Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Boyd, Doug'

In this paper, I interrogate dominant media paradigms that discuss non-human animals, such as photography and documentary, and provide alternative modes of creating this work. Focusing on my relationship with my dog, Bear, I collaborated with him referencing the alternative methods to representation to create a series our thesis show, “A Dog and His Boy.” By opening up our relationship, I hope to inspire people to think about non-human animals, specifically dogs, more critically, and what their relationships with them are. The process of collaborating with Bear, someone of another species, only strengthened our bond, but also taught me much about how a dog senses their world, and how they think.

The energetics of lactation in domestic dogs was investigated. Two breeds were chosen of different masses, Labrador Retrievers (30kg) and Miniature Schnauzers (6kg). Labradors had larger litter sizes and invested more energy relative to adult weight during lactation. This was shown in a number of ways. During peak lactation they had relatively higher metabolised energy intakes, higher energy expenditures, higher ratios of litter metabolic mass to maternal metabolic mass and produced relatively more milk. In addition Labradors utilised body reserves, an investment the Schnauzers didn't make. Schnauzers, however, invested relatively more energy per pup, which was reflected by their relatively larger offspring energy expenditures. Offspring of both breeds increased significantly in mass over the experimental period of peak lactation, although the Labrador pups were significantly leaner and contained less fat in proportion to body mass than the Schnauzer pups. The gradient of the scaling relationship between litter size and body mass across different breeds of dog was significantly steeper and tighter than the interspecific scaling relationship calculated between different species of Canid of similar mass range. This is consistent with the more recent theories on the evolution of life histories, that interspecific allometric variation is an epiphenomenon of intraspecific variation. This suggests that physical constraints associated with size in dogs may limit offspring investment and milk production. The differences in energy investment during lactation between the two breeds might be explained by variations in their ability to sustain high energy expenditures. Central limitations to maximum metabolisable energy intake and energy expenditure might be important in determining reproductive output in the Labradors. Hence milk energy output might be limited by the ability of the alimentary system to acquire nutrients. In contrast, peripheral limitations might limit Schnauzers' ability to allocate energy to offspring. Hence milk production might be limited by mammary output capacity. A three dimensional model relating energy expenditure and fitness to body mass was produced. This advanced a number of predictions. For instance, it is predicted that the observed FMR/RMR ratio would be greater in larger animals. Second, that maximal sustained metabolic rate would be more likely to be limited peripherally in small mammals. Thus maximum energy intake required for single activities, such as lactation or thermoregulation, could represent peripheral limitations in small mammals but central limitations in large mammals.

Many individuals across the world own dogs for a variety of reasons. For some individuals, dogs can be viewed as providing the most important relationship in their lives. Others may own dogs for protection, companionship, and even health benefits. Some families across the world view their dogs as family members and a vital aspect of the family unit. This study explored the perceived bond between a human and a dog and how this bond influenced the human‟s psychological well-being. Although studies have been conducted on the human-companionate dog bond, empirical research on the perceptions of the bond between a dog and a human and the influence it has on an individual‟s psychological well-being, falls short. Studies on the human-companionate bond have been on the rise internationally, yet studies in this field in the South African context are scarce. This study contributes to psychology‟s broad body of knowledge regarding the human-companionate dog bond and identifies the important influences the bond has on human psychological well-being. The researcher utilized a qualitative research approach. A non-probability purposive sample was employed and semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven participants. Two participants were male and five were female. All participants had developed a bond with their dog and were able to speak English fluently. Interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached. Results demonstrate that having a human-companionate dog bond can enhance an individual's psychological well-being. Themes identified demonstrate that a human-companionate dog bond can enhance physical health, relational well-being, and mental health. This bond also fulfils specific individual needs which enhance psychological well-being. Limitations of the study and recommendations for further research are identified.

