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Journal articles on the topic 'Box-Behnken Design (BBD)'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Aman Elmi Tufa, Aman Elmi Tufa, Youmin Hu Youmin Hu, Shuai Huang Shuai Huang, Wenwen Jin Wenwen Jin, and Fengcheng Li Fengcheng Li. "A Comparative Application of Latin Hypercube Design and Box-Behnken Design Methods in Extracting Sesameoil." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 43, no. 2 (2021): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000558/jcsp/43.02.2021.

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In the past decades, most researchers focus on process optimization and extraction methods to improve oil extraction from oilseeds. However, no information available on comparative analysis of different design methods to improve the process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of Latin hypercube design (LHD) and Box-Behnken Design (BBD) in oil extraction. Experimental oil yield, analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the model, and practical observation were used to compare the methods. The result shows both methods can supply adequate data for experiments. The range of oil yield is 26 – 41% for BBD and 31 – 41% for LHD. Analytically, the ANOVA result indicates that the model constructed of the LHD experiment has a better prediction of observed oil yield at a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.98 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.4 while BBD has R20.87 and RMSE 1.4. From the experiment result, BBD is more suit to design, efficient, and easier to extract oil. LHD has better design options, more flexible but less efficient in the experiment. For the given process conditions, theresult comparison empirically analyzed suggests both methods can be applied for oil extraction.

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Mandik, Yohanis Irenius, Berthin Songgo, and Supeno Supeno. "Optimasi Produksi Bioetanol pada Fermentasi Hidrolisat Ampas Sagu (Metroxylon sp.) Berdasarkan Rancangan Percobaan Box-Behnken Design (BBD)." JURNAL LPPM BIDANG SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI 8, no. 2 (2023): 94–102. https://doi.org/10.35801/jlppmsains.8.2.2023.55532.

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Produksi bioetanol dari fermentasi hidrolisat ampas sagu telah dioptimasi berdasarkan kombinasi variabel jumlah ragi, waktu fermentasi dan derajat keasaman (pH) sampel melalui rancangan percobaan Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kondisi optimum produksi bioetanol dari ampas sagu dengan rancangan Box-Behnken Design (BBD) terhadap variabel jumlah ragi, waktu fermentasi dan pH hidrolisat ampas sagu. Hasil kombinasi dari tiga variabel bebas secara acak oleh program Box-Behnken Design (BBD) adalah 17 set percobaan. Larutan asam sulfat 3,5% digunakan untuk memproduksi hidrolisat ampas sagu yang memiliki pH 1,1 dan larutan NaOH 80% digunakan untuk mengatur pH hidrolisat sebesar 4, 5 dan 6 sebelum difermentasi dengan ragi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) sebanyak 3 g, 4 g dan 5 g selama 5, 6, dan 7 hari. Hasil fermentasi (bioetanol) dimurnikan dengan metode destilasi dan jumlah kadarnya dihitung dengan prosedur perhitungan rendemen. Data hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setiap set variabel percobaan (jumlah ragi, waktu fermentasi, dan pH) menghasilkan tren peningkatan kadar bioetanol yang kurvatif maksimal. Kadar bioetanol terbesar adalah 5,28% ketika jumlah ragi, waktu fermentasi dan pH hidrolisat berturut-turut sebesar 4 g, 5 hari dan 6. Kata Kunci: bioetanol; Box-Behnken Design (BBD); fermentasi; hidrolisat ampas sagu.

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Saeed, Usman. "Polycarbonate Colours Optimization Using Box Behnken Design (BBD)." Science of Advanced Materials 13, no. 3 (2021): 398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.3902.

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The principal objective of incorporating pigments in the polymer is to introduce color either for aesthetic reasons or for the functional requirements. The enhancement of extrusion process parameters is necessary for the proper dispersion of pigment in the polymer. In the study presented three influential processing parameters during extrusion of polymer compound are speed, temperature and feed rate. The experimental design software with Box Behnken (BBD) methodology is being utilized for the optimization. The optimized model and experimental data exceeds the analytical examination making the formulation of model crucial. Also, it was found that the extrusion parameters have strong impact on color characteristics DL, Da and Db which is determined through the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Moreover, specific mechanical energy was calculated for the experimental runs and it was revealed that the specific energy decreases with increase in feed rate.

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Fathi, Mohammad Reza, Hamid Reza Noormohamadi, Mehrorang Ghaedi, and Gholam Reza Ghezelbash. "Optimizing the biosorption of Bi3+ ions by Streptomyces rimosus using experimental design and applicability in kinetics and isotherm modeling." RSC Advances 6, no. 46 (2016): 40287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra03513b.

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Akbar, Nanda Dwi, Akhmad Kharis Nugroho, and Sudibyo Martono. "ARTIKEL REVIEW: OPTIMASI FORMULASI SNEDDS DENGAN SIMPLEX LATTICE DESIGN DAN BOX BEHNKEN DESIGN." Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari 13, no. 1 (2022): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52434/jfb.v13i1.1216.

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SNEDDS merupakan campuran isotropik yang terdiri dari obat, surfaktan, ko-surfaktan dan minyak. Pengembangan dan optimasi formulasi yang tepat diperlukan untuk meminimalisir waktu, biaya, serta menjamin formulasi yang optimal. Tujuan dari penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk menjelaskan SNEDDS serta aplikasi simplex lattice design (SLD) dan box behnken design (BBD) dalam optimasi formulasi SNEDDS. Metode yang digunakan dalam menyusun review ini yaitu teknik studi pustaka dengan mencari literatur dalam bentuk data primer berupa jurnal nasional maupun jurnal internasional bahasa Inggris dalam 10 tahun terakhir (2011-2020). Optimasi formulasi SNEDDS dengan SLD dan BBD dilakukan dengan memilih formulasi yang memiliki nilai desirability lebih tinggi. Apabila respon terprediksi dan terukur pada formulasi SNEDDS optimal hasil prediksi SLD menunjukkan nilai p>0,05 pada one sample t-test, maka formulasi SNEDDS optimal dianggap valid. Kedekatan respon terukur dan terprediksi pada metode BBD dilakukan dengan menghitung nilai % bias. Beberapa penelitian menggunakan nilai persen bias (%) untuk mengukur kedekatan antara respon terprediksi dengan respon terukur dengan nilai persen (%) bias berkisar antara -6,04% - 7,3%. Nilai persen (%) bias yang semakin besar menunjukkan semakin besar penyimpangan antara respon terprediksi dengan respon terukur.

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Sarkar, Subhasish, Arghya Mukherjee, Rishav Kumar Baranwal, Jhumpa De, Chanchal Biswas, and Gautam Majumdar. "Prediction and parametric optimization of surface roughness of electroless Ni-Co-P coating using Box-Behnken design." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 28, no. 1 (2019): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2019-0017.

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AbstractThe current study focuses on the parametric optimization of electroless Ni-Co-P coating considering surface roughness as a response using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) of experiment. The two bath parameters namely the concentration of cobalt sulphate and sodium hypophosphite were varied along with the bath temperature to predict the variation in surface roughness. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) method has been applied to determine the interactions of the substantial factors which dominate the surface roughness of the coating. The process parameters for surface roughness of the coating were optimized by successfully utilizing the statistical model of Box-Behnken Design (BBD) of experiment. From the BBD model, the optimum condition for the deposition of the coating has been evaluated. In that specific condition, the surface roughness of the as-deposited coating is found to be 0.913μm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) study have been utilized to characterize the electroless Ni-Co-P coating deposited in optimized condition.

