, exposure and stability of soil aggregates were also evaluated in the different types of use. These procedures guided the research over the years 2008 and 2009. Monitoring in the tobacco growing areas was made from September 2007 to March 2010 (30 months), this distinction in monitoring period in comparison with other types of use was justified, for tobacco cultivation having its beginning in September and its end in March. In this sense, three crops were monitored, the fact that in this period the management of tobacco cultivation was modified is also in evidence, with a rotation between Conventional Planting System (CPS), No-Ridge Straight Planting System (NRSPS) and With-Rigde Straight Planting System (WRSPS). Dynamic measuring techniques were used (Gerlach gutter pipes) and voluméricas measuring techniques (erosion pins and volumetric rings). With the data in hands, it was possible to identify the source areas of sediments, with losses in the following order: Faxinal with water loss of 1.9% and soil loss of 0.144 (t / ha), Araucaria Forest, water loss of 1,4% nd soil loss of 0.152 (t / ha), Secondary Forest, with water loss of 1.8% and soil loss around 0.163 (t / ha), Mate Herb, with water loss of 1.9% and soil loss of 0.336 (t / ha), Pasture with water loss of 4.2% and soil loss around 1.05 (t / ha), Eucalyptus Reforestation, with water loss of 3.4% and soil loss of 1.27 (t / ha). It is in evidence that these areas, except the one of mate herb, were used as breeding sites in an extensive way, and how the animals (equines) are used in the daily tasks of farming tobacco, these end up influencing in the water and soil losses. We came, therefore, to the conclusion that the soil losses in these areas are influenced by the agricultural calendar of the basin, because in periods between harvest these types of uses suffer of greater pressure from the animals, increasing water and soil losses. Regarding to the tobacco industry, it is concluded that the conventional planting system, where the remobilization of soil is done to eliminate weeds produces greater loss of water and soil (in average 22% and 59.1 t / ha respectively), but he With-Rigde Straight Planting System produced an average loss of water and soil around 10.6% and 4.63 t / ha respectively. The No-Ridge Straight Planting System showed a lower water and soil loss rate in relation to the other dealings (6.0% and 1.61 t / ha), however, this form of cultivation implies a lower profitability due to lack of the ridge. The roads showed the highest rates of soil loss, but it is emphasized that it was not possible to individualize water and soil losses in the roads, due to the contact of the sediments from the several uses that border the roads.

The present research work is based on the systemic perspective, which understands the environment as a group of interconnected elements exchanging energy and material. Thus, the study area is a sector of the sub-basin drained by an tributary on the right margin of the Cadena stream. Its population s historical, social, economical and cultural aspects were considered and it was perceived a relationship of dependence among those aspects, as well as between them and the site s physical aspects: vegetal covering, climate, hydrography, geology and geomorphology, which compose a diagnosis of the physical medium and the human occupation. In this sense, the objective of the study is the physical and human characterization of the area, aiming at identifying the factor of anthropical and physical origin that interfere in the quality of life of the local community and in the dynamics of the model. It is concluded the anthropical action over the surface has increased the medium s degrading process, where in the area of application of the experiment incisive erosion exists in continuous and progressive evolution, thus making it clear the need of a study with a systemic approach and an integrated work among the important components of this society (population, community leaders and public authority).
O presente trabalho de pesquisa está baseado na perspectiva sistêmica, entendendo o ambiente como um conjunto de elementos interligados, efetuando troca de matéria e energia. Assim, a área de estudo é um setor da sub-bacia drenado por um afluente da margem direita do arroio Cadena, onde foram considerados os aspectos históricos, sociais, econômicos e culturais da população, percebendo-se uma relação de dependência entre estes aspectos, bem como possuindo inter-relações importantes com os aspectos físicos: cobertura vegetal, clima, hidrografia, geologia e geomorfologia e que compõe um diagnóstico do meio físico e da ocupação humana. Desta forma o objetivo do estudo é a caracterização física e humana da área, visando a identificação dos fatores de origem antrópica e física que interferem na qualidade de vida da comunidade e na dinâmica do modelado. Conclui-se que a ação antrópica sobre a superfície acentuou o processo degradante do meio, onde na área de aplicação do experimento existe voçorocamento em continua e progressiva evolução, deixando clara a necessidade de um estudo com abordagem sistêmica e um trabalho integrado entre os componentes importantes desta sociedade (população, coordenadores comunitários e poder público).