Dogs have lived with us for thousands of years, so we have learned to understand one another. Dogs have been shown to synchronize their behavior with humans. Behavioral synchronization is characterizes by doing the same thing at the same time and in the same place as someone else. This synchronization is often dependent on the relationship and the emotional state of the individuals. The main aim in this study was to develop a method to test behavioral synchronization and also to investigate how this, but also other behaviors, are effect by preceding human-dog interactions. Privately owned dogs (N=21) were tested with three different treatments (play, pet or ignore). The test procedure consisted of the owner walking or standing still in a predefined pattern, while their dog was freely roaming. This study showed that dogs adapted their movement pattern to their owners. This was similar to previous studies showing that the method developed can be used to test behavioral synchronization between owner and dog. Dogs explored the test arena less after play interaction and they also tended to seek more eye contact with their owners, but the interactions did not affect how much time spent in human proximity, how much they followed them or on dogs movement pattern.

Over the past decade, numerous engineered credit events and cases of market participants manipulating bond prices to influence Credit Default Swap (CDS) auction payouts have occurred. These cases have become increasingly common, and the CFTC has stated they may constitute market manipulation and undermine not only the CDS market but also the credit derivative and default markets. Although there is a plethora of news and media coverage on publicized cases, there is no previous empirical research on evidence of these practices. This paper is motivated by the desire to determine if there is indirect evidence of bond price manipulation around default and of market participants’ attempts to favorably move CDS’s underlying bond prices to achieve more profitable positions around default and emerging from CDS auctions. The analysis is performed by analyzing the effect of a bonds’ inclusion in CDS auctions on bond return volatility around the time of default while controlling for credit risk, illiquidity, firm fundamentals, and other bond-level controls. I find that bond return volatility around default is much higher as a result of a bond’s inclusion in a CDS auction, which serves as indirect evidence of bond price manipulation around default as market participants strive for more profitable CDS auction outcomes and possibly of manufactured credit events. Consistent with previous literature, I also find that bond illiquidity significantly impacts bond return volatility. My results are robust to propensity score matching, implementing double-robust estimators, and controlling for any time-varying cross-sectionally-invariant fluctuations in bond return volatility.

The aim of this study was to investigate if the dog’s behaviour and the interactions between the dog and the owner   differ depending on lifestyle, breed or sex of the dog. For this we employed the Strange Situation Procedure, a test inspired from Mary Ainsworth´s study,   which investigated the attachment of human infants to their mothers. There were two breeds, Border collie and Shetland sheepdog and a total of 58 dogs that participated in this study. The two breeds were divided into two lifestyles, competition dogs and pet dogs. A PCA was used to find correlations between the behavioural variables and the factors were then analysed in a Mann Whitney U test to test the differences between breed, sex and lifestyle. In this study no differences in behaviour between the two lifestyles were shown. However, the results showed that there were some differences between the two breeds and between the two sexes in behavioural expressions. The differences between the breeds were quite expected because there are many different breeds today which are selected for various morphology and behavioural traits which could influence their behaviour. The difference in behaviour between the two sexes can be because of evolutionary heredity. Further studies on this subject should have bigger and more even sample size, longer separation time, a more balanced gender distribution of the owners and to also analyze the cortisol levels.