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P. Sivaguru and S. Balakumar. "THE ADSORPTION OF RHODAMINE B DYE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS VIA STATISTICAL OPTIMIZATION." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 17, no. 03 (2024): 905–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2024.1738870.

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In batch adsorption experiments, the efficacy of utilizing palm tree flowers (PTF) to produce a bio-adsorbent that successfully eliminates the dangerous dye Rhodamine B (RhB) from aqueous environments was investigated. The experimental design for the batch study was based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD), which consists of 29 experimental runs, and was implemented using the 29 factorial design of the response surface methodology. The second-order quadratic model's result indicated that the working parameters had a significant impact on how much the researched parameters were dropped. On the adsorbents, a reduction in reactions could be seen with a confidence level of (P < 0.05). To remove Rh-B selectively using PTF, the Box-Behnken design (BBD) and numerical desirability function were employed. The greatest decolorization achievable with PTF dosage (1.9 g/100 ml), pH (8.3), temperature (37 °C), and agitation was empirically proved to be 87.54%.

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Mahmoud, Basant Salah, and Christopher McConville. "Box–Behnken Design of Experiments of Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles Loaded with Irinotecan Hydrochloride." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 4 (2023): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041271.

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Background: The Box–Behnken design of experiments (BBD) is a statistical modelling technique that allows the determination of the significant factors in developing nanoparticles (NPs) using a limited number of runs. It also allows the prediction of the best levels of variables to obtain the desired characteristics (size, charge, and encapsulation efficiency) of the NPs. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the independent variables (amount of polymer and drug, and surfactant concentration) and their interaction on the characteristics of the irinotecan hydrochloride (IRH)-loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) NPs and to determine the most optimum conditions for producing the desired NPs. Methods: The development of the NPs was carried out by a double emulsion solvent evaporation technique with yield enhancement. The NPs data were fitted in Minitab software to obtain the best fit model. Results: By using BBD, the most optimum conditions for producing the smallest size, highest magnitude of charge, and highest EE% of PCL NPs were predicted to be achieved by using 61.02 mg PCL, 9 mg IRH, and 4.82% PVA, which would yield 203.01 nm, −15.81 mV, and 82.35% EE. Conclusion: The analysis by BBD highlighted that the model was a good fit to the data, confirming the suitability of the design of the experiments.

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Nandiwale, Kakasaheb Y., Ashwini M. Pande, and Vijay V. Bokade. "One step synthesis of ethyl levulinate biofuel by ethanolysis of renewable furfuryl alcohol over hierarchical zeolite catalyst." RSC Advances 5, no. 97 (2015): 79224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra13520f.

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Response surface methodology (RSM) with Box–Behnken experimental design (BBD) demonstrated Hierarchical-HZ-5 as potential catalyst for ethanolysis of renewable furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate biofuel with 99% FAL conversion and 73% EL yield.

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Roy, Harekrishna, Sisir Nandi, Ungarala Pavani, Uppuluri Lakshmi, Tamma Saicharan Reddy, and Damarla Venkata Sri Gayatri. "Optimization and Quality by Design Approach for Piroxicam Fast Dissolving Tablet Formulations Using Box-Behnken Design." Current Drug Therapy 15, no. 2 (2020): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574885514666190409102614.

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Background: The present study deals with the formulation and optimization of piroxicam fast dissolving tablets and analyzes the impact of an independent variable while selecting the optimized formulation utilizing Quality by Design (QbD) and Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Methods: Seventeen formulations were prepared by direct compression technique by altering the proportion of cross carmellose sodium, spray dried lactose and hydro propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4M). The BBD statistical technique was used to optimize formulations and correlate the relationship among all the variables. Also, the powder mixture characteristics and tablet physiochemical properties such as hardness, friability, drug content, Disintegration Time (DT) and dissolution test were determined using 900 ml of 0.1N HCl (pH-1.2) at 37 ± 0.5°C. Results: Significant quadratic model and second order polynomial equations were established using BBD. To find out the relationship between variables and responses, 3D response surface and 2D contour plot was plotted. A perturbation graph was also plotted to identify the deviation of the variables from the mean point. An optimized formula was prepared based on the predicted response and the resulting responses were observed to be close with the predicted value. Conclusion: The optimized formulation with the desired parameter and formulation with variables and responses can be obtained by BBD and could be used in the large experiment with the involvement of a large number of variables and responses.

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Tian, Shuang-Qi, Zi-Liang Wang, Xin-Wei Wang, and Ren-Yong Zhao. "Development and digestion of resistant malate starch produced by l-malic acid treatment." RSC Advances 6, no. 98 (2016): 96182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra12238h.

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Resistant starch (RS) was esterified by l-malic acid, and the optimum conditions determined using a response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box–Behnken design (BBD) were: temperature, 146 °C; pH, 1.46; time, 5.52 h; and mass ratio, 0.60.

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Barah, Obinna O. "Estimating the Tensile Strength Properties of Plantain Fiber Ash Particulate and Silumin using Box-Behnken Design." IDOSR JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 9, no. 2 (2023): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/idosr/jst/03.1.12008.

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This study utilizes response surface methodology (RSM) to estimate the engineering parameters of PFAP/silumin composites. The tensile strengths of the developed composites were evaluated using a Box-Behnken design (BBD), considering factors such as weight fraction, particle size, soaking time, plantain fiber ash particulate concentration, and silumin. The results indicate that the weight fraction of fibers has the greatest influence on tensile strength, with interaction effects being more significant than linear and quadratic effects. The predicted tensile strengths of the PFAP/silumin composites, obtained through RSM, closely matched the experimental values, validating the reliability of the software. The range of predicted tensile strengths was found to be 44.66 MPa to 64.05 MPa, while the obtained experimental values ranged from 40.31 MPa to 75.98 MPa. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the BBD method in quickly obtaining optimum values of tensile strength for PFAP/silumin composites. Furthermore, this research highlights the promising potential of utilizing waste materials in the automotive industry, particularly in East Africa. Keywords: Response surface methodology (RSM), Natural fibers, Hybrid composites, Tensile strength Agro-waste, Cellulose fiber, Box-Behnken design (BBD), Automotive industry.

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Nam, Seong-Nam, Hyekyung Cho, Jonghun Han, Namguk Her, and Jaekyung Yoon. "Photocatalytic degradation of acesulfame K: Optimization using the Box–Behnken design (BBD)." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 113 (January 2018): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.09.002.

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Erraib, Fatima, and Khalid El Ass. "Optimization of electrocoagulation operating parameters for COD removal from olive mill wastewater: application of Box-Behnken design." Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 3 (2019): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.13171/mjc93191011240kea.

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Box–Behnken response surface design was successfully employed to optimize and study the olive mill wastewater (OMW) treatment by electrocoagulation (EC) process. The influence of four decisive factors were modelled and optimized to increase the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The Box–Behnken design (BBD) results were analyzed and the second-order polynomial model was developed using multiple regression analysis. The model developed from the experimental design was predictive and a good fit with the experimental data with a high coefficient of determination (R2 ) value (more than 0.98). The optimal operating conditions based on Derringer’s desired function methodology are found to be; initial pH of 4.4, a current density of 27.6 mA/cm2 , electrolysis time of 14.1 min, and chloride concentration of 3.2 g/L. Under these conditions, the predicted COD removal efficiency was found to be 67.14% with a desirability value of 0.94. These experimental results were confirmed by validation experiments and proved that Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology could efficiently be applied for modelling of COD removal from OMW.

