Journal articles on the topic 'Boye, Karin'

The magnetism of the oceanThis article compares the use of oceanic symbolism in the poetry of Karin Boye, Ingrid Jonker and Sylvia Plath. Freud’s “oceanic feeling” is described and contrasted with Jung’s theory of the “great mother”. According to Jung, the “great mother” is the unconscious which is represented by water. All these elements are discussed in the poems and compared to each other in order to gain a better understanding of the poetry. Although “death” (drowning) in the ocean appears to point to new life, it ends in unification with the archetypal mother. This liberates the poets symbolically, but not physically.

The relevance of the present article is related to the urgent problem in Humanities (cultural studies, philology and sociology): characterization of anti-utopia that emerged in the ХХ and the XXI centuries, and its various national modifications. The purpose of the article is to define typical features of the anti-utopia in the Scandinavian novel Kallocain written by a Swedish writer Karin Boye and draw some parallels with Yevgeny Zamyatin’s novel We. The article proves the following thesis: the majority of the specific characteristics of anti-utopia are based on the category of the chronotope. The basic methods of the research were descriptive analytical method, comparative typological method, summarization, cultural-historical method, motive analysis, and content analysis of the text. The model of state-building is implemented in the artistic space of both novels. This model is presented as an ideal one; however, a closer look shows that it is the model of the totalitarian system of government: the states are isolated from the surrounding world which is presented in the novels as alien and hostile. Order, stability, and equality prevailing in the World Empire (Boye) and the United State (Zamyatin) are pushed to their grotesque limits and lead to the universal equalization of the citizens, and the governmental control of all the aspects of human life, including the intimate sphere.

Андрей Джолинардович Щеглов - ведущий научный сотрудник Института всемирной истории РАН, историк-скандинавист, известный научными работами и переводами со шведского языка. Автор более сотни научных публикаций, иностранный член Шведского королевского общества по изданию рукописей, относящихся к скандинавской истории, переводчик классической шведской и финляндской поэзии (Карин Бойе, Гуннара Экелёфа, Юхана Людвига Рунберга). В 2002 г. им был опубликован в серии «Памятники исторической мысли» комментированный перевод рифмованной «Хроники Энгельбректа»1. В 2007 г. он явился одним из авторов коллективной монографии «Швеция и шведы в средневековых источниках»2, содержащей переводы и исследования памятников шведского средневековья и XVI в. В 2008 г. вышла в свет монография А. Д. Щеглова «Вестеросский риксдаг 1527 года и начало Реформации в Швеции»3. В 2012 г. был опубликован подготовленный А. Д. Щегловым комментированный перевод «Шведской хроники», написанной в XVI в. реформатором и историком Олаусом Петри4, а в 2016 г. вышли в свет переведённые и откомментированные «Шведские средневековые законы»5. В 2015 г. А. Д. Щеглов защитил докторскую диссертацию, на основе которой и была создана монография «Реформация в Швеции: события, деятели, документы». Andrey Jolinardovich Scheglov is a leading researcher at the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a Scandinavian historian known for his scholarly work and translations from Swedish. He is the author of more than a hundred scientific publications, a foreign member of the Swedish Royal Society for the publication of manuscripts relating to Scandinavian history, translator of classical Swedish and Finnish poetry (Karin Boye, Gunnar Ekelöf, Johan Ludvig Runberg). In 2002 he published a commentary translation of Engelbreckt's 1 Rhyming Chronicle in the 'Monuments of Historical Thought' series. In 2007 he became one of the authors of the collective monograph "Sweden and the Swedes in medieval sources, "2 containing translations and research monuments of the Swedish Middle Ages and the XVI century. In 2008, he published a monograph by AD Scheglov "Riksdag of Västerås in 1527 and the beginning of the Reformation in Sweden "3 . In 2012 A. D. Shcheglov published a commentary translation of the Swedish Chronicle written in the 16th century by the reformer and historian Olaus Petri4, and in 2016 the translated and commented Swedish Medieval Laws5 was published. In 2015. The Reformation in Sweden: Events, Actors, Documents.

Background: Osteoporosis is a major public health issue in several countries worldwide because it increases healthcare costs, and is a risk for mortality. There have been several studies that have examined BMD among the various Thai people and the regions that they inhabit. Objective: This study examined the distal forearm Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in men and women over 40 years of age among members of various Karen hill-tribes located in the Omkoi District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Methods: Two hundred and sixty-two subjects (180 women, 82 men), ranging from 40 to 83 years old were recruited in this study. The non-dominant distal forearm bone mineral density was assessed by using peripheral dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (pDEXA). Results: The results showed that the BMD were 0.530 ± 0.065, 0.508 ± 0.087, 0.461 ± 0.098, and 0.438 ± 0.124 g/cm2 for men age 40-49 years, age 50-59 years, age 60-69 years, and ages 70-83 years, respectively. For women, the BMD were 0.392 ± 0.051, 0.337 ± 0.063, 0.232 ± 0.065, and 0.212 ± 0.069 g/cm2 among women age 40-49 years, age 50-59 years, age 60-69 years, and ages 70-83 years, respectively. BMD had decreased in post-menopause as a function of duration time after menopause. Conclusion: We determined the prevalence of osteoporosis of men and women of Karen hill-tribes in the Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. These findings provided important information regarding bone health in Karen hill-tribes for any healthcare planning done in the immediate future.

Repair of bone and joint tissue to restore normal function is a unique endeavor that requires recreating tissue structure and the integrated healing of both organic and inorganic tissue components. Session 5 (Structural approaches to bone and joint repair) at the 36th annual Society of Toxicologic Pathology Annual Symposium included 2 talks covering methods, models, and regulatory considerations used to evaluate novel approaches for repairing bones and joints. Lyn Wancket provided a general overview of medical devices, with an emphasis on preclinical and clinical evaluations of bone and joint devices. Karen Manhart outlined regulatory review of medical devices by the Food and Drug Administration. This summary includes highlights from both talks.

In March of 1969, a Black man from Detroit named Abdul-Rasheed Karim arrived at Ionia State Hospital for the Criminally Insane in Ionia, Michigan, after spending two years locked up in prison and a psychiatric ward for a fight that started when he was assaulted by three White boys, then brutalized by the police who responded. Mr. Karim, who suffered two broken ribs, a cracked tooth, and a deep skull laceration, made the mistake of hitting one of the officers who were beating him with clubs. As Metzl quotes, the clinical evaluation that led to Mr. Karim's transfer to Ionia noted “cultural retardation is thus a significant factor in his schizophrenic disease” because he had been “socialized toward ghetto survival” (p. 143) as a child. The doctor interpreted Mr. Karim's Islamic beliefs as “religious delusions,” writing, “his identification with the Black Muslim group is a projection of his feelings of inadequacy” (p. 143). Once at Ionia, doctors treated Mr. Karim's hostility toward authority figures by confining him to a maximum supervision ward where he was injected daily with escalating doses of antipsychotic drugs.

Tulisan ini mengangkat kasus faham shalat Jumat muslimah Desa Bulotalangi Timur yang ada di Kecamatan Bulango Timur Kabupaten Bone Bolango. Dari tiga masjid yang ada di desa Bulotalangi Timur, hanya masjid al-Hidayah yang muslimahnya menjalankan faham bahwa wanita tidak boleh shalat Jumat, sehingga mereka datang ke masjid pada hari Jumat hanya untuk shalat Dhuhur berjamaah dan diimami seorang pria. Faham ini muncul sejak tahun 1994 yang diajarkan oleh seorang guru ngaji bernama Karim Daud. Tidak dijumpai adanya dalil nas khusus dalam menjalankan faham tersebut. Langgengnya faham tersebut dipicu oleh sedikitnya 4 faktor: 1) Rendahnya tingkat pendidikan dan pengetahuan agama warga desa tersebut; 2) Kurangnya perhatian dari lembaga pemerintah dan tokoh masyarakat setempat; 3) Adanya fanatisme buta atas doktrin sang guru/ustad; 4) Kurang tersentuhnya mereka oleh dakwah ulama Gorontalo (MUI, Kementerian Agama, dan da’i).

This essay explores the representation of adolescence in three contemporary American novels set in theme parks. It argues that, as a microcosm of American society, the theme park reproduces the norms of gender and sexuality even as it reveals them to be constructed. In contrast to the way that theme parks foster coming of age for boys, Lorrie Moore's Who Will Run the Frog Hospital? (1995), Miriam Toews's A Complicated Kindness (2004), and Karen Russell's Swamplandia! (2011) demonstrate the limitations imposed on girls. Although female protagonists challenge gender norms, heteronormativity proves impossible to resist, despite being disempowering or disappointing. Thus, by demonstrating that coming of age in America takes place on unfair ground, the novels point to the continuing importance of feminism in the face of post-feminist myths of equality.

Introduction Thalassemias are common inherited hematologic disorders worldwide, and with increasing migration, its prevalence evolves in different countries. However, community prevalence across most of the United States is unknown. Minnesota, particularly Minneapolis/St. Paul, has a relatively large community of immigrant families, with focal ethnic clusters of Karen and Hmong individuals from Southeast Asia, Liberia, and neighboring countries in Western Sub-Saharan Africa. Statewide data show that these ethnic minority populations have grown in the past decade; it is unknown whether thalassemia prevalence mirrors these migration trends. This report aims to quantify the demography and disease characteristics of children with thalassemia mutations seen at University of Minnesota/M Health Fairview (MHF) diagnosed between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2019. Methods An institutional review board-approved electronic medical record (EMR) review was undertaken. Patients born on or after January 1, 2001 were included if they received medical care within the MHF system and thalassemia status could be confirmed. The prevalence by thalassemia type, demography, language, treatment details, and specialist involvement were detailed. A patient's ethnicity determination was defaulted to "American" if the ethnicity and/or immigration country of origin going back at least two generations could not be confirmed via EMR. The trends of new diagnoses over the decade were reviewed and compared to available state demography data trends. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed for the full group and by thalassemia type. Results A total of 404 patients met inclusion criteria, representing 48 country or region-specific ethnicities, 17 known countries of birth, and 30 separate languages. The most prevalent immigrant ethnicities were Karen (15%), Hmong (10%), and Vietnamese (5%), representing the 14th, 2nd, and 6th-largest immigrant communities in the state, respectively (www.mncompass.org). In Minnesota, the Asian population grew by 32% (69,800 people) between 2010-2018 (Minnesota State Demographic Center, https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/age-race-ethnicity/). The overall number of thalassemia diagnoses also increased over the decade, with Karen patients representing the largest proportional increase over the available time frame (Figure 1). Including both trait and disease, alpha thalassemias were more frequently diagnosed than beta thalassemias (63% versus 37%). Of the alpha thalassemias, 79% were suspected or confirmed 1-2 gene deletions based on newborn screening. Eleven (2.7%) had hemoglobin (Hb) H disease and 2 (0.5%) had alpha thalassemia major. Beta thalassemia intermedia, beta thalassemia major, and HbE were collectively 5.4% of all patients, 59% of whom were transfusion-dependent. Genetic confirmation was performed for 10.4% of all thalassemias. Those with alpha thalassemias were more ethnically diverse. Aside from those categorized as "American", those with beta thalassemias were more likely to be Karen (25%), while those with alpha thalassemias were most likely to be Hmong (14.4%). Seven had chelation prescribed during the time frame and 5 underwent bone marrow transplant. Only 16% were seen by a hematologist in the MHF system, though the yearly trends of hematology care did not match the increased diagnostic rate (Figure 2). Conclusions The incidence of pediatric thalassemia diagnoses have increased over the past decade at MHF, somewhat reflecting the statewide demographic trends. However, most patients are never being seen by hematology. A caveat to the data described is the fact that MHF is 1 of 2 pediatric hospitals locally, with the other having the historically larger thalassemia patient population. Thus, while these data offer crucial insights into the potential frequency of thalassemia mutations in our state, they also are likely to significantly under-represent the local prevalence. Also, the data do not reflect the prevalence in youths diagnosed prior to 2010 or the adult prevalence, for which institutional investigations are currently ongoing. These data illuminate the need to ensure adequate educational resources and financial support for these primarily non-English-speaking communities to improve awareness for families and medical providers and offset substantial medical costs for life-saving therapies. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

This study examines the role of the school in Mark Behr’s Embrace , and situates the institution’s location at the nexus of gender studies, children’s literature scholarship and Lacanian psychoanalytic theory. The article argues that in the novel, the school is a phallic parent in loco and an agent of the apartheid state, eager to enforce white male and heterosexual hegemony in psychologically and physically violent ways. Behr focuses on the vicious abuse of queer boys particularly. The article applies contemporary scholarship in children’s literature to what is unquestionably a novel for and by an adult, precisely so because of the book’s bold grappling with the questions of what is a child, what constitutes sex, who or what is the phallus, and what constitutes violence; it also situates Behr’s thinly veiled autobiography in a (queer) school story tradition. Specific thinkers on whose work the article draws include Antonio Gramsci, Louis Althusser and Michel Foucault; gender theorists Judith Butler and Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick; psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan; and children’s literature scholars Karen Coats, Kenneth Kidd and others.