The accurate prediction of warm-season convective systems, and the heavy rainfall and severe weather associated with them, remains a challenge for numerical weather prediction models. This study looks at one such circumstance in which back-building convection forms perpendicular to, and above the cold pool region behind strong bow echoes. We refer to this phenomenon as a "bow and arrow" because, on radar imagery, the two convective lines resemble an archer's bow and arrow. The "arrow" can extend over hundreds of kilometers and can cause damage from high winds, hail and flooding. Events of this nature pose a particular challenge to forecast because they require an accurate forecast of the earlier convection and the effects of that convection on the environment. In this study, radar and surface observations of four events are presented to identify common environmental conditions prior to the development of the back-building convection. Additionally, simulations of three cases using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are analyzed in an attempt to understand the mechanisms responsible for initiating and maintaining the convective line. Due to coarse resolution, observational analyses are only useful for inspection of the synoptic-scale. Model output from numerical simulations is utilized to examine the mesoscale in the vicinity of the convective arrow. Several environmental characteristics are evident in each of the studied cases. Strong southwesterly flow (inducing warm air advection and gradual isentropic lifting), in addition to directional and speed convergence into the convective arrow region possibly contribute to convection initiation. Horizontal wind speed shear and increased wind speed in the area surrounding the arrow may be associated with the linear orientation of the arrow. It seems as though when these ingredients are combined with thermodynamic instability, there is a greater possibility of formation and maintenance of a convective arrow behind a bow echo.

This thesis shall identify the date origin of the composite bow within Mesopotamia and Elam. and both identify and quantify the design factors which lead to increased performance possible with composite construction. To accomplish this, the thesis begins by summarizing the problems and flaws that currently exist in the field of history as it applies specifically to archery and bow use. With problems identified, the thesis will then introduce the reader to the basics of bow mechanics, thereby laying the basis for physical testing. This in turn will empirically demonstrate flaws in the current iconographical method of bow identification. The thesis will then devise a new method for iconographic identification of composite construction that has greater proven accuracy, based upon proportional length, which will link extant artifacts with both physical test results and iconographic evidence. The reader shall then be led through a complete reevaluation of iconographical evidence for Mesopotamia and Elam starting at the beginning of the second millennium BCE and working backwards using this new method of iconographic evaluation to determine the point at which composite bow technology first appears in the ancient Near East. The thesis will finish with an overview of the above accomplishments and their potential impact on the study of ancient and military history.
Classics and World Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (Classical Studies)

碩士
國立臺灣大學
工程科學及海洋工程學研究所
99
Containerships with bulbous bow are the major type in the sea transportation and have been proved well over decades. An aim of our modeling was to reform the bulbous bow of a 1700 TEU containership into an arrow bow. Second, we would like to find the key geometric parameters of the arrow bow that affect the hydrodynamic performance. The geometry was fully parameterized, while keeping the principle dimensions and afterbody geometry the same. Non-uniform Rational B-spline theory was applied on the forebody sections to guarantee surfaces with high-order smoothness. An optimization algorithm was used to find the relationship between the parameters and the wave-making resistance coefficient. For increasing computing pace ,in optimal process only evaluated Wave-making performance by potential flow theory, and was compared to the conventional one. The outstanding geometries were selected, and then evaluated the total resistances by CFD. Fifteen versions of arrow bows were made, and six of them were calculated by CFD. The minimum Cw was 10% less than the original, but the total resistance is 2% higher. The main contribution to the increment of the total resistance is the pressure term, which is 4% larger than the bulbous one. Also, the wave elevations of the arrow bow were inspected two times larger at the fore perpendicular. During the process, four parameters were found to affect Cw effectively. The parametric modeling process of the arrow bow of containerships may provide the basis in the designing stage. But the mechanism to reduce the wave peak at the FP needs to be studied further.