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Kasinathan, N., V. M. Subrahmanyam, and V. R. Josyula. "DESIGN OF CULTURAL CONDITIONS FOR PRODUCTION OF CHONDROITINASE BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER USING DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS." INDIAN DRUGS 52, no. 06 (2015): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.52.06.10275.

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Chondroitinases are useful in treating cancer and spinal cord injuries. The work reported so far does not focus on production of fungal chondroitinase. The present study focuses on the optimization of cultural conditions using design of experiments for production of chondroitinase by a fungal isolate CHCS-2, obtained from humus containing poultry waste. The cultural conditions were optimized systematically using a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach, factorial design, Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and Box- Behnken design to identify the composition of the production medium and the level of the variables. The level of significance of the medium components selected by OFAT study viz., yeast extract, chondroitin, and phosphate, was analyzed by factorial studies. The effect of eleven minerals on the enzyme yield was studied by PBD. The interaction among the medium components selected using factorial and PBD viz., yeast extract, cobalt and aluminum was investigated using the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Under the optimized conditions, maximum chondroitinase yield was 22.5 U/mL.

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Barroso, Tiago L. C. T., Luiz E. N. Castro, Gerardo F. Barbero, et al. "Optimization of a Microwave-Assisted Extraction Method for the Recovery of the Anthocyanins from Jabuticaba By-Products." Agronomy 13, no. 2 (2023): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020556.

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In this study, a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) has been used to optimize the recovery of bioactive compounds from jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) by-products through microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Thus, the Box-Behnken (BBD) experimental design was followed by a response surface methodology (RSM) that would allow investigating the influence of the four independent variables (temperature, solvent composition, pH, and sample-solvent ratio) that have been considered. The results revealed that temperature and solvent composition (%MeOH) were the most significant factors regarding the yields of anthocyanins obtained from the studied plant matrix. The established optimized conditions and 10-min-extraction time resulted in yields of 9.70 ± 0.28 mg g−1 of total anthocyanins. The method exhibited good repeatability and intermediate precision, with RSD variations lower than 5% for both parameters. The developed process was also able to extract and identify anthocyanins in commercial samples (jabuticaba pulp and jam). The results obtained from the optimized MAE method suggest that this technique is not only efficient for the recovery of anthocyanins from jabuticaba by-products, but it is also beneficial for a circular economy approach.

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Sandanakirouchenane Aroumougame. "Studies on optimization of pigment production of SB2 isolate from the Saltern region of Marakanam (T.N)." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 12, no. 1 (2022): 086–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2022.12.1.0152.

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The marine environment plays a vital role in producing valuable natural products for biomedical and pharmaceutical research. The pigment is one of the bioactive molecules derived from marine bacteria. The strain SB2 was isolated from the saltern areas of Marakanam to produce yellow pigment, round, and smooth colonies on selective media. The strain SB2 was opted out for further studies based on its pigment production (1.68 mg l-1). The incubation period, pH, and temperature are critical factors in increasing pigment production (7.81 mg l-1) from the strain SB2 using RSM (Response Surface Method) by Box Behnken Design (BBD). Similarly, the strain produced the highest pigmentation (7.67 mg l-1) in a nutrient medium containing olive oil, molasses, and corn cob powder. Using BBD, various concentrations of methanol, ethyl ether, and ethanol solvents were optimised with the isolate SB2 to yield maximum pigment (4.29 mg l-1). The extracted pigment was effectively treated with bacterial pathogens to inhibit their growth when the isolate grew at pH 7, temperature 30ºC, and salt 2% concentration. Using Box Behnken Design (BBD), optimising nutrient sources, solvents, and environmental factors with the yellow-pigmented SB2 strain recovered from seawater results in the highest carotenoid pigment production, and the pigment has antibacterial properties.

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Krishna, D., D. V. Padma, and Raju D. R. Prasada. "Optimization of Adsorption Parameters for Lead (II) Removal from Wastewater using Box-Behnken Design." i-manager's Journal on Material Science 10, no. 3 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jms.10.3.19069.

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The effective use of ragi husk powder for the removal of lead from waste water has been investigated. Influences of parameters like initial lead concentration (VI) (20-100 mg/L), pH (8-10), and adsorbent dosage (3-5 g/L) on lead adsorption were examined using Box Behnken Design (BBD) in response surface methodology. The BBD design in response surface methodology was used for designing the experiments as well as for full response surface estimation and 15 trials as per the model were run. The optimum conditions for optimum removal of lead from waste water of 20 mg/L were as follows: adsorbent dosage (4.1639 g/L), pH (9.0354) and initial lead concentration (21.7848 mg/L). The high correlation coefficient (R2 =0.996) between the model and the experimental data showed that the model was able to predict the removal of lead (VI) from waste water using ragi husk powder efficiently.

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Sharma, Devkant, Anjali Sharma, Niladry Ghosh, Ranjit Singh, Prabhjot Singh, and Dinesh K. Mishra. "Application of Box-Behnken Design in Optimization of Clobetasol-loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier for Topical Use." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 13, no. 04 (2023): 1186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.13.4.11.

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The objective of this study was to optimize nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for clobetasol propionate using Box-Behnken design (BBD). The formulation was developed by incorporating oleic acid, compritol ATO-888, and tween 80, using the hot homogenization method. The BBD, which employed a 3-level, 3-factor design, investigated the impact of lipid ratio, surfactant concentration, and sonication time on particle size, polydispersity index, and entrapment efficiency (EE). By analyzing the models through ANOVA and diagnostic plots, the optimized formulation composition was selected using the desirability function. The results indicated that a drug-lipid ratio of 1:7.5 was optimal for all formulations. The spherical-shaped nanostructured lipid carriers had a size of 168.3 ± 0.367 μm, a polydispersity index of 0.248183 ± 0.2847, an EE of 85.4 ± 0.384%, and a desirability value of 0.979. Overall, the use of BBD proved to be a valuable tool in developing optimized NLC with desired properties.

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Semassel, Seif Eddine, Kenza Elhadeuf, Nabil Bougdah, and Nabil Messikh. "Enhancing the Clarification of Azzaba Landfill Leachate Using Biocoagulants with Optimization by Box Behnken Design." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 19, no. 2 (2025): 307–26. https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht19.02.307.

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This study focuses on optimizing the coagulation-flocculation process for treating pollutants in the leachate from Azzaba landfill, utilizing natural coagulants: walnut shells, Moringa oleifera seeds, and Opuntia ficus-indica leaves. Walnut shells, at pH 4, a coagulant dosage of 12g/L, 300rpm stirring speed, and 25 minutes of treatment, demonstrated remarkable reductions in turbidity (83.92%) and suspended solids (92%). Opuntia ficus-indica, operating under pH 6, a coagulant dosage of 10g/L, 300rpm stirring speed, and 20 minutes of treatment, achieved significant reductions in turbidity (86%) and suspended solids (90%). Moringa oleifera, functioning at pH 3, a coagulant dosage of 6g/L, 300rpm stirring speed, and 35 minutes of treatment, exhibited substantial decreases in turbidity (91%) and suspended solids (85%). Adding lime and starch as flocculants further enhanced treatment efficiency, particularly in turbidity reduction. The Box Behnken design (BBD) optimization highlighted the outstanding effectiveness of coagulants, emphasizing their exceptional performance in turbidity and suspended solids removal. However, maintaining pH stability remains pivotal for optimal results. These findings underscore the efficiency of natural coagulants, especially walnut shells, in leachate treatment, showcasing a promising approach to environmental remediation.