The hypothesis of this article is that the authentic and auratic exhibited objects in museums enter into a dialogue with surrounding paratexts. The paratexts anchor and change the meaning of the exhibited object in the museum context. Recent years have indicated a tendency for museum paratexts to grow increasingly allographic, i.e., visitors generate them both in situ and online as a part of Web 2.0 participation. The verification and documentation of this hypothesis are partly empirical, partly historical. The empirical research consists of an examination of the exhibition and display technologies used today in three different museums and galleries: the Bode Museum in Berlin, the Victoria and Albert Museum and Dr. Johnson's House in London.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The historical verification and documentation in this article describe four steps in the development of exhibition technologies: the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery (1789-1805), the post-photographic museum (the 1850s), audio guides, as well as a special focus on how museum paratexts have become independent today in its digital and participatory form. In this way, the article sketches the historical development of curating towards the digital and paratextual participation of visitors and audience. Here the argumentation is based on how the displayed object creates signification in its position between its autonomy and its contexts. The following display technologies are described and analysed: stipple engraving, photography, the audio guide, and the interactive, digital Anota pen and its Internet server.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In conclusion, the article asks where the place of signification or meaning of the exhibited object has moved to in the face of the increased degree of visitor participation. The tentative answer is that the signification generating process has moved away from the historical context of the object and towards the contemporary world of the visitor. The article connects this change in cultural discourse with Karin Sander's archaeological imagination and in a wider sense with the concept of negotiation from new historicism.<br /><br />

Anthropologist Karin van Nieuwkerk’s latest book-length study addresses thephenomenon, widely discussed in Egyptian media since the 1990s, of celebratedsingers, actors, and dancers who withdraw from their professions to liveaccording to what they believe are Islamically sound principles. The author of“A Trade Like Any Other”: Female Singers and Dancers in Egypt (Austin:University of Texas Press, 1995), van Nieuwkerk draws on experience andcontacts from over two decades of research. But this project, as well as its subjectsand issues, presents new challenges for the ethnographer.Each of the three main sections describes the trends of a particular decade.The first wave of famous women to retire began in the late 1980s, and thusthe first section focuses on the shared rhetorics, ideologies, and activities of“repentant” artists. From the beginning, artists cannot be read as simply adoptingwholesale Salafist ideologies, since their personal turning points bore asmuch influence from “popular” or “Sufi” religiosity as from the “rationalist”tendencies of Islamists (p. 30). In the early 1990s, as retirements peaked,Egyptian media became central to both celebrities’ and fans’ understandingof this new trend. In this section, the author focuses on debates over secular(ist)aesthetics and changing discourses on women’s participation in public life.Two generations of preachers offer different rationales for women’s retirementsor re-entry into art, reflecting the sea change incited by a generation ofMuslim Brotherhood-allied “lay preachers” such as Amr Khalid during the1990s.The 2000s are depicted as a time of experimentation. Some veiled womenchoose to return to entertainment on their own terms; their productions caterto a growing market for entertainment that reflects elite consumption habitsand piety, overcoming a longstanding association of overt piety with impoverishedCairenes and villagers. Noting other authors’ commentaries and terminology,van Nieuwkerk follows Asef Bayat in calling this market“post-Islamist” – explicitly pious but unconnected to an Islamist dream of remakingthe state (p. 203). I particularly appreciated how her insights into thesimultaneous influence of American and Gulf consumer culture dislodge easyreadings of globalization as synonymous with Americanization (pp. 227-28).The full sweep of all three sections provides a cultural history of the Islamic ...

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan aspirasi orang tua tentang pendidikan anak di Jorong Kampuang Pisang Nagari Koto Panjang Kecamatan IV Koto Kabupaten Agam.Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Informan dalam penelitian ini adalah orang tua yang memiliki anak usia sekolah. Penelitian ini dikumpulkan dalam wawancara mendalam dan dianalisis melalui reduksi data, penyajian data, dan pengambilan kesimpulan. Penelitian ini menemukan: (1) Cita-cita orang tua terhadap pendidikan anaknya yaitu orang tua ingin anaknya menjadi dokter, guru, abdi negara, wanita karir, dan lain sebagainya. (2) Hasrat berkaitan dengan usaha orang tua untuk mewujudkan cita-cita orang tua terhadap anaknya, seperti memasukkan anak ke sekolah formal, orang tua tidak membedakan pendidikan antara anak laki-laki dan anak perempuan, bagi orang tua sama nilai keduanya, dan berusaha memenuhi kebutuhan anak walau sering terkendala biaya (3) Ketetapan hati berkaitan dengan kepuasan orang tua terhadap apa yang telah dicapai anaknya, orang tua merasa puas jika cita-cita mereka terhadap anak bisa terwujud. Abstract This study aims to describe aspirations of parents about children's education in Jorong Kampuang Pisang Nagari Koto Panjang District IV Koto Kabupaten Agam. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The informants in this study are parents who have school-age children. This research was collected in in-depth interviews and analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. This research found: (1) parents' aspirations for their children's education, namely parents want their children to be doctors, teachers, state servants, career women, and so on. (2) Desire is related to the efforts of parents to realize the ideals of parents towards their children, such as entering children into formal school, parents do not distinguish education between boys and girls, for parents both values, and trying to fulfill needs of children even though often constrained by costs (3) Determination of the relationship with parents' satisfaction with what their children have achieved, parents feel satisfied if their aspirations for children can be realized

Background:There has been much debate regarding the use of intra-articular injections of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as symptomatic treatment for knee osteoarthritis. The heterogeneity of the preparation and injection protocols limits the extrapolation of data from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses.Objectives:The objective of this expert consensus was to develop the first clinical practice recommendations for PRP injections in knee osteoarthritis.Methods:Fifteen physicians (10 rheumatologists, 4 specialists in rehabilitation and sport medicine and 1 interventional radiologist) from different countries were selected given to their expertise in the fields of PRP and osteoarthritis. Twenty-five recommendations were finally retained after several meetings using the modified Delphi method to establish clinical consensus. All experts voted their agreement or not for each recommendation using a score between 1 (totally inappropriate) and 9 (totally appropriate). Depending on the median value and extreme scores, recommendations were judged as appropriated or unappropriated with a strong or relative agreement but could also be judged as uncertain due to indecision or absence of consensus.Results:The main recommendations are listed below:- Intra-articular injections of PRP constitute an efficient treatment of early or moderate symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Median = 8 [6-9] – Appropriate. Relative agreement.- Intra-articular injections of PRP may be useful in severe knee osteoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence grade IV). Median = 7 [6-7] – Appropriate. Relative agreement.- Intra-articular injections of PRP in knee osteoarthritis should be proposed as second-line therapy, after failure of non-pharmacological and pharmacological (oral and topic) symptomatic treatment. Median = 9 [5-9] – Appropriate. Relative agreement.- Intra-articular injections of PRP should not be performed in osteoarthritis flare-up with significant effusion. Median = 7 [5-9] – Appropriate. Relative agreement.- Intra-articular PRP treatment may include 1 to 3 consecutive injections. Median = 9 [7-9] – Appropriate. Strong agreement.- Leukocyte-poor PRP should be preferred for knee OA treatment. Median = 8 [5-9] – Appropriate. Relative agreement.- PRP injections should be performed under ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance. Median = 8 [3-9] – Uncertain. No consensus.- PRP should not be mixed with injectable anesthetic or corticosteroid. Median = 9 [6-9] – Appropriate. Relative agreement.Conclusion:Twenty-five recommendations were discussed by an international multidisciplinary task force group in order to provide a basis for standardization of clinical practices and future research protocols.Disclosure of Interests:Florent Eymard Consultant of: Regenlab, Paul Ornetti: None declared, Jérémy Maillet Consultant of: Regenlab, Eric Noel Consultant of: Regenlab, Philippe Adam Consultant of: Regenlab, Virginie Legré Boyer Consultant of: Regenlab, Thierry Boyer Consultant of: Regenlab, Fadoua Allali: None declared, Vincent Grémeaux Bader: None declared, Jean-François Kaux: None declared, Karine Louati: None declared, Martin Lamontagne Consultant of: Pendopharm, Fabrice Michel: None declared, Pascal Richette: None declared, Hervé Bard Consultant of: Regenlab

Abstract Introduction Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine and the pelvis is an important tool to evaluate bone disease in patients with symptomatic multiple myeloma (MM) at the time of diagnosis. In the context of high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), it has also been reported that the number of MRI focal lesions (> 7) and the presence of diffuse pattern correlate with inferior survival (Walker et al. J Clin Oncol; 25:1121-1128 2007). MRI might help in the better definition of complete response (CR). However, the high number of false positive results suggests that another imaging method, such as Positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography using fluoro-deoxy-glucose (PET-CT), might be of more value in this setting. Moreover, imaging techniques have rarely been compared to minimal residual disease (MRD) evaluated by flow cytometry from bone marrow aspiration in the context of frontline therapy including novel agents and ASCT. The goal of our study was to compare prospectively MRI and PET-CT at 3 different time-points, at diagnosis, after 3 cycles of triplet induction therapy and prior to maintenance therapy in a group of patients enrolled into IFM-DFCI 2009 trial comparing frontline or delayed ASCT. Patients and methods In the prospective IFM-DFCI 2009 trial, 700 patients with de novo symptomatic MM eligible for high-dose therapy have been randomized in France and Belgium to receive either 8 cycles of bortezomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone (VRD) followed by 1-year maintenance with lenalidomide, or 3 cycles of VRD followed by high-dose therapy and ASCT plus 2 cycles of VRD consolidation and 1-year lenalidomide maintenance. 134 / 700 patients were also included in the IMAJEM trial (NCT01309334, also supported by STIC program granted by the French NCI) aimed at comparing in both arms of the IFM-DFCI 2009 study spine and pelvis MRI and whole-body PET-CT at diagnosis (number of lesions, primary end-point), after 3 cycles of VRD, and prior to maintenance (prognosis impact of imaging negativity, secondary end-point). PET-CT and MRI results before maintenance were also compared with MRD assessed by 8-color flow cytometry. MRI and PET-CT data were analyzed locally in each of the 15 participating centers, and systematically reviewed blindly by an independent committee consisting of 2 radiologists and 2 nuclear medicine physicians with extensive experience in MM field. Results At diagnosis, MRI was positive in 127/134 (94.7%), and PET-CT in 122/134 (91%) patients, respectively (McNemar test = 0.94, p-value = 0.33). MRI patterns of marrow involvement were the following: (1) normal in 7 cases (5%); (2) focal lesions (FL) in 46 cases (34%); (3) homogeneous diffuse infiltration in 41 cases (31%); (4) combined diffuse infiltration and FL in 35 cases (26%); and (5) variegated or "salt-and-pepper" pattern with inhomogeneous bone marrow with interposition of fat islands in 5 cases (4%). PET-CT patterns were the following: (1) normal in 12 cases (9%); (2) FL in 44 cases (33%); (3) diffuse infiltration in 12 cases (9%); (4) combined diffuse infiltration and FL in 66 cases (49%); (5) extramedullary disease in 10 cases (7.5%). The median number of FL assessed by PET-CT was 3. Conclusion MRI of the spine and pelvis and whole-body PET-CT are equally effective to detect bone involvement in symptomatic patients at diagnosis. The prognosis relevance of both MRI and PET-CT, and the comparison with MRD assessed by flow cytometry will be presented at the meeting. Disclosures Karlin: Janssen: Honoraria; celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Sandoz: Consultancy. Stoppa:Janssen: Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau. Hulin:Celgene Corporation: Honoraria. Marit:Celgene, Janssen: Congress expenses Other.

Background:Low back pain (LBP) is a frequent, disabling symptom, for which the risk of chronicity is increased by heterogeneous care. Developing and implementing recommendations is likely to improve LBP management.Objectives:To develop French guidelines and care pathway on the management of LBP, coordinated by the French National Authority for Health (FNAH) and based on previous international guidelines in addition to update literature.Methods:A compilation report was constituted on the basis of a systematic review of guidelines between January 2013 and December 2018, and systematic reviews and meta-analysis in the field of LBP between January 2015 and December 2018. This report summarized the state-of-the-art for each predefined area of the guideline. A panel of experts including patients’ representatives and 19 health professionals involved in LBP management was constituted to elaborate the guideline based on the compilation report. A care pathway was constituted to identify the trajectory and the different steps followed by a patient with LBP. Then, the compilation report and the preliminary guidelines were submitted to 24 academic institutions and stakeholders for feedback. Based on the preliminary guideline and the responses of academic institutions and stakeholders, the final recommendations were drawn up by the expert panel. The guideline was finally submitted to an independent committee of the FNAH for final validation. For each area of the guidelines, agreement between experts of the working group was evaluated through the RAND/UCLA method.Results:The initial literature search identified 572 references of recent international guidelines or systematic reviews about LBP. After selection, the compilation report included 101 references. The compilation report was submitted to the expert group during 3 different meetings to reach a consensus on different topics. Thirty-one preliminary recommendations and a care pathway (divided in two parts to facilitate its use and readability) were drafted and submitted to academic institutions and stakeholders. Having considered their comments, final recommendations and care pathway were written. The final guideline was validated by the FNAH. Then, the consensus of the expert panel was assessed about all the final guidelines separately: 32 recommendations (including the care pathway) were evaluated as appropriate; none were evaluated uncertain or inappropriate. Strong approval was obtained for 27 of them (including the care pathway) and weak for 5 of them.Conclusion:This new LBP guideline was based on recent scientific evidence. It introduced several concepts, including the need to identify low back pain at risk of chronicity, in order to provide quicker intensive management if necessary. This guideline should be updated in 5 years’ time, in order to keep it in line with ongoing scientific evidence.Disclosure of Interests: :Florian Bailly Consultant of: Consultation fees from Lilly and Grünenthal laboratories, Anne Priscille Trouvin Speakers bureau: Speaker for menarini, recordati, pfizer, astellas, Sandrine Bercier: None declared, Sabrina Dadoun: None declared, Jean Philippe Deneuville: None declared, Rogatien Faguer: None declared, Jean Baptiste Fassier: None declared, Michèle Koleck: None declared, Louis Lassalle: None declared, Thomas Le Vraux: None declared, Brigitte Liesse: None declared, Karine Petitprez: None declared, Aline Ramond: None declared, Jean François Renard: None declared, Alexandra Roren: None declared, Sylvie Rozenberg Consultant of: Pfizer, Catherine Sebire: None declared, Gilles Viudes: None declared, François Rannou Grant/research support from: Pierre Fabre, Fidia, MSD, Pfizer, Bone Therapeutics, Expanscience, Grunenthal, Thuasne, Genévrier, Fondation Arthritis, Consultant of: Pierre Fabre, Fidia, MSD, Pfizer, Bone Therapeutics, Expanscience, Grunenthal, Thuasne, Genévrier, Speakers bureau: Pierre Fabre, Fidia, MSD, Pfizer, Bone Therapeutics, Expanscience, Grunenthal, Thuasne, Audrey Petit: None declared