O presente relatório foi realizado no âmbito do estágio curricular do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Évora, encontrando-se dividido em duas partes. A primeira parte trata da casuística acompanhada ao longo do estágio curricular, o qual foi realizado no Centro Hospitalar Veterinário, no Porto, entre 1 de Setembro de 2016 e 28 de Fevereiro de 2017. A segunda parte consiste numa monografia sobre o tema “Obstrução intestinal por corpos estranhos lineares em cães”, complementada com dois casos clínicos acompanhados durante o período de estágio. Esta afeção trata-se de uma emergência cirúrgica e é mais comum em gatos do que em cães. Quando ocorre nesta última espécie, maior é a probabilidade de ocorrerem complicações e, consequentemente, pior é o prognóstico. O diagnóstico é confirmado através de laparotomia exploratória e o tratamento passa pela remoção cirúrgica da totalidade do corpo estranho e pela estabilização hemodinâmica do paciente; Abstract: Small Animal Medicine and Surgery This report was carried out in the scope of Integrated Masters in Veterinary Medicine of the University of Évora internship’s and it is divided into two parts. The first part covers the casuistry accompanied during the traineeship, wich one was held at Centro Hospitalar Veterinário, in Porto, between September 1st, 2016 and February 28th, 2017. The second part consists of a monograph on the topic “Intestinal obstruction with linear foreign bodies in dogs”, complemented by two clinical cases followed during the internship. This condition is considered a surgical emergency and is typically more common in cats than in dogs. When it occurs in dogs, the greater is the likelihood of complications ocurring, and the worst is the prognosis. The diagnosis is confirmed by exploratory laparotomy and the treatment involves surgical removal of the entire foreign body and hemodynamic stabilization of the patient.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Na prática de clínica veterinária é comum encontrar casos de ingestão de corpos estranhos, assumindo-se na maioria das vezes como um desafio no diagnóstico e tratamento, na medida em que os pacientes podem apresentar uma grande variedade de sinais clínicos inespecíficos, dependendo do tipo e localização do material ingerido, assim como o grau e a duração da obstrução no trato gastrointestinal. O cão assume-se como o animal de companhia mais propenso à ingestão de corpos estranhos, devido à indiscrição alimentar, forma de ingestão de alimentos e o fácil acesso a brinquedos e objetos. Na presença de um histórico e sinais compatíveis, esta afeção deve ser considerada em qualquer raça e idade. A abordagem clínica requer uma monitorização vigilante do paciente e a sua estabilização ao nível de possíveis desequilíbrios ácido-base e eletrolíticos, enquanto é realizado o diagnóstico através de exames laboratoriais e de imagiologia, com a finalidade de elaborar um plano terapêutico de remoção cirúrgica ou endoscópica do corpo estranho. A endoscopia como método menos invasivo, pode ser bem-sucedido na remoção de corpos estranhos localizados no esófago, estômago e porção superior do duodeno, no entanto, a cirurgia oferece resultados mais abrangentes. No pós-cirúrgico podem surgir algumas complicações associadas às características do corpo estranho ou à técnica de remoção utilizada. Geralmente o prognóstico é bom e as taxas de mortalidade são baixas. Este trabalho baseia-se numa revisão bibliográfica sobre as particularidades da abordagem clínica em corpos estranhos gastrointestinais e um estudo retrospetivo de três casos clínicos com características diferentes, que demonstram a importância de conduzir uma história completa com avaliação diagnóstica apropriada para chegar a um diagnóstico definitivo com um tratamento de remoção eficaz.
ABSTRACT- CLINICAL APPROACH TO GASTROINTESTINAL FOREIGN BODIES IN DOGS - In clinical practice it is usual to find cases of foreign body ingestion, it being assumed most times as a challenge in terms of diagnosis and treatment, insofar as patients may present a great variety of non-specific clinical signs, depending on the type and location of the ingested material, as well as the extent and duration of the obstruction. The dog is recognized as the companion animal most prone to ingest foreign bodies, due to non-discretionary eating habits, the manner in which food is ingested and the easy access to toys and other objects. When presented with a compatible history and clinical signs, this disorder should be considered in all breeds and ages. The clinical approach requires careful monitoring of the patient and prompt correction of possible electrolyte and acid-base imbalances, while diagnosis is carried out through laboratory testing and imaging, towards the development of a therapeutic plan to surgically or endoscopically remove the foreign body. Endoscopy, as the least invasive method, may be successful in the removal of foreign bodies located in the esophagus, stomach, and upper portion of the duodenum, however, surgical removal has the most comprehensive results. Post-surgical complications associated with the characteristics of the foreign body or the removal technique may arise. Generally, prognosis is good and mortality rates are low. This work presents a bibliographical review of the particulars of the clinical approach to gastrointestinal foreign bodies and a retrospective study of three clinical cases with distinct characteristics, demonstrating the importance of taking a complete history and appropriate diagnostic evaluation towards obtaining a correct diagnosis and an effective removal treatment plan.
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Syftet med denna undersökning är att undersöka hur glanceable feedback kan implementeras i aktivitetsenheter för hundar för att skapa en bättre användarupplevelse och minska den teknologiska störningen i kommunikationen mellan människa och hund. Tidigare studier visar att utvecklingen hos aktivitetsenheter för hundar är långt ifrån lika framgångsrik jämfört med den för aktivitetsenheter för människor (Ramokapane, van der Linden & Zamansky, 2019; Väätäjä et al. 2018; Zamansky; et al. 2019). Väätäjä, et al. (2018) har påpekat vikten av att teknologin bakom aktivitetsenheten, så som mobiltelefoner, inte ska komma mellan hundägaren och hunden. Den får inte agera som ett störningsmoment som distanserar kommunikation eller interaktion mellan hund och människa (Väätäjä et al. 2018). Detta är idag oundvikligt i dagens aktivitetsenheter för hundar då användaren är helt beroende av mobiltelefonens tillhörande applikation (Väätäjä et al. 2018). Genom frågeställningen (Hur kan glanceable feedback appliceras i aktivitetsenhet för hundar för att ge hundägaren direkt information om hundens aktivitet?) undersöks hur glanceable feedback kan appliceras i aktivitetsenheter för hundar och undvika att kommunikation mellan hund och ägare störs med tekniken. Resultatet är aktivitetsenheten Good Boy. Enheten är försedd med en display och ett mekaniskt hjul som byter mellan de olika kategorierna distans/steg, puls/kroppstemperatur, info/kontaktuppgifter och led/lampa.
The purpose of this study is to investigate how glanceable feedback can be implemented in activity units for dogs to create a better user experience and reduce the technological disruption in human-dog communication. Previous studies show that the development of activity units for dogs is far from as successful as activity units for humans (Ramokapane, van der Linden & Zamansky, 2019; Väätäjä et al. 2018; Zamansky et al. 2019). Väätäjä, et al. (2018) have pointed out the importance of the technology behind the activity, such as the mobile phone, unit not coming between the dog owner and the dog. It must not act as a disturbance that distances communication or interaction between dog and human (Väätäjä et al. 2018). This is inevitable in today's activity units for dogs as the user is completely dependent on the mobile phone's associated application (Väätäjä et al. 2018).  The question (How can glanceable feedback be applied in an activity unit for dogs to give the dog owner direct information on the dog's activity?) Investigates how glanceable feedback can be applied in activity units for dogs and avoid that communication between dog and owner is disturbed by technology. The result is the Good Boy activity unit. The unit is equipped with a display and a mechanical wheel that switches between the different categories distance / step, pulse / body temperature, info /contact information and LED/lamp.