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Konwarh, Rocktotpal, Manjusri Misra, Amar K. Mohanty, and Niranjan Karak. "Diameter-tuning of electrospun cellulose acetate fibers: A Box–Behnken design (BBD) study." Carbohydrate Polymers 92, no. 2 (2013): 1100–1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.055.

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Soliman, Noha M., Faiyaz Shakeel, Nazrul Haq, et al. "Development and Optimization of Ciprofloxacin HCl-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Using Box–Behnken Experimental Design." Molecules 27, no. 14 (2022): 4468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144468.

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Various chitosan (CS)-based nanoparticles (CS-NPs) of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CHCl) have been investigated for therapeutic delivery and to enhance antimicrobial efficacy. However, the Box–Behnken design (BBD)-supported statistical optimization of NPs of CHCl has not been performed in the literature. As a result, the goal of this study was to look into the key interactions and quadratic impacts of formulation variables on the performance of CHCl-CS-NPs in a systematic way. To optimize CHCl-loaded CS-NPs generated by the ionic gelation process, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used. The BBD was used with three factors on three levels and three replicas at the central point. Tripolyphosphate, CS concentrations, and ultrasonication energy were chosen as independent variables after preliminary screening. Particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), encapsulation efficiency (EE), and in vitro release were the dependent factors (responses). Prepared NPs were found in the PS range of 198–304 nm with a ZP of 27–42 mV. EE and drug release were in the range of 23–45% and 36–61%, respectively. All of the responses were optimized at the same time using a desirability function based on Design Expert® modeling and a desirability factor of 95%. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the improved formula against two bacterial strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, was determined. The MIC of the optimized NPs was found to be decreased 4-fold compared with pure CHCl. The predicted and observed values for the optimized formulation were nearly identical. The BBD aided in a better understanding of the intrinsic relationship between formulation variables and responses, as well as the optimization of CHCl-loaded CS-NPs in a time- and labor-efficient manner.

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Firmansyah, Ferdy, Widia Wulandari, Wildan Khairi Muhtadi, and Nofriyanti Nofriyanti. "Optimasi Formula Nanoemulsi Antioksidan Minyak Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) dengan Metode Box Behnken Design." Jurnal Mandala Pharmacon Indonesia 8, no. 2 (2022): 294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.35311/jmpi.v8i2.259.

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Minyak nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) yang memiliki konstituen utama patchouli alcohol menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan. Karakteristik khusus dari minyak nilam yaitu memiliki sifat volatilitas yang tinggi sehingga perlu untuk diformulasi menjadi bentuk sediaan yang lebih stabil seperti nanoemulsi. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi optimum dari masing-masing komponen penyusun nanoemulsi yang melibatkan proses yaitu waktu pengadukan yang menghasilkan sediaan nanoemulsi dengan karakteristik yang baik menggunakan Box Behnken Design (BBD) serta melakukan uji aktivitas antioksidan nanoemulsi minyak nilam. Konsentrasi Smix (surfaktan dan kosurfaktan), air, dan waktu pengadukan merupakan faktor yang diamati dalam optimasi formula dan sebagai respon digunakan persen transmitan. Karakteristik yang diamati antara lain rata-rata ukuran partikel, indeks polidispersitas, dan zeta potensial. Berdasarkan data diagram fase digunakan minyak nilam 5%. Data hasil optimasi diperoleh nilai konsentrasi Smix 24%, air 35,511%, dan waktu pengadukan 5,516 menit, memberikan nilai rata-rata ukuran partikel 12,76 nm, indeks polidispersitas 0,162, dan zeta potensial -26,1 mV. Aktivitas antioksidan nanoemulsi minyak nilam menunjukkan nilai IC50 >1000 ppm. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa Box Behnken Design (BBD) dapat digunakan untuk optimasi nanoemulsi minyak nilam yang menghasilkan nanoemulsi dengan karakteristik yang baik. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk menentukan konsentrasi minyak nilam yang diformulasikan sebagai nanoemulsi untuk penggunaan sebagai antioksidan.

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Mittal, M., and K. Phutela. "Modeling and parameters optimization of biocomposite using box-Behnken response surface methodology." Journal of Applied Research and Technology 21, no. 6 (2023): 991–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2023.21.6.2012.

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The primary objective of this work includes modeling and optimization of the mechanical properties of natural fiber biocomposites using three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD). In this context, the effect of three independent performance parameters; pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) length, fiber content, and polyethylene-grafted-maleic anhydride (MAPE) compatibilizer load have been investigated on the mechanical properties of PALF/HDPE/MAPE biocomposite. The sequential model sum of squares, lack of fit, and normal probability plots showed a good agreement in between the experimental results and those predicted by mathematical models (95% confidence level). The optimization results obtained in Design-Expert software revealed that the most optimal value of tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and impact strength as 32.35 MPa, 1475 MPa, 49.21 MPa, 1659.04 MPa, and 58.24 J/m respectively, at fiber length of 13.67 mm, PALF content of 16.84 wt.%, and MAPE load of 2.95 wt.%. In order to verify the mathematical models, the validation tests were also performed which showed that the response surface methodology (RSM) based BBD and ANOVA tools are adequate for analytically evaluating the performance of biocomposites.

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Zakiyyah, Salma Nur, Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy, Muhammad Lutfi Firdaus, Toto Subroto, and Yeni Wahyuni Hartati. "Box-Behnken Experimental Design for Electrochemical Aptasensor Optimization on Screen Printed Carbon Electrode/Silica-Ceria." Jurnal Kimia Valensi 9, no. 1 (2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v9i1.27493.

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This study aims to optimize the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) electrochemical aptasensor with the Box-Behnken experimental design. ENaC is a protein that plays a role in sodium ion transport in several epithelial tissues and is associated with hypertension. The ENaC protein aptamer is held in place in the electrochemical aptasensor by a modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) of silica-ceria composite (SiO2-CeO2). The unique structure of a silica matrix with high biocompatibility can form composites through a hydrothermal process. The Box-Behnken (BBD) experimental design is an efficient optimization method of factors that affect the experiment at three levels. The FTIR results of the silica-ceria composites were 549.35 cm-1 (Ce-O), 1095.3 cm-1 (Si-O-Si), and 491.28 cm-1 (Si-O). Meanwhile, SPCE/silica-ceria characterized by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) showed an increase in peak current [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- from 3.190 μA to 9.073 μA. Three experimental factors, aptamer concentration, streptavidin incubation time, and aptamer incubation time, were optimized with BBD and obtained at 0.5 μg.mL-1, 30 minutes, and 1 hour. The optimum conditions observed resulted in a selective current response for ENaC protein detection. The optimization results can be applied to aptamer-based ENaC protein detection in samples.

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Tang, Mei Ling, Li Hua Chen, Dong Sheng Zhou, Wei Feng Zhu, Yong Mei Guan, and Jun Song Li. "Optimized Preparation of Capsaicin-Loaded Nanoparticles Gel by Box-Behnken Design." Advanced Materials Research 1061-1062 (December 2014): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1061-1062.359.