Abstract Abstract 1619 Poster Board I-645 Background Quantitative PCR (qPCR) for fusion transcripts and overexpressed genes is a promising tool for following minimal residual disease (MRD) and detecting early relapse in patients with acute leukemia, and for identifying treatment failure in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Its widespread use has, however, to some extent been hampered by differences in data analysis and in presentation. These issues constitute major challenges in the translation of these thoroughly pre-clinically validated assays into multicenter clinical trials. To address these problems we have designed an MRD reporting software package, in which data from the qPCR equipment can be imported, processed, and presented in a standardized fashion to generate a readily comprehensible report. Software The software builds upon a database with basic patient information and data imported from qPCR runs. The software is highly flexible, and data from a variety of qPCR platforms can be accommodated (Figure 1) when exported from the equipment as tab- or comma-separated files. MRD calculations may be based on both “relative” quantification, i.e. where a diagnostic sample or a cell line is used as reference, as well as “absolute” quantification, where plasmid standards are included as controls (Figure 2). Moreover, while a series of premade report types are available, individualized report generation is also possible. Report types include graphs detailing blood and bone marrow MRD either separately or simultaneously. Moreover, two or three target genes can be displayed within the same graph. QC Study To validate the software and provide proof of principle for applicability in multicenter studies we performed a quality control study involving analysis and reporting of multiple blinded leukemic samples by 8 laboratories. cDNA samples representing five consecutive samples from the same CML patient (BCR/ABL+), five from the same AML patient (MYH11/CBFá+, WT1+), as well as a K562 cell line sample were centrally prepared by the Aarhus laboratory. Samples were distributed to the test laboratories together with primer/probe kits from Ipsogen (Ipsogen, Marseilles, France) for the three target genes and the ABL control gene. Each laboratory performed qPCR using their in-house qPCR equipment (including ABI7500, ABI7900 (Applied Biosystems), Mx3000P (Stratagene), or LightCycler 480 (Roche)) and submitted 16 different reports as pdf files for comparison. The reports included relative quantification using the diagnostic sample as reference, relative quantification using cell line as reference, absolute quantification using plasmid standard curves, and lists of calculated MRD values and sensitivities. Excellent concordance in the quality of the reports was observed for all report types. Perspectives This software package, which has been distributed to members of the ELN MRD Workpackage, will shortly be made more widely available. The validation procedures outlined above should make this package suitable for general use in translational hematology allowing standardized reporting of MRD results (e.g. use of International Scale in CML trials) and facilitating comparison of results obtained between trial groups. Acknowledgment We thank Nicolas Maroc from Ipsogen for providing reagents for the QC Study and Karin Braendstrup and Lone Siig Mikkelsen for excellent technical assistance. Disclosures Grimwade: Ipsogen, Marseille, France: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

J. Lennart Berggren and Alexander Jones, Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters. By Karin Tybjerg 194Natalia Lozovsky, ‘The Earth is Our Book’: Geographical Knowledge in the Latin West ca. 400–1000. By Evelyn Edson 196David Cantor (ed.), Reinventing Hippocrates. By Daniel Brownstein 197Peter Dear, Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge and Its Ambitions, 1500–1700. By John Henry 199Paolo Rossi, Logic and the Art of Memory: The Quest for a Universal Language. By John Henry 200Marie Boas Hall, Henry Oldenburg: Shaping the Royal Society. By Christoph Lüthy 201Richard L. Hills, James Watt, Volume 1: His Time in Scotland, 1736–1774. By David Philip Miller 203René Sigrist (ed.), H.-B. de Saussure (1740–1799): Un Regard sur la terre, Albert V. Carozzi and John K. Newman (eds.), Lectures on Physical Geography given in 1775 by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure at the Academy of Geneva/Cours de géographie physique donné en 1775 par Horace-Bénédict de Saussure à l'Académie de Genève and Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, Voyages dans les Alpes: Augmentés des Voyages en Valais, au Mont Cervin et autour du Mont Rose. By Martin Rudwick 206Anke te Heesen, The World in a Box: The Story of an Eighteenth-Century Picture Encyclopedia. By Richard Yeo 208David Boyd Haycock, William Stukeley: Science, Religion and Archaeology in Eighteenth-Century England. By Geoffrey Cantor 209Jessica Riskin, Science in the Age of Sensibility: The Sentimental Empiricists of the French Enlightenment. By Dorinda Outram 210Michel Chaouli, The Laboratory of Poetry: Chemistry and Poetics in the Work of Friedrich Schlegel. By David Knight 211George Levine, Dying to Know: Scientific Epistemology and Narrative in Victorian England. By Michael H. Whitworth 212Agustí Nieto-Galan, Colouring Textiles: A History of Natural Dyestuffs in Industrial Europe. By Ursula Klein 214Stuart McCook, States of Nature: Science, Agriculture, and Environment in the Spanish Caribbean, 1760–1940. By Piers J. Hale 215Paola Govoni, Un pubblico per la scienza: La divulgazione scientifica nell'Italia in formazione. By Pietro Corsi 216R. W. Home, A. M. Lucas, Sara Maroske, D. M. Sinkora and J. H. Voigt (eds.), Regardfully Yours: Selected Correspondence of Ferdinand von Mueller. Volume II: 1860–1875. By Jim Endersby 217Douglas R. Weiner, Models of Nature: Ecology, Conservation and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia. With a New Afterword. By Piers J. Hale 219Helge Kragh, Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century. By Steven French 220Antony Kamm and Malcolm Baird, John Logie Baird: A Life. By Sean Johnston 221Robin L. Chazdon and T. C. Whitmore (eds.), Foundations of Tropical Forest Biology: Classic Papers with Commentaries. By Joel B. Hagen 223Stephen Jay Gould, I Have Landed: Splashes and Reflections in Natural History. By Peter J. Bowler 223Henry Harris, Things Come to Life: Spontaneous Generation Revisited. By Rainer Brömer 224Hélène Gispert (ed.), ‘Par la Science, pour la patrie’: L'Association française pour l'avancement des sciences (1872–1914), un projet politique pour une société savante. By Cristina Chimisso 225Henry Le Chatelier, Science et industrie: Les Débuts du taylorisme en France. By Robert Fox 227Margit Szöllösi-Janze (ed.), Science in the Third Reich. By Jonathan Harwood 227Vadim J. Birstein, The Perversion of Knowledge; The true Story of Soviet Science. By C. A. J. Chilvers 229Guy Hartcup, The Effect of Science on the Second World War. By David Edgerton 230Lillian Hoddeson and Vicki Daitch, True Genius: The Life and Science of John Bardeen, the Only Winner of Two Nobel Prizes in Physics. By Arne Hessenbruch 230Stephen B. Johnson, The Secret of Apollo: Systems Management in American and European Space Programs, John M. Logsdon (ed.), Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program. Volume V: Exploring the Cosmos and Douglas J. Mudgway, Uplink-Downlink: A History of the Deep Space Network 1957–1997. By Jon Agar 231Helen Ross and Cornelis Plug, The Mystery of the Moon Illusion: Exploring Size Perception. By Klaus Hentschel 233Matthew R. Edwards (ed.), Pushing Gravity: New Perspectives on Le Sage's Theory of Gravitation. By Friedrich Steinle 234Ernest B. Hook (ed.), Prematurity in Scientific Discovery: On Resistance and Neglect. By Alex Dolby 235John Waller, Fabulous Science: Fact and Fiction in the History of Scientific Discovery. By Alex Dolby 236Rosalind Williams, Retooling: A Historian Confronts Technological Change. By Keith Vernon 237Colin Divall and Andrew Scott, Making Histories in Transport Museums. By Anthony Coulls 238

Abstract Background. OncoBOS is a prospective, non-interventional study conducted in France to describe modalities of treatment with Binocrit® in routine clinical practice setting, for the correction of hemoglobin (Hb) in patients with CIA receiving chemotherapy (CT) for solid tumors, lymphoma or myeloma. This analysis focuses on patients with lymphoid malignancies (LM). Patients & methods. Patient ≥18 years old with LM, CIA and eligible for treatment with Binocrit® were included. This analysis reports patients characteristics along with anemia-related data such as Hb outcomes, Binocrit® treatment characteristics and concomitant treatments received, at baseline, 3-4 weeks and 12 (± 1) weeks later. Factors associated with a Hb increase ≥2 g/dL in patients with LM were analyzed by means of univariate and multivariate analyses. Results. 563 evaluable patients (302 males (53.6%), mean age 67.9 (SD 14.0) years were recruited from 34 sites, between September 2011 and July 2014. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (281 patients; 49.9%) and multiple myeloma (165 patients; 29.3%) were most prevalent. Among patients with NHL, 46.0% had a diffuse large B cell lymphoma, 11.5% a follicular lymphoma and 11.1% a mantle cell lymphoma. 62.5% of patients with NHL had a stage IV disease and bone marrow was involved by NHL in 45.2% of patients. A vast majority of patients (84.3%) suffering from multiple myeloma had a Durie-Salmon stage III myeloma. Mean baseline Hb was 9.5 (SD 1.0) g/dL, which increased by an average of 0.9 (SD 1.4) g/dL and 1.9 (SD 1.7) g/dL after 1 and 3 months, respectively. A Hb increase ≥1 g/dL was achieved by 51.3% of patients after 3-4 weeks of treatment with Binocrit®. About half of patients (53.0%) achieved a Hb increase ≥2 g/dL at week 12 (± 1). Patients received a mean Binocrit® dose of 31252.4 ± (SD 5815.9; median: 30000) UI once-weekly, over an average time span of 10.8 (SD 3.2; median: 13) weeks. Iron status (serum ferritin and transferrin saturation coefficient) was assessed in 29.1% of subjects at baseline. In total, 2.8% and 1.4% of patients concomitantly received oral or intravenous iron, respectively, during the follow-up period. 12.1% and 11.6% of patients received a folate supplementation at week 3-4 and 12, respectively. Moreover, 16.2% and 15.0% of patients received red blood cells transfusion over the 3-4 first weeks, and over the next 2 months, respectively. Over the treatment period, no treatment‐related adverse reaction was recorded. Factors negatively/positively associated with a Hb increase ≥2 g/dL (p<0.05) in the multivariate analysis were: prior radiotherapy [HR 0.16 (CI95% 0.04;0.64)]; history of venous thrombotic disease [HR 1.93 (1.14;3.28)]; administration of folate during the follow-up [HR 2.43 (1.69;3.49)]; a Hb level < 8 or [8;10[ g/dL at inclusion [HR 3.04 (1.97;4.69) and HR 1.62 (1.25;2.11), respectively]; 2 units of red blood cells received over the treatment period [HR 2.82 (1.91;4.16)]. Conclusions. This study indicates that in real-life clinical conditions Binocrit® increases effectively Hb, without any adverse drug reaction, in anemic patients with lymphoid malignancies, whatever chemotherapy received. The effect of treatment with Binocrit® is rapid, with mean hemoglobin increase of 0.9 (SD1.4) g/dL seen as early as 3 or 4 weeks following the start of therapy. Disclosures Karlin: Janssen: Honoraria; BMS: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria; Sandoz: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Honoraria. Metges:Sandoz: Consultancy. Khobta:Sandoz: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Boschetti:Sandoz: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Toledano:Sandoz: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Aubron-Olivier:Sandoz: Employment. Fernet:Sandoz: Employment. Fitoussi:Sandoz: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Background:Nonspecific subjective adverse effects and symptoms (NSAE/NSS), usually considered as related to a nocebo effect (NE), have been identified as a barrier to the acceptability of switches from biologic originators (BO) to biosimilars (BS) in rheumatology. A multidisciplinary team intervention with a prominent role of nurses has provided a reduction of the NE assessed in the short-term during a systematic switch from originator Infliximab (OI) to the biosimilar infliximab SB2 (ref.1).Objectives:To assess the intervention outcomes after one-year follow up in comparison with a historical cohort.Methods:The intervention was developed after a literature search and semi-directive interviews of patients, and included consensual communication towards patients, with a prominent role of nurses (Ref.1). All patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (CIRD) treated by OI were included and followed-up in routine care. The outcomes were I) SB2 retention rate (RR) II) SB2 discontinuation rate due to a presumed NE, defined as lack of efficacy with no objective criteria for increased inflammation or non-objective and non-specific adverse event, either occurring after the switch and disappearing after back-switch or change of biologic. Criteria for NSAE/NSS in the historical cohort were the same lack of efficacy or subjective adverse events and disappearance after change of biologic BD. Medium-term (12 months) SB2 outcomes were assessed and compared with I) the data obtained in the short-term (34 weeks) II) the data from an historical cohort of CIRD patients treated by OI in the same rheumatology department, using Kaplan-Meier survival curve.Results:Forty-five patients were prospectively included for the switch from March 2018 to August 2018: 17 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 28 with spondylarthritis (SpA); 55% were women, mean age was 53.2 (SD: 2,1), and mean time under OI was 113.5 (SD9.3). For the historical cohort, the 52 patients treated with OI between December 2016 and January 2017 were included and their data collected at baseline and one year. Fifty-nine percent were women, mean age at inclusion was 50.25 (1.2), and mean time under OI was 94.8 (9.4).SB2 RR did not differ from the OI RR in the historical cohort: 91.2% and 96.2% respectively at 34 weeks (p = 0.41); 84.4% and 88.5% respectively at 12 months (p = 0.52) (figure 1). The SB2 RR was significantly higher than in three other European cohorts at 34 weeks (mean RR 73.6%, p<0.05, ref.1) but not at 12 months (mean RR 80.9%, ref.2,3,4).SB2 and OI discontinuations due to NSAE/NSS at 34 weeks were 2,2 % and 1.9% respectively; at 12 months 6,6% and 1.9% respectively (p= 0.6).Conclusion:An intervention based on a tailored communication with a prominent role of nurses was effective in reducing the NE when switching from OI to SB2 in the short term, compared with an historical cohort and other European cohorts. The one-year follow-up showed no statistical difference in RR or NE compared with our historical cohort. The present study shows that appropriate interventions may be developed to improve the outcome of switches to biosimilars.Figure 1:Treatment withdrawal free survival curves (SB2 in switched cohort and OI in historical cohort).Kaplan Meir survival curves. Comparison with Log-Rank test between OI to SB2 cohort and historical OI cohort, p = 0.520. OI : original infliximab.References:[1] Petit J. Ann Rheum Dis, volume 78, supplement 2, year 2019, page A1447[2] Glintborg B. et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2017;76:1426–31.[3] Nikiphorou E. et al. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015;15:1677–83.[4] Boone NW. et al. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018;:1–7.Acknowledgments:Dr Margaux Boisson Service de rhumatologie du Professeur Kahan, Hôpital Cochin, APHP.Disclosure of Interests:Juliette Petit: None declared, Marie Antignac: None declared, Karine Louati: None declared, Sandra Desouches: None declared, Nathalie DEPARIS: None declared, Regine Baratto: None declared, Rosemarie POILVERD: None declared, Sylvie Dartout: None declared, Francis Berenbaum Grant/research support from: TRB Chemedica (through institution), MSD (through institution), Pfizer (through institution), Consultant of: Novartis, MSD, Pfizer, Lilly, UCB, Abbvie, Roche, Servier, Sanofi-Aventis, Flexion Therapeutics, Expanscience, GSK, Biogen, Nordic, Sandoz, Regeneron, Gilead, Bone Therapeutics, Regulaxis, Peptinov, 4P Pharma, Paid instructor for: Sandoz, Speakers bureau: Novartis, MSD, Pfizer, Lilly, UCB, Abbvie, Roche, Servier, Sanofi-Aventis, Flexion Therapeutics, Expanscience, GSK, Biogen, Nordic, Sandoz, Regeneron, Gilead, Sandoz, Catherine Beauvais Speakers bureau: Abbvie, MSD, Roche, UCB, Mylan, Sanofi