Lorsqu’ils s’adressent à leur chien beaucoup de propriétaires ont une modalité vocale particulière : le discours adressé à l’animal de compagnie. Ce registre de communication ressemble beaucoup à celui utilisé par les parents lorsqu’ils s’adressent à leurs nourrissons. Ce qui suggère des soubassements communs. Ces deux registres partagent des caractéristiques qui les distinguent du discours adressé à l’adulte, comme une fréquence fondamentale plus élevée et une modulation plus importante. Une série d’expériences réalisées à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, nous a permis d’étudier comment le discours adressé à l’animal de compagnie intervient dans l’interaction homme-chien. Le premier chapitre montre que les caractéristiques acoustiques et verbales du discours adressé à l’animal de compagnie varient en fonction du contexte de l’interaction. Le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse à la manière dont le chien traite l’information vocale humaine, nos résultats suggèrent de manière générale un biais en faveur de l’hémisphère droit. Le troisième chapitre indique que le discours adressé à l’animal de compagnie augmente significativement l’attention du chien. Ce phénomène n’est pas perçu par les observateurs humains comme le montre le quatrième chapitre. A travers l’ensemble de ces études, essentiellement centrées sur le discours adressé à l’animal de compagnie, nous mettons en lumière la complexité de la communication homme-chien
When addressing their dogs, owners often use a special speech register called pet-directed-speech. This communication modality is very similar to infant-directed-speech used by parents when speaking to young children, which suggests common bases. These two types of speech share characteristics that differ from those of adult-directed-speech, such as a higher fundamental frequency and greater modulations. A series of experiments carried out at the National Veterinary School of Alfort allowed us to explore how pet-directed-speech occurs in the human-dog interaction. The first chapter shows that acoustic and verbal features of pet-directed-speech vary according to the interaction context. The second chapter aims to highlight how dogs process human vocal information; overall, our results reveal a right hemispheric advantage. The third chapter indicates that pet-directed-speech increases significantly dogs’ attentional state. This phenomenon is not perceived by human observers, as it is shown in chapter four. Together, these studies which mainly focused on pet-directed-speech bring to light the complexity of the human-dog communication