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A three-factor three-level Box-Behnken design(BBD) was employed to optimize capsaicin-loaded nanoparticles(Cap-NPs), and its properties in vitro and in vivo were evaluated. Particle size, morphological characteristics, entrapment efficiency of Cap-NPs were investigated respectively by Zetasizer, H7000 TEM and HPLC. Release, skin permeation and skin irritation test were investigated on mouse and rabbits. The predicted values of Cap-NPs were 94.50±6.33% for entrapment efficiency(EE) and 170.30±7.81 nm for particle mean diameter(PMD) under optimal conditions which were 346.33 bar (homogenization pressure, X1), 4.67 min(homogenization time, X2), and 15421.42 rpm (shear rate, X3). The in vitro permeation study showed that capsaicin permeability in NPs-gel was a 2.80-fold greater flux values than conventional ointment after 24 h. Cap-NPs-gel produce no observable skin irritation in rabbits within 72h. The optimized Cap-NPs-gel would be a good candidate for transdermal delivery.

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Matlhola, Kefilwe, Lebogang Katata-Seru, Lesego Tshweu, Indra Bahadur, Gertrude Makgatho, and Mohammed Balogun. "Formulation and Optimization of Eudragit RS PO-Tenofovir Nanocarriers Using Box-Behnken Experimental Design." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/630690.

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The objective of present study was to develop an optimized polymeric nanoparticle system for the antiretroviral drug tenofovir. A modified nanoprecipitation method was used to prepare Eudragit RS PO nanoparticles of the drug. The effect of amount of polymer, surfactant concentration, and sonication time on particle size, particle distribution, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and zeta potential were assessed and optimized utilizing a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken Design (BBD) of experiment. Fifteen formulations of nanoparticles were prepared as per BBD and evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), EE, and zeta potential. The results showed that the measured mean particle sizes were in the range of 233 to 499 nm, PDI ranged from 0.094 to 0.153, average zeta potential ranged from −19.9 to −45.8 mV, and EE ranged between 98 and 99%. The optimized formulation was characterized forin vitrodrug release and structural characterization. The mean particle size of this formulation was 233 nm with a PDI of 0.0107. It had a high EE of 98% and average zeta potential of −35 mV, an indication of particle stability. The FTIR showed some noncovalent interactions between the drug and polymer but a sustained release was observedin vitrofor up to 80 hours.

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Abdullahi, Yakubu Umar, and Sunday Ayoola Oke. "Optimization and Selection of Boring Process Parameters for IS 2062 E250 Steel Plates Using Hybrid Taguchi-Pareto Box Behnken-Genetic Algorithm Method." IJIEM - Indonesian Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 3, no. 2 (2022): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/ijiem.v3i2.15443.

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The integrated Taguchi-Pareto-Box-Behnken design (TP-BBD) method has been recognized as an effective method for boring operation optimization. Yet it has further optimization opportunities even with less information availability. In this study, the genetic algorithm (GA) was integrated with the TP-BBD method to form a novel TP-BBD-GA method to effectively deal with the paucity of boring data and generate multiple optimal solutions. Numerical simulation coupled with experimental data analysis was conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of the proposed method using literature data. To combine the procedure of the constituent methods, the authors analysed the literature data with the Taguchi-Pareto method. Then the output was used as inputs to the Box Behnken design method. Afterwards, linear programs with objective functions and constraints were formulated and introduced into the genetic algorithm structure and then solved using the python language. The results revealed that the proposed method exhibits good performance for boring operations as it predicts the best parameter i.e. speed, feed rate, depth of cut and noise radius values for optimal surface roughness values. This article offers a unique contribution to the boring literature since it examines an additional optimization procedure to the existing one. The study analyzes the optimization behaviour of the IS 2062 E250 steel plates in the boring process and gives an easy procedure for process engineers on improving the boring operations.

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Vieira, João, Jéssica Castelo, Marta Martins, Nuno Saraiva, Catarina Rosado, and Catarina Pereira-Leite. "Mixed Edge Activators in Ibuprofen-Loaded Transfersomes: An Innovative Optimization Strategy Using Box–Behnken Factorial Design." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 4 (2023): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041209.

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Transfersomes have been highlighted as an interesting nanotechnology-based approach to facilitate the skin delivery of bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, the properties of these nanosystems still need to be improved to enable knowledge transfer to the pharmaceutical industry and the development of more efficacious topical medicines. Quality-by-design strategies, such as Box–Behnken factorial design (BBD), are in line with the current need to use sustainable processes to develop new formulations. Thus, this work aimed at optimizing the physicochemical properties of transfersomes for cutaneous applications, by applying a BBD strategy to incorporate mixed edge activators with opposing hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB). Tween® 80 and Span® 80 were used as edge activators and ibuprofen sodium salt (IBU) was selected as the model drug. After the initial screening of the IBU solubility in aqueous media, a BBD protocol was implemented, and the optimized formulation displayed appropriate physicochemical properties for skin delivery. By comparing the optimized transfersomes to equivalent liposomes, the incorporation of mixed edge activators was found to be beneficial to upgrade the storage stability of the nanosystems. Furthermore, their cytocompatibility was shown by cell viability studies using 3D HaCaT cultures. Altogether, the data herein bode well for future advances in the use of mixed edge activators in transfersomes for the management of skin conditions.

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Xu, Ying Cao, and Hong You. "A Statistical Experimental Design to Degradation of Aqueous Methyl Orange Solution with Photocatalyst of Ti-TiO₂ Nanotube Array." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.221.

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A statistical experimental design to the degradation of aqueous methyl orange, by using the Ti/TiO2 nanotube array photocatalyst, under UV irradiation, was investigated. Concentration of methyl orange(5mg/L,15mg/L,25mg/L), catalytic time (0.5h,1h,1.5h) and UV light source (6w,11w,15w) were selected as major operating variables. To investigate the effects of variables to degradation rate, the statistical experiment of Box-Behnken design(BBD) and Response Surface methodology(RSM) was employed. Regression analysis showed that the experiment data accorded with the predicted values obtained from quadratic regression equation in BBD with R-Squared of 0.9806 and F-value of 39.34.

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Hilmi, Farah Fadzehah, Mat Uzir Wahit, Zulkafli Ghazali, Nor Azwin Shukri, and Siti Nurul Syafika Sheikh Ibrahim. "Box Behnken Design to Optimize Parameter for Vapor Grafting of Cinnamaldehyde Essential Oil onto Polyvinyl Alcohol." Key Engineering Materials 908 (January 28, 2022): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-k1541w.

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This paper discuss the use of Box Behnken design (BBD) to optimize parameters used in conducting experiment for radiation induced grafting (RIG) experiment of graft cinnamaldehyde (antimicrobial agent) to polyvinyl alcohol/sago starch (PVA/SS) film in order to develop antimicrobial film for food packaging. BBD is having the maximum efficiency with objective to have maximum value of grafting yield (GY). This experiment involving three parameters which is absorbed dose (kGy), temperature (°C), and reaction time (min), all in three levels. The proposed BBD requires 15 runs of experiment for data acquisition and modeling the response surface. Three regression models were developed, and their adequacies were verified to predict the output values at nearly all conditions. This work resulted in identifying the optimized set parameters values for RIG experiment, which is absorbed dose at 102.67 kGy, reaction time at 51.67 minutes and reaction temperature 44.68°C in order to achieve maximum value of grafting yield at 20.79%. Afterwards, the models were validated by performing actual experiments, taking three sets of random input values. The output parameters (actual value) measured through experiments are in good consistency with the predicted values, where the actual value of GY is 18.7% as compared to predicted value of GY of 20.79%. The deviation value 2.09% prove success of developed model in predicting grafting yield in RIG using limited number of experiments.