Abstract Background Mutations of RAF/RAS genes are one of the most common oncogenic events in multiple myeloma. Therapeutic targeting of RAF/RAS/MAPK signalling using small molecule inhibitors has led to significant responses in solid cancers. Recently, combined inhibition of key pathway kinases has demonstrated increased efficacy and decrease toxicity, leading to development of second-generation small molecules with dual inhibitory function. RO5126766 is a potent dual RAF-MEK inhibitor that has demonstrated significant clinical activity with minor toxicities in various solid cancers carrying RAS mutations in a currently ongoing phase I basket study (Trial number NCT204007509; Chenard-Poirier et al. ASCO 2017). Based on the drug's promising efficacy, the trial has been expanded to include myeloma patients with RAF/RAS tumour mutations to provide information on safety and preliminary efficacy in this patient population. We report updated results for RAF/RAS-mutant relapsed and refractory MM patients treated with RO5126766. Methods MM patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory myeloma whose disease had progressed after at least 3 prior therapies were recruited to the study. All patients had been treated with an IMiD and a proteasome inhibitor and their tumours were confirmed to carry a RAS mutation by sequencing. Patients were treated with RO5126766 4mg twice weekly for 3 out of 4 weeks, in 28 day cycles, with the addition of optional weekly dexamethasone as per investigator's discretion. Response assessment was completed using IMWG criteria and toxicities were reported according to CTCAE version 4.0. Whole body diffusion-weighted MRI every 3 cycles was used for functional imaging disease assessment. Results At the time of analysis, a total of five patients were recruited; one was still receiving cycle 1 of therapy, with the four remaining patients being evaluable at the point of abstract submission. The median age of evaluable patients at initiation of treatment was 74 years (range 70-76). Patients had received median 4 (range 3-5) lines of prior therapy, including autologous stem cell transplant (75%). Three tumours had a KRAS mutation whilst in one tumour, synchronous KRAS and NRAS mutations were found. Three patients received RO5126766 alone, while 1 patient also received weekly concomitant dexamethasone. One patient (KRAS and NRAS mutations) achieved a partial response after 1 cycle of therapy but progressed after 7 months. A second patient achieved stable disease (confirmed biochemically and by functional MRI imaging) with single agent RO5126766 treatment and currently continues on trial having completed 8 cycles of therapy. The two remaining patients progressed after 2 and 1.5 cycles, with the latter patient receiving dexamethasone in combination with RO5126766. The two patients who received 7 and 8 cycles of RO5126766 experienced no clinically significant adverse events (AE), with commonly reported toxicities including grade 1 rash (2/2), grade 1 diarrhoea and grade 1 thrombocytopenia. This is in line with tolerability profile observed in the solid tumour cohorts (n=28 solid tumour patients recruited to date) of this basket trial. One patient developed worsening kidney impairment attributable to disease progression with rising serum free light chains and came off study. Interestingly, ocular toxicities, commonly associated with RAF-MEK inhibitors, were not observed in this patient cohort, which may be related to their dosing schedule. Conclusion In this basket study across RAS mutated tumours, the novel, dual RAF-MEK inhibitor RO5126766 as monotherapy in myeloma patients has shown promising single agent activity. In line with observations in the in parallel recruiting solid tumour cohorts, the dual RAF-MEK inhibitor RO5126766 is generally well tolerated and can be administered as an ongoing therapy. This has been observed in a solid tumour patient who has been receiving RO5126766 for 3.5 years with little and manageable toxicities. Longitudinal patient bone marrow trephine material has been collected and analysis of phospho-protein markers of RAS/MAPK pathway activation for PD biomarker evaluation will be performed. Recruitment to this study continues and data will be updated prior to the conference. Potential single-agent activity of RO5126766 with manageable toxicity grants further evaluation of its use as a molecularly targeted therapy in myeloma. Disclosures Sriskandarajah: Celgene: Other: Travel, Accommodation expenses, Speakers Bureau. Boyd:Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory role; Janssen: Honoraria, Other: Travel and Accommodation expenses; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria. Shah:Sanofi: Other: Travel and Accommodation expenses; Celgene: Other: Travel, Accommodation expenses. Hall:Sanofi (Inst): Research Funding; Cambridge Major Laboratories (Inst): Research Funding; Accuray (Inst): Research Funding; Kyowa Hakko Karin (Inst): Research Funding; Astrazeneca (Inst): Research Funding; Bayer (Inst): Research Funding. Tunariu:Janssen: Speakers Bureau; Sanofi: Speakers Bureau. de Bono:Sanofi (Inst): Research Funding; AstraZeneca (Inst): Research Funding; GlaxoSmithKline: Other: Travel, Accomodation expenses; AstraZeneca: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other; Astellas Pharma: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, Accommodation expenses; Sanofi: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, Accommodation expenses; Genentech/Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Pfizer: Honoraria; Orion Pharma GmBH: Other: Travel, Accommodation expenses; Qiagen: Other: Travel, Accommodation expenses; Taiho Pharmaceutical: Other: Travel, Accommodation expenses; Vertex: Other: Travel, Accommodation expenses; Genentech (Inst): Research Funding; Abiraterone Rewards to Investors (Inst): Patents & Royalties: Abiraterone; PARP inhibitors and DNA repair defects (Inst): Patents & Royalties: PARP inhibitors; Genmab: Other: Travel, Accommodation expenses. Banerji:Institute of Cancer research: Employment; Novartis: Consultancy; Onyx (Inst): Research Funding; Chugai Pharma (Inst): Research Funding; AstraZenca (Inst): Research Funding; Astex Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy. Kaiser:Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Takeda: Consultancy, Other: Travel Support; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Other: Travel support; Chugai: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding.

-Sidney W. Mintz, Paget Henry ,C.L.R. James' Caribbean. Durham: Duke University Press, 1992. xvi + 287 pp., Paul Buhle (eds)-Allison Blakely, Jan M. van der Linde, Over Noach met zijn zonen: De Cham-ideologie en de leugens tegen Cham tot vandaag. Utrecht: Interuniversitair Instituut voor Missiologie en Oecumenica, 1993. 160 pp.-Helen I. Safa, Edna Acosta-Belén ,Researching women in Latin America and the Caribbean. Boulder CO: Westview, 1993. x + 201 pp., Christine E. Bose (eds)-Helen I. Safa, Janet H. Momsen, Women & change in the Caribbean: A Pan-Caribbean Perspective. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; Kingston: Ian Randle, 1993. x + 308 pp.-Paget Henry, Janet Higbie, Eugenia: The Caribbean's Iron Lady. London: Macmillan, 1993. 298 pp.-Kathleen E. McLuskie, Moira Ferguson, Subject to others: British women writers and Colonial Slavery 1670-1834. New York: Routledge, 1992. xii + 465 pp.-Samuel Martínez, Senaida Jansen ,Género, trabajo y etnia en los bateyes dominicanos. Santo Domingo: Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo, Programa de Estudios se la Mujer, 1991. 195 pp., Cecilia Millán (eds)-Michiel Baud, Roberto Cassá, Movimiento obrero y lucha socialista en la República Dominicana (desde los orígenes hasta 1960). Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1990. 620 pp.-Paul Farmer, Robert Lawless, Haiti's Bad Press. Rochester VT: Schenkman Press, 1992. xxvii + 261 pp.-Bill Maurer, Karen Fog Olwig, Global culture, Island identity: Continuity and change in the Afro-Caribbean Community of Nevis. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1993. xi + 239 pp.-Viranjini Munasinghe, Kevin A. Yelvington, Trinidad Ethnicity. Knoxville: University of Tennesee Press, 1993. vii + 296 pp.-Kevin K. Birth, Christine Ho, Salt-water Trinnies: Afro-Trinidadian Immigrant Networks and Non-Assimilation in Los Angeles. New York: AMS Press, 1991. xvi + 237 pp.-Steven Gregory, Andrés Isidoro Pérez y Mena, Speaking with the dead: Development of Afro-Latin Religion among Puerto Ricans in the United States. A study into the Interpenetration of civilizations in the New World. New York: AMS Press, 1991. xvi + 273 pp.-Frank Jan van Dijk, Mihlawhdh Faristzaddi, Itations of Jamaica and I Rastafari (The Second Itation, the Revelation). Miami: Judah Anbesa Ihntahnah-shinahl, 1991.-Derwin S. Munroe, Nelson W. Keith ,The Social Origins of Democratic Socialism in Jamaica. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992. xxiv + 320 pp., Novella Z. Keith (eds)-Virginia Heyer Young, Errol Miller, Education for all: Caribbean Perspectives and Imperatives. Washington DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 1992. 267 pp.-Virginia R. Dominguez, Günter Böhm, Los sefardíes en los dominios holandeses de América del Sur y del Caribe, 1630-1750. Frankfurt: Vervuert, 1992. 243 pp.-Virginia R. Dominguez, Robert M. Levine, Tropical diaspora: The Jewish Experience in Cuba. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1993. xvii + 398 pp.-Aline Helg, John L. Offner, An unwanted war: The diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895-1898. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992. xii + 306 pp.-David J. Carroll, Eliana Cardoso ,Cuba after Communism. Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1992. xiii + 148 pp., Ann Helwege (eds)-Antoni Kapcia, Ian Isadore Smart, Nicolás Guillén: Popular Poet of the Caribbean. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1990. 187 pp.-Sue N. Greene, Moira Ferguson, The Hart Sisters: Early African Caribbean Writers, Evangelicals, and Radicals. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993. xi + 214 pp.-Michael Craton, James A. Lewis, The final campaign of the American revolution: Rise and fall of the Spanish Bahamas. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991. xi + 149 pp.-David Geggus, Clarence J. Munford, The black ordeal of slavery and slave trading in the French West Indies, 1625-1715. Lewiston NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1991. 3 vols. xxii + 1054 pp.-Paul E. Sigmund, Timothy P. Wickham-Crowley, Guerillas and Revolution in Latin America: A comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes since 1956. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. xx + 424 pp.-Robert E. Millette, Patrick A.M. Emmanuel, Elections and Party Systems in the Commonwealth Caribbean, 1944-1991. St. Michael, Barbados: Caribbean Development Research Services, 1992. viii + 111 pp.-Robert E. Millette, Donald C. Peters, The Democratic System in the Eastern Caribbean. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1992. xiv + 242 pp.-Pedro A. Cabán, Arnold H. Liebowitz, Defining status: A comprehensive analysis of United States Territorial Relations. Boston & Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1989. xxii + 757 pp.-John O. Stewart, Stuart H. Surlin ,Mass media and the Caribbean. New York: Gordon & Breach, 1990. xviii + 471 pp., Walter C. Soderlund (eds)-William J. Meltzer, Antonio V. Menéndez Alarcón, Power and television in Latin America: The Dominican Case. Westport CT: Praeger, 1992. 199 pp.