The Terminal Middle Period (3000 to 2000 B.P.) and the Transitional Late Period (2000 B.P. to 1500 B.P.) contain a number of diverse projectile point styles belonging to several cultural complexes. The cultural complexes studied here include: Pelican Lake, Besant, Outlook, Bracken, Sonota and Sandy Creek. The point styles associated with these complexes have been in the past separated on largely visual or subjective bases. Clarifying the projectile point morphologies during this period will allow for better interpretations of archaeological sites on the Northern Plains. To aid in this clarification, twelve projectile point assemblages from nine previously excavated sites on the Saskatchewan and Alberta Plains were studied. These assemblages were subjected to geometric morphometric and discriminate function analysis. Beyond these two avenues of analysis, the assemblages were also subjected to metric testing to determine if the point styles were more consistent with arrow or dart projectiles. During this time period, the technological transition from the atlatl and dart to bow and arrow appears to have occurred. As a result of the arrow/dart testing, a pattern of robustness was seen in the kill site assemblages as compared to the habitation site assemblages. This resulted in larger points being found in communal kill sites in the study suggesting a link between game size and hunting methods. The result from this analysis recommends a reduction in the independent point styles suggested by other researchers. The data trends towards the finding that two major cultural complexes existed in the Terminal Middle / Transitional Late periods in the studied region of Northern Plains, Pelican Lake and Besant. A third minor group morphologicaly between the two major groups.

Cheung Chak Chung.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-114).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgments --- p.iii
Vita --- p.v
Table of Contents --- p.vi
List of Figures --- p.x
List of Tables --- p.xiv
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Aims and Contribution --- p.4
Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis Overview --- p.5
Chapter 2 --- VLSI Design Cycle --- p.6
Chapter 2.1 --- Logic Synthesis --- p.7
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Logic Minimization --- p.8
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Technology Mapping --- p.8
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Testability --- p.8
Chapter 2.2 --- Physical Design Synthesis --- p.8
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Partitioning --- p.9
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Floorplanning & Placement --- p.10
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Routing --- p.11
Chapter 2.2.4 --- "Compaction, Extraction & Verification" --- p.12
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Physical Design of FPGAs --- p.12
Chapter 3 --- Alternative Wiring --- p.13
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.13
Chapter 3.2 --- Notation and Definitions --- p.15
Chapter 3.3 --- Application of Rewiring --- p.17
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Logic Optimization --- p.17
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Timing Optimization --- p.17
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Circuit Partitioning and Routing --- p.18
Chapter 3.4 --- Logic Optimization Analysis --- p.19
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Global Flow Optimization --- p.19
Chapter 3.4.2 --- OBDD Representation --- p.20
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) --- p.22
Chapter 3.4.4 --- Graph Based Alternative Wiring (GBAW) --- p.23
Chapter 3.5 --- Augmented GBAW --- p.26
Chapter 3.6 --- Logic Optimization by using GBAW --- p.28
Chapter 3.7 --- Conclusions --- p.31
Chapter 4 --- Multi-way Partitioning using Rewiring Techniques --- p.33
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.33
Chapter 4.2 --- Circuit Partitioning Algorithm Analysis --- p.38
Chapter 4.2.1 --- The Kernighan-Lin (KL) Algorithm --- p.39
Chapter 4.2.2 --- The Fiduccia-Mattheyses (FM) Algorithm --- p.42
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Geometric Representation Algorithm --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.4 --- The Multi-level Partitioning Algorithm --- p.49
Chapter 4.2.5 --- Hypergraph METIS - hMETIS --- p.51
Chapter 4.3 --- The GBAW Partitioning Algorithm --- p.53
Chapter 4.4 --- Experimental Results --- p.56
Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusions --- p.58
Chapter 5 --- Optimum FPGA Switch-Box Designs - HUSB --- p.62
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.62
Chapter 5.2 --- Background and Definitions --- p.65
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Routing Architectures --- p.65
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Global Routing --- p.67
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Detailed Routing --- p.67
Chapter 5.3 --- FPGA Router Comparison --- p.69
Chapter 5.3.1 --- CGE --- p.69
Chapter 5.3.2 --- SEGA --- p.70
Chapter 5.3.3 --- TRACER --- p.71
Chapter 5.3.4 --- VPR --- p.72
Chapter 5.4 --- Switch Box Design --- p.73
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Disjoint type switch box (XC4000-type) --- p.73
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Anti-symmetric switch box --- p.74
Chapter 5.4.3 --- Universal Switch box --- p.74
Chapter 5.4.4 --- Switch box Analysis --- p.75
Chapter 5.5 --- Terminology --- p.77
Chapter 5.6 --- "Hyper-universal (4, W)-design analysis" --- p.82
Chapter 5.6.1 --- "H3 is an optimum (4, 3)-design" --- p.84
Chapter 5.6.2 --- "H4 is an optimum (4,4)-design" --- p.88
Chapter 5.6.3 --- "Hi is a hyper-universal (4, i)-design for i = 5,6,7" --- p.90
Chapter 5.7 --- Experimental Results --- p.92
Chapter 5.8 --- Conclusions --- p.95
Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.99
Chapter 6.1 --- Thesis Summary --- p.99
Chapter 6.2 --- Future work --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Alternative Wiring --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Partitioning Quality --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.3 --- Routing Devices Studies --- p.100
Bibliography --- p.101
Chapter A --- 5xpl - Berkeley Logic Interchange Format (BLIF) --- p.115
Chapter B --- Proof of some 2-local patterns --- p.122
Chapter C --- Illustrations of FM algorithm --- p.124
Chapter D --- HUSB Structures --- p.127
Chapter E --- Primitive minimal 4-way global routing Structures --- p.132