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Güneş Altuntaş, Evrim. "IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES ON ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCE PRODUCTION BY LACTIC ACID BACTERIA: A BOX-BEHNKEN DESIGN APPROACH." Gıda 50, no. 3 (2025): 466–78. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.gd25018.

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In this research, we employed a 3-factor Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD) to ascertain the optimal conditions for the production of antimicrobial substances by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The experimental parameters encompassed three variables: temperature (30, 35 and 37oC), incubation time (24, 48 and 72 hours), and substrate concentration (1%, 2% and 3%). The production of antimicrobial substances by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum F2 isolate was influenced by the incubation period. The highest antimicrobial substance production (average inhibition zone diameter 12.00 mm for antimicrobial activity assay; 12.09 mm for Box-Behnken estimation) of Pediococcus pentosaceus 50 isolate was achieved at a temperature of 37°C, an incubation period of 24 hours, and a substrate concentration of 2% in the environment. These findings indicate that the antimicrobial activity of LAB typically intensifies toward the end of the logarithmic phase and into the stationary phase, likely due to the increased production of secondary metabolites.

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Mohd Harun, Mohd Hazarel Zairy, and Abdul Latif Ahmad. "Optimisation of Ibuprofen Extraction by Emulsion Liquid Membrane Using Box-Behnken Design." Journal of Physical Science 33, no. 2 (2022): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/jps2022.33.2.6.

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Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) is a potential method for extracting ibuprofen (IBP) from aqueous solution. The concentrations of the carrier, surfactant and internal phases are important parameters to optimise the extraction efficiency of IBP. The Box-Behnken design (BBD) is used to optimise the main parameters of ELM, which are Aliquat 336 (A), Span 80 (B) and sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 (C). The responses were calculated using quadratic polynomial regression and the model suggests a significant result with the experimental data set, with the F-value and p-value calculated at 17.88% and 0.05%, respectively. Span 80 and Na2CO3 had a mutual interaction which was significant for the IBP extraction by ELM. At the optimised parameters, namely Aliquat 336 concentration (2 wt%), Span 80 concentration (4 wt%) and Na2CO3 concentration (0.1 M) resulted in 96.78% of IBP extraction.

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Jawad, Ali, Mohd shafiq Bin Aazmi, and Ali Jawad. "Statistical Optimization for Dye Removal from Aqueous Solution by Cross-linked Chitosan Composite." Science Letters 14, no. 2 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/sl.v14i2.9537.

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Response surface methodology-Box–Behnken design (RSM-BBD) was employed to optimize the methyl orange (MO) dye removal efficiency from aqueous solution by cross-linked chitosan-tripolyphosphate/nano-titania composite (Chi-TPP/NTC). The influence of pertinent parameters, i.e. A: TiO2 loading (0- 50 %), B: dose (0.04-0.14 g), C: pH (4-10), and D: temperature (30-50 oC) on the MO removal efficiency were tested and optimized using RSM-BBD. The F-values of BBD model for MO removal efficiency was 93.4 (corresponding p-value < 0.0001). The results illustrated that the highest MO removal efficiency (87.27 %) was observed at the following conditions: TiO2 loading (50% TiO2), dose (0.09 g), pH 4.0, and temperature of 40 oC.

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Oke, Sunday, Stephen Chidera Nwafor, and Chris Abiodun Ayanladun. "Optimisation of Casting Geometries for A356 Alloy Composites Reinforced with Organic Materials using Box-Behnken Design Methodology." Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering 7, no. 2 (2020): 524–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.2389.2020.

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In an earlier article, the central composite design was applied to the determination of geometrical features of casts in a two-phase transformation process to produce the wheel covers of automobiles whereby the A356 alloy is reinforced with organic substances for composite property enhancement. This article reexamines the assumptions in that circumstance to revise and expand the optimisation through the response surface methodology to a new method, Box-Behnken design (BBD), to facilitate a comprehensive treatment of the sand casting product parameters. Casting geometrical optimisation can be modelled to involve lengths, breadths, widths, heights, densities of casts and weight loss, varied at three discrete levels. The parameters are translated into codes (–1,0,1) with specified actual, minimum and maximum values. The framework, validated by published literature data, indicates its feasibility in a real-life circumstance. This article assessed the effects of the casting geometry parameters on the responses. Besides, it examined the accuracy of the parameters to predict in the regression models deployed. It was concluded that the BBD and the regression models are adequate and predict correctly. The BBD can be applied by composite developers to improve casting dimensional accuracy and economics.

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Sandanakirouchenane, Aroumougame. "Studies on optimization of pigment production of SB2 isolate from the Saltern region of Marakanam (T.N)." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 12, no. 1 (2022): 086–102. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7602470.

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The marine environment plays a vital role in producing valuable natural products for biomedical and pharmaceutical research. The pigment is one of the bioactive molecules derived from marine bacteria. The strain SB2 was isolated from the saltern areas of Marakanam to produce yellow pigment, round, and smooth colonies on selective media. The strain SB2 was opted out for further studies based on its pigment production (1.68 mg l-1). The incubation period, pH, and temperature are critical factors in increasing pigment production (7.81 mg l-1) from the strain SB2 using RSM (Response Surface Method) by Box Behnken Design (BBD). Similarly, the strain produced the highest pigmentation (7.67 mg l-1) in a nutrient medium containing olive oil, molasses, and corn cob powder. Using BBD, various concentrations of methanol, ethyl ether, and ethanol solvents were optimised with the isolate SB2 to yield maximum pigment (4.29 mg l-1). The extracted pigment was effectively treated with bacterial pathogens to inhibit their growth when the isolate grew at pH 7, temperature 30ºC, and salt 2% concentration. Using Box Behnken Design (BBD), optimising nutrient sources, solvents, and environmental factors with the yellow-pigmented SB2 strain recovered from seawater results in the highest carotenoid pigment production, and the pigment has antibacterial properties.

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Kamala Kumari, P. V., M. Sai Sri Vastav, and Y. Srinivasa Rao. "Development and Optimization of Orodispersible Tablets of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride (FFH) by Box-Behnken Statistical Design (BBD)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 12, no. 03 (2022): 1357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.12.3.71.

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The aim of the present study was to formulate orodispersible tablets of fexofenadine Hydrochloride by studying the effect of the variable for response with the help of Box-Behnken design. A total of 17 formulations were prepared by altering the proportion of crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate and mannitol by direct compression technique. BBD was employed to study the relations among the variables and to statistically optimize the formulation parameter for ODT tablets of fexofenadine Hydrochloride. Response surface and contour plots were plotted based on BBD and relationship between the variables and responses were established. Further evaluation of responses with respect to variables was made with 3D surface plot that allows evaluating a blend selected variables at a time and assessing the effect of variation and interaction on responses. In conclusion, an optimized model was obtained based on predicted and observed response for the three dependent variables.

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Sangal, Vikas, Vineet Kumar, and Mani Mishra. "Optimization of a divided wall column for the separation of C4-C6 normal paraffin mixture using Box-Behnken design." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 19, no. 1 (2013): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq121019047s.

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In the present study, simulation of a divided wall column (DWC) was carried out to study the product quality and energy efficiency as a function of reflux rate, liquid spilt and vapour split for the separation of C4-C6 normal paraffin ternary mixture. Rigorous simulation of the DWC was carried out using Multifrac model of ASPEN Plus software. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used for the optimization of parameters and to evaluate the effects and interaction of the process parameters such as reflux rate (r), liquid split (l) and vapour split (v). It was found that the number of simulation runs reduced significantly for the optimization of DWC by BBD. Optimization by BBD under response surface methodology (RSM) vividly underscores interactions between variables and their effects. The predictions agree well with the results of the rigorous simulation.