-Dennis Walder, Robert D. Hamner, Derek Walcott. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993. xvi + 199 pp.''Critical perspectives on Derek Walcott. Washington DC: Three continents, 1993. xvii + 482 pp.-Yannick Tarrieu, Lilyan Kesteloot, Black writers in French: A literary history of Negritude. Translated by Ellen Conroy Kennedy. Washington DC: Howard University Press, 1991. xxxiii + 411 pp.-Renée Larrier, Carole Boyce Davies ,Out of the Kumbla: Caribbean women and literature. Trenton NJ: Africa World Press, 1990. xxiii + 399 pp., Elaine Savory Fido (eds)-Renée Larrier, Evelyn O'Callaghan, Woman version: Theoretical approaches to West Indian fiction by women. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1993. viii + 126 pp.-Lisa Douglass, Carolyn Cooper, Noises in the blood: Orality, gender and the 'vulgar' body of Jamaican popular culture. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1993. ix + 214 pp.-Christine G.T. Ho, Kumar Mahabir, East Indian women of Trinidad & Tobago: An annotated bibliography with photographs and ephemera. San Juan, Trinidad: Chakra, 1992. vii + 346 pp.-Eva Abraham, Richenel Ansano ,Mundu Yama Sinta Mira: Womanhood in Curacao. Eithel Martis (eds.). Curacao: Fundashon Publikashon, 1992. xii + 240 pp., Joceline Clemencia, Jeanette Cook (eds)-Louis Allaire, Corrine L. Hofman, In search of the native population of pre-Colombian Saba (400-1450 A.D.): Pottery styles and their interpretations. Part one. Amsterdam: Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor het Caraïbisch Gebied, 1993. xiv + 269 pp.-Frank L. Mills, Bonham C. Richardson, The Caribbean in the wider world, 1492-1992: A regional geography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. xvi + 235 pp.-Frank L. Mills, Thomas D. Boswell ,The Caribbean Islands: Endless geographical diversity. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992. viii + 240 pp., Dennis Conway (eds)-Alex van Stipriaan, H.W. van den Doel ,Nederland en de Nieuwe Wereld. Utrecht: Aula, 1992. 348 pp., P.C. Emmer, H.PH. Vogel (eds)-Idsa E. Alegría Ortega, Francine Jácome, Diversidad cultural y tensión regional: América Latina y el Caribe. Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 1993. 143 pp.-Barbara L. Solow, Ira Berlin ,Cultivation and culture: Labor and the shaping of slave life in the Americas. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993. viii + 388 pp., Philip D. Morgan (eds)-Andrew J. O'Shaughnessy, Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Providence Island, 1630-1641: The other puritan colony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. xiii + 393 pp.-Armando Lampe, Johannes Meier, Die Anfänge der Kirche auf den Karibischen Inseln: Die Geschichte der Bistümer Santo Domingo, Concepción de la Vega, San Juan de Puerto Rico und Santiago de Cuba von ihrer Entstehung (1511/22) bis zur Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts. Immensee: Neue Zeitschrift für Missionswissenschaft, 1991. xxxiii + 313 pp.-Edward L. Cox, Carl C. Campbell, Cedulants and capitulants; The politics of the coloured opposition in the slave society of Trinidad, 1783-1838. Port of Spain, Trinidad: Paria Publishing, 1992. xv + 429 pp.-Thomas J. Spinner, Jr., Basdeo Mangru, Indenture and abolition: Sacrifice and survival on the Guyanese sugar plantations. Toronto: TSAR, 1993. xiii + 146 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Lila Gobardhan-Rambocus ,Immigratie en ontwikkeling: Emancipatie van contractanten. Paramaribo: Anton de Kom Universiteit, 1993. 262 pp., Maurits S. Hassankhan (eds)-Juan A. Giusti-Cordero, Teresita Martínez-Vergne, Capitalism in colonial Puerto Rico: Central San Vicente in the late nineteenth century. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1992. 189 pp.-Jean Pierre Sainton, Henriette Levillain, La Guadeloupe 1875 -1914: Les soubresauts d'une société pluriethnique ou les ambiguïtés de l'assimilation. Paris: Autrement, 1994. 241 pp.-Michèle Baj Strobel, Solange Contour, Fort de France au début du siècle. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1994. 224 pp.-Betty Wood, Robert J. Stewart, Religion and society in post-emancipation Jamaica. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992. xx + 254 pp.-O. Nigel Bolland, Michael Havinden ,Colonialism and development: Britain and its tropical colonies, 1850-1960. New York: Routledge, 1993. xv + 420 pp., David Meredith (eds)-Luis Martínez-Fernández, Luis Navarro García, La independencia de Cuba. Madrid: MAPFRE, 1992. 413 pp.-Pedro A. Pequeño, Guillermo J. Grenier ,Miami now! : Immigration, ethnicity, and social change. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1992. 219 pp., Alex Stepick III (eds)-George Irving, Alistair Hennessy ,The fractured blockade: West European-Cuban relations during the revolution. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1993. xv + 358 pp., George Lambie (eds)-George Irving, Donna Rich Kaplowitz, Cuba's ties to a changing world. Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner, 1993, xii + 263 pp.-G.B. Hagelberg, Scott B. MacDonald ,The politics of the Caribbean basin sugar trade. New York: Praeger, 1991. vii + 164 pp., Georges A. Fauriol (eds)-Bonham C. Richardson, Trevor W. Purcell, Banana Fallout: Class, color, and culture among West Indians in Costa Rica. Los Angeles: UCLA Center for Afro-American studies, 1993. xxi + 198 pp.-Gertrude Fraser, George Gmelch, Double Passage: The lives of Caribbean migrants abroad and back home. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992. viii + 335 pp.-Gertrude Fraser, John Western, A passage to England: Barbadian Londoners speak of home. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992. xxii + 309 pp.-Trevor W. Purcell, Harry G. Lefever, Turtle Bogue: Afro-Caribbean life and culture in a Costa Rican Village. Cranbury NJ: Susquehanna University Press, 1992. 249 pp.-Elizabeth Fortenberry, Virginia Heyer Young, Becoming West Indian: Culture, self, and nation in St. Vincent. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993. x + 229 pp.-Horace Campbell, Dudley J. Thompson ,From Kingston to Kenya: The making of a Pan-Africanist lawyer. Dover MA: The Majority Press, 1993. xii + 144 pp., Margaret Cezair Thompson (eds)-Kumar Mahabir, Samaroo Siewah, The lotus and the dagger: The Capildeo speeches (1957-1994). Port of Spain: Chakra Publishing House, 1994. 811 pp.-Donald R. Hill, Forty years of steel: An annotated discography of steel band and Pan recordings, 1951-1991. Jeffrey Thomas (comp.). Westport CT: Greenwood, 1992. xxxii + 307 pp.-Jill A. Leonard, André Lucrèce, Société et modernité: Essai d'interprétation de la société martiniquaise. Case Pilote, Martinique: Editions de l'Autre Mer, 1994. 188 pp.-Dirk H. van der Elst, Ben Scholtens ,Gaama Duumi, Buta Gaama: Overlijden en opvolging van Aboikoni, grootopperhoofd van de Saramaka bosnegers. Stanley Dieko. Paramaribo: Afdeling Cultuurstudies/Minov; Amsterdam: Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, 1992. 204 pp., Gloria Wekker, Lady van Putten (eds)-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Chandra van Binnendijk ,Sranan: Cultuur in Suriname. Amsterdam: Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen/Rotterdam: Museum voor Volkenkunde, 1992. 159 pp., Paul Faber (eds)-Harold Munneke, A.J.A. Quintus Bosz, Grepen uit de Surinaamse rechtshistorie. Paramaribo: Vaco, 1993. 176 pp.-Harold Munneke, Irvin Kanhai ,Strijd om grond in Suriname: Verkenning van het probleem van de grondenrechten van Indianen en Bosnegers. Paramaribo, 1993, 200 pp., Joyce Nelson (eds)-Ronald Donk, J. Hartog, De geschiedenis van twee landen: De Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba. Zaltbommel: Europese Bibliotheek, 1993. 183 pp.-Aart G. Broek, J.J. Oversteegen, In het schuim van grauwe wolken: Het leven van Cola Debrot tot 1948. Amsterdam: Muelenhoff, 1994. 556 pp.''Gemunt op wederkeer: Het leven van Cola Debrot vanaf 1948. Amsterdam: Muelenhoff, 1994. 397 pp.

(IIUMEJ) IIUM ENGINEERING JOURNAL ISSN: 1511-788X E-ISSN: 2289-7860 Volume 19, Issue 2, December 2018 https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v19i2 CHIEF EDITOR Ahmad Faris Ismail, IIUM, Malaysia TECHNICAL EDITOR Erry Yulian Triblas Adesta, IIUM, Malaysia EXECUTIVE EDITOR AHM Zahirul Alam, IIUM, Malaysia ASSOCIATE EDITOR Anis Nurashikin Nordin, IIUM, Malaysia LANGUAGE EDITOR Lynn Mason, Malaysia COPY EDITOR Hamzah Mohd. Salleh, IIUM, Malaysia EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Abdullah Al-Mamun, IIUM, Malaysia Abdumalik Rakhimov, IIUM, Malaysia Amir Akramin Shafie, IIUM, Malaysia Erwin Sulaeman, IIUM, Malaysia Hanafy Omar, Saudi Arabia Hazleen Anuar, IIUM, Malaysia Konstantin Khanin, University of Toronto, Canada Ma'an Al-Khatib, IIUM, Malaysia Md Zahangir Alam, IIUM, Malaysia Meftah Hrairi, IIUM, Malaysia Mohamed B. Trabia, United States Mohammad S. Alam, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, United States Muataz Hazza Faizi Al Hazza, IIUM, Malaysia Mustafizur Rahman, National University Singapore, Singapore Nor Farahidah Binti Za'bah, IIUM, Malaysia Ossama Abdulkhalik, Michigan Technological University, United States Rosminazuin AB. Rahim, IIUM, Malaysia Waqar Asrar, IIUM, Malaysia INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE A. Anwar, United States Abdul Latif Bin Ahmad, Malaysia Farzad Ismail, USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Hanafy Omar, Saudi Arabia Hany Ammar, United States Idris Mohammed Bugaje, Nigeria K.B. Ramachandran, India Kunzu Abdella, Canada Luis Le Moyne, ISAT, University of Burgundy, France M Mujtaba, United Kingdom Mohamed AI-Rubei, Ireland Mohamed B Trabia, United States Mohammad S. Alam, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, United States Nazmul Karim Ossama Abdulkhalik, Michigan Technological University, United States Razi Nalim, IUPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States Syed Kamrul Islam, United States Tibor Czigany, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary Yiu-Wing Mai, The University of Sydney, Australia. AIMS & SCOPE OF IIUMENGINEERING JOURNAL The IIUM Engineering Journal, published biannually, is a carefully refereed international publication of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Contributions of high technical merit within the span of engineering disciplines; covering the main areas of engineering: Electrical and Computer Engineering; Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; Automation and Mechatronics Engineering; Material and Chemical Engineering; Environmental and Civil Engineering; Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Engineering Mathematics and Physics; and Computer Science and Information Technology are considered for publication in this journal. Contributions from other areas of Engineering and Applied Science are also welcomed. The IIUM Engineering Journal publishes contributions under Regular papers, Invited review papers, Short communications, Technical notes, and Letters to the editor (no page charge). Book reviews, reports of and/or call for papers of conferences, symposia and meetings, and advances in research equipment could also be published in IIUM Engineering Journal with minimum charges. REFEREES’ NETWORK All papers submitted to IIUM Engineering Journal will be subjected to a rigorous reviewing process through a worldwide network of specialized and competent referees. Each accepted paper should have at least two positive referees’ assessments. SUBMISSION OF A MANUSCRIPT A manuscript should be submitted online to the IIUM-Engineering Journal website: http://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal. Further correspondence on the status of the paper could be done through the journal website and the e-mail addresses of the Executive Editor: zahirulalam@iium.edu.my Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jan Gombak, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Phone: (603) 6196 4529, Fax:(603) 6196 4488. Table of Content EDITORIAL............................................................................................... i CHEMICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING CHLORELLA VULGARIS LOGISTIC GROWTH KINETICS MODEL IN HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF AQUEOUS AMMONIA................... 1 Azlin Suhaida Azmi, Nurain Atikah Che Aziz, Noor Illi Mohamad Puad, Amanatuzzakiah Abdul Halim, Faridah Yusof, Suzana Yusup SYNTHETIC ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT AND ANTIMICROBIAL FABRICS: PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES............. 10 Norashikin Binti Mat Zain, John Olabode Akindoyo, Mohammad Dalour Hossen Beg CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PERFORMANCE OF HIGH STRENGTH LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE USING PALM WASTES................................... 30 Md. Nazmul Huda, Mohd Zamin Jumaat, Abul Bashar Mohammad Saiful Islam, Walid Abubaker Al-Kutti ELECTRICAL, COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING WIDE RANGE MODULATION INDEXES FEATURED CARRIER-BASED PWM STEPPED WAVEFORM FOR HALF- BRIDGE MODULAR MULTILEVEL CONVERTERS......................................................................................... 43 Majdee Tohtayong, Sheroz Khan, Mashkuri Yaacob, Siti Hajar Yusoff, Nur Shahida Midi, Musse Muhamud Ahmed A NOVEL METHOD TO ESTIMATE ECONOMIC REPLACING TIME OF TRANSFORMER USING MONTE CARLO ALGORITHM AND ANN............................................................................................... 54 Mehdi Zareian Jahromi, M. Hossein Mehrabanjahromi, Mohsen Tajdinian, Mehdi Allahbakhshi ADAPTIVE TRIMMED MEAN AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL FOR REDUCTION OF POISSON NOISE IN SCINTIGRAPHIC IMAGES.......... 68 Khan Bahadar Khan, Muhammad Shahid, Hayat Ullah, Eid Rehman, Muhammad Mohsin Khan EVALUATION OF THE W-METRIC ROUTING USING RPL PROTOCOL IN LLNS........................................................................ 80 Rosminazuin Ab Rahim, Abdallah M. Awwad, Aisha Hasan Abdalla, Aliza Aini Md Ralib INVESTIGATION ON NEED FOR SPECIFIC PROPAGATION MODEL FOR SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT BASED ON DIFFERENT TERRAIN CHARACTERISTICS...................90 Jide Julius Popoola, Akinlolu Adediran Ponnle, Yekeen Olajide Olasoji, Samson Adenle Oyetunji A STUDY ON LOW-COMPLEXITY TRANSMIT ANTENNA SELECTION FOR GENERALIZED SPATIAL MODULATION.................................................................................. 105 Simeon Olumide Ajose, Adewale Akanbi Alafia, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize A NEW SPECTRUM AND ENERGY AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOL IN COGNITIVE RADIO SENSOR NETWORK.............................. 118 Sara Moshtaghi, Sayyed Majid Mazinani RECENT TRENDS IN DENGUE DETECTION METHODS USING BIOSENSORS................................................................................ 134 Ahmad Anwar Zainuddin, Anis Nurashikin Nordin, Rosminazuin Ab Rahim NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF TUNNEL LED LIGHTING MAINTENANCE FACTOR.......................................................................... 154 Mehmet Sait Cengiz, Çiğdem Cengiz ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED SCIENCE ABOUT THE SILICON SENSITIVITY OF THE DEEP LEVEL WITH ALTERNATING PRESSURE................................... 164 Ikrom Gulamovich Tursunov, Abdurahim Abduraxmonovich Okhunov, Odiljon Oxundadaevich Mamatkarimov THE HYDRODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR OSCILLATING 2D RECTANGULAR BOX USING WEAKLY COMPRESSIBLE SMOOTHED PARTICLE HYDRODYNAMICS (WCSPH) METHOD................................................................................. 172 Muhammad zahir ramli AN ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE TO OBTAIN HIGHER-ORDER APPROXIMATE PERIODS FOR THE NONLINEAR OSCILLATOR................... 182 Md Sazzad Hossien Chowdhury, Md. Alal Hosen, Mohammad Yeakub Ali, Ahmad Faris Ismail MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING EFFECT OF POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) ON THE INJECTABILITY, SETTING BEHAVIOR AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE BONE CEMENT.........................................................192 Sufiamie Hablee, Iis Sopyan, Maizirwan Mel, Hamzah Mohd. Salleh, Md. Mujibur Rahman MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING STUDY OF MESH QUALITY IMPROVEMENT FOR CFD ANALYSIS OF AN AIRFOIL................................................ 203 Farah Aqilah, Mazharul Islam, Franjo Juretic, Joel Guerrero, David Wood, Farid Nasir Ani MECHATRONICS AND AUTOMATION ENGINEERING COLOR RECOGNITION WEARABLE DEVICE USING MACHINE LEARNING FOR VISUALY IMPAIRED PERSON................................... 213 Tarek Mohamed Bolad , Nik Nur Wahidah Nik Hashim, Noor Hazrin Hany Mohamad Hanif COMBINATION OF FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING WITH ABRASIVE MILLING FOR ATTAINING HIGHER DIMENSIONAL ACCURACY AND BETTER SURFACE FINISH ..................................... 221 Abu Naser Mohammad Amanullah Tomal, Tanveer Saleh, Md Raisuddin Khan Whilst every effort is made by the publisher and editorial board to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement appears in this Journal, they wish to make it clear that the data and opinions appearing in the articles and advertisement herein are the responsibility of the contributor or advertiser concerned. Accordingly, the publisher and the editorial committee accept no liability whatsoever for the consequence of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement. Published by: IIUM Press, International Islamic University Malaysia Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Phone (+603) 6196-5014, Fax: (+603) 6196-6298 Website: http://www.iium.edu.my/office/iiumpress