There is concern about the indoor environment in aircraft but few stud-ies exist on self-rated health (SRH) and respiratory symptoms among pilots. Occupational and non-occupational risk factors for SRH, respira-tory symptoms and other symptoms among commercial pilots were investigated in this thesis. One cohort study and one prevalence study were performed among pilots in one Scandinavian airline company. Fungal DNA, furry pet allergens and volatile organic compounds of microbial origin (MVOC) were measured on board. Cat (fel d1), dog (Can f1) and horse (Ecu cx) allergens were found in all dust samples and allergen levels were 27-75 times higher in aircraft with textile seats as compared to leather surfaces. The sum of MVOCs in the cabin air was 3.7 times higher than in homes in Uppsala and 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol concentrations were 15-17 times higher. Asper-gillus/Penicillium DNA and Aspergillus versicolor DNA were more common in aircraft with textile seats. One fifth reported SRH as poor or fair, 62% had fatigue, 46% overweight/obesity and 71% insomnia. Poor or fair SRH was associated with overweight/obesity, lack of exercise, insomnia, low sense of coherence (SOC) and high work demand. Re-covery from work was worse among those with insomnia and low social support at work. Fatigue was more common among young or female pilots and related to insomnia and high work demand. Pilots flying MD80 or Saab 2000 aircraft had less fatigue. Pilots exposed to environmental tobacco (ETS) on board had more eye symptoms and fatigue which were reduced after the ban of smoking (in 1997). Pilots with increased work demand developed more rhinitis, dermal symptoms and fartigue and those with decreased work control developed more eye symptoms. The incidence of doctors’ diagnosed asthma and atopy were 2.4 and 16.6 per 1000 person years, respectively. Pilots changing type of flight got more airway infections. Those reporting decreased work control had a higher incidence of atopy. Risk factors in the home environment included ETS, dampness or mould, window pane condensation in winter and living in houses built after 1975. In conclusion, SRH and respiratory health among pilots are associated with specific occupational and non-occupational risk factors.

Serious and violent crime in South Africa (SA) has been on the rise in the last few years. The SAPS has been stretched to the maximum in its efforts of trying to stabilise the situation, and has applied various tactics and strategies to eradicate crime. This included, among other things, changes to the basic training programme and reintroduction of specialised units. The success or failure of any criminal investigation will still often depend on the detection and analysis of physical evidence found on the crime scene. Crimes such as rape will always leave behind physical evidence in the form of body-fluids. The detectives need not be experts in order to detect or analyse this physical evidence, but should be experienced enough to know which experts or investigative aids must be used to ensure maximum recovery of the evidence. The purpose of this study was to determine how the Biological Body-fluid Dog (BBFD) can assist detectives in the investigation of rape cases. The researcher has chosen a unique investigative aid in the form of man’s best friend, namely “The Police K9” (canine). The literature shows that trained police dogs have achieved outstanding success in numerous fields around the world, i.e. from narcotic busts, detection of explosives, to countering terrorist threats, to the most chilling search-and-rescue operations. The SAPS has sent its search-and-rescue dogs to many countries abroad to assist in natural disasters. Dogs have been trained by various police agencies for various purposes, but the BBFD dog is unique to the SAPS, and is trained to detect only human blood and semen. The use of K9s in the complex forensic science environment can never be doubted or overlooked. The main problem facing the Booysens SAPS was the low arrest and conviction rate in rape cases, due to a lack of evidence. The researcher hopes to broaden the detectives’ knowledge and skills regarding the objectives of crime investigation, with special focus on detection of physical evidence at rape crime scenes. The BBFD dog is trained to detect minute amounts of body fluid on any type or size of surface, including veld, bush areas, vehicles, carpets, grass, bedrooms, etc.
Police Practice
M.A. (Criminal Justice)

碩士
康寧大學
休閒管理研究所
100
The aims of this research are manifold; namely to identify the relationships between and among extracurricular activity participation, BMI and self-perception of sixth graders. Each of 397 sixth graders from Tainan Municipal Haidong Elementary School was given a questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed together with information regarding body size using SPSS 12.0 software, including descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and Pearson’s product-moment correlation analysis. The major findings of this research are as follows: 1.Most students’ BMI meets the standard requirement; however, more boys than girls are overweight or obese. 2.Boys, in general, have a more positive image of their bodies. 3.Students who join in sports-oriented extracurricular clubs tend to have a higher opinion of their appearance and self-image, while those who join in recreational extracurricular clubs care less about their appearance and body size, showing poorer self-perception of their body image. 4.Students with a proper body size feel more confident in their own body image. Striking differences and correlations between their BMI and self-perception are found. 5.It was also found that gender difference and sexual maturity are correlated with BMI and self-perception. Keywords: extracurricular activity, BMI, self-perception, body image