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A, Renganathan, and Srinivasan R. "Investigation of Olive Leaf Polyphenol Extract Loaded Silver Nanoparticle Optimization by Box-Behnken Design." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 14, no. 03 (2024): 1312–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.14.3.09.

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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are synthesized and optimized by reducing and stabilizing them with olive leaf extract. The successful synthesis of AgNPs was verified by UV-vis spectroscopy, SEM imaging, and DLS measurements, demonstrating characteristic features such as a surface plasmon resonance peak, spherical morphology, crystalline structure, and narrow size distribution with good stability. Utilizing Box-Behnken Design (BBD), the optimal synthesis conditions were determined, with a silver nitrate concentration of 1 mM, olive leaf extract volume of 10 mL, and reaction time of 60 minutes, yielding AgNPs with desirable properties. Statistical analysis revealed the significant influence of individual variables and their interactions on AgNP characteristics. Lower concentrations of silver nitrate and olive leaf extract led to smaller particle sizes and higher zeta potentials, while longer reaction times resulted in larger particles and lower zeta potentials. Among the experimental runs, Run 11 exhibited the most favorable properties, with 54 nm particle size, -36 mV zeta potential, and an encapsulation efficiency of 92.28%. ANOVA analysis further elucidated the significant effects of synthesis parameters on zeta potential, particle size, and encapsulation efficiency. In conclusion, the optimized formulation obtained through BBD offers a tailored approach for the synthesis of AgNPs with desired properties, suitable for various applications such as biomedical, catalytic, and sensing applications. The comprehensive understanding of synthesis parameters and their effects provided by this study facilitates the rational design of AgNPs for specific applications, enhancing their potential in diverse fields.

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Karmoker, James Regun, Ikramul Hasan, Nusrat Ahmed, Mohammad Saifuddin, and Md Selim Reza. "Development and Optimization of Acyclovir Loaded Mucoadhesive Microspheres by Box – Behnken Design." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 18, no. 1 (2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v18i1.41421.

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The grail of the study was to design, develop and characterize sustained release mucoadhesive microspheres of acyclovir and to optimize the drug release profile using response surface methodology by applying Box–Behnken design (BBD) which was equipped with three levels and three factors. Microspheres were prepared from Methocel K15M and Ethocel Standard 45 Premium using the emulsification solvent evaporation technique. The independent factors were the amounts of Methocel K15M (X1), amount of Ethocel Standard 45 Premium (X2), and RPM (X3). The dependent variables were cumulative percentage drug release (CDR) at 8 hour (Y1), bond strength (Y2), and swelling at 4 hour (Y3). To understand the effects of different factor level combinations on the responses, various response surface graphs and contour plots were prepared. Predicted values and experimental values for optimized formulation (X1 = 600 mg, X2 = 500 mg, and X3 = 336.57) was found to be in close agreement. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 18(1): 1-2, 2019 (June)

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Salaam, K. K., I. A. Adekunle, E. O. Dada, T. O. Salawudeen, and A. O. Arinkoola. "Optimization of H2SO4-modification of ITU bentonitic clay under box Behnken design." LAUTECH Journal of Engineering and Technology 19, no. 1 (2025): 164–76. https://doi.org/10.36108/laujet/5202.91.0151.

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Bentonite clay from Itu, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria was modified using sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The chemical compositions of the raw (RI) and H2SO4 modified (HI) Itu clay was determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique. Box Behnken Design (BBD) was used to optimize the H2SO4 and clay modification process using wet acidification method. The process parameters considered for the optimization were H2SO4 concentration (0.1-6.0 M), activation temperature (60-100 oC) and activation time (5-10 minutes). Optimum catalyst yield of 6.12 g was obtained in 7.5 min and at 60 oC when 6 M H2SO4 concentration was used for clay modification. The predicted value of the catalyst yield was found to be in agreement with its observed values (R2 = 0.9681 and Adj R2 = 0.9271). These results revealed that the process parameters had significant influence on the clay modification process. The XRF analysis of the samples also revealed that the RI and HI are calcium montmorillonite with SiO2/Al2O3 ratio values of 3.20 and 5.48 respectively.

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Yogita, Sharma, Kumar Sunil, and Bhateria Rachna. "Analyzing the Efficiency of Di-FeNPs in Removal of Methyl Orange Dye using Statistical Approach." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 15, no. 21 (2022): 1032–40. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v15i21.468.

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Abstract Objective: To study the catalytic potential of green synthesized iron nanoparticles for the removal of methyl orange dye. Method: Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied based on the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) which determined the interactive influence of parameters i.e., pH (1-3), adsorbent dose (80-120mg), initial dye concentration (5-15 ppm), contact time (60-90 minutes), and temperature (30-40oC) on methyl orange removal. Findings: BBD-RSM demonstrated that the Di-FeNPs achieved the maximum efficiency of 98% of methyl orange dye removal. In the present Model, F-value 214.94 implicates the significance of the model. The predicted R2 of 0.9782 is closer to the adjusted R2 of 0.989 which shows a good consistency among experimental and predicted values. The experimental data were analyzed by applying Redlich- Peterson (R2= 0.982), Elovich (R2= 0.981), and Dubinin-Radushkevich (R2= 0.991) isotherms models. Novelty and applications: The statistical approach using the Box-Behnken design indicates that this model is specific and accurate for the applied experimental data. Green synthesized iron nanoparticles have the potential to remove (98%) methyl orange dye. Keywords: Iron nanoparticles; Methyl orange; Green synthesis; Response surface methodology; Datura inoxia; Isotherms

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Quiton, Khyle Glainmer, Noreen Caryl Reyes, Rance Nicolo Villena, and Michelle Almendrala. "Optimization of Dual Coagulation Parameters for Turbidity Removal of Philippines’ Pasig River Water Using Box-Behnken Design Model." E3S Web of Conferences 521 (2024): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202452102001.

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The water problem has become a significant challenge as populations grow and water sources have become increasingly stressed. Access to safe and clean water is essential for human health, agriculture, and industrial development. The current work aims to model and optimize the dual coagulation parameters for the removal of turbidity from Pasig River water via aluminium chlorohydrate and polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride coagulants using the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) as a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) statistical tool. The turbidity removal efficiency predicted by the RSM-BBD model was 95.56% under the optimal operating conditions of pH 6, coagulant ratio 0f 0.4555 and 10 min of mixing time. The actual turbidity removal efficiency was very close to the predicted value indicating that RSM-BBD can efficiently be applied to optimize the Pasig River water turbidity removal via dual coagulation. The results also indicate that pH and coagulant ratio are significant parameters greatly affecting turbidity removal from Pasig River water. Overall, the study provides insights into the parameters affecting turbidity removal in water samples.

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Oramahi, Hasan Ashari, Tsuyoshi Yoshimura, Elvi Rusmiyanto, and Kustiati Kustiati. "Optimization and Characterization of Wood Vinegar Produced by Shorea laevis Ridl Wood Pyrolysis." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 20, no. 4 (2020): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.45783.