Education in Oceania continues to reflect the embedded implicit and explicit colonial practices and processes from the past. This paper conceptualises a cultural approach to education and leadership appropriate and relevant to the Republic of the Marshall Islands. As elementary school leaders, we highlight Kanne Lobal, a traditional Marshallese navigation practice based on indigenous language, values and practices. We conceptualise and develop Kanne Lobal in this paper as a framework for understanding the usefulness of our indigenous knowledge in leadership and educational practices within formal education. Through bwebwenato, a method of talk story, our key learnings and reflexivities were captured. We argue that realising the value of Marshallese indigenous knowledge and practices for school leaders requires purposeful training of the ways in which our knowledge can be made useful in our professional educational responsibilities. Drawing from our Marshallese knowledge is an intentional effort to inspire, empower and express what education and leadership partnership means for Marshallese people, as articulated by Marshallese themselves. Introduction As noted in the call for papers within the Waikato Journal of Education (WJE) for this special issue, bodies of knowledge and histories in Oceania have long sustained generations across geographic boundaries to ensure cultural survival. For Marshallese people, we cannot really know ourselves “until we know how we came to be where we are today” (Walsh, Heine, Bigler & Stege, 2012). Jitdam Kapeel is a popular Marshallese concept and ideal associated with inquiring into relationships within the family and community. In a similar way, the practice of relating is about connecting the present and future to the past. Education and leadership partnerships are linked and we look back to the past, our history, to make sense and feel inspired to transform practices that will benefit our people. In this paper and in light of our next generation, we reconnect with our navigation stories to inspire and empower education and leadership. Kanne lobal is part of our navigation stories, a conceptual framework centred on cultural practices, values, and concepts that embrace collective partnerships. Our link to this talanoa vā with others in the special issue is to attempt to make sense of connections given the global COVID-19 context by providing a Marshallese approach to address the physical and relational “distance” between education and leadership partnerships in Oceania. Like the majority of developing small island nations in Oceania, the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) has had its share of educational challenges through colonial legacies of the past which continues to drive education systems in the region (Heine, 2002). The historical administration and education in the RMI is one of colonisation. Successive administrations by the Spanish, German, Japanese, and now the US, has resulted in education and learning that privileges western knowledge and forms of learning. This paper foregrounds understandings of education and learning as told by the voices of elementary school leaders from the RMI. The move to re-think education and leadership from Marshallese perspectives is an act of shifting the focus of bwebwenato or conversations that centres on Marshallese language and worldviews. The concept of jelalokjen was conceptualised as traditional education framed mainly within the community context. In the past, jelalokjen was practiced and transmitted to the younger generation for cultural continuity. During the arrival of colonial administrations into the RMI, jelalokjen was likened to the western notions of education and schooling (Kupferman, 2004). Today, the primary function of jelalokjen, as traditional and formal education, it is for “survival in a hostile [and challenging] environment” (Kupferman, 2004, p. 43). Because western approaches to learning in the RMI have not always resulted in positive outcomes for those engaged within the education system, as school leaders who value our cultural knowledge and practices, and aspire to maintain our language with the next generation, we turn to Kanne Lobal, a practice embedded in our navigation stories, collective aspirations, and leadership. The significance in the development of Kanne Lobal, as an appropriate framework for education and leadership, resulted in us coming together and working together. Not only were we able to share our leadership concerns, however, the engagement strengthened our connections with each other as school leaders, our communities, and the Public Schooling System (PSS). Prior to that, many of us were in competition for resources. Educational Leadership: IQBE and GCSL Leadership is a valued practice in the RMI. Before the IQBE programme started in 2018, the majority of the school leaders on the main island of Majuro had not engaged in collaborative partnerships with each other before. Our main educational purpose was to achieve accreditation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC), an accreditation commission for schools in the United States. The WASC accreditation dictated our work and relationships and many school leaders on Majuro felt the pressure of competition against each other. We, the authors in this paper, share our collective bwebwenato, highlighting our school leadership experiences and how we gained strength from our own ancestral knowledge to empower “us”, to collaborate with each other, our teachers, communities, as well as with PSS; a collaborative partnership we had not realised in the past. The paucity of literature that captures Kajin Majol (Marshallese language) and education in general in the RMI is what we intend to fill by sharing our reflections and experiences. To move our educational practices forward we highlight Kanne Lobal, a cultural approach that focuses on our strengths, collective social responsibilities and wellbeing. For a long time, there was no formal training in place for elementary school leaders. School principals and vice principals were appointed primarily on their academic merit through having an undergraduate qualification. As part of the first cohort of fifteen school leaders, we engaged in the professional training programme, the Graduate Certificate in School Leadership (GCSL), refitted to our context after its initial development in the Solomon Islands. GCSL was coordinated by the Institute of Education (IOE) at the University of the South Pacific (USP). GCSL was seen as a relevant and appropriate training programme for school leaders in the RMI as part of an Asia Development Bank (ADB) funded programme which aimed at “Improving Quality Basic Education” (IQBE) in parts of the northern Pacific. GCSL was managed on Majuro, RMI’s main island, by the director at the time Dr Irene Taafaki, coordinator Yolanda McKay, and administrators at the University of the South Pacific’s (USP) RMI campus. Through the provision of GCSL, as school leaders we were encouraged to re-think and draw-from our own cultural repository and connect to our ancestral knowledge that have always provided strength for us. This kind of thinking and practice was encouraged by our educational leaders (Heine, 2002). We argue that a culturally-affirming and culturally-contextual framework that reflects the lived experiences of Marshallese people is much needed and enables the disruption of inherent colonial processes left behind by Western and Eastern administrations which have influenced our education system in the RMI (Heine, 2002). Kanne Lobal, an approach utilising a traditional navigation has warranted its need to provide solutions for today’s educational challenges for us in the RMI. Education in the Pacific Education in the Pacific cannot be understood without contextualising it in its history and culture. It is the same for us in the RMI (Heine, 2002; Walsh et al., 2012). The RMI is located in the Pacific Ocean and is part of Micronesia. It was named after a British captain, John Marshall in the 1700s. The atolls in the RMI were explored by the Spanish in the 16th century. Germany unsuccessfully attempted to colonize the islands in 1885. Japan took control in 1914, but after several battles during World War II, the US seized the RMI from them. In 1947, the United Nations made the island group, along with the Mariana and Caroline archipelagos, a U.S. trust territory (Walsh et al, 2012). Education in the RMI reflects the colonial administrations of Germany, Japan, and now the US. Before the turn of the century, formal education in the Pacific reflected western values, practices, and standards. Prior to that, education was informal and not binded to formal learning institutions (Thaman, 1997) and oral traditions was used as the medium for transmitting learning about customs and practices living with parents, grandparents, great grandparents. As alluded to by Jiba B. Kabua (2004), any “discussion about education is necessarily a discussion of culture, and any policy on education is also a policy of culture” (p. 181). It is impossible to promote one without the other, and it is not logical to understand one without the other. Re-thinking how education should look like, the pedagogical strategies that are relevant in our classrooms, the ways to engage with our parents and communities - such re-thinking sits within our cultural approaches and frameworks. Our collective attempts to provide a cultural framework that is relevant and appropriate for education in our context, sits within the political endeavour to decolonize. This means that what we are providing will not only be useful, but it can be used as a tool to question and identify whether things in place restrict and prevent our culture or whether they promote and foreground cultural ideas and concepts, a significant discussion of culture linked to education (Kabua, 2004). Donor funded development aid programmes were provided to support the challenges within education systems. Concerned with the persistent low educational outcomes of Pacific students, despite the prevalence of aid programmes in the region, in 2000 Pacific educators and leaders with support from New Zealand Aid (NZ Aid) decided to intervene (Heine, 2002; Taufe’ulungaki, 2014). In April 2001, a group of Pacific educators and leaders across the region were invited to a colloquium funded by the New Zealand Overseas Development Agency held in Suva Fiji at the University of the South Pacific. The main purpose of the colloquium was to enable “Pacific educators to re-think the values, assumptions and beliefs underlying [formal] schooling in Oceania” (Benson, 2002). Leadership, in general, is a valued practice in the RMI (Heine, 2002). Despite education leadership being identified as a significant factor in school improvement (Sanga & Chu, 2009), the limited formal training opportunities of school principals in the region was a persistent concern. As part of an Asia Development Bank (ADB) funded project, the Improve Quality Basic Education (IQBE) intervention was developed and implemented in the RMI in 2017. Mentoring is a process associated with the continuity and sustainability of leadership knowledge and practices (Sanga & Chu, 2009). It is a key aspect of building capacity and capabilities within human resources in education (ibid). Indigenous knowledges and education research According to Hilda Heine, the relationship between education and leadership is about understanding Marshallese history and culture (cited in Walsh et al., 2012). It is about sharing indigenous knowledge and histories that “details for future generations a story of survival and resilience and the pride we possess as a people” (Heine, cited in Walsh et al., 2012, p. v). This paper is fuelled by postcolonial aspirations yet is grounded in Pacific indigenous research. This means that our intentions are driven by postcolonial pursuits and discourses linked to challenging the colonial systems and schooling in the Pacific region that privileges western knowledge and learning and marginalises the education practices and processes of local people (Thiong’o, 1986). A point of difference and orientation from postcolonialism is a desire to foreground indigenous Pacific language, specifically Majin Majol, through Marshallese concepts. Our collective bwebwenato and conversation honours and values kautiej (respect), jouj eo mour eo (reciprocity), and jouj (kindness) (Taafaki & Fowler, 2019). Pacific leaders developed the Rethinking Pacific Education Initiative for and by Pacific People (RPEIPP) in 2002 to take control of the ways in which education research was conducted by donor funded organisations (Taufe’ulungaki, 2014). Our former president, Dr Hilda Heine was part of the group of leaders who sought to counter the ways in which our educational and leadership stories were controlled and told by non-Marshallese (Heine, 2002). As a former minister of education in the RMI, Hilda Heine continues to inspire and encourage the next generation of educators, school leaders, and researchers to re-think and de-construct the way learning and education is conceptualised for Marshallese people. The conceptualisation of Kanne Lobal acknowledges its origin, grounded in Marshallese navigation knowledge and practice. Our decision to unpack and deconstruct Kanne Lobal within the context of formal education and leadership responds to the need to not only draw from indigenous Marshallese ideas and practice but to consider that the next generation will continue to be educated using western processes and initiatives particularly from the US where we get a lot of our funding from. According to indigenous researchers Dawn Bessarab and Bridget Ng’andu (2010), doing research that considers “culturally appropriate processes to engage with indigenous groups and individuals is particularly pertinent in today’s research environment” (p. 37). Pacific indigenous educators and researchers have turned to their own ancestral knowledge and practices for inspiration and empowerment. Within western research contexts, the often stringent ideals and processes are not always encouraging of indigenous methods and practices. However, many were able to ground and articulate their use of indigenous methods as being relevant and appropriate to capturing the realities of their communities (Nabobo-Baba, 2008; Sualii-Sauni & Fulu-Aiolupotea, 2014; Thaman, 1997). At the same time, utilising Pacific indigenous methods and approaches enabled research engagement with their communities that honoured and respected them and their communities. For example, Tongan, Samoan, and Fijian researchers used the talanoa method as a way to capture the stories, lived realities, and worldviews of their communities within education in the diaspora (Fa’avae, Jones, & Manu’atu, 2016; Nabobo-Baba, 2008; Sualii-Sauni & Aiolupotea, 2014; Vaioleti, 2005). Tok stori was used by Solomon Islander educators and school leaders to highlight the unique circles of conversational practice and storytelling that leads to more positive engagement with their community members, capturing rich and meaningful narratives as a result (Sanga & Houma, 2004). The Indigenous Aborigine in Australia utilise yarning as a “relaxed discussion through which both the researcher and participant journey together visiting places and topics of interest relevant” (Bessarab & Ng’andu, 2010, p. 38). Despite the diverse forms of discussions and storytelling by indigenous peoples, of significance are the cultural protocols, ethics, and language for conducting and guiding the engagement (Bessarab & Ng’andu, 2010; Nabobo-Baba, 2008; Sualii-Sauni & Aiolupotea, 2014). Through the ethics, values, protocols, and language, these are what makes indigenous methods or frameworks unique compared to western methods like in-depth interviews or semi-structured interviews. This is why it is important for us as Marshallese educators to frame, ground, and articulate how our own methods and frameworks of learning could be realised in western education (Heine, 2002; Jetnil-Kijiner, 2014). In this paper, we utilise bwebwenato as an appropriate method linked to “talk story”, capturing our collective stories and experiences during GCSL and how we sought to build partnerships and collaboration with each other, our communities, and the PSS. Bwebwenato and drawing from Kajin Majel Legends and stories that reflect Marshallese society and its cultural values have survived through our oral traditions. The practice of weaving also holds knowledge about our “valuable and earliest sources of knowledge” (Taafaki & Fowler, 2019, p. 2). The skilful navigation of Marshallese wayfarers on the walap (large canoes) in the ocean is testament of their leadership and the value they place on ensuring the survival and continuity of Marshallese people (Taafaki & Fowler, 2019; Walsh et al., 2012). During her graduate study in 2014, Kathy Jetnil-Kijiner conceptualised bwebwenato as being the most “well-known form of Marshallese orality” (p. 38). The Marshallese-English dictionary defined bwebwenato as talk, conversation, story, history, article, episode, lore, myth, or tale (cited in Jetnil Kijiner, 2014). Three years later in 2017, bwebwenato was utilised in a doctoral project by Natalie Nimmer as a research method to gather “talk stories” about the experiences of 10 Marshallese experts in knowledge and skills ranging from sewing to linguistics, canoe-making and business. Our collective bwebwenato in this paper centres on Marshallese ideas and language. The philosophy of Marshallese knowledge is rooted in our “Kajin Majel”, or Marshallese language and is shared and transmitted through our oral traditions. For instance, through our historical stories and myths. Marshallese philosophy, that is, the knowledge systems inherent in our beliefs, values, customs, and practices are shared. They are inherently relational, meaning that knowledge systems and philosophies within our world are connected, in mind, body, and spirit (Jetnil-Kijiner, 2014; Nimmer, 2017). Although some Marshallese believe that our knowledge is disappearing as more and more elders pass away, it is therefore important work together, and learn from each other about the knowledges shared not only by the living but through their lamentations and stories of those who are no longer with us (Jetnil-Kijiner, 2014). As a Marshallese practice, weaving has been passed-down from generation to generation. Although the art of weaving is no longer as common as it used to be, the artefacts such as the “jaki-ed” (clothing mats) continue to embody significant Marshallese values and traditions. For our weavers, the jouj (check spelling) is the centre of the mat and it is where the weaving starts. When the jouj is correct and weaved well, the remainder and every other part of the mat will be right. The jouj is symbolic of the “heart” and if the heart is prepared well, trained well, then life or all other parts of the body will be well (Taafaki & Fowler, 2019). In that light, we have applied the same to this paper. Conceptualising and drawing from cultural practices that are close and dear to our hearts embodies a significant ontological attempt to prioritize our own knowledge and language, a sense of endearment to who we are and what we believe education to be like for us and the next generation. The application of the phrase “Majolizing '' was used by the Ministry of Education when Hilda Heine was minister, to weave cultural ideas and language into the way that teachers understand the curriculum, develop lesson plans and execute them in the classroom. Despite this, there were still concerns with the embedded colonized practices where teachers defaulted to eurocentric methods of doing things, like the strategies provided in the textbooks given to us. In some ways, our education was slow to adjust to the “Majolizing '' intention by our former minister. In this paper, we provide Kanne Lobal as a way to contribute to the “Majolizing intention” and perhaps speed up yet still be collectively responsible to all involved in education. Kajin Wa and Kanne Lobal “Wa” is the Marshallese concept for canoe. Kajin wa, as in canoe language, has a lot of symbolic meaning linked to deeply-held Marshallese values and practices. The canoe was the foundational practice that supported the livelihood of harsh atoll island living which reflects the Marshallese social world. The experts of Kajin wa often refer to “wa” as being the vessel of life, a means and source of sustaining life (Kelen, 2009, cited in Miller, 2010). “Jouj” means kindness and is the lower part of the main hull of the canoe. It is often referred to by some canoe builders in the RMI as the heart of the canoe and is linked to love. The jouj is one of the first parts of the canoe that is built and is “used to do all other measurements, and then the rest of the canoe is built on top of it” (Miller, 2010, p. 67). The significance of the jouj is that when the canoe is in the water, the jouj is the part of the hull that is underwater and ensures that all the cargo and passengers are safe. For Marshallese, jouj or kindness is what living is about and is associated with selflessly carrying the responsibility of keeping the family and community safe. The parts of the canoe reflect Marshallese culture, legend, family, lineage, and kinship. They embody social responsibilities that guide, direct, and sustain Marshallese families’ wellbeing, from atoll to atoll. For example, the rojak (boom), rojak maan (upper boom), rojak kōrā (lower boom), and they support the edges of the ujelā/ujele (sail) (see figure 1). The literal meaning of rojak maan is male boom and