Zhou Lin.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50-53).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Aims and Contribution --- p.3
Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis Overview --- p.4
Chapter 2 --- Field-Programmable Gate Array and Routing Algorithm in VPR --- p.6
Chapter 2.1 --- Commercially Available FPGAs --- p.6
Chapter 2.2 --- FPGA Logic Block Architecture --- p.7
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Logic Block Functionality vs. FPGA Area-Efficiency --- p.7
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Logic Block Functionality vs. FPGA Delay-Performance --- p.7
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Lookup Table-Based FPGAs --- p.8
Chapter 2.3 --- FPGA Routing Architecture --- p.8
Chapter 2.4 --- Design Parameters of FPGA Routing Architecture --- p.10
Chapter 2.5 --- CAD for FPGAs --- p.10
Chapter 2.5.1 --- Synthesis and Logic Block Packing --- p.11
Chapter 2.5.2 --- Placement --- p.11
Chapter 2.5.3 --- Routing --- p.12
Chapter 2.5.4 --- Delay Modelling --- p.13
Chapter 2.5.5 --- Timing Analysis --- p.13
Chapter 2.6 --- FPGA Programming Technologies --- p.13
Chapter 2.7 --- Routing Algorithm in VPR --- p.14
Chapter 2.7.1 --- Pathfinder Negotiated Congestion Algorithm --- p.14
Chapter 2.7.2 --- Routing Algorithm Used by VPR --- p.16
Chapter 3 --- Connection-Switch Box Design --- p.17
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.17
Chapter 3.2 --- Connection-Switch Box Design Algorithm --- p.19
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Connection between Logic Pins and Tracks --- p.20
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Connection between Pad Pins and Tracks --- p.25
Chapter 3.3 --- Switch Number Comparisons --- p.26
Chapter 3.4 --- Experimental Results --- p.29
Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.32
Chapter 4 --- Optimal MST-Based Graph Algorithm on FPGA Segmenta- tion Design --- p.37
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.37
Chapter 4.2 --- MST-Based Graph Algorithm on FPGA Channel Segmentation Design --- p.39
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Net Merging Problem of Row-Based FPGAs --- p.41
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Extended Net Merging Problem of Symmetrical Array FPGAs --- p.44
Chapter 4.3 --- Experimental Results --- p.46
Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.46
Chapter 5 --- Conclusions --- p.48
Bibliography --- p.50