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In this study, the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to investigate the effects of wood particle size, pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis time on the production of wood vinegar from Indonesia “bengkirai” wood (Shorea laevis Ridl). Characterization of wood vinegar was conducted by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Three variable designs consisting of wood particle size (2.00, 2.38, and 3.36 mm), pyrolysis temperature (350, 400, and 450 °C), and pyrolysis time (105, 120, and 135 min) were employed in a BBD response surface methodology (RSM-BBD). RSM-BBD results suggested that maximum wood vinegar yield would be obtained with a wood particle size of 3.85 mm, pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C, and pyrolysis time of 93 min. In addition, the mathematical model indicated the maximum wood vinegar yield would be 30.31%. The main compounds in wood vinegar were acetic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, furfural, 2,3-pentanedione, phenol, 2-methoxy phenol, 2-methoxy-4-methyl phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy phenol, and 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene.

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Abidin, Lubna, Mohammad Mujeeb, and Showkat R. Mir. "Maximized Extraction of Flavonoid Luteolin from V.negundo L. Leaves: Optimization Using Box-Behnken Design." Current Bioactive Compounds 15, no. 3 (2019): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573407214666180731120014.

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Background: Luteolin is a flavonoid unveiling various therapeutic activities, found in Vitex negundo L. Thus, there is a need to present process parameters at which maximum amount of luteolin can be extracted from V. negundo L. leaves in “one-run”. Objective: Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for optimizing the process parameters for the extraction of luteolin from V. negundo L. leaves. The study also compared the efficacy of various traditional and modern extraction methods for luteolin extraction. Methods: Extraction conditions (solvent to drug ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time) were optimized by RSM, Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Quantification of luteolin in various extracts was done through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results: Hot solvent extraction by reflux technique stood out to be the best technique and methanol was found to be the most effective solvent for luteolin extraction.Through the use of BBD, the optimal conditions for luteolin extraction were established as: solvent to drug ratio- 17.7 mL/g, extraction temperature- 55.5°C and extraction time-2.04 hours. Under such conditions 7.32 %w/w of luteolin was yielded which was close to predicted value of 7.29 %w/w. Conclusion: Reflux technique stood out to be the best among all the studied modes of extraction and methanol proved to be the most effective solvent. Moreover, all the three variables significantly affected the luteolin extraction. Our study shows the applicability of a statistical technique, RSM in phytocompound extraction field. This makes the optimization technique cheap and less laborious than the traditional optimization method.

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Syazwani Mohd Faizo, Naurah Mat Isa, Roshafima Rasit Ali, Nur Fathin Amirah Shafie, Mohd Yusof Hamzah, and Zatil Izzah Tarmizi. "Optimization of Parameters for Polydiacetylenes Vesicles using Response Surface Methodology as a Function of Calorimetric Sensor." Journal of Advanced Research Design 114, no. 1 (2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/ard.114.1.19.

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Polydiacetylenes (PDAs) are well-known materials that can be used as colorimetric stimulations sensors. PDA-based materials are usually produced though the self-assembly in an aqueous solution. Since the responses of PDA vesicles produced under different conditions changed, the PDA vesicles must be optimized. It was employed to optimize the irradiation dosage, concentration, temperature and solvent ratio for PDA vesicles by using the Box-Behnken experiment design. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) can help reduce the number of tests needed by analyzing several combinations of variable levels at the same time. The peak of optical shift characteristics of PDAs vesicles was enhanced in parallel with the optimization of optimal parameters. As a consequence, the conditions with the maximum optical absorbance as evaluated by UV-Vis Spectroscopy were preferable. Therefore, the results indicate that this model is reliable and can precisely identify the maximum response peak. It was concluded that the BBD experimental design concept could be effectively used to optimize the parameters for the formation of PDAs vesicles with the fewest number of experimental runs possible. The PDAs vesicles formed under these conditions will be used for further characterization and testing. As a consequence, the best optimal conditions for 10,12-pentacosadyinoic acid (PCDA) vesicles can be concluded at 2.0 mM monomer concentration, 65 degree celsius processing temperature and 50:50 solvent ratio used between chloroform and tetrahydrofuran.

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Panda, Santosh Kumar, Manoranjan Sahu, Kahnu Charan Panigrahi, Chinam Niranjan Patra, and Goutam Kumar Jena. "The Development of Floating Multiple Unit Mini Tablets of Bosentan Using QbD: Characterisation and Pharmacokinetic Study." Drug Delivery Letters 11, no. 2 (2021): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210303111666210226142015.

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Background: In order to achieve steady state concentration multiple dosing is required for bosentan. Hence formulating bosentan controlled release formulation could be an approach to solve this issue. Objective: The objective is to develop floating multiple unit minitablets of bosentan using Quality by design approach. Methods: Failure mode effect analysis (FMEA) and Taguchi design are employed in order to screen highly critical factors. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was adopted for the process of optimization. Results: The quantity of gelucire 39/01, HPMC K15 M, and sodium bicarbonate was found to be one of the significant factors using Taguchi design. The Box-Behnken design results in the optimised formulation showing floating lag time within 3 min, floating time of nearly 15 h, time to release 50% of drug of 3.6 h, time to release 90% of drug of 11h and better bioavailability compared to pure drug. Conclusion: It can be concluded that floating multiple unit minitablet can be used as an encouraging approach for sustaining the drug release of bosentan.

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Liu, Dan, Da Teng, Yan Zhu, Xingde Wang, and Hanyang Wang. "Optimization of Process Parameters for Pellet Production from Corn Stalk Rinds Using Box–Behnken Design." Energies 16, no. 12 (2023): 4796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16124796.

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In the current study, corn stalk rinds were used as feedstock for the production of solid-fuel pellets. In an effort to comprehensively analyze the effects of different operational parameters on the physical properties of pellets, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed in conjunction with a Box–Behnken experimental design (BBD). By assessing multiple variables simultaneously and examining their interactions, BBD facilitates the development of a reliable response model that can predict how changes in independent variables will impact response variables. The recorded responses included relaxed density, mechanical durability, and compressive strength. Based on the results, greater R2 values of 0.9467, 0.8669, and 0.9196, could be, respectively, attained for the quadratic regression models. The analysis of variance revealed that all independent variables had significant effects on the responses. The optimal processing condition for the pellets was established by determining the ideal combination of operational parameters. The process entailed the choice of a particle dimension measuring 0.5 mm, a moisture level of 11.35%, the application of heat at 125.7 °C on the die, and the utilization of a molding pressure of 154.2 MPa. Based on these factors, the predicted response values were determined to be 1639.61 kg/m3 for relaxed density, 97.95% for mechanical durability, and 10.18 MPa for compressive strength. The values obtained experimentally under the optimized conditions were similar to the predicted values with a desirability value of 1.00.

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Sharma, Astha, and Neeraj Bala. "Box Behnken Design Model-Optimising Dyeing Conditions of Cotton Fabric with Turmeric Extract." Journal of the Textile Association 86, no. 01 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.63665/jta.v86i01.15.

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Background Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) is a non-toxic medicinal plant that possesses yellow colour and antioxidant properties. A recent study suggests using curcuma dye extract on cotton fabric as a sustainable and eco-friendly dye alternative. Design/methodology/approach Using alum as a mordant, the cotton fabric was pre-mordanted. The dyeing optimisation using the “Box and Behnken Design” (BBD) model was systematically explored to elucidate the outcomes of dyeing temperature (oC), dyeing time (min), and shade %(o.w.f.). The dyed cotton fabrics were then examined for colour strength on spectrophotometer. Results and Conclusion The dyed sample employed a shade of 30% (o.w.f.), a 90°C and 60 min of temperature and time conditions gave colour strength (K/S) of 3.96. The findings reveal that Curcuma longa (root) as a dye could be a better option for the textile and fashion sectors.

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