rojak kōrā means female boom which together strengthens the sail and ensures the canoe propels forward in a strong yet safe way. Figuratively, the rojak maan and rojak kōrā symbolise the mother and father relationship which when strong, through the jouj (kindness and love), it can strengthen families and sustain them into the future. Figure 1. Parts of the canoe Source: https://www.canoesmarshallislands.com/2014/09/names-of-canoe-parts/ From a socio-cultural, communal, and leadership view, the canoe (wa) provides understanding of the relationships required to inspire and sustain Marshallese peoples’ education and learning. We draw from Kajin wa because they provide cultural ideas and practices that enable understanding of education and leadership necessary for sustaining Marshallese people and realities in Oceania. When building a canoe, the women are tasked with the weaving of the ujelā/ujele (sail) and to ensure that it is strong enough to withstand long journeys and the fierce winds and waters of the ocean. The Kanne Lobal relates to the front part of the ujelā/ujele (sail) where the rojak maan and rojak kōrā meet and connect (see the red lines in figure 1). Kanne Lobal is linked to the strategic use of the ujelā/ujele by navigators, when there is no wind north wind to propel them forward, to find ways to capture the winds so that their journey can continue. As a proverbial saying, Kanne Lobal is used to ignite thinking and inspire and transform practice particularly when the journey is rough and tough. In this paper we draw from Kanne Lobal to ignite, inspire, and transform our educational and leadership practices, a move to explore what has always been meaningful to Marshallese people when we are faced with challenges. The Kanne Lobal utilises our language, and cultural practices and values by sourcing from the concepts of jouj (kindness, love), kautiej (respect), and jouj eo mour eo (reciprocity). A key Marshallese proverb, “Enra bwe jen lale rara”, is the cultural practice where families enact compassion through the sharing of food in all occurrences. The term “enra” is a small basket weaved from the coconut leaves, and often used by Marshallese as a plate to share and distribute food amongst each other. Bwe-jen-lale-rara is about noticing and providing for the needs of others, and “enra” the basket will help support and provide for all that are in need. “Enra-bwe-jen-lale-rara” is symbolic of cultural exchange and reciprocity and the cultural values associated with building and maintaining relationships, and constantly honouring each other. As a Marshallese practice, in this article we share our understanding and knowledge about the challenges as well as possible solutions for education concerns in our nation. In addition, we highlight another proverb, “wa kuk wa jimor”, which relates to having one canoe, and despite its capacity to feed and provide for the individual, but within the canoe all people can benefit from what it can provide. In the same way, we provide in this paper a cultural framework that will enable all educators to benefit from. It is a framework that is far-reaching and relevant to the lived realities of Marshallese people today. Kumit relates to people united to build strength, all co-operating and working together, living in peace, harmony, and good health. Kanne Lobal: conceptual framework for education and leadership An education framework is a conceptual structure that can be used to capture ideas and thinking related to aspects of learning. Kanne Lobal is conceptualised and framed in this paper as an educational framework. Kanne Lobal highlights the significance of education as a collective partnership whereby leadership is an important aspect. Kanne Lobal draws-from indigenous Marshallese concepts like kautiej (respect), jouj eo mour eo (reciprocity), and jouj (kindness, heart). The role of a leader, including an education leader, is to prioritise collective learning and partnerships that benefits Marshallese people and the continuity and survival of the next generation (Heine, 2002; Thaman, 1995). As described by Ejnar Aerōk, an expert canoe builder in the RMI, he stated: “jerbal ippān doon bwe en maron maan wa e” (cited in Miller, 2010, p. 69). His description emphasises the significance of partnerships and working together when navigating and journeying together in order to move the canoe forward. The kubaak, the outrigger of the wa (canoe) is about “partnerships”. For us as elementary school leaders on Majuro, kubaak encourages us to value collaborative partnerships with each other as well as our communities, PSS, and other stakeholders. Partnerships is an important part of the Kanne Lobal education and leadership framework. It requires ongoing bwebwenato – the inspiring as well as confronting and challenging conversations that should be mediated and negotiated if we and our education stakeholders are to journey together to ensure that the educational services we provide benefits our next generation of young people in the RMI. Navigating ahead the partnerships, mediation, and negotiation are the core values of jouj (kindness, love), kautiej (respect), and jouj eo mour eo (reciprocity). As an organic conceptual framework grounded in indigenous values, inspired through our lived experiences, Kanne Lobal provides ideas and concepts for re-thinking education and leadership practices that are conducive to learning and teaching in the schooling context in the RMI. By no means does it provide the solution to the education ills in our nation. However, we argue that Kanne Lobal is a more relevant approach which is much needed for the negatively stigmatised system as a consequence of the various colonial administrations that have and continue to shape and reframe our ideas about what education should be like for us in the RMI. Moreover, Kannel Lobal is our attempt to decolonize the framing of education and leadership, moving our bwebwenato to re-framing conversations of teaching and learning so that our cultural knowledge and values are foregrounded, appreciated, and realised within our education system. Bwebwenato: sharing our stories In this section, we use bwebwenato as a method of gathering and capturing our stories as data. Below we capture our stories and ongoing conversations about the richness in Marshallese cultural knowledge in the outer islands and on Majuro and the potentialities in Kanne Lobal. Danny Jim When I was in third grade (9-10 years of age), during my grandfather’s speech in Arno, an atoll near Majuro, during a time when a wa (canoe) was being blessed and ready to put the canoe into the ocean. My grandfather told me the canoe was a blessing for the family. “Without a canoe, a family cannot provide for them”, he said. The canoe allows for travelling between places to gather food and other sources to provide for the family. My grandfather’s stories about people’s roles within the canoe reminded me that everyone within the family has a responsibility to each other. Our women, mothers and daughters too have a significant responsibility in the journey, in fact, they hold us, care for us, and given strength to their husbands, brothers, and sons. The wise man or elder sits in the middle of the canoe, directing the young man who help to steer. The young man, he does all the work, directed by the older man. They take advice and seek the wisdom of the elder. In front of the canoe, a young boy is placed there and because of his strong and youthful vision, he is able to help the elder as well as the young man on the canoe. The story can be linked to the roles that school leaders, teachers, and students have in schooling. Without each person knowing intricately their role and responsibility, the sight and vision ahead for the collective aspirations of the school and the community is difficult to comprehend. For me, the canoe is symbolic of our educational journey within our education system. As the school leader, a central, trusted, and respected figure in the school, they provide support for teachers who are at the helm, pedagogically striving to provide for their students. For without strong direction from the school leaders and teachers at the helm, the students, like the young boy, cannot foresee their futures, or envisage how education can benefit them. This is why Kanne Lobal is a significant framework for us in the Marshall Islands because within the practice we are able to take heed and empower each other so that all benefit from the process. Kanne Lobal is linked to our culture, an essential part of who we are. We must rely on our own local approaches, rather than relying on others that are not relevant to what we know and how we live in today’s society. One of the things I can tell is that in Majuro, compared to the outer islands, it’s different. In the outer islands, parents bring children together and tell them legends and stories. The elders tell them about the legends and stories – the bwebwenato. Children from outer islands know a lot more about Marshallese legends compared to children from the Majuro atoll. They usually stay close to their parents, observe how to prepare food and all types of Marshallese skills. Loretta Joseph Case There is little Western influence in the outer islands. They grow up learning their own culture with their parents, not having tv. They are closely knit, making their own food, learning to weave. They use fire for cooking food. They are more connected because there are few of them, doing their own culture. For example, if they’re building a house, the ladies will come together and make food to take to the males that are building the house, encouraging them to keep on working - “jemjem maal” (sharpening tools i.e. axe, like encouraging workers to empower them). It’s when they bring food and entertainment. Rubon Rubon Togetherness, work together, sharing of food, these are important practices as a school leader. Jemjem maal – the whole village works together, men working and the women encourage them with food and entertainment. All the young children are involved in all of the cultural practices, cultural transmission is consistently part of their everyday life. These are stronger in the outer islands. Kanne Lobal has the potential to provide solutions using our own knowledge and practices. Connie Joel When new teachers become a teacher, they learn more about their culture in teaching. Teaching raises the question, who are we? A popular saying amongst our people, “Aelon kein ad ej aelon in manit”, means that “Our islands are cultural islands”. Therefore, when we are teaching, and managing the school, we must do this culturally. When we live and breathe, we must do this culturally. There is more socialising with family and extended family. Respect the elderly. When they’re doing things the ladies all get together, in groups and do it. Cut the breadfruit, and preserve the breadfruit and pandanus. They come together and do it. Same as fishing, building houses, building canoes. They use and speak the language often spoken by the older people. There are words that people in the outer islands use and understand language regularly applied by the elderly. Respect elderly and leaders more i.e., chiefs (iroj), commoners (alap), and the workers on the land (ri-jerbal) (social layer under the commoners). All the kids, they gather with their families, and go and visit the chiefs and alap, and take gifts from their land, first produce/food from the plantation (eojōk). Tommy Almet The people are more connected to the culture in the outer islands because they help one another. They don’t have to always buy things by themselves, everyone contributes to the occasion. For instance, for birthdays, boys go fishing, others contribute and all share with everyone. Kanne Lobal is a practice that can bring people together – leaders, teachers, stakeholders. We want our colleagues to keep strong and work together to fix problems like students and teachers’ absenteeism which is a big problem for us in schools. Demetria Malachi The culture in the outer islands are more accessible and exposed to children. In Majuro, there is a mixedness of cultures and knowledges, influenced by Western thinking and practices. Kanne Lobal is an idea that can enhance quality educational purposes for the RMI. We, the school leaders who did GCSL, we want to merge and use this idea because it will help benefit students’ learning and teachers’ teaching. Kanne Lobal will help students to learn and teachers to teach though traditional skills and knowledge. We want to revitalize our ways of life through teaching because it is slowly fading away. Also, we want to have our own Marshallese learning process because it is in our own language making it easier to use and understand. Essentially, we want to proudly use our own ways of teaching from our ancestors showing the appreciation and blessings given to us. Way Forward To think of ways forward is about reflecting on the past and current learnings. Instead of a traditional discussion within a research publication, we have opted to continue our bwebwenato by sharing what we have learnt through the Graduate Certificate in School Leadership (GCSL) programme. Our bwebwenato does not end in this article and this opportunity to collaborate and partner together in this piece of writing has been a meaningful experience to conceptualise and unpack the Kanne Lobal framework. Our collaborative bwebwenato has enabled us to dig deep into our own wise knowledges for guidance through mediating and negotiating the challenges in education and leadership (Sanga & Houma, 2004). For example, bwe-jen-lale-rara reminds us to inquire, pay attention, and focus on supporting the needs of others. Through enra-bwe-jen-lale-rara, it reminds us to value cultural exchange and reciprocity which will strengthen the development and maintaining of relationships based on ways we continue to honour each other (Nimmer, 2017). We not only continue to support each other, but also help mentor the next generation of school leaders within our education system (Heine, 2002). Education and leadership are all about collaborative partnerships (Sanga & Chu, 2009; Thaman, 1997). Developing partnerships through the GCSL was useful learning for us. It encouraged us to work together, share knowledge, respect each other, and be kind. The values of jouj (kindness, love), kautiej (respect), and jouj eo mour eo (reciprocity) are meaningful in being and becoming and educational leader in the RMI (Jetnil-Kijiner, 2014; Miller, 2010; Nimmer, 2017). These values are meaningful for us practice particularly given the drive by PSS for schools to become accredited. The workshops and meetings delivered during the GCSL in the RMI from 2018 to 2019 about Kanne Lobal has given us strength to share our stories and experiences from the meeting with the stakeholders. But before we met with the stakeholders, we were encouraged to share and speak in our language within our courses: EDP05 (Professional Development and Learning), EDP06 (School Leadership), EDP07 (School Management), EDP08 (Teaching and Learning), and EDP09 (Community Partnerships). In groups, we shared our presentations with our peers, the 15 school leaders in the GCSL programme. We also invited USP RMI staff. They liked the way we presented Kannel Lobal. They provided us with feedback, for example: how the use of the sail on the canoe, the parts and their functions can be conceptualised in education and how they are related to the way that we teach our own young people. Engaging stakeholders in the conceptualisation and design stages of Kanne Lobal strengthened our understanding of leadership and collaborative partnerships. Based on various meetings with the RMI Pacific Resources for Education and Learning (PREL) team, PSS general assembly, teachers from the outer islands, and the PSS executive committee, we were able to share and receive feedback on the Kanne Lobal framework. The coordinators of the PREL programme in the RMI were excited by the possibilities around using Kanne Lobal, as a way to teach culture in an inspirational way to Marshallese students. Our Marshallese knowledge, particularly through the proverbial meaning of Kanne Lobal provided so much inspiration and insight for the groups during the presentation which gave us hope and confidence to develop the framework. Kanne Lobal is an organic and indigenous approach, grounded in Marshallese ways of doing things (Heine, 2002; Taafaki & Fowler, 2019). Given the persistent presence of colonial processes within the education system and the constant reference to practices and initiatives from the US, Kanne Lobal for us provides a refreshing yet fulfilling experience and makes us feel warm inside because it is something that belongs to all Marshallese people. Conclusion Marshallese indigenous knowledge and practices provide meaningful educational and leadership understanding and learnings. They ignite, inspire, and transform thinking and practice. The Kanne Lobal conceptual framework emphasises key concepts and values necessary for collaborative partnerships within education and leadership practices in the RMI. The bwebwenato or talk stories have been insightful and have highlighted the strengths and benefits that our Marshallese ideas and practices possess when looking for appropriate and relevant ways to understand education and leadership. Acknowledgements We want to acknowledge our GCSL cohort of school leaders who have supported us in the development of Kanne Lobal as a conceptual framework. A huge kommol tata to our friends: Joana, Rosana, Loretta, Jellan, Alvin, Ellice, Rolando, Stephen, and Alan. References Benson, C. (2002). Preface. In F. Pene, A. M. Taufe’ulungaki, & C. Benson (Eds.), Tree of Opportunity: re-thinking Pacific Education (p. iv). Suva, Fiji: University of the South Pacific, Institute of Education. Bessarab, D., Ng’andu, B. (2010). Yarning about yarning as a legitimate method in indigenous research. International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies, 3(1), 37-50. Fa’avae, D., Jones, A., & Manu’atu, L. (2016). Talanoa’i ‘a e talanoa - talking about talanoa: Some dilemmas of a novice researcher. AlterNative: An Indigenous Journal of Indigenous Peoples,12(2),138-150. Heine, H. C. (2002). A Marshall Islands perspective. In F. Pene, A. M. Taufe’ulungaki, & C. Benson (Eds.), Tree of Opportunity: re-thinking Pacific Education (pp. 84 – 90). Suva, Fiji: University of the South Pacific, Institute of Education. Infoplease Staff (2017, February 28). Marshall Islands, retrieved from https://www.infoplease.com/world/countries/marshall-islands Jetnil-Kijiner, K. (2014). Iep Jaltok: A history of Marshallese literature. (Unpublished masters’ thesis). Honolulu, HW: University of Hawaii. Kabua, J. B. (2004). We are the land, the land is us: The moral responsibility of our education and sustainability. In A.L. Loeak, V.C. Kiluwe and L. Crowl (Eds.), Life in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, pp. 180 – 191. Suva, Fiji: University of the South Pacific. Kupferman, D. (2004). Jelalokjen in flux: Pitfalls and prospects of contextualising teacher training programmes in the Marshall Islands. Directions: Journal of Educational Studies, 26(1), 42 – 54. http://directions.usp.ac.fj/collect/direct/index/assoc/D1175062.dir/doc.pdf Miller, R. L. (2010). Wa kuk wa jimor: Outrigger canoes, social change, and modern life in the Marshall Islands (Unpublished masters’ thesis). Honolulu, HW: University of Hawaii. Nabobo-Baba, U. (2008). Decolonising framings in Pacific research: Indigenous Fijian vanua research framework as an organic response. AlterNative: An Indigenous Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 4(2), 141-154. Nimmer, N. E. (2017). Documenting a Marshallese indigenous learning framework (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Honolulu, HW: University of Hawaii. Sanga, K., & Houma, S. (2004). Solomon Islands principalship: Roles perceived, performed, preferred, and expected. Directions: Journal of Educational Studies, 26(1), 55-69. Sanga, K., & Chu, C. (2009). Introduction. In K. Sanga & C. Chu (Eds.), Living and Leaving a Legacy of Hope: Stories by New Generation Pacific Leaders (pp. 10-12). NZ: He Parekereke & Victoria University of Wellington. Suaalii-Sauni, T., & Fulu-Aiolupotea, S. M. (2014). Decolonising Pacific research, building Pacific research communities, and developing Pacific research tools: The case of the talanoa and the faafaletui in Samoa. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 55(3), 331-344. Taafaki, I., & Fowler, M. K. (2019). Clothing mats of the Marshall Islands: The history, the culture, and the weavers. US: Kindle Direct. Taufe’ulungaki, A. M. (2014). Look back to look forward: A reflective Pacific journey. In M. ‘Otunuku, U. Nabobo-Baba, S. Johansson Fua (Eds.), Of Waves, Winds, and Wonderful Things: A Decade of Rethinking Pacific Education (pp. 1-15). Fiji: USP Press. Thaman, K. H. (1995). Concepts of learning, knowledge and wisdom in Tonga, and their relevance to modern education. Prospects, 25(4), 723-733. Thaman, K. H. (1997). Reclaiming a place: Towards a Pacific concept of education for cultural development. The Journal of the Polynesian Society, 106(2), 119-130. Thiong’o, N. W. (1986). Decolonising the mind: The politics of language in African literature. Kenya: East African Educational Publishers. Vaioleti, T. (2006). Talanoa research methodology: A developing position on Pacific research. Waikato Journal of Education, 12, 21-34. Walsh, J. M., Heine, H. C., Bigler, C. M., & Stege, M. (2012). Etto nan raan kein: A Marshall Islands history (First Edition). China: Bess Press.