碩士
南華大學
文化創意事業管理學系休閒產業碩士班
103
Many researches have already been demonstrated the correlation between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Physical Fitness performance in Taiwan and overseas. However, most of the studies used cross-section data to present the relations between the BMI and Physical Fitness of students in each school year. Those may not show longitudinal changes in different school year. Therefore, the analysis of panel data was preceded in this research. 　　The participants and data were adopted from parts of departments in Dong-Wu Vocational School, Chia-yi. Besides, the interval was among 101, 102, and 103 school year. There were overall 436 students (149 male, 287 female) after deduction and withdrawing. 　　Physical fitness score in this research included Modified Sit & Reach Test, Bent-Knee Sit-up Test, Hexathlon Test and Cardiopulmonary Endurance Run & Walk. The samplings were divided into 3 groups: all samplings, 149 male students, and 287 female students. Those groups at 10th-12th grade were separately analyzed by regression analysis. 　　As the result of regression analysis, negative correlation was shown between BMI and Hexathlon Test in group all sampling and group male students. The stronger lower limb power is, the lower score BMI shows. In addition, BMI and Cardiopulmonary Endurance Run & Walk of 800m and 1600m have presented positive correlation. Therefore, poor performance students in Cardiopulmonary Endurance Run had higher score in BMI. 　　For the female sampling, when they get older, BMI has significant effects in Cardiopulmonary Endurance Run & Walk. But other physical fitness tests have no definitely results in BMI.

The aim of this thesis was to determine whether there are differences in the length of a jump among individual breeds and whether the proportions of the body and body indices influence the length of the jump. In total 84 individuals of three model breeds (German Shepherd, Belgian Shepherd and Border Collie) were studied. For each individual dog six body measurements were taken and used to calculate the ratios of physical parameters (indices). In addition to the measuring, the jump over an obstacle was video recording for ad-hoc analysis of the jump parameters. Using the described methods was proven that the breed, individual training experience and body measurements have significant influence on jump performance, or more precisely on take-off and jump length. The impact of analyzed aspects on landing was significantly lower. Jump length is closely related to the depth/height index and the width of the chest. The worst performance was statistically identified at dogs with low value of the balance index. The results indicate that characteristics examined in this thesis (namely breed and the body measurements and indices) can be used for preselecting individuals with higher jump potential.

碩士
中國醫藥大學
中醫學系碩士班
100
Aim The present RCT clinical study is to evaluate the effects of Sha-Sheng-Mai-Dong-Tang in the head & neck cancer patients receiving the radiotherapy and chemotherapy. We are going to assess the clinical evaluation among the serum cooper, zinc, and selenium during treatment, and to estimate the quality of life (EORTC: QLQ-C30) and body constitution (BCQ) during the period of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on the basis of Chinese Medicine Theory. Method There were 70 patients entered to our clinical trial. 42 cases have completed course and were analyzed included 22 cases of experimental group and 20 cases of control group. Experimental group were treated with Sha-Sheng-Mai-Dong-Tang where control group were treated with 1/10 Sha-Sheng-Mai-Dong-Tang. Result 1.In the respect of quality of life, experimental group had significantly better quality of life in health function(p=0.026), fatigue(p=0.019), nausea and vomiting(p=0.011), dyspnea(p=0.021), and whole quality of life(p=0.016) compared with control group. 2.The analysis of Serum Cu, Zn, and Se in experimental group, compared with control group, experimental group was on the downside in serum cooper (p<0.001)and had a trend of escalation in serum zinc and selenium(both p<0.001). 3.In the respect of body constitution, experimental group gave better score than control in Yang-Xu(p=0.004), Ying-Xu(p=0.013), phlegm stagnates(p=0.047), and whole body constitution(p=0.005) in post-test.