This study aimed to explore the perceived barriers to physical activity among college students Study Design: Qualitative research design Eight focus group discussions on 67 college students aged 18-24 years (48 females, 19 males) was conducted on College premises. Data were analysed using inductive approach. Participants identified a number of obstacles to physical activity. Perceived barriers emerged from the analysis of the data addressed the different dimensions of the socio-ecological framework. The result indicated that the young adults perceived substantial amount of personal, social and environmental factors as barriers such as time constraint, tiredness, stress, family control, safety issues and much more. Understanding the barriers and overcoming the barriers at this stage will be valuable. Health professionals and researchers can use this information to design and implement interventions, strategies and policies to promote the participation in physical activity. This further can help the students to deal with those barriers and can help to instil the habit of regular physical activity in the later adult years.

The article Intra‑articular injections of platelet‑rich plasma in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a consensus statement from French‑speaking experts, written by Florent Eymard, Paul Ornetti, Jérémy Maillet, Éric Noel, Philippe Adam, Virginie Legre-Boyer, Thierry Boyer, Fadoua Allali, Vincent Gremeaux, Jean-Francois Kaux, Karine Louati, Martin Lamontagne, Fabrice Michel, Pascal Richette, Hervé Bard on behalf of the GRIP (Groupe de Recherche sur les Injections de PRP, PRP Injection Research Group), was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 24 June 2020 without open access.

The task of the development of senior high school students are choose and prepare for a career in accordance with their interests, capacity, and value. One way to measure the preparation of career choice is to look at the maturity of the individual's career. Career maturity that situation preparedness of individuals to make decisions appropriate to their career interests and potential. This study aims to look at the differences in career maturity of high school students in Banda Aceh in terms of gender and type of school. The sampling technique used is random sampling. The research sample is 344 students (172 boys and girls in senior high school, 172 boys and girls in vocational high school) in the age range 14-19 years. Data collection techniques using career maturity scale developed by the researchers. Test the hypothesis by using Independent Sample T-Test which showed a significance level of p = 0.000 (p

<em>Paparan model peran wirausahawan yang sukses merupakan salah satu faktor kunci dalam pembelajaran kewirausahaan dan perkembangan karir (Boyd &amp; Vozidis dalam Laviolette &amp; Radu, 2008). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pembelajaran observasional melalui model peran wirausaha dengan intensi berwirausaha pada mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia. Desain penelitian ini adalah studi lapangan dengan menggunakan accidental sampling sebagai metode pengambilan data. Partisipan penelitian ini terdiri dari 101 mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia dari 10 fakultas yang berada di kampus UI Depok. Hasil dari penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pembelajaran observasional dengan intensi berwirausaha. Dalam penelitian ini, ditemukan bahwa dimensi motivasi merupakan dimensi yang paling besar memberikan kontribusi terhadap intensi berwirausaha diantara dimensi lain dari pembelajaran observasional.</em>

Background: The ability to balance children at the age of development is very important to be reviewed, both in terms of balance sitting, standing, and walking. One of the factors that can cause balance disorders in children is musculoskeletal disorders in the form of deformity of the soles of the feet. The shape of the human foot is divided into three types, namely normal foot, pes planus and cavus foot according to the arcus structure or arches on the soles of the feet. Normally the arch is formed from the first 5 years with a 2-6 year age range. The critical period for arch formation is the age of 6 years (Campbell, 2012). In the early age of school there were 28% - 35% of children experiencing deformity of pes planus, 80% of which were categorized as "moderate". Methods: This research is a type of correlational research with a cross sectional design which aims to determine the relationship between pes planus and the dynamic balance in MI Nurul Karim Colomadu's students. The subjects used were grade 1-5 students with the condition of pes planus at MI Nurul Karim Colomadu, who had determined the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The number of subjects was 40 people with male and female sex from a total population of 92 people. Result: Using the Spearman Correlation Test Based on the table above, it is known that the value of p = 0.869 shows that there is no significant relationship between sex and dynamic balance. The value of r = 0.27 indicates the strength of the weak correlation. While the value of p = 0,000 shows there is a significant relationship between pes planus and dynamic balance. The value of r = -0,599 shows the strength of the medium correlation. Conclusion: One conclusion is 1. The prevalence of pes planus in girls is greater than that of boys, ie 16 boys and 24 girls have Pes Planus.

In the romancer magnum opus of Enes Karić, consisting of five novels – Pjesme divljih ptica (2009), Jevrejsko groblje (2011), Slučajno čovjek (2013), Boje višnje (2017) i Bogovo roblje (2020) – questions arise from humanistic and Islamic theological-philosophical perspective considering harmony and disharmony from the internal, that is, spiritual transformation and external establishing of the identity. In the poetics of Karić’s narrative fiction, we can recognize the tradition of Andrić-Selimović model of narration, where we can follow spirituality and knowledge through road signs of central protagonists of his prose. These two fundamental categories rise over and integrate status and other special features of Karić’s characters into believable structural-compositional units. And all of them are somehow spherically connected; they are united by the author’s tendency to use their life actions to verify his ecumenical, intercultural and interreligious thoughts.

Digital community making through a live entanglement of the self and social media, offers up new pathways for thinking through human and nonhuman divides. Queer activism and feminist art on Instagram has made way for a reframing of what constitutes a ‘digital community’ (boyd 2011, Baym 2015, Oakley 2018). This paper thinks through the materiality of this feminist activist art community through the method of ‘Instagram live interviewing’. Drawing from a larger project that aims to understand the ways activist art practice on Instagram subverts heterosexual norms and patriarchal representation, we argue that the ‘live’ nature (Back, 2012) of the Instagram live interview (Hickey-Moody and Willcox, 2019) mobilizes a new type of queer materiality. By applying Karen Barad’s (2007) feminist new materialist theory of ‘intra-action’ to Rosi Braidotti's thinking about posthuman experience as intra-acting with aspects of the world that she classifys as non-human (2013), we reconceptualize some of the literature around digital community making to account for the needs of those often left out of heteronormative and mainstream narratives. This entanglement of liveness and intra-action in our methodology explores the feeling of ‘community’ as being a feeling that is central to human subjectivity and experience. Through a lens of queer materiality, we suggest that community can therefore be produced by more-than-human assemblages, and argue that a more nuanced account of digital community making which accounts for live Instagram intra-actions, and human to nonhuman relationality is needed.

Welcome to volume five, issue two of the Journal of African Real Estate Research (JARER). As noted in the editorial of the first issue this year, JARER continues to be a significant medium through which research on African real estate markets is disseminated. We are witnessing an increasing trend in the rate of submissions and the review turnover timing is becoming more encouraging. Our appreciation goes to our reviewers and editorial board who have, despite the unforeseen challenges this year has brough, have dedicated their time and efforts to make this issue possible. We thank the board members of the African Real Estate Society, the Library services at the University of Cape Town, and Managing Editor, Luke Boyle from the Urban Real Estate Research, who has been working diligently in managing the publication process. In addition, we appreciate the support provided by IRES, ERES and Prof. Karl-Werner Schulte and his team from the IREBS at Regensburg University. The special issue focussing on showcasing real estate related research spearheaded by African women is progressing nicely. The special issue has attracted a number of submissions, mostly from new authors, and we are encouraged by the broadening support of the journal that this has demonstrated. Guest editors, Karen Gibler and Geci Karuri-Sebina, have worked tirelessly in coordinating the special issue and providing mentorship to the authors. Most of the articles are in their advanced stages and the issue is on track for publication before June 2021.

ABSTRACTAbdul Karim Madina. 2018. The Effect of different Levels of Liquid Organic Fertilizer of Genetika Plus and different Spacing on Growth and Production of Elephantgrass Biomass (Pennisetum purpureum). Supervised by Muhammad Mukhtar as main supervised and Musrifah Nusi as vice supervised.The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the level of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) of Genetika Plus and different spacing on the growth and production of elephantgrass biomass (Pennisetum purpureum). This research was conducted in Tamboo Sub-District Tilongkabila, Bone Bolango District, from April to June 2018. The method used in this study is Factorial RAL with two factors. Data were analyzed using analysis of varian. The results showed that under fertilizer treatment and plant spacing had a significantly effect on the growth and production of biomass. The highest plant height was obtained in R3K2 (397 cm) and the lowest in R0K3 (210 cm), the highest tillering production was in R3K3 (7.5) and the lowest was in R0K1 (3.5). Whereas biomass production, the highest in fresh matter weight was obtained in R3K1 (29,076) and the lowest in R0K3 (1,638), the highest leaf blade percentage obtained in R3K1 (38,519) and the lowest in R0K1 (14), the highest dry matter weight was obtained in R3K1 (494) and lowest in R0K3 (27.75). Based on the research, the level of genetics plus liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) and plant spacing has a significantly effected on the growth of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) on plant height, fresh matter production, leaf blade percentage, dry matter production and number of tillers.Key words: Biomass production, elephantgrass, Genetika plus fertilyzer, plant spacing